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Nomenclature
a
b
CV
c
cp
D
Fa
h
k
L
N
NL
NT
NuD
Pr
Q
ReD
SD
SL
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
ST
s
=
=
T
Uapp
Umax
Us
=
=
=
=
u
v
Tlm
T
=
=
=
=
=
=
Subscripts
a
f
o
p
T
w
=
=
=
=
=
=
ambient
uid
outlet
pressure
thermal
wall
I. Introduction
EAT transfer in ow across a bank of tubes is of particular
importance in the design of heat exchangers. Heat exchangers
are found in numerous industrial applications, such as steam generation in a boiler or air cooling in the coil of an air conditioner. Tube
banks, used in heat exchangers, are usually arranged in an in-line or
staggered manner and are characterized by the dimensionless transverse, longitudinal, and diagonal pitches, shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
This study is one of the rst attempts to develop analytical models
for the heat transfer from tube banks (in-line and staggered). These
models are developed in terms of longitudinal and transverse pitch
ratios and Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. Depending upon the application, they are classied as compact or widely spaced tube banks.
Typically, one uid moves over the tubes, while the other uid, at a
different temperature and pressure, passes through the tubes. In this
study, the authors are specically interested in the convection heat
transfer associated with crossow over the tubes.
Based on the pertinent data available up to 1933, Colburn [1]
proposed a simple correlation for heat transfer for ow across banks
of staggered tubes as follows:
Presented as Paper 958 at the 43rd AIAA Aerospace Meeting and Exhibit,
Reno, Nevada, 58 January 2005; received 7 January 2005; revision received
23 March 2006; accepted for publication 26 March 2006. Copyright 2006
by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights
reserved. Copies of this paper may be made for personal or internal use, on
condition that the copier pay the $10.00 per-copy fee to the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; include
the code $10.00 in correspondence with the CCC.
1=3
Nu D 0:33Re0:6
D Pr
(1)
721
KHAN ET AL.
SL
0:31
Nu D 0:35Fa Re0:57
D Pr
Uapp, T a
(7)
(8)
ST
Fig. 1
SD
SL
Uapp, T a
ST
Nu D C RenD
(2)
His empirical relation is valid for air only and pertains to tube banks
having ten or more rows of tubes in the ow direction. For fewer
rows, Kays and London [15] gave a correction factor C2 such that
Nu D jNL <10 C2 NuD jNL 10
(3)
(4)
where Fa was presented graphically by Grimison [14] for the various values of ReD , subject to the dimensionless transverse and
longitudinal pitches.
Hausen [18] modied slightly the above correlation and presented
an empirical formula for the tubes Fa instead of the graphical
representation by Grimison [14]. For an in-line arrangement
0:61
Nu D 0:34Fa ReD
Pr0:31
(5)
(6)
(9)
103
ReD
2
105 ;
1 Pr 1000
II.
Analysis
722
KHAN ET AL.
(10)
p
where c a2 b=22 is the dimensionless diagonal pitch in the
case of the staggered arrangement.
A.
The total heat transfer rate from the tube bank depends upon the
average heat transfer coefcient, the total surface area for heat
transfer, and the inlet and outlet uid temperatures, and is given by
Q hNDLTlm
(11)
Tw Ta Tw To
ln Tw Ta =Tw To
(12)
Nu D C1 NuDf
(15)
(14)
B.
(17)
where
f sin 2sin2
2a
cosh=a sin sin
sinh=a sin sin cos sin=a cos
sinh sin
cosh=a sin cos=a cos
a
cosh=a sin cos=acos 2
(18)
723
KHAN ET AL.
w = 0, Q = 0
G
F
Uapp , T a
Umax
w sin
P cos
S T /2
P
D/2
Tw
A
w = 0, Q = 0
The rst term on the right-hand side gives the dimensionless average
heat transfer coefcient of the tube from the front stagnation point to
the separation point, and can be obtained, using Eqs. (2325), for
different pitch ratios and then correlated to obtain a single expression
in terms of the ReD and Pr numbers for both in-line and staggered
arrangements. This expression can be written as
Hydrodynamic
boundary layer
1=2
Pr1=3
Nu Df1 C2 ReD
w = 0, Q = 0
SL
Fig. 3 Control volume for prediction of heat transfer from a tube bank.
(21)
1=2
Nu Df C2 ReD
Pr1=3 0:001ReD
where g is the derivative of the function f with respect to and
I1 is given by
Z
f 12d
(24)
I1
0
(27)
(32)
(22)
Integrating Eq. (21) with respect to s, one can obtain local thermal
boundary layer thicknesses
v
s
u
u
3
T
90I1
t
1=2
1=3
(23)
ReD Pr
D
122 f2 2g
(31)
Thus, the total heat transfer coefcient from a single tube in the rst
row can be written as
(29)
(28)
Dimension
Tube diameter, mm
Longitudinal pitch, mm
Transverse pitch, mm
Number of tubes, staggered
Tube surface temperature, C
Air properties:
Approach velocity, m=s
Thermal conductivity, W=m K
Density, kg=m3
Specic heat, J=kg K
Kinematic viscosity, m2 =s
Prandtl number
Ambient temperature, C
16.4
20.5, 34.3
20.5, 31.3
8
7
70
6
0.0253
1.217
1007
14:82
10 6
0.701
15
724
KHAN ET AL.
NuD
h, W=m2 K
To , C
Q, kW
152.0
186.8
234.0
288.3
38.5
39.2
28.4
25.5
NuD
h, W=m2 K
To , C
Q, kW
87.9
113.15
135.6
175.15
25.5
27.5
19.4
20.1
DeWitt [35]. The reason for higher heat transfer rates in the present
case might be due to the fact that Incropera and DeWitt [35] used the
same constants in their correlation for both cases, whereas the present
models are sensitive to pitch ratios. The comparison of Tables 2 and 3
shows that heat transfer of a bank decreases with increasing pitch
ratio.
Average heat transfer from a single tube in the rst row of
symmetrical in-line tube banks with 1:25
1:25 and 2:0
2:0 pitch
ratios is shown in Figs. 4 and 5. In both cases, the average heat
transfer increases with the Reynolds numbers and the behavior
approximates a linear dependence on the logarithmic scale. The
comparison of both gures show that the heat transfer increases in
symmetrical in-line tube banks with their transverse and longitudinal
pitch ratios. Turbulence generated by the rst rows penetrates the
boundary layer developed on the tube more effectively than in
compact symmetrical in-line tube banks. In compact banks, turbulence decays as a result of the ow being compressed between
longitudinal rows [13]. The present results are compared with the
103
103
Staggered
2.0 x 1.25
Nuf
In-line
Nuf
1.25 x 1.25
10
First row
10
First row
101 3
10
101 3
10
104
ReD
Fig. 6 Average heat transfer from the rst row of a 2:0 1:25
staggered tube bank.
103
103
Analytical (present model)
Experimental (Zukauskas
and Ulinskas [13])
In-line
2.6 x 1.3
2 x2
Staggered
First row
Nuf
Nuf
105
ReD
105
Fig. 4 Average heat transfer from the rst row of a 1:25 1:25 in-line
tube bank.
102
101 3
10
104
104
105
ReD
Fig. 5 Average heat transfer from the rst row of a 2:0 2:0 in-line
tube bank.
102
101 3
10
First Row
104
105
ReD
Fig. 7 Average heat transfer from the rst row of a 2:6 1:3 staggered
tube bank.
725
KHAN ET AL.
103
103
Analytical (present model)
Empirical (Grimison [14])
Empirical (Zukauskas
and Ulinskas [13])
In-line
Staggered
1.25 x 1.25
1.25 x 1.25
NuD
NuD
In-line
102
101 3
10
104
Fig. 8
Pr = 0.71
NuD
105
for the same pitch ratios. Good agreement is found between the
analytical and experimental results.
The comparison of the average heat transfer from both in-line and
staggered tube banks for the same transverse and longitudinal pitch
ratios is shown in Fig. 10. For the same pitch ratio, the heat transfer is
found to be higher in a staggered bank than in an in-line bank. This is
due to the fact that in a staggered bank the path of the main ow is
more tortuous and a greater portion of the surface area of downstream
tubes remains in this path.
ST / D = 2
10
104
ReD
103
101 3
10
105
ReD
102
SL / D = 2
IV. Conclusion
101 3
10
104
105
ReD
Fig. 9
Appendix
I.
Following Suh et al. [30], the complex potential for in-line arrays,
subjected to uniform ow, can be written as
wz Uapp z
Uapp z
1
X
2z
kS
L ijST
j;k 1
X
1
2 j;k 1 z kSL ijST
(33)
(34)
726
KHAN ET AL.
X
(35)
ur 1=r@ =@jrR
ur 0 and
Tz
k 1
coth
z kSL
2ST
(36)
(37)
1
W 0 z Uapp
4SL sin2 =SL SL
(38)
(44)
2a
sinh=a sin sin cos sin=a cos
sinh sin
a
cosh=a sin cos=a cos 2
(45)
U Uapp f
(39)
(40)
u Uapp f
(43)
where
f sin 2sin2
u @ =@rjrR
which gives
where
1
X
and
(41)
(46)
Following Suh et al. [30], the complex potential for in-line arrays,
subjected to uniform ow, can be written as
z
Wz i Uapp z C cot
2SL
z SL iST
cot
2SL
(47)
(48)
2S
R
sinhr sin =SL
Uapp r sin L sin2
2SL coshr sin =SL cosr sin =SL
2SL 2 R
sinhr sin ST =SL
sin
2SL coshr sin ST =SL cosr cos SL =SL
(49)
The radial and transverse components of velocity at the surface of the tubes can be obtained by using Eq. (43) and can be written like Eq. (44),
where
f sin 2sin2
cos
cosh sin =2a sin
sin sinh sin =2a sin sin cos
2a
sinh
4a cosh sin =2a cos cos =2a
2a
cosh sin =2a cos cos =2a2
(50)
KHAN ET AL.
U Uapp f
(51)
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the nancial support of the
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and
the Centre for Microelectronics Assembly and Packaging.
References
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Transfer Data and a Comparison With Fluid Friction, Transactions of
the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 29, American
Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York, 1933, pp. 174210.
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on Convection Heat Transfer and Flow Resistance in Cross Flow of
Gases Over Tube Banks, Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement
and Control, Series G, Vol. 59, 1937, pp. 573581.
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[10] ukauskas, A., Heat Transfer from Tubes in Crossow, Advances in
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[11] Aiba, S., Tsuchida, H., and Ota, T., Heat Transfer Around Tubes in InLine Tube Banks, Bulletin of the JSME, Vol. 25, No. 204, 1982,
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