Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of project
Wireless technology has been making tremendous progress over the past few years. The ever
increasing use of wireless networks serves as an indicator of the progress in the area of wireless
networks. The demand for wireless technology is increasing not only in industrial applications
but also for domestic purposes. Some benefits of wireless technology are:

Completes the access technology portfolio: customers commonly use more than one access
technology to ser- vice various parts of their network and during the migration phase of their
networks, when upgrading occurs on a scheduled basis. Wireless enables a fully comprehensive
access technology portfolio to work with existing dial, cable, and DSL technologies.
Goes where cable and fiber cannot: the inherent nature of wireless is that it doesnt require
wires or lines to accommodate the data/voice/video pipeline. As such, the system will carry
information across geographical areas that are prohibitive in terms of distance, cost, access, or
time. It also sidesteps the numerous issues of ILEC collocation

Our proposed model consists of two modules i.e. one or more Transmitter and one
Receiver module. The transmitter module consists of interfacing computer via serial interface to
the Zigbee module. The receiver module placed at the remote end consists of Zigbee module
interfaced with a micro- controller for displaying messages on LCD. Password based
Authentication is employed on the Transmitter side in order to provide access control to only
authorized users. Primarily16x2 LCD is been used for displaying messages which we can further
extend to larger LCD.

1.2 Description and block diagram

Fig 1.2(a) Block Diagram Of Transmitter

Fig1.2(b) Block Diagram of receiver

Chapter-2
LITERATURE SURVEY OR PROBLEM FORMULATION

For the accomplishment of this project work, we have studied many articles, blogs and papers on
the related topics of the zigbee
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, lowpower digital radios based on an IEEE 802 standard for personal area networks. ZigBee devices
are often used in mesh network form to transmit data over longer distances, passing data through
intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. This allows ZigBee networks to be formed adhoc, with no centralized control or high-power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the
devices. Any ZigBee device can be tasked with running the network
ZigBee is targeted at applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure
networking. ZigBee has a defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for periodic or intermittent data
or a single signal transmission from a sensor or input device. Applications include wireless light
switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays, traffic management systems, and other
consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range wireless transfer of data at relatively
low rates. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less
expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.

2.1 PROBLEM FORMULATION

Bluetooth (over IEEE 802.15.1), ultra-wideband (UWB, over IEEE 802.15.3), ZigBee (over
IEEE 802.15.4), and Wi-Fi (over IEEE 802.11) are four protocol standards for short range
wireless communications with low power consumption.From an application point of view,
Bluetooth is intended for a cordless mouse, keyboard, and hands-free headset, UWB is oriented
5

to high-bandwidth multimedia links, ZigBee is designed for reliable wirelessly networked

monitoring and control networks, while Wi-Fi is directed at computer-to-computer connections
as an extension or substitution of cabled networks.
Table2.1(a) Comparision of the Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee and Wi-Fi Protocol

Chapter 3
Relevant to the project
7

This project is being done to distinguish the different message switches processing transmitter
side PCB. The message distinguished can be sorted in different receiver directions by the
hardware interfacing. We have used the Arduino Board programing of micro controller so. The
main objective of our project is :
i

Message transferring transmitter side to receiver side.

ii Message display on LCD.

3.1 Micro controller

The AtmelAVR ATmega8 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
RISCarchitecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega8
achieves throughputs approaching 1MIPS per MHz, allowing the system designer to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed. The AtmelAVR core combines a rich
instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.All the 32 registers are directly
connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be
accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more
code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC
microcontrollers.
The device is manufactured using Atmels high density non-volatile memory technology. The
Flash Program memory can be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial interface, by a
conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip boot program running on the
AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download the application program in the
Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash Section will continue to run while the
Application Flash Section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining
an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
ATmega8 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution
to many embedded control applications.
8

The ATmega8 is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools, including
C compilers, macro assemblers, program simulators, and evaluation kits.

Fig 3.1(a) Pin diagram of micro controller

Features of micro controller(Atmega8):

High-performance, Low-power AtmelAVR 8-bit Microcontroller

I/O and Packages
23 Programmable I/O Lines
28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF

Operating Voltages
2.7V - 5.5V (ATmega8L)
4.5V - 5.5V (ATmega8)

Speed Grades
9

0 - 8MHz (ATmega8L)
0 - 16MHz (ATmega

3.2 XBee
The XBee and XBee-PRO RF Modules were engineered to meet IEEE 802.15.4 standards and
support the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks. The modules require
minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices. The modules operate
within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band and are pin-for-pin compatible with each other.

Fig3.2(a) XBee

Features of XBee

Long Range Data Integrity

Low Power
Easy-to-Use

3.3 ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use
hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists and anyone interested in
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creating interactive objects or environments.

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its
surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The microcontroller on the board
is programmed using the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino
development environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they
can communicate with software running on a computer .

Fig 3.3(a) Arduino Board

Features of aurdino uno:

ATmega8 microcontroller

Input voltage - 7-12V

14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs)

6 Analog Inputs

32k Flash Memory

16Mhz Clock Speed

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3.4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Liquid crystal display (LCD) is another common output device. There are
various type and model of LCD available in the market. One of them is given
in figure
2.5. Table 2.2 shows the pin configuration for LCD.

Fig3.4(a) LCD ACM 1602A panel

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Table 3.4(b) LCD pin configuration

13

Chapter 4
EXPERIMENTAL/SIMULATION, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Eagle
In EAGLE the schematic design takes most of the time. The PCB layout itself, steps 4-9, uses
the excellent built-in auto-router, and can be quick if layout is good, or impossible if layout is
bad. If you take time to reposition the components carefully you will reduce the average length
of tracks, and get better high-frequency performance from the board, as well as ensuring that
even dense layouts can auto-route fully.

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4.2 Schmatic diagram

15

Fig 4.2(a) circuit diagram of transmitter

16

Fig 4.2(b) circuit diagram of receiver

4.3 PCB Designing process

There are several basic steps involved in producing a printed circuit board (PCB). Most
designs begin with a hand drawn schematic and design plan. With these, the circuit is prototyped
and tested to verify that the design works correctly. Then, using software, an electronic version
of the schematic is created. A netlist file is created from the electronic schematic and used in
other software to create the physical layout of the PCB. Next, the components are placed and
routed in the physical layout software and Gerber files are created. These Gerber files are used
in a prototyping system to mill, drill, and cut the PCB substrate. The components are then placed
and soldered to the substrate. Finally, the board is tested to verify that it works as expected.
The major steps in the PCB design and fabrication process are as follows:
1. design and test the prototype circuit by hand;
2. capture the circuits schematic using OrCADCapture or similar software;
3. perform the physical layout of the circuit using OrCADLayout or similar software;
4. fabricate, populate and test the PCB done by ECE shop personnel or similar personnel.

Fig 4.3(a) pcb design

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4.4 Result

Project is in working condition.

Fig 4.4

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Chapter-5
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion:
Wireless operations permit services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible or
impractical to implement with the use of wires. It provides fast transfer of information and are
cheaper to install and maintain. This paper provides an efficient way of displaying messages on
Notice Board using Wireless Technology. It also provides user authentication in order to avoid
any misuse of proposed system.

Future Scope:
Message Board is one of the application where Zigbee can be used effectively. It can also be
used in Malls and Highways for Advertisement purpose. A moving display with variable speed
can also be used in place of static display.

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REFERENCES
XBee Series 2 OEM RF Modules Product Manual, Digi International, Inc., June 2007.
J. S. Lee and Y. C. Huang, ITRI ZBnode: A ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Plat- form for Wireless
Sensor Networks, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics, Taipei, Taiwan, vol. 2, pp. 1462-1467, October 2006
Safaric, S.; Malaric, K;Zigbee Wireless Standard , IEEE International conference on
Multimedia Processing and Communications, March 2006.

20

Annexure
Transmitter
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
int s1=6;
int s2=7;
int s3=8;
int s4=9;
int s5=10;
int a,b,c,d,e;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.print("Transmitter");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("ATC,Indore");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Submitted By:");
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delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Ankit Choudhary");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Deepak Arya");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Deepak Zambre");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Guided By:");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Prof. Megha");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Motta");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Project Head");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Prof. Nilesh");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Dubey");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
pinMode(s1,INPUT);
pinMode(s2,INPUT);
pinMode(s3,INPUT);
pinMode(s4,INPUT);
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pinMode(s5,INPUT);
digitalWrite(s1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(s2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(s3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(s4,HIGH);
digitalWrite(s5,HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
a=digitalRead(s1);
b=digitalRead(s2);
c=digitalRead(s3);
d=digitalRead(s4);
e=digitalRead(s5);
if(a==LOW)
{
Serial.print('a');
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Good Morning");
}
if(b==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.print('b');
lcd.print("Good Afternoon");
}
if(c==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.print('c');
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lcd.print("Good Evening");
}
if(d==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.print('d');
lcd.print("Keep Silence");
}
if(e==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.print('e');
lcd.print("Keep Quite");
}
}

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Reciver
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
char a;
int led=8;
int buz=9;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
pinMode(led,OUTPUT);
pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
lcd.print("Receiver");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("ATC,Indore");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Submitted By:");
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delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Ankit Choudhary");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Deepak Arya");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Deepak Zambre");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Guided By:");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Prof. Megha");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Motta");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Project Head");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Prof. Nilesh");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Dubey");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
}
void loop()
{
26

if(Serial.available()>0)
{
a=(char)Serial.read();
if(a=='a')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Good Morning");

}
if(a=='b')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Good Afternoon");
}
if(a=='c')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Good Evening");
}
if(a=='d')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Keep Silence");
}
if(a=='e')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Keep Quite");
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}
}
}

28