STEAM TURBINES Unit 1 PrinciplesPILOT 8—PUMP AND COMPRESSOR DRIVERS UNIT 2—STEAM TURBINES Unit 1 Principles Single- and Multi- Stationary Buckets. Reaction Turbine Coniensing and Non-Condeasing Turbines. Extraction and Induetion Governors Direct-Acting Flyball Govemor Hydraulie Govemor. Oil-Relay Governor. Overspeed ‘rip. Review and Summary.........., lage Turbines. Unit 2 Parts and Equipment ‘The Rotor ‘The Casing. . Diaphragms and Labyrinth Seals Packing Boxes. Bearings, 5% Single- and Multi-Valve Governors Oil Circulation Review and Summary Unies Operation Excessive Casing Pressure. Insulation Condensation of Steam Effects of Uneven Heating and Cooling. . Shaft Bow Packing Box Leakage. Vibration Critical Speed Blading Deposits Lubrication Water in the Oil System Overspeei Trip ‘Turbine Speed Adjusiment. Instrumentation ‘Visual Inspections Before Startup Reviow and Summary 2 28 23, 26 aL 25. BS ae 45 © 45 46 7 50 31 34 56 . 56 aT 58. 59 61 62 62Steam turbine: may differ from one another in size, appear- ance, and construction, bul all steum turbines are similar in operation and work on similur principles. Tn Unit 1 of this program, you will Jearn how impulse and resetion turbines convert thermal enengy to mechanieal energy. You will learn how condensing and non-condensing turbines work, how turbine speed is controlled, and how the overspeed trip protects the turbine against failuze of other speed controls: Tn Unit 2 you will learn the construction of the turbine: rotor and casing, diaphragms, seals, and packing boxes, including labyrinth end earbon-ring packing. You will learn the eon- struction of the bearings and bearing combinations used in turbines, of single- and multi-valve governors, and of the oil- civeulation system. In Unit 8, you will learn turbine operation and operating he effects of pressure, heal, and steam condensa- ven heating ani cooling; leakage of steam, vibra- tion; lubrieation and lubrication problems; speed adjustment, instrumentation, and visual Inspections to he conducted before startun. ‘Through this understanding of turbine principles, eonstrae- tion, and control, you will be better able to assure the efficieney and aafety of turbine operations,HERE ARE SOME SAMPLE ITEMS To Give You PRACTICE WITH "PROGRAMED LEARNING’ First, we say something, like this: "A program may look very much lke a test, or examl- nation, but ff ig not a teak" Next, we asle you for an interpretation, or we say more ubout what we have just sai bul leave something out for you to fill In, like this: “A program is not a Nex, you fill in tho blank, and then move down the mask at the right to see if your answer is correct If your answer is wrong, review until you can see why it is torong, and then go on to the next tem. If your answer ts right, go on at once. Masia of a blank to fil im, we may give you a choice of two answers. Circle or underline the right one. "No one grades you on the answors you give in studying program. However, filling in all the answers is important Tor your own leaming and remembering, “It (isfis nob) important to fill in all the anewers as you study @ program,” Here is one more example: "A program permits you 10 study at your own rate of speed. ‘Take time to read each item carefully, because slsin- ming and guessing make for poor lourning. “In studying 4 program. it is (helpful/wasteful) to give tach item elose attontio Notice that the lefthand pages from here on are printed upside down. ‘The progran is designed so that you will wo through ald the righthand pages first, and then tun the book upside down and go through the other pases. Now, go on to Page 2 and begin. ny Before beginning, cover this column with the mask. test helpiutNow pull the exhibits out of the center of the book, PRINCIPLES 1. Heat is the flow of thermal onorgy. Thermal can be changed to mechanieal energy. 2. A steam turbine changes thermal eneray to energy. 3. When water boils and turns to steam, the steam has more energy than the water had. Heating water in a closed container (inereases/de- creases) the pressure of its vapor, 4, Steam pressure in a boiler is increased by adding 5. Pressure builds up in the container. (a Ee NOZZLE HEAT SOURCE Steam pressure in the container becomes (higher/ lower) than the pressure of the atmosphere, 6. The higher pressure forces steam to expand through the. Steam is forced out of the nozzle at (high/low) speed or velocity. 8, A jet of steam strikes the bucket, and the bueket moves. Mechanical energy is produced as the high-velocity strikes the buckot and causes it to move. 8, When steam expands through the nozzle, its pressure (ineresses/decrenses). 10. As the pressure of the steam flowing through the noz le is reduced, the velocity of tho steam ineveases, ‘The nozzle changes steam pressure to steam 11. High-velocity steam striking the — turns the rotor and produces mechanical work. (2) energy mechanical increases heat higher nozzle high steam decreases velocity bucket,2 18, 14, 16, VW. 18, 19, 20. ‘The drawing shows simple turbine, HEAT SOURCE ‘The rotor consists of “blades” or buekels mounted on a ‘Phe nozzle directs the flow of buckets, toward the ‘Steam p) the boiler, ure is (higher/lower) at the rotor than in Steam (can/eannot) flow if there is no pressuee dif. ference. Increasing the pressure difference (ineveases/ decreases) the amount of flowing steam. As steam leaves the nozale, its pressure and tempera- ture (increase decrease). Its veloeit Heat (thermal energy) produces steam pressure, and the steam pressure is converted to steam velocity by the nozzle After steam strikes the buckets, steam velocity (nereases /decreases) ‘The rotor turns and produces mechanical work, ‘The steam has (gained /lost) energy. ‘More steam produces more work than less steam when both are at the same temperature and pressure If more nozzles are ailded, or if the nozzle is enlarged, (more/less) steam strikes the buckets. More nozzles or 2 larger nozzle produces more work, (3) shatt steam lower cannot increases decreas increases deere: lost more merhanical21. To increase the amount of steam flow: the pressure difference or the nozzle opening while keeping the pressure differ- ence constant, 22, The purpose of the nozzle is: to __steam at the buckets and to convert steam _____ to steam. 23. The rotor in this turbine differs from the rotor in the previous drawing. EXHAUST STEAM BUCKETS STEAM CHEST GOVERNOR CASING WHEEL, . i WOZeLE STEAM INLET. FROM BOILER ‘The buckets are mounted on a —__ directly on the shaft. rather than 24, ‘The three basic parts are still a rotor, a nozzle, and a source of 25. ‘The nozzle or nozzles are located in the wall of the steam —___—_, 26. ‘The flow of steam into the steam chest is controlled by the governor 21. By controlling the amount of steam flowing into the steam chest, the governor valve controls the output of energy. 28. The rotor is mounted inside a metal _. For the ateam to flow into the easing through the new: ule, the steam pressure in the casing must, i than the steam pressure in the stem chest, 30. Without a pressure difference, the steam cannot flow and no _____can be produced, (4) increase; increase, or enlarge direst pressure, velocity wheel steam chest valve mechanical casing Tower, or less. mechanical work, or energy31. The high-velocity steam directed toward the buckets is an impelling foree (impulse) which causes the rotor to turn. Because the turbine uses the impulse of steam on the buckets to turn the rotor, the turbine Is ealled an —______ turbine, impulse 22. Look at the drawing, ‘SHAFT CASING GOVERNOR AINE STEAM OUT STEAM IN A B ‘There is a on each shaft. load 83. Because there is less load on turbine A, turbine A needs (more/less) energy than turbine B to do its job. less 84. The most convenient way to increase the power output of the turbine is to allow _______steam into the more stsam chest, 85. When more energy is needed, the governor valve is to let more steam into the steam chest, opened 86. If the load on the shaft increases (hut the steam flow is not increased), the speed of the rotor (increases/ decreases). decreases 87. Opening the governor valve the apeed of increases the rotor. 88. ‘The speed of the rotor also Increases as the — toad on the shaft is decreased, 89. If the rotor tums too fast, it may be damaged. Spead is controlled by the —________ valve. governor 40. Shaft speed depends on: the amount of ______on the shaft and the amount Joad of _____flowing into the steam chest. steam (6)Single- and Multi-Stage Turbines 41, The area into which steam expands is a stage. Steam pressure is (increased/decreased) in a stage. 42. When pressure is reduced in one stage ouly, a turbine is called single-stage. If steam pressure is reduced in more than one stage the turbine is called multi. __, 43. Look at the drawing, ST EXHAUST STEAM HEAT SOURCE This turbine has (one/move than one) wheel. Pressure fs reduced stage. 45, This is a— -stage turbine, 46. Look at the drawing. Ist STAGE 2nd STAGE 3rd STAGE SSS “Be m% BO exaust HEAT SOURCE This turbine has — wheels, 47 Pressure is reduced in_____ stages, 48. This is a___-stage turbine. 49. All of the stares are located in casing. 50, Steam leaves the turbine through the (6) decreased stage one one single threo three multi one exhaust51. Look at the drawing. CASING NOZZLE BUCKET. uy, 5 a > Ce f DIAPHRAGM bce Ist STAGE LAST STAGE All the wheels sre mounted on shat —_ whieh holds Hach stage is isolated by a the nozzles. 58. All the previous drawings haye shown main nozzle per staxe. 5A. Instead of one large nozzle, 4 row of smaller nozzles ean be used, HIGHER PRESSURE STATIONARY DIAPHRAGM STEAM JETS DIRECTED TOWARD BUCKETS: ROW OF NOZZiES There is row of nozzles per stage. 55. A turbine designed for a high inlet pressure and low exhaust pressuire generally has its pressure reduced in several stages. ure drops between inlet turbines, Turbines having 1 and exhaust are usu ge pres ly (single-/multi-) i one diaphragm one one multi56. Look at the drawing, (Rotor A/Rotor B) is single-stage. (Rotor"A/Rotor B) is multi-stage, (RotorA/Rotor B) reduces pr (Rotor“A/Rotor B) is probably in the larger turbine, ure in steps. / 57. Steam expanding from stage to stage increases in volume. To provide for the larger volume in the later stages, the bucket are longer. : Tn Rotor B, the buckets on the last wheel are: than the buckets on the first wheel. Stationary Buckets 58. One kind of singe uses two rows of buckets inst of one. But since there is only one pressure reduction, there is only ___stage. ad 59. The row of nozzles directs steam at the first row of buckets, ons NN A SS DIRECTION OF MOVING \ BUCKETS BUCKETS ‘As the steam leaves the buckets, it is moving in the (same dircetion as/opposite direction trom) the mov- ing buckets, (81 B Jonger one opposite direction fromoi 61. 63, 65. In order to move a second row of buekets in the same direction as the first, the __ must be redirected, ‘Look at the drawing, NWA Nw A Wig A W\ aS Between the two rows of —_—— buckets is a row of stationary. buckets, ‘These stationary. buckets into another row of moving buckets. the steam jets Since the stationary buckets do no change the pressure of the steam jets to any great extent, they (are/aze not) like 2 row of nozzles. ‘The stationary buckets are mounted on the easing and do not, Look at the drawing. Although the picture shows more than one wheel in « stage, most stages have just wheel. [97 steam moving redirect are not move oneReaction Turbine 66. 67, 68, n_an impulse turbine, all the steam expansion cccurs through a stationary nozrle, All turbines deseribed so far are _____turbines, ction turbine has a large portion of the expansion rving in the buckets or blading of the wheel A turbine having a large amount of expansion ceeur- ving in the wheel blading is a (reaction/impulse) turline, Look at the drawing, ich aS VELOCITY NOZZLE“. D_notoR ot WHEELS BOILER —»| = SE RCE HIGH" HENS AU PRESSURE STEAM 69. 70. nm. 73. These reaction turbines have no stationary nozzles, All the __drop occurs in the wheel or rotor The turbine blading acts like moving In the impulse turbine, expansion of steam (pressure drop) oecurs across the stetionary nozzles. In the reaction turbine, some or all expansion occurs in the —mounted on the rotor, In the reaction turbine, the steam expands as it flows through the buckets, In the impulse turbine, steam (expands/does: not ex pand) to a great extent in the buekets, Normally, reaction turbines, like impulse turbines, have stationary nozzles, but in the reaction turbine, (par| none) of the expansion occurs in the buckets. Reaction turbines, although sometimes more eilicient than impulse turbines, require more stages than im pulse turbines. ‘They are seldom used as pump or compressor driver Plants usually uso (reaetion/impulse) turbines. [10] impulse reaction pressure nozzles buckets, or nozzles does not expand part impulseCondensing and Non-Condensing Turbines 74, Steam expands from a higher pressure to a lower pressure. ‘Therefore, steam exhausts fromi the turbine at a (ower/higher) pressure than steam entering the turbine. 75, Steam flows from the boiler at a higher pressure and leaves the turbine through the aba lower pressure. 76, Low-pressi steam can still be used to ran a turbine, Tow-pressure steam can expand into an are _—_____ pressure, of still 77. Look at the drawings STEAM CHEST INvET=(E {] cQoLins WATER >, A ‘ B 0 ‘Turbine B has a_________ installed at the exhaust. 78. A condenser removes heat and thus lowers pressure. ‘The condenser cools the steam leaving the turbine and changes It into 79. (Turbine A/Turbine B) is a non-condensing turbine. 80. The exhaust pressure of turbine A is (higher/lower) than the exhaust pressure of turbine B. 81, When the steam is condensed, the water may be re- turned to the boiler for 82, ‘The non-condensing turbine (utilizes /does not utilize) all of the available thermal energy present in the steam, tf) lower exhaust lower condenser water Turbine A higher reheating does not utilize83. From the same amount of steam (at the same inlet pressure), the (condensing/non-condensing) turbine produces more mechanical work. 84. Since large pressure drops are common in condensing turbines, the steam pressure is uaually reduced in steps, Condensing tarbines sre usually stage turbines Extraction and Induction 85. Look at the drawing. Ist STAGE a a x eRIAUsT STEAM ae te a INDUCTION FG exraction Some steam may be removed from or added to a stage before it reaches the — 86. Steam removed from a stage can be used for processes that need steum at pressures and temperatures (above/ helow) the pressure and tomporaturs of the exhanet, 87, Removii at an intermediate stage is extraction, Stoam —__ from the turbine can be used for other provesses. 88. Steam may also be fed or “induced” into the turbine aban stage, 89. Sometimes exe the pressure of a turbin ‘This steam ean be — stage. steam is available in the plant, at 's intermediate stage, into the turbine at thet 5OVERNORS 90, ‘The governor valve regulates the amount of steam allowed into the turbine and the amount of — work produced, 91, When a heavier lond is placed on the turbine, (mo: less) power is nesded than when the turbine is only partially loaded, 92. ‘The speed of the driven equipment must be controlled to perform its operating function, ‘The ______valve i used to control turbine speed. 1121 condensing multi exhaust above extracted intermediate fed, or induced mechanieal more governor93. ou 95. 96. 98. 99. ‘Che governor is a mechanism which opens and closes the governor val ‘The speed of the tur! ine i8 controlled by the If tho turbine starts to spesd up or stow down, its speed must be brought: back to normal, ‘The governor corrects for changes in —__ ‘The drawing shows « flyball governor, FLYBALL, SPRING AT REST. HIGH SPEED The dyballs are held together by the force of a Aa the govertior turns, the spinning (centrifugal) foree mover the flyballs (farther apart/eloser toxether). At (low/high) speed, the force of the spring keeps the lyballs together. At speeds, the Ayballs move farther apart. ‘The ____the governor turns, the farther apart the Dyballs move. Direct-Acting Flyball Governor 100. 101. 102, 103, tod, Look at Exhibit 1. When the turbine is not operating, the spring holds the lyballs close to the shaft. Before the turbine is started, the governor valve is (vide open/closed tight). ‘As the shaft starts to turn, the foreo of the prevents the fyballs from moving apart, As the shaft approaches operating speed, spring ten- sion is overcome by the force of spinning (centrifugal foree), and the balls move (toward/away from) each other, As the flyballs separate, the governor valve is (opened/ closed). When the turbine reaches operating speed, the governor valve allows (more, less) steam in than at startup, and the turbine stops accelerating, When an ineveased load on the turbine slows the tur- bine down, the flyballs are pulled in toward each other. ‘The governor valve is________g0 that the turbine (speeds up/slows down). [ governor speed spring farther apart low higher faster wide open spring away from closed Jess opened speeds up106. 107. 108, 109, 110. an. 113, 115, 116, If the load is suddenly removed, the turbine — up. If the inlet steam pressure Is speed (increases/decreases) uddenly reduced, turbine The governor valve must —___ If the exhaust pressure rises, the turbine speed (inered: decreases) . As the load is removed from a fully-loaded turbine, speed If a xovernor could compensate completely for this change in speed, the speed at zero load (would/wonld not) be the same as the speed at full load, With no difference between the speeds at fall and no load, regulation would be zero. Butif the governor design permits some increase in speed as the furbine load is deereased, the turbine regulation (is/is not) zero, A narrow gor small as possi vernor tends {0 keep changes in speed as ie. A governor with zero rexrulation is an extremely governor. Most narrow governors do not maintain zero regulation, but keep the drift in speed as low as 4%. A governor with 4% regulation is still a governor, ‘To find the speed dritt, multiply the rated speed by the percentawre of regulation, ‘To find the speed at no load, (add/subtmet) the sped crift to the rated speed, (4% of 3000 is 120.) If a turbine's rated speed at full ond is 3000 RPM and its xovernor has 4% regulation, its speed at no load is_____RPM. A direct-acting flyball governor that is narrow keeps turbine speed changes (lunge/small). Friction in the governor mechanism tenda to resist moye- ment of the governor itself, ‘The governor must overcome the resistance of this ‘The governor must also overcome unbalanced forces of steam pressure and steam flow in the valve, 0141 speeds decreases open increases would is not narrow, narrow add 8120 small ion governor117. On turbines equipped with a narrow Ayball governor, if there is a slight change in turbine speed, the gover- nor must first overcome friction and any unbalanced before it can move the governor valve. 118. ‘The flyballs cannot control the speed within a small range, because the forees opposing the governor cause the valve to overtrayel, Correcting for lond change, the governor moves the valve too. 119. Overshooting constantly, the goyernor never previsely finds the operating: speed, ‘The turbine is continually speeding: up ot down a little, 120. This alternate speeding and slowing is “hunting”; that 4s, the governor hunts for the correct setting, A narrow flyball governor correcting small changes turbine speed is more likely to" than a broad governor, 121. A broad governor doos not move the valve ay far to cor yeet a small change in speed as a narrow srovernor does. Only a (large/small) speed change causes the broad gov- emor to moye the valve from the opened to the closed position, 122. Por a given speed change, the broad governor moves its valve shorter distance than the narrow governor, and thus does not, overshoot the correct valve setting. ‘The broad governor (tends /does not tend) to hunt. 128. A broad governor usually has a range of operat ‘as broad as 10% ff speed As the load is decreased from full load to no load, turbine speed (inereases/decreates) by 10‘? of full-load speed. 124, If a turbine’s rated speed at full load is 3500 RPM, with 10% regulation, its speed at no lond is RPM. Hydraulic Governor 125. Look at Exhibit 2, which shows a hydraulic governor, ‘To rerrulate turbine speed, the hydraulic governor uses an “in place of flybells, 126, An oil pump is connected directly to the turbine [16] forces slowing, bunt large does not tend increases: 8850 oll pump shaftEXHIBIT 1 SPEED CHANGER GOVERNOR SPRING l SHAFT FLYBALL (6 || < GOVERNOR LINKAGE PIVOT [2 _ STARTUP SHAFT GOVERNOR SPRING FLYBALL, GOVERNOR SPRING FLYBALL. TOO FAST Pull this set of exhibits out of the book.EXHIBIT 2 NEEDLE VALVE | LeaK.orF oA OL PUMP SHAFT ey RETURN LINE TO te eos ol a |) tssune ee | 1] VALVE wit Ly | iene DIAPHRAGM on Wor | = OIL PUMP. SHAFT RETURN LINE TO RESERVOIR Ol PRESSURE L— SS | | NEEDLE weeou DIAPHRAGM “i | LEAK-OFF lL PUMP a 4 RETURN LINE TO RESERVOIR OIL PRESSURE t DIAPHRAGMEXH BIT 3 OUTLET TO RESERVOIR ott inter — sae ‘OIL RELAY = ruvoAuL Lor valve Le SPRING = | Histon ry IT] sane =G 5 Nile PISTON =i ie : PAK PILOT VALVE | fee) SPRING, =a PISTON.EXHIBIT 4 “TRIP LEVER TRIP PIN nivor TR coe TRIGGER oe FL STEAM FROM BOILER STEAM TO fi STEAM CHEST TRIP VALVE =a ou EXHIBIT 5 TING DER a PRESSURE SS————— pisto! T LL cvLinver RESTRICTION ORIFICE STEAM FROM DUMP VALVE le A BOILER STEAM TO STEAM CHEST RIESVALYE RETURN LINE TO RESERVOIR si STEAM FROM, i BOILER steam 10_ {If STEAM CHEST TRIP VALVE RETURN LINE TO RESERVOIR128. 129. 180. BL 132, 138. 1d. 185, 137. 138, 139. When the turbine is not running, the oil pump puts no pressure into the hydraulic piping. With no pressure on the governor valve, the valve remains (closed /open) As the shaft turns, oil is pumped into the piping to the valve, Most of the oil passes out of the leak-off and retury the reservoir to provide @ constant supply of to and from the ofl pump, 10 ‘The governor valve is connected to a flexible diaphragm. Changes in oil adjust the valve. When the turbine speeds up, more oil is pumped. ‘The oil prossure goes (up/down) ‘The inereased pressure acts on the diaphragm to (open/ close) the valve, Ti more load is placed on the turbine, the turbine and the oil pump slow down, Oil pressure goes (up/down), and the valve — If oil pressure in the hydraulic system is los nor valve moves to a fully-open position, , the gover- ‘Thus if the hydraulic system fails while the turbine is running, the turbine 7 ‘Temperature affects the viscosity (thickness) of the oil A change in oil temperature may affect the governor ee cttine ‘Temperature must be carefully controlled, ‘Too much hot thin oil passes through the oil louk-off ao that sufficient oil pressure does not build up in the system and the tur bine operates at (too high/too low) a speed. . Cold thick oil pumps very well and not enough of it passes through the leak-off. Pressure in the hydraulic system becomes too great and tends to (open/close) the gover- nor valve, A change in temperature changes the governor valve set- ting and the turbine setting. Hydraulic governors are well suited to high-speed use. A high-speed turbino works best with « (hydraulie/ flyball) governor, Since temperature changes can affect the adjustment of the hydraulic governor, hydraulic governor ave usually (narrow/broad) governors. [16] ‘open oil pressure up close down, opens overspevds too high close speed hydraulic broadOil-Relay Governor 140. Look at Exhibit 3, The oil-relay governor combines the features of the hydraulic and the gover M1. 142, The spring keeps the pision in place until a change in oil ____-*_aets on the piston. 143. Flyballs position the plot valve that controls the oil flowing through the cil inlet, and the oil of. the oil relay, 144. At normal operating speed, both the oil inlet and outlet are partially open. Bul when the governor valve must open to compensate for an increased load, the flybulls reduce the outlet opening and increase the opening. 145. To close the governor valve, the flyballs reduce the opening and inerease the opening. 146. Unless the inlot is fully open or fully closed, ofl con stantly circulates through the relay system, regard of the setting. Oil from the outlet connection is retumed to an oil to bo pumped into the hydraulic system again. 17. Tf oil pressure is suddenly lost (through failure of the oil pump, for example), the spring forces the piston to close the valve, With the oil-relay governor, loss of oil pressure does not cause the turbine to ar with the hydraulie governor, 148. The oil-relsy governor user hydruslie foree to move the valve so that it hes (more/iess) power than a flyball governor by itself, {t easily maintains narrow control by overcoming frie- tion and the un veos of atoam. ‘The oil-relay governer can be @ narrow governor and (tends/does not tend) to hunt. anced fi 149. Of the available governors, the (direct-aeting flyball/ hydeaulle/oll-relay) governor is superior in maintain. ing a narrow range of speed. 190. Since the Mlyballs adjust the speed setting, a change in oil temperature (affects/doos not affect) the turbine speed setting. [174 flyball piston prossare outlet inlet. inlet, outlet reservoir overspeed more does not tend oil-relay does not affect151. In some turbines, the oil relay is not operated by a set of fyballs, An electric generator attached (9 the turbine shaft adjusts the 152. Changing the speed of the generator changes its output of electric current. © oper anges in electric current adjust the pilot valve, which ‘and closes the /° and openin Overspeed Trip 168. ‘The yorernor regulates the turbine under normal con- ditions, but sometimes abnormal conditions occur, Tf all load is suddenly removed from a fully-loaded tur- bine, the turbine may — 154. Sometimes the governor reacts too slowly or fails to respond at all. Lf the steam is not shut off promptly, the turbine pe until it Mies apart. 155, A trip pin in the turbine shaft is used to shut off the 2 flow in an emergeney. 186, ‘The drawing shows a trip pin in the shatt. WEIGHT At normal speeds the trip pin remains inside the 157. ‘The pin consists of an unbalanced weight held in the shaft by a 158. If the turbine overspeeds, the pin is ejected from the —_ by centrifugal foree (force of rotation). (18] oil relay. inlet, outlet overspeed overspeeds: steam shart spring shaft159, tél. 162. 163, 164, 166. 167 163, 169, 170. 171. 172, Look at Exhibit 4. When the turbine overspeods, the extended pin strikes the overspeed-trip . The trigger releases a latch holding the tip lever, which is then pulled down by a______, ‘The force of the spring ______ the trip valve. The trip valve closes and cuts off the steam flow to the steam ‘The turbine Unlike governors (which are self-correcting), the overspeed-trip mechanism must he ____ after the turbine stops. Look at Bxhibit 5. Large trip valves use oil under pressure to open them and hold them open, ‘The spring-loaded valve is held open by the pressure of the When the turbine overspeeds and the trip pin is ejected, the pin triggers a latch, as in Exhibit 4, The lateh opens the oil valve, The force of the ojects the ofl from the eylinder, and the trip valve slams shut. As with the direct-acting trip, the mechanism must be after the turbine has slowed down. Overspead-trip ping are set to act at spools 10 to 15% over the maximum turbine speed, If the turbine overspeeds 8% over the maximum, the pin (i8/i8 not) ejected from the shaft, Other overspeed safety devices are used on turbines. On one type of small turbine, the rotor is equipped with a brake rim that is activated when the turbine ‘The brake acts like the brake of a ear, When the rotor overspecds, contrifugal force stretches or expands it until its rim rubs on the wall of the rnd slows down the rotor, If the brake-rim rotor does overspeed, some damage may oceur to the wheel, ‘Whe rotor might have to be ______ after over- speeding. {19] latch, spring chest stops reset dump spring reset is not overspeeds casing removed, or repairedREVIEW AND SUMMARY 173. ‘The purpose of the nozzle is to: a) allow steam to flow from the steam ___, chest b) direct the steam jet at the ___, buckets ©) convert steam to velocity. pressure 174. Wor the turbine to operste, there must be a pressure between the steam chest and the exhaust, difference 175, Name the parts indicated by the blanks, GOVERNOR LINKAGE STATIONARY BUCKET . shaft wheel buckets overspeed trip . flyball governor governor valve . steam chest nozle using PeNagaene 176. The turbine illustrated is a (singie-/multi-) stage single turbine. 177. The _____houses the rotor. easing [20]179, 180, 181. 182. 188. 185, 136, Mechanical energy is transferred to the driven equip- ment by coupling the pump or compreasor shaft to the of the turbine. The output of mechanical energy and the speed of the rotor are regulated by the =— Steam can be induced or extracted from a turbine at an intermediate — In & condensing turbine the condenser is lorated at the = seve The oil-relay governor combines the advantayes of the and. governors. A governor that cannot find the correct operating speed and is continually increasing and decreasing turbine speod is said to be A (narrow/broad) flyball governor is more likely to hunt. The oilvelay governor is (more/less) likely to hunt than a mechanical fyball governor in a narrow range because it has the power to overcome the unbalanced foreos resisting the governor. In ease the governor does not correct overspeeding, the is used as a safety device. shaft governor stage exhaust fiyball, hydraulic hunting narrow less overspeed trip