Fbio Henrique Comin, Carla Gheler-Costa

2 The Role of Family Farms in Environmental

Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes
2.1 Introduction
This is an integrated ecological and social vision study that seeks to understand
how social and economic practices of farmers relate to environmental issues with a
view to conservation. The central theme of this study addresses human dimensions
and biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes, understanding the
relationship between the role of environmental research and the participation of
family farming in the Corumbata river basin in the state of So Paulo, Brazil.
We know that changes in land use and land cover are among the major forces
causing environmental changes around the world, and agriculture is still one of
the human activities that cause the greatest impact on natural environments,
either by habitat destruction, the introduction of exotic species or pollution
(Turner & Meyer, 1994). Martinelli and Filoso (2009) consider that agriculture
only exists where ecosystems are able to maintain their basic operating functions;
therefore, the environmental services provided by ecosystems in general should be
valued. According to Geist and Lambim (2002), anthropogenic actions also cause
indirect damages to natural resources, which are based on economic, political,
technological, cultural and demographic factors. Therefore, understanding the
dynamics of human dimensions in agricultural landscapes from the standpoint of
environmental multifunctionality is possibly the best way to conserve biodiversity
in these landscapes.
In recent decades, the Corumbata river basin suffered changes in land use that
affected agricultural production practices of small-scale farmers and increased the
practice of agriculture focused on agribusiness. Concurrently with the landscape
changes that resulted on an agrarian system designed for the production of
commodities, the relevance of environmental issues also increased, and the region
became host to numerous scientific investigations regarding the environment.
Within this context, humans have been primarily responsible for the landscape
changes, and research that seeks to understand the cause/effect relationship of the
degradation and/or the conservation of natural resources in agricultural landscapes
is needed.
Recently, many studies have argued that ecosystem services are related to
ecological processes and also to evolutionary processes. According to Youns
(2001), because humans play a key role in the alteration of ecosystem processes, the
integration of human activities on ecosystems is crucial to consolidate efforts for
the conservation of biodiversity. To Brondizio and Moran (2008), understanding the

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Introduction

15

processes that mediate the perception of environmental changes in both, individual

behavioural responses and the local community, is the key element in human and
natural systems research. There are good examples in the scientific debate that
integrate the social and natural sciences (Thomas, 1956; Turner II et al., 1990;
Moran, 1990; Berlin, 1992; Begossi, 1993; Vitousek etal., 1997; Berkes etal., 2003;
Drew, 2006; Liu etal., 2007; Glikman etal., 2011; Sponarski etal., 2014).
In some ways, this study had strong links with multidisciplinary research
proposals because it is linked to the research project Socio-environmental changes
in the state of So Paulo and perspectives for conservation (Biota/FAPESP). Thus,
this study broadly joined natural sciences with social sciences. This project showed
that about 80% of the agricultural matrix in the state of So Paulo is responsible for
maintaining biodiversity and is worthy of conservation efforts. In this sense, some
studies in ecology have pointed to a new paradigm in environmental conservation in
agricultural landscapes and recognize the need to look at the whole and not just
isolated issues or issues specific to each area of knowledge (Perfecto etal., 2009;
Joly et al., 2010). Specifically, in the Corumbata river basin, Gheler-Costa et al.
(2012), Dotta and Verdade (2007, 2009, 2011), Gerhard and Verdade (Chapter 13, this
book) and Penteado and Verdade (Chapter 15, this book) show that not only should
the forest fragments and water resources be prioritised in scientific research, but
all of the processes of land use and occupation should be included because these
processes influence the local biota.
This axiom relies on recognising that the lack of socio-environmental studies in
agricultural landscapes limited environmental conservation and that such studies are
essential to environmental conservation. In order to investigate this question, it is
necessary to understand that in a socially occupied territory, residents are protagonists
in the management and conservation of biodiversity process. This accentuates the
need for applied scientific research directed at the relationships and interactions
between human dimensions in agricultural landscapes, which may contribute to the
establishment of socio-environmental nature conservation policies.
In Brazil, the Corumbata river basin is one of the most studied regions. Since the
1980s, it has been the subject of scientific research on the conservation of biodiversity
and water issues. Many studies in this basin have contributed to the identification,
classification and characterisation of fragile areas important to conservation
purposes, especially with regard to water attributes. However, these studies,
conducted over almost three decades in the Corumbata river basin, apparently
have not contributed to political decisions, given that the region is suffering from
pollution, deforestation and rural exodus (Armas et al., 2007; Antoniazzi, 2008;
Garden etal., 2008; Nobre, 2008; Borges etal., 2008; Comin etal., 2009; Mingoti &
Vettorazzi, 2011; Morais etal., 2012). We found that human dimensions have been
usually ignored in research on environmental issues during the last three decades
by local researchers and that family farmers should be taken into consideration
regarding the environmental conservation in agricultural landscapes.

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The Role of Family Farms in Environmental Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes

In Brazil, family farming accounts for approximately 30% of the GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) of the agricultural sector because approximately 30% of
all agricultural land is under the possession of family farmers, who contribute
approximately 30-50% of food security at a global level (Altieri, 2004). In So Paulo,
family farms cover an area of more than 2 million hectares, and in the Corumbata river
basin, specifically in the cities studied (Analndia, Ipena and Corumbata), family
farms comprised of an area of approximately 7,000 hectares, which produces food
and environmental services. The family farm includes forest agricultural production,
fishing, ranching and aquaculture that are managed and operated by a family, and
it is predominantly dependent on family labour, both by women and men. Family
farms grow traditional food crops and contribute to the protection of agricultural
biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources. In the Corumbata river
basin, family farms are geared to the production of beans, rice, cotton, garlic, corn,
milk, meat, poultry, eucalypt, sugar cane, vegetables, processed products and
distilled liquor. These products cater mainly to the local demand, which is culturally
well accepted and contributes to the economy.
For Cullen Jr etal. (2000), the type of neighbourhood and land use can profoundly
affect biological diversity, ecological processes and conservation. In the case of the
Corumbata river basin, we know little about the rural population and how it relates
to nature. On a local scale, residents of rural areas in the basin are actors that play an
important role in conserving (or not) local ecosystems as they still relate to the natural
environment through their farming practices and the use of water resources.
The general assumption of this study is that in the Corumbata river basin, there
is a very large gap between the research conducted for conservation and research with
social actors (human dimensions) who live and use this same landscape. The present
study aimed to integrate the family farmer in matters of environmental conservation
of the agricultural landscape, understanding that there is no environmental
conservation without social conservation. In this sense, we assume the relevance of
human dimensions in biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes.

2.2 Study Area

The Corumbata river basin is situated in the east-central region of the state of So
Paulo, between parallels 220446and 224128S and meridians 472623 and
475615N (Fig.2.1). The Corumbata river crosses the municipalities of Analndia,
Ipena, Itirapina, Charqueada, Santa Gertrudes, Piracicaba, Rio Claro, Iracempolis,
So Pedro and Cordeirpolis, and is an example of the need for environmental
conservation, given the importance of its waters for public water supply as well as
its ecological functions. The Corumbata river has five sub-basins: High, Medium
and Low Corumbata, Passa-Cinco and Rio Claro IPEF (2001) and the following main
tributaries: Cabea, Passa-Cinco and Claro (Nobre, 2008).

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Study Area

17

Fig.2.1: Study sites and sampling sites in the Corumbata APA.

The climate is characterised as subtropical, with well-defined seasons that are dry
in the winter, with average temperatures of approximately 17C, and rainy in the
summer, with average temperatures of 22C (Ceapla, 2013). The relief of the basin has
the presence of elongated hills and springs, medium and large hills and perennial
and intermittent valleys. The basin geomorphological characteristics are prevalent
in the Cenozoic era, with headwaters in the Serra Geral cuestas, typical of the Paran
sedimentary basin, presenting four geological formations, including the Pirambia,
Rio Claro, Irati and Corumbata (Koffler, 1993, 1994).
According to Dean (1977), in the early 19th century this region was almost
completely covered by forest and Cerrado. Rodrigues (1999) highlights the five types
of forest formations: i) seasonal dry forests; ii) semideciduous upland, forests that
are not susceptible to drought; iii) swamp forest; iv) riparian forest, and v) Cerrado.
According to Valente (2005), current land use includes grassland (42.29%), sugarcane (27.77%), native forest and Cerrado (11.97%), planted forest (5.69%), annual and
perennial agriculture (4.96%), urban areas, road networks, mining and water courses
(7.32%).

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The Role of Family Farms in Environmental Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes

In the upper portion of the Corumbata river basin is the Environmental Protection
Area (APA) of Corumbata Botucatu and Tejupa, a conservation unit established by
State Decree 20960 on June 8, 1983, and recognised in 1985 by the Federal Law of
18 July 2000, which established the National System of Conservation Units. The APA
Corumbata spreads over 335,205 hectares, and the predominant economic activities
are the cultivation of sugar cane, eucalypt plantations, agriculture, livestock and
the mining of sand, gravel and clay. The Corumbata river basin is the universe of
inference of this study, and the sample universe is the Corumbata Environmental
Protection Area (APA Corumbata). This region can be considered a representative
region for the entire Corumbata river basin because it is in these areas where research
on local populations was conducted in this study, as they require more attention in
relation to environmental conservation (Ferraz etal., 2009) (Fig.2.1).

2.3 Development
To verify the scientific production in the Corumbata river basin, two sources of
data were explored: i) library collections of regional scientific literature and ii) an
inventory of publications in indexed scientific journals. The searches were conducted
in digital libraries and databases of peer-reviewed journals; 42 keywords related to
social and environmental issues consistent with the subject of the proposed study
were used, and the search period was from 1950 to 2012: native forest, eucalypt,
sugarcane, grassland, pesticides, pollution, fragmentation, biodiversity, fauna,
flora, vertebrates, invertebrates, fish, mammals, birds, reptile, amphibian, insect,
palaeontology, conservation unit, environmental protection area, environmental
management, environment, environmental, environmental education, sustainability,
conservation, water, soil, family agriculture, sociology, anthropology, rural, rurality,
rural sociology, agriculture, agricultural production, economy, Passa-Cinco, Cabea,
Ipena, and Analndia; all terms were truncated with Corumbata.
For the socioeconomic and environmental survey of family farmers, interviews
were performed in the field that were constructed from the previous classification
and categorisation of the properties of the APA Corumbata. During the fieldwork,
we adopted a specific methodology called Diagnostic Analysis of Land Systems,
available by agreement INCRA/FAO (2010). It includes helpful research approaches and
participatory management (Blumenthal & Jannink, 2000) and action research, which
focus only on investigations that empower local communities (Chambrers, 1994).
Some aspects related to the origin of production systems on ideological and symbolic
levels (Douglas, 1969; Shalins, 1976) were also explored. Thus the questionnaires and
interviews were used to obtain oral reports about production units, and each of these
interviews was recorded with the permission of the interviewees.

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Analytical Methodology

19

2.4 Analytical Methodology

For the review of the production (scientific and non-scientific) in the river basin,
the data were organised according to their origin, being divided as follows: Thesis/
Dissertation (doctor and master), scientific peer-reviewed articles and other (maps,
books, monographs, conference abstracts). The division of data into three categories
was carried out to distinguish between scientific materials (peer reviewed and
published) and academic materials, such as theses and others. The results were
conducted so that we could ascertain the number of studies in the river basin that
were actually made public, i.e. sent to journals and analysed by peers and then
published. We considered doctoral thesis, masters dissertations, monographs and
conference abstracts as academic and non-scientific texts.
A frequency rate of records was established to standardise the sampling effort
among the different databases analysed because some records may occur in more
than one database. To establish this rate, we used the following formula:
Frequency Index =

Number of records from the database

Total number of records collected

For socio-environmental diagnoses we have built a framework of analysis with 4

main themes: i) Which are they? ii) Who are they? iii) How do they live? and iv) Do they
have relationships with biodiversity conservation? Thus, we sought to establish rural
development in progress, and the trends of family farming in the region. Therefore,
from the framework, each interview/questionnaire was systematised, establishing
the analytical methodology. Thus, the relevant questions related to socio-economicenvironmental data were analysed in the following ways: 1) the data were divided
into categories; 2) compared within the pre-defined categories; and 3) regarding family
agriculture and the environment, the notion of environmental multifunctionality was
used as an analytical tool.
Specifically, for analyses of family farming, we used the work of Hugues Lamarche
(1993, 1998) that was conducted in Canada, France, Tunisia, Poland and Brazil under
the titles Family Farming: a multiform reality and Family Farming: Myth to reality.
These studies provide a comprehensive and thorough study of the family farm in the
contemporary world and its many facets. Further analysis of this diagnosis made with
family farmers were based on the criteria of multifunctionality, which refers to the set
of services and products created by farming that have direct or indirect impacts on
the economy, society and nature (Bonnal etal., 2003; Bonnal etal., 2009). Adopting
analysis of multifunctionality implies recognising the economic, environmental
and social functions of family farming in the Conrumbata river basin in addition to
enabling the understanding of the human dimensions related to strategies of social
reproduction and environmental conservation.

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The Role of Family Farms in Environmental Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes

2.5 Results
2.5.1 Scientific Production in the Corumbata River Basin
In the sampling universe, regarding the term Corumbata and its 42 complementary
keywords, we found 3,026 records from 1950 to 2012. We observed a consistent
increase since 2000 with a tendency to increase even further in the next decade,
demonstrating the evolution of scientific literature (Tab.2.1).
Tab.2.1: Evolution of bibliographic production for 60 years in the Corumbata river basin.
Decade

Number of scientific literature

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

36

2000

136

2010

10

2012

98

Given the concern to demonstrate that human dimensions are disregarded in research
in the Corumbata river basin in relation to other areas of knowledge, the set of 42
keywords used was satisfactory because it covered the entire universe of interest.
Among these keywords, Corumbata followed by environment, water, soil,
vegetation and fish were keyword pairs related to the natural sciences that
appeared in most searches. The results demonstrate that human dimensions are not
usually considered in research conducted in the Corumbata river basin, because the
keywords anthropology, sociology, rurality, rural and family farmers, had
fewer than five matches in our search (Fig.2.2).

2.5.2 Family Farms: Socioeconomic and Environmental Characterisation

In the APA Corumbata, there are 49 family farms and 151 people, 74 of whom are
directly involved in agricultural activities. We established three types of family
farmers using analogies to the models proposed in the literature (Lamarche, 1998;
Carmo, 1999; Guanzirolli & Cardim, 2000; Abramovay, 2003; Gonalves & Souza
2005; MDA, 2009):

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Results

21

Fig.2.2: Frequency index of keywords for some areas (Env - Environment; Abi - Abiotic; Plan/Manag Planning and Management; Fau - Fauna; Flo - Flora; Agri - Agriculture; Socioeco - Socioeconomy).

i) Family farmers who identify themselves as such, who are competitive and use
technology, and who have the ability to adapt to the environment have greater
autonomy from the market and are in the process of growth. In this group, which
includes productive units where the exploitation of the land directly by the owner
is not the only possible land use, are those who lease land for sugarcane cultivation
and/or have integrated farms with cooperatives or private firms. This type of producer
reveals features that Lamarche (1998) calls the business model, or the dependent
system, where dependence is exercised both in technological as well as financial
terms;
ii) The second type includes content producers and entrepreneurs who are family
farmers who identify themselves as such and are less capitalised and less reliant on
technology, but who are able to think in terms of agricultural maintenance in the field
and approach the model of subsistence agriculture. These characteristics categorise
these producers as very familiar and happy, using mainly family labour. The future of
these proprieties are thought of in terms of reproduction and continuity of the model
and, therefore, a family business, as proposed by Lamarche (1998) and;
iii) The third type includes family farmers who are marginalised and less competitive,
dependent on policy support and who will most likely fail, further accentuating the
desertification of rural areas. With little land structure and occupancy of unsuitable
land, mostly in cattle raising activities, been moderately familiar, while Lamarche
(1998) categorises them as resigned or frustrated. They do not fit the models of

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The Role of Family Farms in Environmental Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes

subsistence farming, as they are among those who are classified as having low
agricultural diversity.
Relating to environmental issues, we have observed in productive unit visits the
existence of 76 water sources and found that 91% of these have permanent preservation
areas (APP). Among these, 33% are typical and function as native riparian vegetation,
33% have exotic vegetation, such as sugarcane and grass, 24% have native and exotic
vegetation, such as grass and isolated trees, and 9% have no vegetation (exposed
soil), and the soil is compacted by livestock use.
All of the farmers declare that the production units investigated have at least one
area with native forest fragments, often small and basically formed by secondary forest
(abandoned pasture). The presence of even small and/or isolated forest fragments
adds possibilities for environmental adaptation in the agricultural landscape as well
as for some proposed conservation declaration for the region, such as ecological
corridors. Generally, data indicate the high sensitivity of these forest habitats and
freshwater environments on agricultural properties.

2.6 Discussion
The results indicate that in the Corumbata river basin there is a strong evolution
of ecological research on biodiversity conservation. These results show that in the
fragile rural spaces of APA Corumbata, family farming presents social, economic
and ecological characteristics that are related to and influence processes of nature
conservation. Despite the gains obtained by studies conducted in the last sixty years
in the Corumbata river basin, we observe that there is a huge gap in the research
regarding human dimensions. We evaluated that the dominant scientific-technical
approaches in the field of natural resource conservation, in addition to studies in the
physical, biotic and abiotic environment, must incorporate the human dimension in
the preservation of biodiversity.
According to Martins (2006), the farmers identify themselves with the perception
and appropriation of resources, access, and ecosystem management practices. Family
farmers respect the APP areas and keep the Legal Reserves (areas of natural vegetation
that the farmers are legally required to have on their properties by the Brazilian Forest
Code (Metzger etal., 2010). Because of this respect, such people should be observed
as beneficial to local environmental conservation. According to Gliessman (2000), the
transition of landscapes altered to more sustainable agroecosystems is complex and
requires a redesign of the components of agroecosystems so that they function based
on a new set of social and ecological processes. Therefore, we will now treat the issue
of environmental multifunctionality of family farming in APA Corumbata.
Recognising the multifunctional approach to production units means breaking
with the exclusive hegemony of economic tools, which may facilitate the

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Discussion

23

farmers understanding of their complex relationship with nature. The functions of

environmental multifunctionality from productive units will enable the understanding
of human dimensions related to strategies of social reproduction and environmental
conservation (Bonnal etal., 2003). For some authors, the family farm is diversified
in its processes of interaction and use of the environment; therefore, it has a great
proximity to sustainability (stability, resilience and environmental equality) (Veiga,
1996; Moreira, 2008). Thus, the emphasis on the multifunctionality of agricultural
families and their relationships with the environment can also strengthen the
conservation of natural resources in the region.
Thus, in this work, considerations of environmental multifunctionality of
agriculture families represents an attempt to recognise the productive units not
only as producers of agricultural or social goods but also to extend the scope of its
environmental functions to include river basin environmental conservation. Therefore,
it is possible to develop a theoretical framework on environmental multifunctionality
of family farming in the agricultural landscape as a way of understanding the
dynamics of the rural population in the face of nature conservation.
To Brondizio & Moran (2008), understanding the processes that mediate
the perception of environmental changes and the individual local community
behavioural responses is a key element in the research of human and natural
systems. There are good examples in the scientific debate that integrate social and
natural sciences, bringing together these two fields (Thomas, 1956; Moran, 1990;
Turner II et al., 1990; Berlin, 1992; Begossi, 1993; Vitousek et al., 1997; Berkes
et al., 2003; Drew, 2006; Liu et al., 2007; Glikman et al., 2011; Sponarski et al.,
2014). These authors share the idea that the social and human dimensions can be
absorbed by environmental conservation, providing an integrated view of reality.
There are, in other parts of the world, experiences joining the characteristics
of natural resources, interactions of social actors, governance and political
participation, information exchange, and economic issues with room for both
conflicts and synergies between conservation and rural development (Romero
etal., 1997; Moran etal., 2002).
These studies demonstrate how people can work together to improve the quality
of rural life, guarantee the rights of workers, allow rural democracy, conserve
biodiversity and maintain cultural traditions. In Brazil, there are studies that focus
on participatory and integrated management considering humans as part of the
ecosystem (Ribeiro & Galizoni, 2002; Berkes, 2005; Seixas, 2005; Vieira etal., 2005;
Moran, 2011). However, specifically in the Corumbata river basin, the hegemony of
positivist research without a systemic vision of socio-environmental problems is still
prevalent. According to Moran (2011), although these issues may divide social and
natural scientists due to their emphasis on the environment or people, it is important
to understand that there are many reasons, not just biological, that can change the
directions of research on biodiversity conservation, including aesthetic, cultural and
economic factors.

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The Role of Family Farms in Environmental Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes

Moran etal. (1996) remind us that the physical sciences highlighted the role of
human actions, and this encouraged the community of social scientists (economists,
among them) to join in the effort to understand global environmental change.
Thus, research on the human dimensions challenges most of the social sciences to
develop new forms of analyses of change in land use. This is also true for ecology,
where many things have been done to incorporate and improve ways of thinking
in the conservation of agricultural landscapes (Moran et al., 2011), such as green
economy, crops certification, payment for environmental services and the concept of
sustainability.

2.7 Final Considerations

From these results, we demonstrated that the family farmers investigated in the studied
agricultural landscapes respect the APP areas and maintain legal reserves and have a
direct relationship with conservation. In addition, there is great agricultural diversity,
both in the plants and animals produced by family farmers on their properties. In this
sense, we can consider the productive units of agricultural landscapes as small islands
in an ocean of production of monocultures and pastures, and this is the principle
on which we can base the features of the agricultural landscape or environmental
multifunctionality, as suggested in this study. By bringing the family farm to the
sphere of environmental conservation, we recognise that the agricultural landscape is
socially occupied and that the family farmers have clear links to ecosystem services and
conservation.
The results presented allow us to observe that agricultural practices and the ways
of life of family farmers in the region are favourable for biodiversity conservation, as
these farmers have an important role in environmental conservation by maintaining
fragments of APP and RL. Moreover, the results also indicate that in the Corumbata
river basin, there is a consistent improvement of ecological and conservation research
and that in fragile rural areas of APA Corumbata, the inhabitants have social, economic
and ecological characteristics that relate to and influence the nature conservation.
Therefore, to identify, through this case study, the incorporation of the human
dimensions of this relationship and the challenges of environmental conservation, this
study took an interdisciplinary techno-scientific model as a trend of research studies
of conservation in agricultural landscapes. Thus, combining the natural sciences with
social sciences, we suggest that this is one of the goals that interdisciplinary research on
nature conservation in agricultural landscapes should prioritize.
Acknowledgments: This study was funded by FAPESP (06/60954-4). FHC was funded
by a doctoral fellowship by CNPQ. We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Luciano Martins
Verdade by his judicious and important revision of this manuscript. We would like to
thank the farmers in the Corumbata river basin.

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Bibliography

25

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