A CATALOG OF RADIATION

CONFIGURATION F
John R. Howell
University of Texas at

http://www.me.utexas.edu/~howell

TABLE OF CON
SECTION A

Differential area to differen

I. Differential element to....
II. Differential strip to....
III. Differential ring to....

SECTION B

Differential area to finite

I. Differential element to....
II. Differential strip to....
III. Differential ring to....
IV. Differential sphere to....

SECTION C

Finite area to finite a

I. Planes and rectangles to....
II. Disk to....
III. Cylinder to....
IV. Cone to....

V. Sphere to....
VI. Hemisphere to....
VII. Other

SECTION A
Differential Area to Dif

I.Differential elemen

1. Two elemental areas in arbitrary configuration.

2. Two elemental areas lying on parallel lines.

3. Elemental area of any length z to infinitely long parallel strip of differential width; plane containing element does not inte

4. Corner element on end of square channel to sectional element on channel wall.

5. Plane element to a differential coaxial ring parallel to the element.

6. Plane element on and normal to axis to inside of coaxial differential circular ring.

7. Element on interior surface of right circular cylinder to coaxial differential ring in cylinder base.

8. Element on interior surface of right circular cone to coaxial differential ring in cone base.

9. Differential element on interior of hemisphere to a coaxial differential ring element on the base.

II.Differential strip

10. Parallel differential strip elements in intersecting planes.

11. Two elemental strip elements lying on parallel lines.

12. Infinitely long differential bounding strip to opposed parallel strip.

13. Strip of finite length and of differential width, to differential strip of same length on parallel generating line.

14. Square strip element to opposed square strip element.

15. 1x2 rectangular strip element to opposed 1x2 strip element.

III.Differential ring

16. Differential ring element to opposed ring element on coaxial disk.

17. Differential ring element on circular disk to opposed coaxial ring element on coaxial disk separated by coaxial cylinder.

18. Circumferential ring element on interior of right circular cylinder to coaxial ring element on base.

19. Ring element on exterior of tube to coaxial annular element on circular fin.

20. Two ring elements on the interior of a right circular cylinder.

21. Differential ring on surface of right circular cylinder to differential ring on parallel cylinder of the same diameter.

22. Differential ring on surface of right circular cylinder to differential ring on parallel cylinder of the same diameter. Cylinde

23. Ring element on interior of right circular cylinder to ring element on interior of coaxial right circular cone.

24. Coaxial ring element to second coaxial ring element on the interior of a cone.

25. Coaxial ring element on interior of right circular cone to coaxial ring element on the interior of a butted second cone.

26. Differential ring element on the surface of a sphere to differential ring element on interior of coaxial cylinder.

27. Differential ring element on the surface of a sphere to a differential ring element in the base of a coaxial cylinder.

28. Differential ring element on base of cylinder to ring element on interior of cylinder with blockage by coaxial sphere with

29. Differential or finite areas on the inside of a spherical cavity.

SECTION B
Differential Area to F

I.Differential eleme

1. Differential element of any length to semi-infinite plane. Plane containing element and receiving semi-infinite plane inter

2. Differential planar element touching any convex one-, two-, or three-dimensional surface at tangent angle l.

3. Differential planar element to finite parallel rectangle. Normal to element passes through corner of rectangle.

3a-d. Differential planar element to finite parallel rectangle. Normal to element passes through center of rectangle. Rectang

3e-3h. Differential planar element to finite parallel rectangle. Normal to element passes through center of rectangle. Rectan

4. Differential planar element to rectangle in plane 90 to plane of element and perpendicular to corner of plane.

5. From differential element tilted at arbitrary angle to a finite rectangle.

6. Planar element to rectangle with right triangle added. Vertex of added triangle at end of rectangle nearest element.

7. Planar element to rectangle with right triangle added. Vertex of added triangle at end of rectangle farthest from element

8. Differential planar element to plane rectangle. Planes containing dA1 and A2 intersect at angle 0 < F < p . Element dA1

9. Planar element to right triangle in plane parallel to plane containing element. Normal to element passes through vertex

10. Planar element to isosceles triangle in plane parallel to plane containing element. Normal to element passes through v

11. Planar element dA1 to regular n-sided polygon A2 lying in parallel plane. Normal to element passes through center of

12. Planar element dA1 to circular disk A2 in parallel plane. Normal to element passes through center of disk.

13. Differential tilted planar element dA1 to disk A2. Element lies on normal to disk passing through disk center.

14. Planar element dA1 to a circular disk A2 in a parallel plane. Element is offset from normal to disk center by distance a.

15. Planar element dA1 to a circular disk A2 in a perpendicular plane.

16. Planar element dA1 to circular disk A2. Element is rotated at arbitrary angle q in x-z plane.

17. From differential element at coordinate system origin tilted at arbitrary angle to a disk bisected by the y-z plane.

18. Planar element to elliptical plate in plane parallel to element. Normal to element passes through center of plate.

19. Differential planar element dA1 to segment A2 of disk in parallel plane. Element lies on normal to disk passing through

20. Differential element to parallel disk segment.

21. Plane element to sector of circular disk parallel to element.

21a. Plane element to coaxial circular disk. Disk is partially shaded by disk in parallel plane.

21b-f . Plane element to coaxial circular disk. Disk is partially shaded by rectangle in parallel plane.

22. Differential element or ring on disk 1 to coaxial parallel disk 2.

23. Differential sector on disk 1 to coaxial parallel disk 2.

24. Plane element to ring sector on circular disk parallel to element.

25. Plane element to ring area in plane perpendicular to element.

26. Element on coaxial annular disk to second annular disk separated by coaxial cylinder.

27. Plane element to annular disk with conical blockage of view.

28. Plane element to interior of coaxial right circular cylinder.

29. Planar or coaxial ring element in plane perpendicular to cylinder axis to right circular cylinder of finite length.

30. Differential element on annulus between coaxial cylinders to interior of outer cylinder.

31. Plane element to right circular cylinder of finite length and radius, normal to element passes through one end of cylind

32. Element on plane to exterior of right circular cylinder of finite length. Plane does not intersect cylinder.

33. Front face of plane vertical element to circular cylinder tilted toward the element.

34. Vertical or horizontal element to base and sides of a tilted cylinder.

34a. Vertical or horizontal element to side of a tilted cylinder

35. Plane element on a ring to an inverted cone; ring and cone have the same axis and plane of ring does not intersect co

36. Plane element on a ring to an inverted cone; ring and cone have the same axis and plane of ring intersects cone.

37. Plane element to exterior of right circular truncated cone; element and cone base are in the same plane.

38. Differential element tilted in y-z plane to inverted cone.

39. Plane element to sphere; normal to center of element passes through center of sphere.

40. Plane element to sphere; tangent to element passes through center of sphere.

41. Differential planar element to sphere; element plane does not intersect sphere.

42. Differential planar element to sphere; element plane intersects sphere.

43. Arbitrarily oriented differential planar element to a sphere

44. Area element to sphere; element lies in plane perpendicular to sphere axis.

45. Differential element on non-coaxial disk ring to sphere; plane of element does not intersect sphere.

46. Plane element to sphere.

47. Differential element parallel to sphere axis to sphere.

48. From differential element at coordinate system origin tilted at artibrary angle to a hemisphere with base in the x-z plan

49. Differential element on plane to standing standard person facing plane.

50. Differential element on vertical plane to seated standard person facing plane.

51. Element on longitudinal strip inside cylinder to inside cylinder surface.

52. Element on longitudinal strip on inside of right circular cylinder to base of cylinder.

53. Differential element on surface of right circular cylinder to disk on base of cylinder, r2 <rr.

54. Element on interior of coaxial right circular cylinder sitting atop a second cylinder of larger radius to base of lower cylin

55. Element at end of outer cylinder to inside of outer coaxial cylinder.

56. Element on strip inside cylinder to entire interior surface of outer concentric right circular cylinder.

57. Element on parallel strip on interior of outer cylinder to exterior of concentric smaller right circular cylinder.

58. Differential element on interior of right circular cylinder of finite length to annular end enclosing space between coaxial

59. Element on strip on exterior surface of inner coaxial right circular cylinder to inner surface of outer cylinder.

60. Element on strip on exterior surface of inner coaxial cylinder to annular end enclosing space between cylinders.

61. Element on surface of cylinder at longitude a to sphere; axis of sphere bisects and is normal to cylinder axis.

62. Element on internal surface of right circular cone to base of cone.

63. Element on interior of right circular cone to coaxial disk on base.

64. Any differential area on the interior of a hemisphere to the entire base.

65. Element on interior of hemisphere to section from base to height l.

66. Differential element or ring on interior of hemisphere to a coaxial disk in base.

67. Element or coaxial ring on surface of sphere to sphere.

68. Differential planar element on ceiling, floor or any wall to cow.

69. Differential area on the inside of a spherical cavity to finite area on interior of sphere.

II.Differential strip

70. Infinite strip to parallel infinite plane of finite width. Plane and plane containing strip intersect at arbitrary angle.

71. Differential element of any length to surface generated by a line of infinite length parallel to the plane of the element, a

72. Infinite differential bounding strip elements to infinitely long opposed strip.

73. Infinitely long strip of differential width to parallel semi-cylinder. Strip element and cylinder axis are in the same plane.

74. Infinitely long strip element to infinitely long parallel cylinder.

75. Strip element to rectangle in plane parallel to strip; strip is opposite one edge of rectangle.

76. Strip element to rectangle in plane 90o to plane of strip.

77. Strip of finite length to opposed rectangle of infinite width. Plane containing strip intersects rectangle at angle f.

78. A strip element to a rectangular plane intersecting at an angle f.

79. Strip element to parallel opposed right circular cylinder of same length as strip.

80. Strip element on plane to exterior of right circular cylinder of finite length. Strip and cylinder are parallel, and of equal le

81. Vertical differential strip on plane contained in cylinder with axis parallel to strip. Strip and cylinder of equal length. Fac

82. Square strip element to opposed square.

83. 1 x 2 rectangular strip to 1 x 2 opposed rectangle.

84. Element of any length on exterior of cylinder to plane of infinite length and width.

85. Infinitely long differential strip element on tube to fin.

86. Longitudinal strip element on inside of right circular cylinder to entire inside cylinder surface.

87. Longitudinal strip element on inside of right circular cylinder to base of cylinder.

88. Strip on interior of outer cylinder to entire interior of outer right circular coaxial cylinder.

89. Strip on interior of outer cylinder to exterior of inner opposed right circular coaxial cylinder.

90. Strip on interior of outer right circular cylinder of finite length to annular end enclosing space between coaxial cylinders

III.Ring element t

91. Differential ring eleement on surface of disk to coaxial sphere.

92. Sector of differential ring element on surface of disk to coaxial sphere.

93. Ring element on interior of right circular cylinder to circular disk at end of cylinder.

94. Ring element on base of right circular cylinder to finite circumferential ring on interior of cylinder.

95. Ring element on interior of right circular cone to end of frustum on cone.

96. Ring element on interior of right circular cone to coaxial disk.

97. Conical ring element to coaxial body of revolution (cone, paraboloid, or ellipsoid).

98. Exterior of differential conical ring to coaxial sphere, Case I.

99. Exterior of differential conical ring to coaxial sphere, Case II.

100. Differential ring on surface of right circular cylinder to finite area on surface of parallel cylinder of the same diameter.

101. Differential ring on surface of right circular cylinder to finite area on surface of parallel cylinder of the same diameter.

102. Differential ring element on base of cylinder to finite ring on interior of cylinder with blockage by coaxial sphere within

103. Differential ring on interior of hemisphere to disk on base.

104. Differential ring element on the surface of a sphere to finite ring on interior of coaxial cylinder.

105. Differential ring sector to spherical segment.

IV.Differential spher

106. Spherical point source to plane rectangle. Point source lies on corner of adjacent rectangle with common side and in

107. Spherical point source to sphere.

108. Element on surface of hemisphere to second hemisphere in contact.

SECTION C
Finite Area to Fin

I.Planes and rectang

1. Two infinitely long, directly opposed parallel plates of the same finite width.

2. Two infinitely long parallel plates of different widths; centerlines of plates are connected by perpendicular between plate

3. Two infinitely long plates of unequal widths h and w, having one common edge, and at an angle of 90o to each other.

4. Two infinitely long plates of equal widths having a common edge and included angle a

5. Two infinitely long plates of unequal width having a common edge with an included angle a

6. Infinitely long enclosure formed by three planar or convex surfaces.

7. Infinite plane to row of parallel cylinders, or n rows of in-line cylinders.

8. Infinite plane to first, second, and first plus second rows of infinitely long parallel tubes of equal diameter in equilateral t

9. Top surface of finite rectangle tilted relative to an infinite plane.

10. Rectangles having a common edge and forming an arbitrary angle; one rectangle infinitely long.

11. Identical, parallel, directly opposed rectangles.

12. Coaxial parallel squares of different edge length.

13. Rectangle to rectangle in a parallel plane; all boundaries are parallel or perpendicular to x and x boundaries.

14. Two finite rectangles of same length, having one common edge, and at an angle of 90o to each other.

15. Rectangle to rectangle in a perpendicular plane; all boundaries are parallel or perpendicular to x and x boundaries.

16. Two rectangles with one common edge and included angle of f.

17. Rectangle 1 to rectangle 2 in a plane intersecting the plane containing rectangle 1. All rectangle edges are parallel or p

18. Finite area on interior of rectangular enclosure to second finite area.

19. Right triangle to perpendicular rectangle with common side.

20. Isosceles triangle to perpendicular rectangle: Base of triangle and rectangle have common edge.

21. Right triangle with side of length one-half that of perpendicular rectangle to rectangle.

22. Perpendicular right triangles with one equal edge.

23. Right triangle to perpendicular right triangle with common edge; apexes at common point.

24. Right triangle to perpendicular right triangle with common edge; apexes at opposite ends.

25. Triangle to perpendicular rectangle.

26. Right triangle to perpendicular right triangle of unequal size; apexes at opposite ends of shared edge.

27. Right triangle to perpendicular right triangle of unequal size; apexes at common point.

28. Right isosceles triangle to adjacent congruent perpendicular triangle connected along short side.

29. Parallel directly opposed right triangles.

30. Parallel directly opposed rectangles with triangular extensions.

31. Floor to end wall with triangular extension.

32. Side wall to end wall with triangular extension.

33. Between all combinations of surfaces in a hexagonal prism.

34. Between parallel regular polygons.

35. One side of rectangle to one quarter of parallel cylinder of same length as rectangle; cylinder is bisected longitudinally

36. Rectangle to perpendicular circular segment.

37. Horizontal panel to adjacent vertical panel with circular segment on top.

38. Side wall to end wall with circular segment extension.

II.Disk to....

39. Circular disk to parallel right triangle; normal from center of circle passes through one acute vertex.

40. Disk to parallel coaxial disk of same radius.

41. Disk to parallel coaxial disk of unequal radius.

42. Disk to second coaxial disk inside cone.

43. Nonintersecting disks with intersecting axes; axes intersect between disks; and disks can be inscribed in sphere of rad

44. Nonintersecting disks with intersecting axes; axes do not intersect between disks. Disks can be inscribed in sphere of

45. Sector of circular disk to sector of parallel circular disk.

46. Parallel opposed circular segments.

47. Disk to coaxial annular ring on parallel disk.

48. Disk to coaxial cone.

49. Annular Disk to coaxial truncated cone; cone can be convergent (+a) or divergent (-a).

50. Disk to a coaxial paraboloid.

51. Disk to coaxial ellipsoid.

52. Ring to parallel coaxial ring.

53. Annulus to coaxial annulus of different outer radius; both annuli have inner radius of blocking coaxial cylinder.

54. Coaxial annular rings separated by coaxial cylinder.

55. Annular ring between two concentric cylinders to inside of outer cylinder; inner radius of ring is equal to radius of inner

56. Ring on annulus between coaxial cylinders to inner surface of outer cylinder.

57. Annular ring around base of hemisphere to hemisphere.

58. Ring around base of hemisphere to section of hemisphere.

59. Annular ring to attached coaxial paraboloid.

60. Annular ring to attached coaxial ellipsoid.

III.Cylinder to..

61. Exterior of infinitely long cylinder to symmetrically p

62. Exterior of infinitely long cylinder to unsymmetrically placed infinitely long parallel plate.

63. Concentric cylinders of infinite length.

64. Exterior of infinitely long cylinder to interior of concentric semicylinder.

65. Interior of infinitely long semicylinder to itself when concentric coaxial cylinder is present.

66. Interior of infinitely long semicylinder 1 to interior of semicylinder 2 when concentric parallel cylinder 3 is present.

67. Infinitely long cylinder to non-concentric cylindrical enclosure.

68. Infinitely long parallel cylinders of the same diameter.

69. Infinite parallel cylinders of different radius.

70. Infinitely long facing parallel semicylinders of equal radius.

71. Infinitely long semicylinder to parallel infinitely long semicylinder of same radius.

72. Infinitely long cylinder to other cylinders in square array of parallel cylinders of equal diameter.

73. Infinitely long cylinder to other cylinders in equilateral triangular array of parallel cylinders of equal diameter.

74. Finite-length cylinder to rectangle with two edges parallel to cylinder axis and of length equal to cylinder.

75. Finite cylinder to finite rectangle of same length.

76. Outside surface of cylinder to perpendicular right triangle; triangle is in plane of cylinder base with one vertex of triangl

77. Outer surface of cylinder to annular disk at end of cylinder.

78. Inner surface of right circular cylinder to itself.

79. Base of right circular cylinder to inside surface of cylinder.

80. Disk in cylinder base or top to inside surface of right circular cylinder.

81. Inside surface of right cylinder to coaxial disk of same diameter separated from base of cylinder.

82. Interior surface of circular cylinder of radius R to disk of radius r where r < R; disk is perpendicular to axis of cylinder, a

83. Annular ring on cylinder base or top to inside of right circular cylinder.

84. Interior of right circular cylinder to finite annular ring in base.

85. Inner surface of upper cylinder to base ring.

86. Inside surface of right circular cylinder to inside surface of adjacent right circular cylinder of the same diameter.

87. Finite section of right circular cylinder to separated finite section.

88. Interior of half-cylinder to interior of opposed adjacent coaxial half-cylinder of equal length.

89. Coaxial right circular cylinders of different radii, one atop the other, Case I.

90. Coaxial right circular cylinders of different radii, one atop the other, Case II.

91. Interior of finite length right circular coaxial cylinder to itself.

92. Interior of outer right circular cylinder of finite length to exterior of coaxial inner right circular cylinder.

93. Interior of outer right circular cylinder of finite length to annular end enclosing space between coaxial cylinders.

94. Annular end enclosing space between coaxial right circular cylinders to opposite annular end.

95. Inner coaxial cylinder to outer coaxial cylinder; inner cylinder entirely within outer.

96. Inner coaxial cylinder to outer coaxial cylinder; inner cylinder extends beyond one end of outer.

97. Inner coaxial cylinder to outer coaxial cylinder; inner cylinder extends beyond both ends of outer.

98. Outside of inner (smaller) coaxial cylinder to inside of larger cylinder; small cylinder completely outside larger.

99. Between equal length cylindrical areas on interior of outer coaxial cylinder.

100. Between cylindrical area on interior of shell and equal length cylindrical area on exterior of inner coaxial cylinder.

101. Parallel opposed cylinders of unequal radius and equal finite length.

102. Perpendicular cylinders of equal radius and equal finite length, closest separation at centers.

103. Cylinders of equal radius and length, one cylinder rotated around line joining centers.

104. Finite cylinders of equal radius and length. Cylinders are rotated at 90o from line connecting their ends.

105. Cylinders of equal length and radius, rotated around line connecting ends.

106. Cylinder of length l/2 to perpendicular cylinder of length l and same radius. Cylinder axes intersect at center of longer

107. Cylinder of length l/2 to cylinder of equal radius and length l rotated in plane containing cylinder axes about a line thro

108. Cylinder of length l/2 to skewed cylinder of equal radius and length.

IV.Cone to....

109. Interior of right circular cone to base.

110. Interior of right circular cone to itself.

111. Interior of frustum of right circular cone to base.

111a Interior of Frustum of Right Circular Cone to Itself

112. Frustum of right circular cone to entire base.

112a. Frustum of right circular cone to base with obstruction by coaxial internal cylinder

113. Frustum of right circular cone to disk in base of cone.

114. Frustum of right circular cone cut by plane parallel to cone axis.

115. Finite section of right circular cone to separated finite section.

116. Interior of frustum of right circular cone to attached right circular cone.

117. Interior of right circular cone to base of attached frustum.

118. Frustum of right circular cone to coaxial attached frustum.

119. Interior of frustum of right circular cone to base of attached coaxial frustum.

120. Cone to coaxial body of revolution (cone, paraboloid or ellipsoid).

V.Sphere to...

121. Sphere to rectangle perpendicular to line through sphere axis.

122. Sphere to rectangle.

122a. Sphere to plane rectangle. Sphere lies on corner of adjacent rectangle with common side and intersecting A2 at ang

123. Sphere to scalene triangle in plane perpendicular to sphere axis with one vertex on axis; sphere does not intersect pl

124. Sphere to any polygon in plane that does not intersect sphere.

125. Sphere to coaxial disk.

126. Sphere to noncoaxial disk; plane of disk does not intersect sphere. Point o may lie inside or outside disk.

127. Sphere to sector on coaxial disk.

128. Sphere to segment on a coaxial disk.

129. Sphere to top of coaxial annular ring not touching sphere.

130. Sphere to top of coaxial annular ring touching sphere.

131. Sphere to interior surface of coaxial right circular cylinder; sphere outside end of cylinder, and sphere radius less than

132. Sphere to interior surface of coaxial right circular cylinder; sphere within ends of cylinder.

133. Sphere to exterior of coaxial cylinder.

134. Large sphere to small cylinder. r>> diameter or length of cylinder.

135. Concentric spheres.

136. Differential or finite areas on the inside of a spherical cavity.

137. Two spheres of unequal radius.

138. Sphere to spherical cap.

139. Sphere to coaxial cone.

140. Large sphere to small hemisphere (not including circular base).

141. Sphere to coaxial paraboloid.

142. Sphere to coaxial ellipsoid.

143. Large sphere to small ellipsoid.

144. Ring area on inside of sphere to coaxial ring area on inside of attached frustum.

145. Ring area on inside of sphere to ring on interior of cylinder attached to sphere by a conical frustum.

VI.Hemisphere t

146. Any finite area of any shape on interior of hemisphere to entire base.

147. Spherical cap to disk in equatorial plane.

148. Interior finite section of hemisphere to itself.

149. Finite section on interior of hemisphere to parallel finite section.

150. Section of interior of hemisphere to disk on base.

151. Finite section of interior of hemisphere to disk on base.

152. Section of hemisphere to annular ring in base.

153. Ring on hemispherical surface to ring on the base.

154. Two hemispheres in contact.

VII.Other

155. Moebius strip of constant width to itself.

156. Seated standard person facing vertical panel.

157. Seated standard person to side vertical rectangle.

158. Seated standard person to rectangle on ceiling or floor.

159. Standard standing person to rectangle on ceiling.

160. Standing standard person to side vertical rectangle.

161. Standing standard person to vertical facing rectangle.

162. Pig to rectangle in various orientations.

Factor de forma para radiacin entre rectngulos perpendiculares con una arista comn (b)

1
2
2

L a tan( 1 / L) Na tan( 1 / N ) N L
L

F12

F1-2 =

0.5

2 0.5

a tan( N L

(1
1
) Ln

1
4

=(1/(PI()*L)*(L*ATAN(1/L)+N*ATAN(1/N)-((N^2+L^2)^(0.5))*ATAN((N^2+L^2)^(-0.5))+(1/4)*LN(((1+L^2)*(1+

a=
b=
c=

1
1
1

F1-2 =

0.20004378

N=
L=

Factor de forma para radiacin entre dos rectngulos paralelos, opuestos, de lados a y b separados por una dis

F12

1 X 2 1 Y 2
2

ln

X Y
1 X 2 Y 2

a=
b=
c=

1
1
1

X=
Y=

b/c =
a/c =

F12 =
F12 =

0.5

X a tan( X ) Y a tan( Y ) X (1 Y 2 ) 0.5

1
1

(2/(p*X*Y))*( ln(( (1+X^2)*(1+Y^2)/(1+X^2+Y^2))^0.5)-X*ATAN(X)-Y*ATAN(Y)+X*(1+Y^2

0.1998249

sta comn (b)

2 0.5

N L

(1 L2 ) (1 N 2 )
1

) Ln

1 L2 N 2
4

L (1 L N )

(1 L2 ) ( L2 N 2 )

L2

N (1 L N )

(1 N 2 ) ( L2 N 2 )

N2

+L^2)^(-0.5))+(1/4)*LN(((1+L^2)*(1+N^2)/(1+L^2+N^2))*(L^2*(1+L^2+N^2)/((1+L^2)*(L^2+N^2)))^(L^2)*(N^2*(1+L^2+N^2)/((1+N^2)*(L^2+N^2
a/b =
c/b =

1
1

A2

A1

b
c

ados a y b separados por una distancia c.

2 0.5

Y a tan( Y ) X (1 Y )

a tan

1 Y 2

0 .5

2 0.5

Y (1 X )

a tan

1 X 2

0 .5

c
a
b

ATAN(X)-Y*ATAN(Y)+X*(1+Y^2)^0.5*ATAN(X/(1+Y^2)^0.5) +Y*(1+X^2)^0.5*ATAN(Y/(1+X^2)^0.5))

N )

N 2 )
2

N2

L^2+N^2)/((1+N^2)*(L^2+N^2)))^(N^2))))