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New Seismic Technologies

in

Construction Materials Sector

H. S. Lew, Ph.D., P.E.


National Institute of Standards and Technology
USAID Workshop on
Best Practices in Manufacturing
Bogot, Colombia
December 2, 2005

New Seismic Technologies


U.S. seismic design provisions
Innovative structural connections
Energy dissipation devices
Base isolators
Surface confinement reinforcement

U.S. SEISMIC DESIGN


PROVISIONS

2003 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Design Provisions

ASCE 7-05

2006 IBC

2005 NFPA 5000

DEVELOPMENT OF U.S. SEISMIC


DESIGN PROVISIONS
2003 NEHRP Recommended Seismic
Design Provisions
ASCE 7-05
2006 IBC / ASCE 7-05
2005 NFPA 5000 / ASCE 7-05

ADOPTION OF STANDARDS

Adoption of standards by incorporation

Adoption of standards by reference


Culmination of trend in 2006 IBC and 2005 NFPA5000

U.S. SEISMIC DESIGN


PROVISIONS
2006 IBC / ASCE 7-05
2005 NFPA 5000 / ASCE 7-05
ASCE 7-05
2003 NEHRP Recommended Seismic
Design Provisions

MATERIALS RELATED STANDARDS


Model Codes and ASCE 7-05 adopt:
ACI 318-05 (concrete)
AISC 360-05 (steel)
AISC 341-05 (steel)
MSJC 2005 (masonry)
NDS 2005 (wood)

CODE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS

Model Codes contain information needed for


determination of Seismic Design Category.
Category.
For everything else, reference is made to
ASCE 7-05.

DETERMINATION OF SEISMIC
DESIGN CATEGORY
Use of building (Nature of occupancy)
Seismic Use Group or Occupancy Category :
I, II, III, IV

Expected seismic ground motion


Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) ground
motion maps in ASCE 7 Standard

Seismic Design Category (SDC)


of ASCE 7-05
ASCE 7-05
SITE CLASS
LOCATION
A

SDC
Hartford, CT

Washington, D.C.

Dover, DE

Chicago, IL

SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY


Seismic Design Category (A, B, C, D, E, F)
-

Permissible structural systems

Height limits

Irregularity limits

Analysis requirements

Detailing

GROUND MOTIONS
Spectral Response Acceleration

S MS = Fa S S
S M 1 = Fv S1
Fa : Acceleration related site coefficient
Fv : Velocity related site coefficient
Site Classes : A, B, C, D, E, F
Sa and S1 are map values for MCE (2500 yr r.p.)

GROUND MOTIONS
Design Spectral Acceleration
2
3
2
SD1 =
3
S DS =

S MS
SM 1

DESIGN SPECTRUM

DESIGN BASE SHEAR

S
W = a W
R
I

Sd1TL
Cs=2 for
T>TL
T(R/IE)
V = CS

CS = Seismic response coefficient


R = Response modification factor
I = Importance factor (1 ~ 1.5)

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DESIGN BASE SHEAR

I
V = C S W = S a W
R

Sd1TL
Cs=2 for
T>TL
T(R/IE)

CS = Seismic response coefficient


R = Response modification factor
I = Importance factor (1 ~ 1.5)

Innovative Structural Systems

Moment resisting precast concrete


beam-column connections
Moment resisting steel connections

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MOMENT RESISTING PRECAST


CONCRETE FRAMES

OBJECTIVE

Develop guidelines for economical precast


concrete beam-to-column connections for
regions of high seismic activity.

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13

14

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STEEL MOMENT FRAME


CONNECTIONS

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1994 Northridge Earthquake

10-story office building


on Olympic Blvd.

Fracture

OBJECTIVES
Develop and experimentally evaluate low
cost methods to modify welded moment
connections in existing buildings.

Develop Design Guide with procedures


and examples.

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MODIFICATION STRATEGIES

Reduced Beam Section (RBS)


Welded Haunch
Bolted Bracket

Bottom Flange RBS

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Bottom Flange RBS

Welded Haunch

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Welded Haunch

Bolted Bracket

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Bolted Bracket

NIST Experimental Program

Prototype Frame Structure

Test Specimen

Moment Diagram

Ground Shaking

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Test Setup

Hydraulic Ram and


Load Cell

Lateral Support (Typ )

1.83 m

W30x99 (A36)

W12x279 (Gr. 50)

Concrete Floor Slab


on Metal Deck (8 ft. wide)

W30x99 (A36)

1.83 m
Rigid Link with
Load Cell

3.66 m

3.66 m

Test Set-up (Haunch Specimen)

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Test Results - Bottom Flange RBS

Chord Length

Offset

Radius

Test Results - Bottom Flange RBS

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Test Results Welded Haunch

Test Results Bolted Bracket

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Development of Design Guidelines

Design models and


step-by-step design
procedures calibrated to
experiments

Detailed design
examples

ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES

25

Seismic Testing ~
Steel Moment Frame Building

1-Story, No Dampers, El Centro 33.33%


Total Damping = 2%

Seismic Testing ~
Steel Moment Frame Building

1-Story, 2 Dampers, El Centro 100%


Total Damping = 22%

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27

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~ Damper Installation ~

~ Damper Installation ~

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Bridge Deck Movement Control


Cable Stayed Bridge, Marysville, KY

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BASE ISOLATORS

Rubber bearing
Friction pendulum bearing

SEISMIC ISOLATION

Period lengthening

isolator flexibility
force reduction
displacement increase

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SEISMIC ISOLATION
Displacements
isolator flexibility
period shift
isolator displacement
energy dissipation
building displacement
damage reduction

SEISMIC ISOLATION
Energy dissipation

hysteretic
high-damping rubber
yielding of lead
friction
external hardware
hybrid systems
viscous
external hardware

32

Base Isolator

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Rubber Base Isolator

FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING

R
M

PENDULUM MOTION

R
M

SLIDING PENDULUM MOTION

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Friction Pendulum Operation

Friction Pendulum Bearing


Operation

Center Position

Displaced Position

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Hayward City Hall, Hayward, California


Located 180 m from Hayward Fault

Hayward City Hall Bearing Installation

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U.S. Court of Appeals, San Francisco, California

U.S. Court of Appeals Bearing Installation

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Concave Plate and Slider for Benicia-Martinez Bridge Bearing

Benicia-Martinez Bridge

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SURFACE CONFINEMENT AND


WRAPPING TECHNIQUES
External steel reinforcement
FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) sheet
reinforcement

External Confinement Reinforcement

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FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer)


Surface Wrapping

Confinement
Strengthening

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FRP JACKETING

Wrapping of RC Column

Experimental Results

Unstrengthened
RC Column

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Experimental Results

Unstrengthened
Column

Strengthened
Column

Column Jacketing

FRP

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I-80 Salt Lake City

Newark Airport

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I-57 Bridge Column Seismic Upgrade


Cairo, Illinois

NIST/ UMR Experimental Program

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Experimental Program
NIST Specimens Steel Reinforcement Layout
A-A

B-B

Experimental Program

45

New Seismic Technologies


U.S. seismic design provisions
Innovative structural connections
Precast concrete connections
Steel beam-column connections

Energy dissipation devices


Base isolators
Rubber bearing
Friction pendulum

Surface confinement reinforcement


External reinforcement
FRP wrapping

Thank you
Questions ?

46

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