SGLaghu 1

Sanskrit Grammar for Vedanta Students Series
The Study Guide to
Pini-Stra
through Laghusiddhntakaumud
Part

&
Medh Michika
AVG Anaikkatti, 2015
Copyright 2015 by Medh Michika

All rights reserved.
The contents of this work may not in any shape or form be reproduced
without permission of Medh Michika.
All profit from the sales of this book goes towards the activities initiated
by r Pjya Svam Daynanda Sarasvat.
Electronic version of this book is available at:

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www.arshaavinash.in
Printed version of this book is available at:
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www.arshavidya.in
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www.arshavidya.org
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This book is the first volume in a series titled Study Guide to Laghusiddhntakaumud.
As a traditional entry book into P inian Sanskrit grammar,
the Laghusiddhntakaumud of Varadarja is studied widely, especially in India.
The Study Guide to Laghusiddhntakaumud series of books makes
Laghusiddhntakaumud easily accessible to students and teachers alike who desire to
gain a good grasp of P inian Sanskrit grammar in a proper traditional manner.
In this series, each P inian stra is clearly explained in Laghusiddhntakaumud
sequence with a diagram, word by word translation,
and translation of the v+tti (the short commentary on the stra).
This series of books has been developed as study material in 39-month Vedanta and
Sanskrit courses conducted under Sri Pujya Swami Dayananda Sarasvati
at Arsha Vidya Gurukulam, Anaikkatti, Tamil Nadu, India.
Table of Contents
Purpose of this book .................................................................................................................. 1
6
45789:
;6 <= > Four aspects of this book:................................................................................ 2
>
Introduction to CDEFG= ....................................................................................................................
5
What is CDEFG? ........................................................................................................................... 5
>
KDLG5M<CDEFG= .............................................................................................................................
6
>
=L6 5<= ..........................................................................................................................................
6
KDLGL5-=L6 5P (500 BCE) .................................................................................................................. 7
EDVD<5-=L6 5P (400 BCE) ............................................................................................................... 8
K:YLZP (150 BCE) ........................................................................................................................ 8
Introduction to 4;D[D<M\]KD^P ......................................................................................................... 9
P inis 4;D[D<M\]KD^P .............................................................................................................. 9
\]abcDP (Types of Stras) ........................................................................................................ 11
>
>
d:-EFG=
.......................................................................................................................................
12
4;D[D<M MAP ................................................................................................................................ 24
What LfLg\]s enjoin are: .......................................................................................................... 25
6
Introduction to ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M........................................................................................................ 56
Two KFlFD (traditions) to study KDLG5M<CDEFG ..................................................................... 56
6
Layout of ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M .......................................................................................................... 63
6
Goals of studying ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M ............................................................................................ 64
6
Taking notes following ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M .................................................................................. 64
6
Prayer of ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M ........................................................................................................... 65
>
4m \noD-EFG= ...................................................................................................................................
67
>
4m 49-\L8P
...................................................................................................................................... 90
>
6 KDqP
6
1) <G-\L8P
\p
.............................................................................................................. 90
2) 4<fD<Df-\L8P rF<b ........................................................................................................... 105
6
3) sG-\L8P
tKbuP ................................................................................................................ 114
a. tFG Fv> KFP Ew xLiyP ........................................................................................................... 120
>
b. K]fy DL\i= rF
dr ........................................................................................................... 124
>
4) fwLi-\L8P Ew xzE{=...........................................................................................................
127
ii
a. |VbgV]}\ 6 tK zL: ............................................................................................................... 130

b. fDL:yEs for |VbgV]}\ 6 4~kLrGM ........................................................................................ 134
c. tK\sDyL: gD:k DyL:...................................................................................................... 138
5) KFK-\L8P b:b ............................................................................................................... 142
a. EDLc 6 E8P6 ........................................................................................................... 144
b. =D LfbLr ............................................................................................................... 147
6) cMh y-\L8P czVDLFP ............................................................................................................... 151
y K-\L8P rFbf .............................................................................................................. 153
7) K]f
8) Ew L:aDf-\L8P s4=> ...................................................................................................... 155
>
Summary of 49\L8P
................................................................................................................. 186
Understanding how the P ini system works ...................................................................... 187
Summary of important KLFaDD\]s .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
>
Summary of \noD\]s studied in 49-\L8
section .................................................................... 189
>
Summary of LKDcM\]s studied in 49-\L8
section ................................................................. 189
>
4m rZ-\L8P
..................................................................................................................................... 190
6
1) {/;
{
6 -\L8P FD=b:b .................................................................................................... 190
2) KcDj-{-\L8P fDsMP ................................................................................................. 201
6
3) 455DL\E-\L8P
|:F6 DLFP ................................................................................................. 202
4) Last section ....................................................................................................................... 206
6
5) 45DF-\L8P
rLFn fb ....................................................................................................... 219
6) s=P -1 .............................................................................................................................. 230
>
7) 2nd v {-EFG= ....................................................................................................................
241
Summary of r\L8P ................................................................................................................... 260
4m Lf\s-y \L8P .................................................................................................................................. 262
y L8 ................................................................................................................ 282
Summary of Lf\s\
Appendix -1: Difference between L5bg, 4KfDc, and L5<=\] ................................................... 54
iii
Abbreviations:
AK Avyaya Kosa, a dictionary of indeclinables Sri V. Srivatsankacharya Samskrit
Education Society
Bh1 ' ()*+,+ .) '+/ '*)012 +3*
SK 405+67)98 *
B :+;)2<)+
iv
Introduction
Purpose of this book
6
This book is a study guide to P ini-Stra through ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M.
There are two main purposes in writing this book:
1. To provide a bridge for students to the traditional way of studying the subject
matter.
Even though the subject matter itself is not that abstruse, the way it is presented in
tradition necessitates a bridge for modern day students. This book provides that bridge.
My professional background in computer system engineering helped a lot in this.
6
2. To re-connect the study of ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M to 4;D[D<M.
6
As said in its prayer verse, the purpose of studying ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M is to get
introduced to P inis CDEFG system presented in 4;D[D<M.
6
However, ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M is commonly being studied today merely by memorizing
of all its fwLs, without any cross-reference to 4;D[D<M. By such manner of study, which has
become a convention among the majority of CDEFG students, P inis CDEFG system cannot
be properly understood.
6
Consequently, there has been much unfounded criticism of ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M, because
by studying it in this manner it does not give its students the benefit of studying P inis
CDEFG system.
6
Whereas, what is actually at fault is how ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M is being taught, not
6
6
ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M itself. ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M is in fact a very sophisticated, well calculated, and timetested book of L<D (studying method) for 4;D[D<M. Other texts such as, EDLED, m=DfwL,
etc., are reference books alone. They do not provide this L<D.
6
To summarize, the proper way of studying ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M is to take it as a L<D
book to 4;D[D<M, and keep referring to 4;D[D<M in each step of the study. This method of
6
studying ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M is presented in this book.
6
Study Guide to P ini-Stra through ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M

! Four aspects of this book:
In the tradition, the four aspects of the book have to be made clear at the beginning
of the book itself, so that the reader can determine whether he or she should proceed to
read the book further. The four aspects of this book are as follows:
1. 4LgEDFM Who should read this book:

Anybody who is interested in Sanskrit grammar. Since I use a lot of terminology
used in the tradition and also of my own, the reader has preferably finished studying
Sanskrit Grammar for Vedanta Students volumes 1 to 3.
2. Lf Sanskrit grammar, in general, and in particular, KDLG5M<-CDEFG=, > the
P inian grammar system developed by sage KDLGL5 through which the entire Sanskrit
grammar is described in \] form.
3. <5= > Usefulness of studying this book:

By completing the study of this book, three kinds of benefit will be gained by the
student.
The first benefit is clear understanding of Sanskrit language.
The second benefit is logical, objective thinking, blessed by KDLGL5s systematic and
ingenious presentation of the grammar rules.
The third benefit is getting proper introduction to other traditional scriptures in
Sanskrit, such as Vedanta D, Ayurveda, Jyotish, etc., as said in the last verse composed
6
by the author of ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M.
6
DDjFb Lf;D5Dn 7DZD5Dn 9KEDLFED Ew :D fFcFDb5 ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M
4. \8P Connection:
There are many connections between many elements. The study of Sanskrit
grammar requires a lot of effort, and questions can tend to arise such as why should I
Introduction
study Sanskrit?, Am I wasting my time studying Sanskrit?, I came to study Vedanta,
not Sanskrit, etc., Therefore, to maintain enthusiasm for the study of Sanskrit grammar,
the student must have clear understanding of all of these connections and keep them in
mind whilst studying.
The connections are between:

fbcDjDDLG and \nw:= > the original scriptures of Vedanta are in Sanskrit. Therefore,
in order to study directly from the original text, knowledge of Sanskrit language is an
inevitable requirement. (Note that the scriptures state that the Vedas are always in
Sanskrit, in every E).
It should be noted here that one does not necessarily require knowledge of Sanskrit
language to gain the vision of Vedanta; provided that the teacher is capable of
communicating the vision effectively without using Sanskrit, and the student has adequate
preparedness and commitment.
However, if one has the opportunity to study under a traditional teacher of Vedanta
who teaches from the original texts in Sanskrit, then the benefits of learning the Sanskrit
language cannot be overstated.
>
\nw:= and
KDLG5M<-CDEFG= > Sanskrit grammar can be studied using any system.
However, if the student is interested in studying traditional scriptures such as fbcDjD,
study of the grammar should also be through a traditional system because this helps ones
mind tune into the Ls minds. And among all of the traditional systems of CDEFG, the
only survivor today is KDLG5M<-CDEFG=. >
>
6
6
KDLG5M<-CDEFG= and
ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M As the author of ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M says in its
6
opening prayer, ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M is meant for introducing KDLG5M<-CDEFG to those who are
6
new to it. ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M offers a well planned L<D (studying method) to 4;D[D<M. When
6
taught properly, ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M has proven over the last centuries to be a L<D text
fulfilling its purpose.
6
c6 M
6
6
ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M and this book Even though ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M is meant for a student
who is new to traditional scriptures, it is still very difficult to study when one is foreign or
6
new to this traditional study method. This book bridges the gap between ZhL\iDjEk=
c6 M
and the student by presenting the subject matter in a manner the student can grasp easily.
This book and the student When the 4LgEDFM, who is interested in the Lf<, studies
this book, he or she will gain the three-fold <5s described above.
Introduction
Introduction to
What is '()*+?
6
CDL<jb Cjb
DP 455b dL: oD55En CDEFG= > (=rDaD=)>
That by which words are derived is called CDEFG=, > which produces the knowledge
of the word. CDEFG is also called KcD.
>
6 D5DL=c= 4DD5=
<
> (=rDaD=)>
CDEFG systematically presents <s, the usage of the language by L;s, the Ls,
=L6 5s, ELfs, etc., The language precedes the grammar. The grammar is the description of the
6
language, not the prescription. CDEFG teaches CL
(derivation) of Sanskrit words of L;s.
It is not meant for tL (creation) of the words.
L~D CDEFGn L5n kL:n :mD
EbL: DL5 fbcqD=y5MLGP
CDEFG is one of the six fbcD, auxiliary disciplines to the study of Veda. The six fbcDs
are L~D, EP, CDEFG=, > L5=, > P, and L:=. > Among them, CDEFG is said to be the most
important - gD5n 9 >b 6 CDEFG=.>
6
All the Vedas, all the fbcDs, wL:, KFDG,
EFGs, etc., are in Sanskrit language. When
one is committed to understanding these scriptures, learning of grammar is the inevitable
key in that pursuit.
6
c6 M
-(.+/'()*+ !
The Sanskrit word for P inian grammar is KDLG5M<CDEFG=. >
KDLGL55D n KDLG5M<n CDEFG= > That which was taught by KDLGL5 is called KDLG5M<.
4.3.101 :b5 = > 4.2.114 fwiDP)
The ancient sage grammarian KDLGL5 authored a system in which the rules of the
entire Sanskrit language were presented. The system is in the form of small books, which
require a teaching KFlFD (lineage) to unfold the meaning of the books. Students and
teachers in this KFlFD are also called KDLG5M<DP.
There were nine such systems in the ancient time. Hanumanji was a scholar of all
the nine, which are:
un 9Dun EDEw n Ek=DFn DED<5= >
>
\DF:n 9DLKZn DEZn KDLG5M<E=
Among these nine grammar systems, KDLG5M<CDEFG is the only survivor in use today.
!

.
The founders of KDLG5M<CDEFG are known to be those three sages, =L6 5<.
fDEDFn fFL9n aDEDFn K:YLZ= >
>
KDLGL5n \]EDFn 9 G:L =L6 5<=
I remain saluting to the three sages, fFL9, the author of fDL:yE, K:YLZ, the author of
=rDaD, and KDLGL5, the author of KDLGL5\].
The respective status of being =DG (means of knowledge) in CDEFG among the three
>
>
sages is in chronological order. Thus, K:YLZs =rDaD= gets
the strongest =DG{= (status
of
being a means of knowledge). This is conveyed by this famous sentence: tFF=56 M5Dn
D=D<= >
Introduction
(500 BCE)
-(.+.- .2
KDLGL5P is a sage grammarian, who received =DrbF\]s from lord Lf, understood the
whole picture of Sanskrit grammar, and composed CDEFGDs to teach the whole
grammar in his own system. This system, in which meta-language (artificial language) is
employed, is called KDLG5M<CDEFG. This is depicted in the following loka which we chant
before the study of CDEFG.
<b5D~F\=DD<=Lgs =rbFD: >
Ew n CDEFGn n : z KDLG5 known as Lahore in present time.
His works, the constituents of KDLG5M<CDEFG, are the following:
4;En gD:K6 D^ sGKD^m zf 9
>
6
LZD5D\5n
L~D KDLG5M<D 4=M =D:
1) 4;E= > 4;D[D<M \]KD^P A book which consists of about 4000 stras describing the
grammatical regulations of the entire Sanskrit language. The book has 8 chapters
and each chapter has 4 quarters. E.g., 1.1.1 fwLiFDcz9 >
2) gD:K6 D^P A book of gD:s6 . By his observation of the language, forms of gD: 6 and their
meanings are defined in 10 classes. There are about 2000 gD:s6 . E.g., a] \D<D= >
3) sGKD^P A book to show all the members of about 250 groups (sG) referred to in
4;D[D<M. E.g., (in 4;D[D<M) 1.1.27 \fDycML5 \fy5D=DL5 (in sGKD^P) \fDyLcsGP \fy Lf ta
ta<
6
4) LZD5D\5=
> A book to tell some of the regulations regarding genders of nouns.
>
E.g., (in KLn 6 ZDLgEDFb) hjP hDj (h, > h, 4K, > 49-V<
ending words are masculine.)
5) L~D A book to describe D5s, <s, etc., for correct pronunciation. E.g.,
4E6rLf\5y M<D5Dn E^P
6
c6 M
(400 BCE)
)(8(- .2
y on P inis 4;D[D<M. fDL:yE is a type of
fFL9P, also known as EDVD<5P, wrote fDL:E
commentary on an original work, which has the purpose of correcting or improving that
> told in the following loka.
which the author thinks is deficient. The definition of fDL:yE= is
6
tD5D5Dn
L9jD < f:y:b
:n n fDL:yEn DfDyL:yEoD Lf9~GDP
6 what is not said,
fDy is a book in which reflection is made for t, what is said, 45,
and , what is said in a difficult manner for understanding1.
y is known as
The original work of fDL:yE in its entirety did not servive today. fDL:E
much as fDL:yE which are quoted in =rDaD by K:YLZ.
-:.;2 (150 BCE)

Inferring from the dates, he may be a different person than the author of <s\] or
the one known in <f6 c . He authored =rDaD=, > a commentary on fDL:yE. His book is titled
so because of its volume and depth.
6
\]Dm f<y: b < fDPz \]D5\DLFLaP
KcDL5 9 f<yj b aDn aDLfc LfP

In which, meanings of the \] are explained by sentences following the word order
in the \]. Words used by aDEDF are also explained. Such work is called aD.
-
,

- #$% &

!
! &%

&%
- +- . ! +./# ,
!
# ()% *
+,
3 - , 4-% 4-% 67
.
012 ,

8
Introduction
Introduction to

P>inis (@(/AB-(C2
4;D[D<M\]KD^P is composed by KDLGL5-=L6 5P. The subject matter of 4;D[D<M\]KD^P is
CDEFG. 4;D[D<M means that which contains eight (4;5)> chapters (4[D<). \]-KD^
means a book of stras.
4;D[D<M\]KD^P contains about 4000 stras. Each of the eight chapters (4[D<) has
four quarters (KDcs). Each quarter contains different numbers of stras. For example, the
stra 6.1.88 fwLiFbL9 is found in the 6th 4[D<, 1st KDc, and it is the 88th stra in that KDc.
What is AB?
Six criteria are to be fulfilled for a literary work to be called stra, which are told in
the following loka:
6 = >
4D~F=\Lgn \DFfL:=
4a=5fn 9 \] n \]Lfc LfP
Those who know stras (\]LfcP) know (LfP) stra (\]=)> to be: 1. 4-4~F=, > 2.
6 =, > 5. 4a=, > and 6. 45f=>
4\Lg=, > 3. \DFf:, > 4. Lf:=
!
1. D-E* (that
which uses the fewest number of syllables)
>
4DL5 (small, few) 4~FDLG (syllables) <q :: 4D~Fn
\]= > 7MLr\=D\P (116B)
Since the entire 4000 stras are designed to be committed to memory, a stra
should use the minimum number of syllables possible. There is a saying for grammarians,
even saving half a =DD (1 unit of time to count the length of a letter) is celebrated just as the
birth of a waited son.
To achieve this 4D~F{, one of the techniques P ini employs is 45fw6 LP,
repetition of a word from previous to subsequent stras for the sake of the intended
interpretation.
6
c6 M
!
2. A.GHI (that
which is not ambiguous)
> Lcr > (to be doubtful, uncertain) + = \L8g (that which is doubted)
\= +
> 4\L8g= > 5:\=D\P
6
5 \L8g= dL:
(NT)
A stra should not be subject to ambiguity. Even if the number of syllables is
minimum, clarity should not be compromised.
!
3. A(*K (that
which has significant meaning)
>
\DF (essence, power) + =:Kv 6 (one
who has ~) \DFf: >
> = >
\DFP 4q 4L dL: \DFf: \]
Each stra is meant for making changes, such as giving a substitute, defining a term,
negating a rule, etc., Stra should have essence, or the ability to make a difference. In other
words, a stra should not be meaningless even when fulfilling other criteria.
!
(that
4. .KLM N
which has multiple applicability)
>
6 n (facing) <q :: Lf:=
6 n \]= > 7MLr\=D\P (116B)
Lf:P (on all sides) =
Applicability of stra should be universal in many different occasions. To keep the

number of stras and the number of the syllables of the stra to a minimum, the scope of
stra should be maximum.
!
5. OMP (that
which does not have exclamation or filler)
>
6
5 a= (interjection)
dL: 4a= > 5:\=D\P
(NT)
Stra should be free from interjections and exclamations.
!
6. KR (that
which is not defective)
>
6
5 4f= (defective,
imperfect) dL: 45f= > 5:\=D\P
(NT)
What stra conveys should be faultless. Stra should not be found defective or
imperfect.
Other literary works which conform to these criteria and are fit to be called \]= >
> fbcCD\P, <s\]= by
> =rLKy :YLZP, etc.
include \]= by
10
Introduction
ABPTU(2 (Types of Stras)
Stras in 4;D[D<M can be categorized into six types.
These six types of P ini Stras are told in the following verse:
\noD 9 KLFaDD 9 LfLgL5 y<= |f 9
>
> \]Z~G=
4L:cbLgEDF Lfgn
"There are six types of stras. They are the stras which give \noD (definition), KLFaDD
(interpretation), LfLg (injunction), L5<= (restriction), 4L:cb (extension), and 4LgEDF (topic)."
!
1. AZ[(-AB (Stra
which gives definition of a technical term)
A \noD, name, is given to a \noM, the named. There is a certain relationship (\8)
between \noD and \noM. This is called \noD-\nLo-\8P.
In the metalanguage system of P inistras, \noD is a technical term, an artificially
given name in order to achieve 4D~F{, etc. In 4;D[D<M, the \noD- \nLo-\8 is established
by \noD-\]. This is said: \noD-\nLo-\8-4f7gEn \noD\]= >
Three things are to be known in understanding \noD-\].
1). \noD (name)
2). \noM (named, meaning of the name)
3). \noD-cbP (usage of \noD)
1) \noD (name)
Most of the \noDs in stras are artificially given with the fewest number of letters,
such as h, Lh, h,6 a, L, etc., These \noDs themselves do not convey any meanings.
Some \noDs were taken from other grammar systems already existed at P inis time
or before. In some exceptional cases, the meaning of the \noD is the same as in the natural
language. They are called 4Dm y-\noD, or =rD\noD.
11
6
c6 M
2) \noM (named, meaning of the name)
The literal meaning of \noM is: that which has \noD is \noM. What a \noD indicates is a
\noM. In a \noD\]=, > all the words other than \noD are usually \noM. For example, among all the
> 5DL\EP
6
words in stra 1.3.2, i.e. tKcb b 49 45
d:,> d:> is \noD and the rest are \noM.
3) \noD-cbP (usage of \noD)

After giving a name to a thing, the name should be used. This is conveyed by the
following fD=: > <D <D \noD \D \D Zf:M (whatever is a name, that has a purpose.) \noDs
>
which are defined in \noD\]= are
utilized in other stras. Those stras are to be known as
\noD-cbP.
For example:
1.1.60 4cy5 n ZKP
1) \noD
ZKP
2) \noM
Disappearance (4cy5=)> of an existing thing
3) \noDcbP
1.3.9 :q ZKP , 8.3.19 ZKP DEq , etc.

-
Following Pujya Swamijis guidance, we shall commence our learning of P ini
> oD section. d: letters
>
grammar from the d:-\n
are defined by these seven stras.
6
1.3.2 tKcbb 55DL\E
d: >
1.3.3 rZ= >
, 8
>
1.3.4 5 Lfak :-6 \-=DP
1.3.5 LcL y-6-fP
1.3.6 P V<q
8
8
6 ]
1.3.7 9-
1.3.8 Z--f:Li:b
1.3.9 :q ZKP
The words along with number on the right indicate 45fw6 Ls. These words flow
down until the stra with that number. If there is only number on the right, it means that
the whole stra flows down as 45fw6 L.
12
Introduction
> oD section.
This is the first stra of d:-\n
[\noD\]=]> 1.3.2

In the original texts of grammar, a nasalized vowel is d:. >

1/1
> 455DL\EP
>
6
d: 1/1
tKcb b 7/1 49 1/1
4 words in the \], no 45fw6 L is required.
tKcb b 7/1 tKcb means the original texts of grammar; details are shown below;
in 4LgEFGb \=M.
49 >1/1 VDrDFP 49; > all the vowels; this is \noM.
6
455DL\EP
1/1 A nasal sound; this is adjective to 49 ;>
6
6
6 5DL\EDf9555DL\EP.
455DL\E
is a \noD defined by 1.1.8 =
d: >1/1 This is \noD.
1/1
> d:-\n
> oEP 1/1 qD: III/1
>
6
[LSK] tKcb b 7/1 455DL\EP
49 1/1
In the texts of grammar, a nasalized vowel is termed d:. >
The following loka tells what are considered to be tKcbP2

V<DP Lf\]DLG DcbD s=DmD
gD:K6 D^ sGb KD^ tKcbDP EML:y:DP
1) V<DP Suffixes taught in stras. E.g., L\v, LGL5v, =:Kv 6 >
2) Lf\]DLG =DrbF\]DLG. E.g., Zv G >
3) cbDP Substitutes taught in stras. E.g., f\ v 6
4) s=DP Augments taught in stras. E.g., <D\v 6 >, :E
v 6 ,> 5=
v6 >
6 , F= v 6 MD<D= >
5) gD:K6 D^P Those which are enumerated in gD:K6 D^P. E.g., 4\v aLf
6) sGKD^P Those which are enumerated in sGKD^P. E.g., af: v 6
To be more practical at the beginning, the above loka is quoted in this book rather than the one
!
! .(*[\]

in OippaP: [LSK WX% ] 2
^._] #] % 1. 2#! c, 2.

!
(fg)
, 3. .#c, 4.
#c, 5. *[\]

, 6. ^., 7. _, and 8. ^] are said to
be #].
13
6
c6 M
[\noD\]=]> 1.3.3
~

> the teaching of CDEFG=. >

The last consonant is termed d: in
> tKcb b 7/1 d: 1/1
>
> 4= 1/1
rZ 1/1
2 words in the \], 2 words as 45fw6 L.
>
rZ 1/1
VDrDFP rZ;> all consonants; this is \noM.
>
>
4= 1/1
4jb af= 4=
> that which is at the end is 4; this is adjective to rZ;>
tKcb b 7/1 tKcb means the original texts of grammar; in 4LgEFGb \=M.
> rZ 1/1
> qD: III/1
>
> d: 1/1
[LSK] tKcb b 7/1 4= 1/1
In the teaching, the last consonant is d:. >
tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are:

1) V<DP >, \K6 , > L:K, > :w9, > =:Kv 6 >
2) Lf\]DLG 4 d t G > E >
3) cbDP 45v,> K >
4) s=DP <D\v 6 >, :E
v 6 ,> 5=
v6 >
> b
>
5) gD:K6 D^P 6Ew EFGb
cDG cD5
6) sGKD^P > 5 >
14
Introduction
>
The next stra gives exceptions to 1.3.3 rZ= .
[L5bg\]=]> 1.3.4

!"# $%
~

> L:,> it is not d:. >

When the last consonant is :fs y, \, > =, > in \K6 or
> 1/3 rZ 1/1
> tKcb b 7/1 d: 1/1
>
> 4= 1/1
5 0 Lfak 7/1 :-6 \-=DP
5 0 not
>
L: > 1.4.104 LfaL ; in 4LgEFGb \=M.
Lfak 7/1 LfaL is \noD for \K6 and
> = 9 :
> for pronunciation.
> 1/3 : 6 is \noD for :fs;y : 6 9 \ 9
6 DP (ID); the 4 after = is
:-6 \-=DP
>
>
rZ 1/1
From 1.3.3 rZ= .
>
>
4= 1/1
From 1.3.3 rZ= .
[LSK] LfaLDP 1/3 :fs-y \-=DP 1/3 5 0 d:P 1/3

>
In LfaL, even if they are consonants at the end, :fs y, \, > and = are
not d:s.>
>
tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are found only in \K6 and
L:,> because LfaL is a \noD given only
>
to \K6 and
L::>
In \K6 >
\ ,> 4= ,> \ ,> D= ,> La\ ,> \ ,> \ ,> \ ,> = >
In L: >
:\ ,> m\ ,> f\ ,> =\ ,> :D=, > mD\ ,> mD= ,> = >
15
6
c6 M
[\noD\]=]> 1.3.5

& '()* % ~

In the original texts of grammar, L, 6, 6 at the beginning of gD: 6 are d:s.>

> gD:P 6/1
LcP 1/1 L-6-fP 1/3 tKcb b 7/1 d: 1/1
gD:P 6/1 From 1.3.1 a]fDc< gD:fP by =]E 6:sL:P3, 45fw6 L like the jump of a frog; the
1st case of the original is changed into 6th case by the force of the context; this is called
LfaLLfKLFGD= (modification of the case); in \8M to LcP.
LcP 1/1 Beginning (of the gD:)6 ; adjective to L-6-fP.
L-6-fP 1/3 L, 6, and 6; they are combinations of two letters each; 6 is not tLc:, >
hence it is not a \noD of its \fGys; LP 9 6P 9 6P 9 L6fP (ID); this is \noM.
[LSK] tKcb b 7/1 gD:P 6/1 DP 1/3 |:b 1/3 [L-6-fP 1/3] d:P 1/3 qP6 III/3
In the grammar teaching, L, 6, and 6 at the beginning of gD: 6 are termed d:s.>
tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are found only in gD:s6 :

L - LaM a
6 - 6Ew EFGb
There are three types of 3! q :
! Just like the flow of a river, a word goes down from previous to subsequent stras.
1.
This type is most commonly observed.
! Very rarely, a word can go upward to previous stras.
2. # , [(
3. wx y !. Sometimes a word jumps from one stra to another, passing over some stras
between. The literal meaning of the name is going like the jump of a frog.
16
Introduction
[\noD\]=]> 1.3.6

+% -./ ~

> the beginning of V< is d:. >

In the original texts of grammar, at
>
P 1/1 V<q 6/1 LcP 1/1 tKcb b 7/1 d: 1/1
P 1/1 A letter ; > 4 is for pronunciation (tDFGDmPy ); this is \noM.
V<q 6/1 Suffix; in \8M to LcP.
LcP 1/1 Beginning (of the V<); adjective to P.
>
[LSK] V<q 6/1 LcP 1/1 P 1/1 dnoP 1/1 qD: III/1
>
The letter
at the beginning of a suffix is d:. >
tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are found only in V<s:
>
Ew :-V DE5 >
:Li:V 5 >
17
6
c6 M
[\noD\]=]> 1.3.7

0) 1 ~

!
In the original texts of grammar, 9fs y and fs y at the beginning of V< is d:. >
>
96 ] 1/2 V<q 6/1 LcP 1/1 tKcb b 7/1 d: 1/1
1 word in the \], 4 words as 45fw6 L.
96 ] 1/2 9P6 9 6P 9 96 ] (ID) 9fs y and fs;y this is \noM.
LcP 1/1 Beginning (of the V<); adjective to 96 ] .
[LSK] V<Dck 7/1 96 ] 1/2 d:k 1/2 P III/2

The letters of 9fs y and fs y at the beginning of a suffix are d:s.>
tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are found only in V<s:
\5DLc-V LG >
>
Ew :-V
9D59 ,> E > , , 6, LGL5v, <: ,> fZ
:Li:V , :=9 ,> Ê > , E >
9Lf,
>
\K6 -V D
L:-> V DK ,> DK >
18
Introduction
[\noD\]=]> 1.3.8

23 ~

!
In the original texts of grammar, Z,> , > and Efs y at the beginning of V< which is not
:Li: is d:. >
>
Z--E6 1/1 4:Li:b 7/1 V<q 6/1 LcP 1/1 tKcb b 7/1 d: 1/1
>
Z--E6 1/1 ZP 9 P 9 E6P 9 ZE6 (SD) Z,> , > and letters in Efs;y 4 after Z > and are
for
pronunciation (tDFGDmPy ); this is \noM.
4:Li:b 7/1 5 :Li:P 4:Li:P (NT) that which is not :Li:; in 4LgEFGb \=M.
LcP 1/1 Beginning (of the V<); adjective to 96 ] .
tKcb b 7/1 tKcb means the original teaching of grammar; in 4LgEFGb \=M.
[LSK] :Li:-f-y V<DDP 1/3 ZEfsDyP 1/3 d:P 1/3 qP6 III/3
Z,> , > and Efs y letters at the beginning of a suffix other than :Li: are termed d:. >
tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are found only in non-:Li: V<s:
\5DLc-V LK ,> >
>
Ew :-V , K ,> :w,v D59 ,> , D, Z > , h >
>
\K6 -V b , L\v, \ ,> L
19
6
c6 M
>
After definitions of d:, > this LfLg\] teaches that d: should
be elided.
[LfLg\]=]> 1.3.9
/ 4%
> elided.
That d: is
:q 6/1 ZKP 1/1

2 words in the \], no 45fw6 L is required.
:q 6/1 Pronoun ::, > indicating the topic under discussion; in this context, the topic
is d:; > D5
[LSK] :q 6/1 d:P 6/1 ZKP 1/1 qD: III/1
>
There is an elision of the d: letter.
20
Introduction
2. .I)(*AB ! (Stra which tells the topic of following stras)
>
4LgEDF means a topic, subject, title, government. 4LgEDF\]= governs
a certain
> understood as a common topic among the
number of stras which follow it. 4LgEDF\]= is
following stras which it governs.
For example, the stra 6.1.72 \nLr:D<D= > in 4;D[D<M\]KD^P has the number 158 written
next to the stra. That means that the stras from 6.1.73 to 6.1.158 are under the topic of
\nLr:D. \nLr:D<D=> is a 7th case (Lf<\=M) singular form of \nLr:D (phonetic connection).
The following sentence gives the definition of 4LgEDF\]=: >
>
cb b Z]{b \L: tFFZ5E{= 4LgEDF\]
q Z~G= >
In its own place (cb b A7/1) when there is absence of usefulness (Z]{b S7/1 \L: S7/1)
> )
there is the status of giving the result in the following stras (tFFZ5E{= 1/1
For example, the stra 6.1.72 \nLr:D<D= > does not produce any result, such as cb
and V<, by itself. However, this stra makes other stras meaningful when read together.
How can we know which stra is 4LgEDF\]= ?> P ini gives a stra which defines
4LgEDF\]=. >
1.3.11 LF:b5DLgEDFP
LF:b5 3/1 (dna:] Z~Gb :w:M<D, the 3rd case interpreted as in the form of ) 4LgEDFP 1/1
(governing rule)
The word told in LF: (one of the three accents of vowels) is 4LgEDF\]=. >
Important 4LgEDF-\]s
1.4.23 EDFEb 7/1 up to 1.4.55

In this section the 6 EDFEs are defined.
3.1.1 V<P 1/1 up to 5.4.160

In the 3rd, 4th , and 5th chapters, whatever is told in the 1st case gains V< \noD
because of being \=D5DLgEFG to this 4LgEDF\].
3.1.2 KF 1/1, 0 up to 5.4.160
21
6
c6 M
This \] covers the same scope as 3.1.1 V<P, indicating that the V< should come
after (KFP). This is why V< is called suffix. In these 3 chapters, the 5th case is the
Lc<sb K=M to tell what the V< should be suffixed to.
3.1.91 gD:P 5/1 up to 3.4.117

From here (3.1.91) until the end of the 3rd chapter, V<s are suffixed after gD:s6 . Thus
>
all the Ew :-V<s
and other suffixes in making L:j are told in this section. Stras in
this section teach certain combinations of gD:s6 and V<s which are indicated in the
5th case and 1st case respectively.
5/1
>
> up to 5.4.160
4.1.1 DK-DL:KLcED:
>
In the 4th and 5th chapters, the V<s are to be suffixed after DL:KLcEs. All \K6 -V<s,
MV<s, and :Li:V<s are taught under this section.
4.1.76 :Li:DP 1/3 up to 5.4.160
> up to 6.1.158
6.1.72 \nLr:D<D= 7/1
In the topic of phonetic connection. Vowel sandhi rules are told in this section.
6.4.1 4q 6/1 up to 7.4.97

Modifications on 4 are given in these 5 KDcs. After suffixing V<, Ew L: (gD:,6 DL:KLcE,
etc.) assumes the status of 4. Then the 4 can undergo some changes described by
the stras in this section. The modification on 4 is called 4-ED<y.
6.4 129 aq 6/1 up to 6.4.175

This 4LgEDF-\] is within 4q 4LgEDF. 4s can assume a-\noD under certain
conditions. For that a-\noE-4, some modifications are described in this section.
8.2.1 K]fy DL\i= 0,> 1/1 up to 8.4.68

2nd, 3rd, and 4th KDc of 8th chapter are called LKDcM, a unit in which there are 3 KDcs.
>
This K]fy DL\i= stra
is told at the beginning of the LKDcM, making two arrangements
regarding LKDcM.
22
Introduction
Arrangement 1: A stra in the LKDcM is not seen by preceding stras in LKDcM. For
example, the stra 8.2.23 \n<sDjq ZKP is not seen by 8.2.7 5ZKP DL:KLcEDjq , as
in the case of the formation of the word asfD5.>
The first 7 chapters and the 1st KDc of the 8th chapter are together called \KDc\[D<M,
a unit in which there are 7 chapters and one KDc.
Arrangement 2: A stra in the LKDcM is not seen by another stra \KDc\[D<M. For
6 9 , as in the
example, the stra 8.2.7 5ZKP DL:KLcEDjq is not seen by 7.3.102 \LK
case of the formation of the word D=>
These important 4LgEDF\]s are mapped in the following chart:
23

!
Study Guide to P ini-Stra through

MAP
1st chapter
1st
2nd chapter
2.1.1 .
quarter
3rd chapter
4th chapter
5th chapter
3.1.1 01.
4.1.1 72 7 9
3.1.2 234
4.1.2 :;...9
6th chapter
7th chapter
8th chapter
4.1.3 <1 9
3.1.91 678.
4.1.76 77.
6.1.72 =>71 9
8.2.1 2?@A 9
2nd
quarter
3rd
1.3.2 C7 9
2.3.1 @DE.
quarter
4th
6.4.1 JKL
quarter 1.4.23 3F

3.4.78 7GI...
6.4.129 DL
24
Introduction

3. - (Stra
which gives an injunction to make a change in letters)
The word is comprised of + ! to ordain, enjoin. $%s give injunction,
which make some change in the process of '($) (grammatical formation of a word).
$%s are directly responsible for changing the form in '($). Thus, $%s form
the main part of ,-!.!/0, while other types of stras give support to $%s by providing
$12!, interpretation, etc.
The following sentence gives the definition of $%3: 4
6789!:3!7!/;$% 1 $%3 4
The stra which ordains 6789, 6:3, etc., (6789!:3!7!/;$% 1 1/1) is called $%3. 4
What s enjoin are:

1. 6789> (substitute)
2. 6:3> (augment)
3. B/> (suffix)
Those things which are ordained are given in the 1st case in $%s. In the teaching,
they are together referred to as ;!/E.
25
M
Study Guide to PJini Stra through KL$)!N;O3
7M 0

4. (Stra
which restricts the application of another stra)
The following sentence gives the definition of P/3$%3: 4
$)8 $Q 6RS3!T> P/3!/ UQ
While something is already achieved ($)8 7/1 $Q 7/1) by one stra, another stra is
still being started (6RS3!T> 1/1), or taught, in the same scope. Then that stra is (UQ III/1)
for restricting (P/3!/ 4/1), the application.
One of the characteristics of P/3$% is X-;!R, the word X in the stra or in the
Z[. The word X means only. This word excludes all other possibilities.
For example, the stra 1.4.7 98_` a$b gives all c-ending !Q(7; the L-$12!. Then
the next stra 1.4.8 (Q> $3!$ X tells that (Q gets L-$12! only (X) in $3!$. !Q(7;s like
0(Q and PZ(Q are $3!$s which end with (Q word. They can get L-$12! by 1.4.7 98_` a$b ,
even without 1.4.8 (Q> $3!$ X , since they are c-ending !Q(7;s. Still $%;!R (PJini)
started a new stra 1.4.8 (Q> $3!$ X to exclude (Q which is not in a $3!$ from getting
L-$12!.
4
Another example is 8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(> and 8.2.24 R!Q $g
. The first stra tells
the last letter of a conjunct consonant-ending word should be elided. The next stra tells
4
4
after R,4 only $ should
be elided. This implies that if any letters other than $ come
after R,4
4
they are not elided. In other words, R!Q (Rg
$g X K`(>, P ,hg . R 4followed by $ 4
4
makes a conjunct consonant together and the $ can
be elided by the first stra 8.2.23
4
$1/`:!Ng K`(> without the second stra 8.2.24 R!Q $g
. When that is the case, if the stra
is not understood as P/3$%, it will become redundant. Therefore the second stra should
4
be understood as P/3$% to exclude letters other than $ after
R 4from the elision. Because of
4
4
this stra, forms such as j;E 4 and jk!E3 from
jl E are
possible.
26
Introduction
5. ! - (Stra which tells how other stras should be interpreted)
The following sentence gives the definition of (RU!_!$%3: 4
,mn!/!1 mn!$o!7;$% 1 (RU!_!$%3 4
4 ), a stra which brings a rule (mn!When there is no settled rule (,mn!/!3 7/1
$o!7;-$%3)4 is (RU!_!$%3. 4
For example, when there is more than one substitute enjoined in one place, that
situation is called ,mn!, the situation without settled regulations. In such a situation,
(RU!_!$%s can provide a solution by giving interpretations. 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> is a
(RU!_!$% which tells pick the closest one in terms of n!P, etc.. If that does not work,
another (RU!_!$% 1.3.10 /s!$t3P78M 9> $3!P!3 4 teaches It should be in a respective order
when the numbers are the same.
-

M
Unlike $)!N;O37M 0, KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 does not have (RU!_!;RT, a section for teaching
main (RU!_!$%s. Since having a good grasp of some (RU!_!$%s is very much essential for
understanding all PJini-stras, it is ideal to have a collection of important (RU!_!$%s in
one place. In this guide book, the collection of important (RU!_!$%s are categorized and
explained. This section will be a very important reference as the study proceeds.
(RU!_!-$%s can be categorized into these eight types by the function.

A. Interpretations of 5th, 6th, and 7th case-ending words
1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:!
6th case indicates the n!P0 (n!P/8 `:! _x0)
E
1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
7th case indicates what follows ((R$}30)
M
1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
5th case indicates what precedes ((%(E ~30)
B. Interpretations of the words in ./ (123 and 12 2)

1.1.72 /8P 7Ng
Supply ,N to 98_T.
This operation is commonly known as Q7N>.
27
M
7M 0
4
(!) /zP 7!7!T8
Supply 67 to 98_T, 4 when the words are in 7th case,

and one of them is indicating a letter.
This operation is commonly known as Q7!7>.
C. Deciding 7 , when there are many 7 s

1.1.52 ,K`rg
The last letter of what is presented in 6th case
1.1.53
Ditto, when the 6789 is Q. 4
1.1.54 678> (Rg
The first letter of that which is following what is

presented in 5th case.
4 g
8 !K 4 9Q $E
1.1.55 ,P;
All the letters of what is presented in 6th case,

8 !K 4 or 9Q. 4
when 6789 is ,P;
D. Deciding :2;<, when there are many :2;<s

1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
The closest letter in terms of:

M (/), 3. ,s,E 4. 3!T (3!!)
1. n!P, or 2. :T
1.3.10 /s!$3P78M 9> $3!P!3 4
Respectively, in the order of appearance (38T)
E. Deciding where :> should be placed

1.1.46 6NO ;QO
4
4
Q-6:3
is placed at 67, while ;Q-6:3
is placed at ,N.
4
1.1.47 37`r!Q (R>
4
3Q-6:3
is placed after the last vowel.
F. Extra step when D/E/G/E are replaced by H/

4
1.1.51 RT R(R>
4
4 .4
The ,T should
become R(R, the one followed by R/K
J and KL are enjoined as :2;<

G. Interpretation when >/
M )0
1.1.3 c;` :TZ
The word c;> 6/1 should be added.
H. Interpretation when O, 2PQ E, and R J1 are enjoined as :2;<

1.2.28 ,
The word ,> 6/1 should be added.
28
Introduction
A. Interpretations of 5th, 6th, and 7th case-ending words

When a word in 5th, 6th, and 7th case in a stra is not understood by the meaning of
U in the natural language, the following three stras give the special meaning of 5th,
6th, and 7th case used only in PJini-stras.
1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:!

This stra brings the meaning (the substitute should be done) in the place of ... to
the word in 6th case. This is accomplished by bringing a word n!P8 in the Z[.
E
1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
This (RU!_!$% gives a special 7th case meaning known as (R$}30. A word told in
7th case can be interpreted as when follows. In Z[, an extra word (R8 7/1 can
be added to convey when is the one which follows,. After adding the extra
word, the 7th case is understood as $Q$}30.
M
1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
This (RU!_!$% is similar to the previous stra and known as (%(E ~30. The only
4 5th case instead of 7th case and [Rg instead of (%g
E .
differences are Qz!Q =
A word told in 5th case can be interpreted as when precedes. In Z[, [Rg 6/1
is added. [R and (R are (/!E/, synonyms. Hence (Rg 6/1 can also be seen with this
(%(E ~30.
After adding the extra word, this 5th case is understood as 7/`:8 (~30 since [R
(the following) is a word requiring a referential point in 5th case.
29
M
7M 0
This (RU!_!$% gives an extra technical meaning to 6th case when the 6th case is not
understood in the senses of the natural language.
This kind of 6th case is called (!RU!_;-_x0, or can be called n!P/8 `:! _x0.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.49

The 6th case, whose $ is not understood, should bring the word n!P 8, and
connect with the 6th case ending word.
_x0 1/1 n!P/8 `:! 1/1
2 words in the $%, no ,PZM [ is required.
_x0 1/1 This is 8/, subject.
n!P/8 `:! 1/1 This is 8/, predicate. n!P8 cQ (78P /`:> /g!> $! n!P/8 `:! (116B) One
whose connection is with n!P 8 word.
[K] c 0 9!8 7/1 /! 1/1 _x0 1/1 ,P/Q/`:! 1/1 %/Q8 III/1 $! 1/1 n!P 8/`:! 1/1 X 0 UQ III/1
In this teaching of m!;RT of PJini, that 6th case whose connection is not determined
is heard, that 6th case is the one whose connection is to the word n!P8 .
n!P8 is in ,;RT8 $}30, meaning in the place. The n!P/8 `:! _x0 is now $8 _x0,
connected to n!P 8. Together the meaning is in the place of
For example, in the stra 8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8 ~ (7g, it is understood that (7g 6/1 is
4 , to which word it is
connected to ,N8. Thus (RU!_! is not required. As for K!3 6/3
connected is not told. In this case, this (RU!_! is required. The word n!P 8 7/1 is supplied
and connected to the 6th case-ending word. The whole sentence is understood as follows:
4 [n!P 8 7/1] l9> 1/3 [6789!> 1/3 g>M III/3]
(7g 6/1 ,N8 7/1 K!3 6/3
4
In the place of K 4 at the end of (7, l9 should
be the substitute.
Note that 1st case is understood as , such as 6789 and 6:3 without any (RU!_!. A
4
verb such as g!Q III/1
and UQ III/1 is added to the Z[ to complete the sentence.
30
Introduction
The next (RU!_!$% gives an extra technical meaning to 7th case when the 7th case is
not understood in the senses of the natural language.
This kind of 7th case is called (!RU!_;-$}30, or can be called (R-$}30.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.66

The ;!/E, change, is enjoined in the place immediately before the 7th case-ending
word.
4 cQ 0 P7|- 8 7/1 (%g
E 6/1
QzP 7/1
QzP 4 7/1 By the force of cQ, it conveys any word in 7th case.
cQ 0 This word converts words in stra from 9(R into ,s(E R. Detail follows.
4 say) + (...ed) = that which is said without gap;

4
P7|- 8 7/1 PR (without
gap) + 79 (to
in $Q$}30, $3!P!;RT to QzP; 4
E 6/1 ;!/E34 is supplied. $_x0

(%g
4 ;!/E3 1/1
4 T!ENR8T 3/1 ,mQg 6/1 (%g
4
E 6/1 `.3 1/1
[LSK] $}30P79P8 3/1 0/3!P3 1/1
An effect, which is being enjoined by presenting a 7th case-ending word, should be
understood as the one which is immediately previous to that 7th case-ending word.
4 , 7/1 ~ $1Q!/!3 7/1

4 , with this (RU!_!, it is
In the case of 6.1.77 c;> 6/1 /T 1/1
4 the place of c;)4 has to be known as immediately before ,.4
understood that ;!/E (/T in
E is $3!P!;RT to a word in n!P/8 `:! _x0. The word told in 7th case should
The (%g
4 g!Q III/1
4 . For the
E 6/1 = c;> 6/1 [n!P 8 7/1] /T 1/1
be in 7/`:8 (~30. In the example, ,> 5/1 (%g
E 6/1, (R8 7/1 in $Q$}30 is supplied, resulting
sake of simplicity, instead of ,> 5/1 (%g
4 (R, following. The entire Z[ will be:
when , is
4 [6789> 1/1 UQ III/1] , 7/1 [(R8 7/1] $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
c;> 6/1 [n!P 8 7/1] /T 1/1
4 the substitute when , is
4 following.
In the topic of sandhi, in the place of c;,4 /T is
4 is _/$}30. Thus (RU!_! is not required.
$1Q!/!3 7/1
31
M
7M 0
The role of U1 in Sanskrit switching between HZ E and <[
The indeclinable word cQ acts as quotation marks in English. The function of cQ is
to switch the words or sentences between ,s(E R (committed to the meaning) and 9(R
(committed to the sounds).
In the natural language, words and sentences are ,s(E R by default. Thus cQ converts
,s(E R to 9(R. : cQ $> ,7Q 4 He said, You may go.
E 4 tells that
In stra literature, words and sentences are 9(R by default. 4.2.32 ,8;
; 4 should be suffixed after ,. Being 9(R, , is understood as a string of letters: ,, :, 4 P, 4
c, not as the meaning of ,, fire. Thus cQ converts 9(R to ,s(E R.
4
4
In the case of QzP cQ,
the cQ converts QzP from
Q, 4 ,, $, 4 3, 4 c, P4 (9(R) to Q7 4
with 7th case-ending. Q7 4 is a pronoun which can represent any word. Final meaning of
4
QzP cQ
is: any word in 7th case
M
The same thing is said for 1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
, too.
32
Introduction
This (RU!_!$% gives an extra technical meaning to 5th case by adding the word
[Rg connected to the 5th case-ending word.
There is no conventional name for this (!RU!_;(~30. Yet, we shall call it (%(E ~30 by
its context.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.67

~

The ;!/E, change, is enjoined in the place immediately after the meaning of the 5th
case-ending word.
4
4 cQ 0 [Rg 6/1 P7|-!Q 5/1
Qz!Q 5/1
3 words in the $%; 1 word as ,PZM [
4
Qz!Q 5/1
By the force of cQ, it conveys the meaning of the word of the word in 5th
case.
cQ 0 This word converts words in stra from 9(R into ,s(E R.
[Rg 6/1 In $_x0. ;!/E34 is supplied.
4
4 say) + (...ed) = that which is said without
4
P7|-!Q 5/1
PR (without
gap) + 79 (to
gap; after U(RT!3, in 7/`:8 (~30, $3!P!;RT to Qz!Q; 4
4 ;!/E3 1/1
4 T!ENR8T 3/1 ,mQg 6/1 (Rg 6/1 (= [Rg 6/1) 28/3 4
[LSK] (~30P79P8 3/1 0/3!P3 1/1
1/1

understood as the one which is immediately after that 5th case-ending word.
For example, in the stra 8.4.63 9> 6/1 > 1/1 , 7/1 ~ /> 5/1 $1Q!/!3, 4 the 5th caseending word /> 5/1 is not understood well. Even when the meaning is taken as 7/`:8 (~30,
4 ? Q 0 /> 5/1 (%g
E 6/1? may arise.
questions such as /> 5/1 (Rg 6/1 n!P 8 7/1 6789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
By this (RU!_!, the word [Rg 6/1 ((Rg 6/1) is supplied in Z[ and the whole sentence will
be understood as follows:
4
/> 5/1 [(Rg 6/1] 9> 6/1 [n!P 8 7/1] > 1/1 , 7/1 [(R8 7/1] $1Q!/!3 7/1
In the topic of sandhi, in the place of 9, 4 which is after /, 4 4 is the substitute when
, 4 is following.
33
M
7M 0
B. Interpretations of the words in %&'

()*+,' and )**,')
When two words are in apposition ($3!P!;RT), and one word is adjective (98_T)
to another as substantive (98), some interpretations may be required. The following two
(RU!_!$%s give such interpretations.
1.1.72 /8P 7Ng

This stra gives ,N as an ,.!!R (supplement word) between the two words in
apposition.
This stra is commonly known as Q7N.
4
(!QE;3)4 /zP 7!7!T8
This vrtika gives 67 as an ,.!!R between the two words in apposition when
they are in 7th case and one of the words indicates letters.
This stra is commonly known as Q7!7.
34
Introduction
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.72
~
When is told with adjective, it represents for a group of words ending with that
adjective, and also for that adjective itself.
/8P 3/1 > 1/1 Q7Ng 6/1 g 6/1 '(g 6/1
3 words in the $%, 2 words as ,PZM [.
/8P 3/1 By which (adjective); it is understood as /8P 98_T8P; in ;RT8 QZQ0/!.
> 1/1 An injunction, rule, told by stra.
4 98_P3)4 ,N8 /g $> Q7N> (176B) = 9$37M !/> (group of letters), Qg ;

Q7Ng 6/1 QQ (=
for the group of letters which ends with that adjective; in $_x0 connected to $12!
making a sentence the adjective is a $12! for the group of letters which ends with that
adjective.
g 6/1 !Q(7; (its own) indicating 98_T; in $_x0, connected to '(g
'(g 6/1 Of the form; in $_x0, also connected to $12!; The adjective is also a
$12! for its own form
4 Q7Ng 6/1 $12! 1/1 g!Q III/1

4
[SK] 98_T3 1/1
g 6/1 0 (g 6/1
Adjective is a $12! for a group of words ending with that adjective, and also for that
adjective itself.
For example, in the case of 7.3.101 ,Q> 6/1 70L>E 1/1 / 7/1 ~ ,g 6/1, the two words
4 taken as adjective to , without this (RU!_!$%,
,Q> and ,g are in apposition. If ,Q is
the , should be only ,, which is not desirable. By this (RU!_!$% 1.1.72 /8P > Q7Ng ,
4 a $12! for that which ends with ,Q, 4 and also for ,Q itself.
4
it is understood as ,Q is
In its
Z[, the word ,N is supplied to the ,Q4 to convey this meaning. Then they all together
are understood as ,7Ng 6/1 ,g 6/1 or ,7N!g 6/1.
The formula is:
4
adjective: ,Q (short
,) + supplement: ,N (ending) + noun: ,
= ,7N (short , ending) + ,
= ,7N! (short , ending ,)
35
M
7M 0
The next (RU!_!$% is ,(!7 to the Q7N. This operation is known as Q7!7.
When two words in apposition are in (R$}30, and the adjective is referring letters
4
(,K-T),
the adjective represents for a group of words beginning (67) with that letters.
( !")# %&()

When ,K 4 is mentioned as an adjective, and told in 7th case, then it should be
understood as beginning with that letter.
7/1
4 > 1/1 Q7!7O 7/1 ,K-T8
4
/zP 7/1
4 words in the !QE;, other words are understood by the context.
/zP 4 7/1 cQ $}30P7|-8 is also understood; in $Q $}30; $3!P!;RT to ,T8;
> 1/1 An injunction, rule, told by stra.
4 in
4 ,K)4 67O /g $> Q7!7> (176B) = 9$37M !/> (group of letters), QzP ;
Q7!7O 7/1 QQ (=
(R$}30..
4
4
,T8 7/1 ,K 4 (any letter) T3 (mentioned)
,T3 (KT)
QzP 4 in $Q $}30;
4 98_T8 7/1 ,T8 7/1 (R8 7/1 $Q 7/1 > 1/1 UQ III/1, Q7! 0 Q7!7O 7/1 98 8
[Medh] /7! 0 /zP 7/1
7/1
4
(R8 7/1 cQ 0 87Qm3 1/1
In the case is to take place when (RP3[ is ,K 4 (letter) and adjective to another
word, then it should be understood as when the word beginning with that letter is
following.
For example, in the case of 7.3.101 ,Q> 6/1 70L>E 1/1 / 7/1 ~ ,g 6/1, B/8 7/1 is
added as , presupposes B/ following it. Now, these two words / and B/8 are in
4 an indicator of letters, ,T. Then by the (RU!_! (!QE;3)4
apposition in (R$}30. And / is
/z7!7!T8 , 67 word is brought in to the adjective / 7/1. Having put
4
them together, /!7O 7/1 B/8 7/1 (when /-beginning
suffix follows) is understood.
The formula is:
4 supplement: 67 (beginning) + noun: B/
adjective: / +
= /!7 + B/
36
Introduction
C. Deciding 0&&, when there are many 0&&s

When there is more than one letter in a word presented in 6th case, how to decide
which one letter should be replaced by the 6789 is told by the following four (RU!_!$%s.
Where should the 6789 be?

1.1.52 ,K`rg ~ _x0

This stra tells the 6789 should take place in the place of the final letter of what is
told in 6th case.
1.1.53 ~ _x0 ,K> ,g

This stra tells the last letter of what is told in 6th case should be the n!P, when the
4 g.
4
8 !K9Q
6789 has 4 as cQ.4 This stra is an ,(!7 (exception) to 1.1.55 ,P;
$E
1.1.54 678> (Rg ~ _x0 ,K>

This stra tells the first letter of what is told in 6th case should be the n!P, when 5th
case word is used in the stra.
4 g ~ _x0
4
8 !K9Q
1.1.55 ,P;
$E
This stra tells all the letters of what is told in 6th case should be the n!P, when
4 cQ.4
6789 is more than one letter, or has 9 as
37
M
7M 0
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.52
*+
,- ~
The last letter of what is told by 6th case should be replaced by the substitute.

,K> 6/1 ,g 6/1 ~ _x0 1/1
,K> 6/1 B!!R> ,K 4 any letter; in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )
,g 6/1 ,N8 U> ,> that which exists at the end is ,>; adjective to ,K>.
4
[LSK] _x0P7|-g 6/1 ,g 6/1 ,K> 6/1 [n!P 8 7/1] 6789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
The substitute should be in the place of the last letter of what is presented in 6th case.
For example, in the stra 8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng 6/1 K`(> 1/1 ~ (7g 6/1, the substitute which
is elision (K`(> 1/1) is enjoined for (7g 6/1, which is in 6th case. $1/`:!Ng 6/1 is adjective to
(7g 6/1. The meaning of this stra is There is elision (K`(> 1/1) of the word ((7g 6/1) which
ends with conjunct consonants ($1/`:!Ng 6/1). In this case, should the whole word be
elided? The (RU!_!$% 1.1.52 ,K`rg brings a proper interpretation to achieve c-$),
the desired form. According to this (RU!_!$%, only the last letter of what is in 6th case
should be the n!PP. 4
38
Introduction
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.53
./ ~
The last letter of what is told by 6th case should be replaced by the substitute, when
4
4 g
8 !K 4 9Q $E
the 6789 has 4 as cQ letter.
This (RU!_!$% is an ,(!7 for 1.1.55 ,P;
6

-
Q 41/1 1/1 ~ _x0 1/1 ,K> 6/1 ,g 6/1

2 words in the $%; 3 words as ,PZM [
4
4
Q 41/1 ;!R> cQ /g
$> Q (116B)
This is an adjective to 6789>. The 6789 which has
4 called Q. 4
4 as cQ is
0 This brings down the entire stra: 1.1.52 ,K`rg .
,K> 6/1 B!!R> ,K;4 any letter; in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )
,g 6/1 This is adjective to ,K>.
4 ,P;
4
4 ,( 0 ,g 6/1 X 0 g!Q III/1
8 !K 1/1
[LSK] Q 1/1
Even when there are more than one letter in 6789, if 6789 is Q, 4 it replaces only the
last letter of what is presented in 6th case.
4
8 !K,4 and at the same time the n!PP should
When 6789 is ,P;
be only the last one
4 work with this (RU!_!$% 1.1.53 as ,(!7 to 1.1.55
letter, then the 6789 should be Q to
4 g .
8 !K 4 9Q $E
,P;
For example, by the stra 6.1.123 , 4 1/1 `!/Pg ~ :`> 6/1 , 7/1, the word :`
takes 6789 , 4 when vowel follows. Being Q, 4 the 6789 , 4 replaces only the last letter,
M
M !1
M `R/M O, 7.193 ,P 4 $O, and so on.
. Other examples are 6.4.77 , !Q
39
M
7M 0
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.54
01 ~
The first letter of what is following the 5th case-ending word should be replaced by
the substitute. This (RU!_!$% is an ,(!7 for 1.1.52 ,K`rg .
5

678> 6/1 (Rg 6/1 ~ ,K> 6/1

678> 6/1 !Q(7; is 67; adjective to ,K>.
(Rg 6/1 In $_x0 to 678>; the beginning of what is following.
,K> 6/1 !Q(7; is ,K,4 any letter; in n!P 8/`:! _x0.
4 Q3 1/1
4 QQ 1/1
4 Qg 6/1 678> 6/1 `.3 1/1
4
[LSK] (Rg 6/1 /Q 1/1
What is enjoined with 5th case is to be known as the beginning of that.
M
Because (Rg is a synonym to [Rg which comes from 1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
, 5th
case is understood even though 5th case is not clearly mentioned in the stra or Z[.
4 gives 6789
4
For example, the stra 6.3.97 -,NR-($:
S> 5/3 [(Rg 6/1] ,(> 6/1 Q 1/1
4
in the place of ,( when
it comes after , ,NR,4 or ($:.E By this (RU!_! 1.1.53 678> (Rg ~
,K>, the letter to be replaced is understood as the beginning letter of what is following.
4 replaced.
Thus the , of ,( is
+ ,( 4
+ ( 4
4
6.3.97 -,NR-($:
Sr( Q 4
By 1.1.52 ,K`rg , the substitute of at the last letter K 4 was !}.
By the ,(!7 1.1.54 678> (Rg , the beginning letter , is substituted.
4 ,
+ ( +
5.4.74 %R%>(s!3!P8 ~ $3!$!N!>
0(
6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E
40
Introduction
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.55
#
*!+ # 2 3
8 !K 4 or 9Q. 4
The substitute should be in the place of the all letters when 6789 is ,P;
4 $Eg 6/1
8 !K 4 1/1 9Q 1/1
,P;
3 words in the $%; no ,PZM [ is required.
8 !K 4 1/1 P X;> ,P;

8 > (NT) ,P;
8 > ,K 4 /g $> ,P;
8 !K 4 (116B)
,P;
8 !K 4 here.
This is an adjective to 6789>. The 6789 which has many letters is called ,P;
4
4
9Q 4 1/1 9;!R> cQ /g
$> 9Q (116B)
4 cQ is
4 called 9Q here.
4
This is an adjective to 6789>. The 6789 which has 9 as
$Eg 6/1 in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )
4 0 6789> 1/1 $Eg 6/1 n!P 8 7/1 UQ> III/2

4 9Q 1/1
8 !K 1/1
[LSK T0] ,P;
8 !K 4 or 9Q, 4 should occur in the place of all the letters.
The substitute, which is ,P;
8 !K 4 example:
,P;
M 8 enjoins U% as an 6789 for ,$4 !Q M when 6E !Q;
M
A stra 2.4.52 ,8U>% E ~ 6E !Q;
8 !K,4 the entire group of letters ,$4 will be replaced.
is intended. The U% being ,P;
8 !K,4 if it is Q, 4 only
1.1.53 is an ,(!7 of this stra. Even though the 6789 is ,P;
the last letter is substituted.
4
9Q example:
4 as an 6789 for c734 which is in 6th case. Of c9, 4
A stra 5.3.3 c73 c9 4 enjoins c9 1/1
4 cQ by
4 1.3.3 K3 .
4 Even though the 6789 has only one letter (the number of letters
9 is
4
should always be counted without cQ letters.),
by being a 9Q, 4 the whole group of the
4 g .
4
8 !K9Q
letters is replaced by this (RU!_!$% 1.1.55 ,P;
$E
Because this stra is (R$% (that comes latter) to 1.1.53 678> (Rg , even the place of
8 !K 4 or 9Q, 4 all the letters are to be
replacement is told by 5th case-ending word, if 6789 is ,P;
4 ~ ,!Q 5/1
4 . The 5th
replaced. This is seen in the case of 7.1.9 ,Q> 5/1 [(Rg 6/1] U$> 6/1 $ 1/1
4 !} as the letter to be
case-ending word brings 1.1.53 678> (Rg and the first letter U is
4 replaced by the help of 1.1.55
8 !K,4 the entire U$ is
replaced. However, the 6789 being ,P;
4 g .
4
8 !K9Q
,P;
$E
41
M
7M 0
D. Deciding 3*45, when there are many 3*45s

When there are more than one 6789 enjoined by stra, how to decide which one of
the 6789s should be used is told by the following two (RU!_!$%s.
Which one of the 6789s?
A, B, C, and D
1.1.50 n!P 8 ,NRQ3>

This stra tells when there is more than one possible choice, choose the closest
one.
4 78M 9> $3!P!3 4

1.3.10 /s!$t3 ,P
This stra tells it should be in a respective order when the numbers of n!P0 and
6789 are the same.
42
Introduction
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.50

4
When there are many possible 6789s, the most similar to the n!PP should
be
chosen.
n!P 8 7/1 ,NRQ3> 1/1
2 words in $%, no ,PZM [ is required.
n!P 8 7/1 n!P here means $, possibility of multiple 6789s; in $Q $}30.
4
,NRQ3> 1/1 ,NR here means $9, similar. To that, the superlative Q)Q suffix Q3( is
added. The meaning is the closest. In which way it is the closest is discussed below.
4
[LSK] $8 7/1 (= n!P 8 7/1) $Q 7/1 $9Q3> 1/1 (= ,NRQ3> 1/1) 6789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
When there is possibility (of more than one 6789), the most similar one should be
the 6789.
By which aspect will the similarity be measured? There are four aspects for
measuring the similarity:
4 types of similarity (:3E):
1. n!PQ> (by the point of articulation)
M
M is a name for
For example, in the case of :! + cQ, 6.1.87 67 4 :T>
is applicable. :T
three letters: ,, X, . Here, $, multiple possibilities are found. The n!PPs4 are 6, whose
n!P is ;, and c, whose n!P is Q!. The closest 6789 in terms of n!P should be X, whose
n!P is ;Q!, by the help of this (RU!_!.
Other examples are 6.1.88 Z)R8, 6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E , etc.
2. ,sQE > (by the meaning)

For example, in the case of (R! ,$O ! (R! (KT), by 6.3.34 /!> (1 M 7 4
M (R! becomes (1 M !, like masculine. Among all
1 M !7P% 4 $3!P!;RT8 /!3(%RT0/!7_,
U!_Q(
the words in masculine, a word which is the closest to the n!PP, 4 namely (R!, in terms of
the meaning should be the 6789, by this (RU!_!. (R is the most similar to (R! in by the
meaning.
43
M
7M 0
M
3. :TQ>
(by /, first examine 6SNR, then !)
4 L4 and Bl +
4 L,4 by 7.3.52 l`> ;M L/Q`>, 4
For example, in the case of ( +
4
4
and l are
replaced by ;: E when LQ follows.
$, multiple possibilities, of 6789 are ;,4 b, 4 :, 4
L, 4 .4 Here, n!PQ> does not work since everyone has the same n!P. Then / is examined.
4 ,!T, !R, !$, and ,L`_. The closest by / among ;: E is ;.4 In the same manner, l 4
is
is ,!T, $1!R, P!7, and L`_. The closest / among ;: E is :. 4 The results are (!; and B!:,
after (! Z).
4
Other examples are 8.4.53 K!1 l$ 9,
8.4.62 /` `rhQRg!3,4 etc.
4. 3!TQ> (by 3!!, the length of the sound)

4
M , and ,7!S!3 becoming
For example, in the case of ,7z becoming to ,3
to ,3%S!3 4
4
by 8.2.80 ,7$`r$87!E 7` 3>, 7 4 becomes 3 and
the vowel after 7 4 becomes TE. By the aspect of
4 , and 70L E j is the
3!T, the length, of this (RU!_!, is the 6789 when the n!PP is
4 70L E.
6789 when the n!PP is
The n!P should be examined first. If this does not work, any of the other three
would work without any priorities amongst them.
44
Introduction
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.3.10
# " 21 3"" #
43.5
When the number of what is enjoined and the number of the original are the same,
they are matched respectively (38T) to the order.
n!P0 or $120
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
6789> or $12!
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
4 3
/s!$t3 04 ,P78M 9> 1/1 $3!P!3 6/
3 words in the $%; no word as ,PZM [
4
/s!$t3 04 This is ,m/0U!$3!$. ! is $t!3 f/2/1
(number) ,PQ (not
exceeding, not transgressing) cQ /s!$t3.4 This word is used as adverb.
,P78M 9> 1/1 Any rules told in stras.
4
$3!P!3 6/3
of two groups which have the same number of members
4 ) > 1/1 (= ,P78M 9> 1/1) /s!$t3 04 g!Q III/1

4
[LSK] $3$0 1/1 (= $3!P!3 6/3
The (,P78M 9) which has relations in the same number should be distributed
according to the number.
$3$0 is adjective to >. $3$0 means the one who has the connection
between the same number. $3!P-$t!P!1 $> $3$> The connection ($) between
the same ($3!P) numbers ($t!) is $3$. $3$> ,g , cQ $3$0 $3$ + cP
4 masculine 1/1 is $3$0.
(3s E-Q)Q-B/, one who has ) = $33P, 4 $33P in
For example, in the case of 6.1.78 X> 6/1 ,/!/!> 1/3 ~ ,, the number of n!PP 4
and the number of 6789 are both four. And 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> does not work among them.
4 X, , , and are replaced by ,/, 4
By the help of this (RU!_! 1.3.10 /s!$t3P78M 9> $3!P!3 ,
,, 4 6/, 4 and 6, 4 respectively. When a word 38T is seen in a Z[ of a stra, that is
because of this (RU!_!.
Other examples are 1.2.27 j;!K`r70LE MQ>, 1.1.46 6NO ;QO, 8.3.32 3` !7
4
4 8.4.40 `> P!
M >
M etc.
M PB3
3T
,
45
M
7M 0
E. Deciding where 37 should be placed

4
By its cQ-letter,
where 6:3 should be attached is decided. Two (RU!_!$%s give rules
on this.
1.1.46 6NO ;QO

4
4
This stra tells Q-6:3
should be placed at the beginning, whereas ;Q-6:3
should be placed at the end of that which is in 6th case.
1
4
Q-6:3
4
;Q-6:3
(67-,/)
(,N-,/)
4
1.1.47 37`rh!Q (R>
This stra tells When an 6:3 is 3Q, 4 it should be placed after the last vowel of
what is in 6th case.
last
3Q-4

6:3
Note that 6:3 itself does not have its own entity. 6:3 always becomes an part,
,/ of another entity, to which the 6:3 is enjoined.
.
46
Introduction
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.46
067 8! 7
4
4
Q 6:3
becomes 67-,/, while ;Q 6:3
becomes ,N-,/ of the entity to
which 6:3 is enjoined.
6
4
Q-6:3
4
;Q-6:3
(,N-,/)
(67-,/)
67-,NO 1/2 -;QO 1/2
67-,NO 1/2 67> ,N> 6NO (ID).
-;QO 1/2 > ; 4 ;O (ID), ;O cQO //`> QO ;QO (116B). , after 4 is !RT!s E.
1/2
4
/g 6/1 O 1/2 Qg 6/1 3!Q 04 67-,N-,/O 1/2 > III/2
[LSK] Q-;QO
4
4
For which entity Q and
;Q 6:3
are enjoined, they become the beginning part and
ending part, respectively, of that entity.
4
4 3P78M 9> $3!P!3 .
3!Q4 word came from 1.3.10 /s!$
4 M7![> ~ ,g
Example of Q: 4 6.4.71 -4 K-4 KZ
, 4, which is Q, 4 is enjoined to , when 4 etc., are suffixed. The position of 6:3
, 4 is decided to be the beginning of , by this (RU!_!$% 1.1.46 6NO ;QO , resulting
,U%Q, 4 ,UQ, 4 ,UQ, 4 etc.
M g8 4 K!78>, 6 4 by
Other examples are M 4 by 8.3.29 > $ M 4, c 4 by 7.2.35 6E !Q;
7.3.112 6P!>, PM 4 by 7.1.54 P!(` PM 4, $M 4 by 7.1.52 63 $EP!>$M 4, etc.
M 4
Example of ;Q: 4 6.1.71 g (Q ;Z Q Q;
4
M ,4 which is ;Q, 4 is enjoined to vowel when (Q ;Z4 Q-B/
Q;
is following. The
M 4 is decided to be the end of by this (RU!_!$% 1.1.46 6NO ;QO ,
position of 6:3 Q;
M , zZB, lQ, 4 etc. Other examples are 8.3.28 T`> ;M;-4 M; 4 9R, etc.
resulting B
47
M
7M 0
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.47
#
"9
,- 1
4
3Q 6:3
is placed after the last vowel of the entity to which 6:3 is enjoined.
6
last

1
4
3Q-6:3
4 (R> 1/1
4 ,> 6/1 ,!Q 5/1
3Q 1/1
4
4 /g
4
4
3Q 1/1
3 cQ
$> 3Q (116B)
4 express l!Q, the class of ,; 4 among

,> 6/1 B!!R> ,, 4 in P!ERT8 _x0; in X;P3 to
all the vowels.
4
4 in 7/`:8 (~30 to (R>.
,!Q 5/1
,N8 U> ,>, the last one, Qz!Q ;
4
4 after the last vowel
(R> 1/1 $3!P!;RT to 3Q-6:3.
Connecting all the words, 3Q is
among the all the vowels.
4 3.8 0 /> 1/1 ,> 1/1 Qz!Q 5/1

4 (R> 1/1 Qg 6/1 X 0 ,N-,/> 1/1 3Q 1/1
4 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] ,!3 6/3
4
3Q-6:3
should be the end part of the vowel which is the last among all the vowels.
4
Example of 3Q: 4 7.1.58 c7Q` P3M !Q`>
4 .M The position of 6:3 P3M is
4 decided to be
P3M , 4 which is 3Q, 4 is enjoined to c7Q !Q
4
after the last vowel by this (RU!_!$% 1.1.47 37`rh!Q (R>.
4 .M The P3M -6:3
4
For example, P7 is c7Q !Q
whose content is P,4 is placed after the
4 , + 7 4). Thus the augment P4 comes after ,
last vowel among the content of the !Q M (P +
4 , + P+4 7 4.
and the form will be P =4 P +
48
Introduction
F. Extra step when =,

>/@,
> are replaced by A

4
By this (RU!_!$%, when TE and E are replaced by the substitute ,T (,TE
, cTE,
4
and TE) by a , that ,T should
be followed by R8 or K.4
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.51
:) ;# 1
4 the place of TE or TE should become R(R, that which is followed by R/K
4 .4
,T in
4 R(R> 1/1
> 6/1 ,T 1/1
3 words in the stra, no ,PZM [ is required.
> 6/1 !Q(7; is .; in n!P/8 `:! _x0. In the place of TE and TE.
4
4 Tg
E
,T 1/1
B!!R> with (%-E T;!R>, indicating ,TE, cTE, TE by 1.1.69 ,TM 7Q $E
!B/>.
4
R(R> 1/1 B!!R> R, the first letter is R 4of /R 4 and the end cQ letter
is , (by 1.3.2
4 R(R> (115B) from which (R is R (R 4and K)4 is R(R>.
M
(789r8 lPP!$;
cQ)4 of K T.4 R: (R> /z!Q $>
4
[LSK] cQ 0 19Q> 6/1 $12! 1/1 cQ 0 3 1/1
It is said that is a $12! for 30 $TEs, 18 s and 12 s by 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>
4
and !QE; TE/`3Es> $!/ !3 .
4 $> 1/1 R(R> 1/1 $P 1/1
4 X 0 QEQ 8 III/1
[LSK] Q!P 8 7/1 [TEg n!P 8] /> 1/1 ,T 1/1
4 to be there, it should be as R(R>, that
In the place of TEs and TEs, when ,T is
which is followed by R 4or K.4
For example, when , of ;Z is followed by of ), they both are replaced by the
M which is ,, by 6.1.87 6T>.
most similar letter of :T,
In this case is being replaced by ,.
M
In such a case, the replacement , should be R(R, followed by R8, by 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>.
Thus the final replacement is , + R 4because of 1.1.51 RT R4 (R>.
Similarly, when Q(7; is followed by $ (5/1 of $(M ),4 , together with the
following ,, is replaced by by 6.1.111 Q Q.4 Assisted by 1.1.51 RT R4 (R>, 6789 will be
4
+ R,4 resulting in R 4+ $. 4 By 8.2.24 R!Q $g
~ $1/`:!Ng K`(> and 8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/>, the
final result is >.
49
M
7M 0
C and ,DE are enjoined as 3*45

G. Interpretation when 7
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.3
> ~ "
! #$ %
<!
)=
M and Z) are not clear.

The word c;> 6/1 should be added when the place of :T
M )0 1/2 ~ :T>
M Z)>
c;> 6/1 :TZ
4 / 0 :TZ
4 (73 1/1
4 (QxQ8 III/1
M )S!3 3/2
M )0 1/2 0/8Q 8 III/2 Q 0 c;> 6/1 cQ 0 _N3 1/1
[SK] :TZ
M and Z) are enjoined by the word :T
M and Z), a 6th case-ending word
When :T
c;> should be added.
6/3
4
4 3! 0 U%Q III/1
4
[K] c;> 6/1 cQ 0 ;3 04 ? 6Q-$R-mP!P!3
Why c;> is required? To avoid 70L E 6, diphthongs (X),4 and consonants to be the
M
subject to :T/Z
).
M 1/1
M !E !Q;
M /`> 7/2 ~ ,g 6/1 :T>
Example 1: 7.3.84 $!E!Q;
6
7
M /6E !Q;
M
$!E!Q;
M
:T
This stra gives rise to many ambiguities. Thus a few (RU!_!$%s are required to
M 1/1 as 6789 is told but the place of substitution is not
understand properly. First, :T>
M )0 brings c;> 6/1 into the interpretation.
clear. In this case, (RU!_!$% 1.1.3 c;` :TZ
6
,
7
M /6E !Q;
M
$!E!Q;
c; 4
M
:T
50
Introduction
Now there are two 6th case ending words, ,g 6/1 and c;> 6/1. They need
another (RU!_!$% 1.1.72 /8P 7Ng . The result is c:Ng 6/1 ,g 6/1.
Still, the n!P is not clear. (RU!_!$% 1.1.52 ,K`rg with 1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! is
required to decide the n!P to be the last letter of the c:N-,.
Final Z[ made with the help of (RU!_!$%s will be: c:Ng 6/1 ,g 6/1 ,g 6/1 ,K>
6/1
4
M 1/1 g!Q III/1
M !E !Q;
M /`> 7/2 (R/`> 7/2.
n!P 8 7/1 :T>
$!E!Q;
In this example, c;> 6/1 is used as an adjective to ,g 6/1. (c;! ,> 98Q8)
M 1/1 $!E!Q;
M
M !E !Q;
M /`> 7/2
Example 2: 7.3.86 (:NKL%
(g 6/1 0 ~ ,g 6/1 :T>
7
6
,
M /6E !Q;
M
$!E!Q;
KL M
M
:T
M
(:NKL%
(g 6/1 is an adjective to ,g 6/1. The ambiguity here is the n!PP. 4 If
1.1.52 ,K`rg is applied, even consonants can be the n!PP. 4 When that is the case, by
M will replace the consonant, but it is ,P-, unwanted.
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>, the closest :T
M )0 should be added. With n!P 8 6/1 by 1.1.49
Here, c;> 6/1 by this (RU!_!$% 1.1.3 c;` :TZ
4
_x0 n!P/8 `:! , it is understood as in the place of c;.
7
6
,
M /6E !Q;
M
$!E!Q;
c; 4
M
:T
M 1/1
M
Final Z[ made with the help of (RU!_!$%s will be: (:NKL%
(g 6/1 ,g 6/1 :T>
4
g!Q III/1
c;> 6/1 n!P 8 7/1 .
This example is about ,8P c; 4 98Q8.
51
M
7M 0
H. Interpretation when I, *JK >, and L C) are enjoined as 3*45

M
This stra is not listed in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.2.28
*9@ ~ ()* !
The word ,> 6/1 should be added in Z[ when 6789 is , 70L E or MQ, and the
place of replacement is not clear.
,> 6/1 0 ~ -70L-E MQ> 1/1
2 words in the $%, 1 word as ,PZM [.
4 0/Q8 III/1 Q 0 ,> 6/1 cQ 0 _N3 1/1
4 (73 1/1
4 (QxQ8 III/1
[SK] -70L-E MQ-9> 3/3 / 0 , 1/1
Wherever a vowel is enjoined by the word , 70L E or MQ, in that place, 6th caseending word ,> 6/1 is supplied.
1 M ;8 7/1 !Q(7;g 6/1 , the word 1/1

For example, in the case of 1.2.47 > 1/1 P($
brings ,> 6/1 by 1.2.28 , in Z[. Then Q7 between ,> 6/1 and !Q(7;g 6/1
4
should be brought by (RU!_!$% 1.1.72 /8P > Q7Ng, resulting for ,-ending
!Q(7; .
And the n!P should be specified as the last letter by (RU!_!$% 1.1.52 ,K`rg . Final
meaning of the stra will be: is the substitute in the place of the last letter of ,-4
ending !Q(7; in neuter.
Another example is 8.2.84 R!)%Q 8 ~ !g 8 > MQ>. In the case of 8 U:P, 4 the part
is ,P. 4 By 1.1.52,K`rg, the last letter can be the place for the substitute MQ, resulting in
with 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>. To avoid this ,P-$, a 6th case ending word ,> is added by
this (RU!_! 1.2.28 ,, to specify the n!PP. 4
52
Introduction
6. H12;< (Stra which extends the attributes of one thing to another)
,Q789 means extension. ,Q789$% extends the scope of a rule to areas where it was
not previously applicable.
For example, 1.1.56 n!P7!789`rPO is an ,Q789$% which gives the 3Es of n!P
(what is going to be substituted) to an 6789 (substitute). To illustrate, (4 is an 6789 to a
4
;Z Q-B/
!. By virtue of the stra 1.1.56 n!P7!789`rPO , the 3Es of !, such as the
4
status of being a ;Z Q-B/,
the status of being a ;Q, 4 and its meaning having done , etc.,
4
are transferred to the 6789 (. 4 Thus ( also
enjoys all the same status and meaning.
4
,Q789$%s usually have Q-ending
words, such as n!PQ, 4 (1 M Q, 4 ,N!7Q, 4 QZQ, 4 ;Q, 4
Q, 4 etc., This Q)QB/ Q4 conveys the meaning like ~. Thus ~ Q4 means like ~.
4
The Q-ending
word, being an adverb, is ,m/. In commentary, this is the typical style for
4
,Q789$%s: 6789> n!PQ UQ
(the substitute becomes like the n!P).
4
Nominalization of a Q-ending
word (which is an adverb) is done by adding U!
(the status of ~). The word will become ~ 7 4U! (the status of being like ~). For example,
n!P!, (1 M !, ,N!7!, QZ!, etc., are the forms often seen in grammar books.
4
4
4 M !7S`rTP Q
,Q789$%s can come without Q-ending
words as well. 1.2.1 :!;
4
and 1.2.5 ,$1/`:! 4 ;Q 4 are ,Q789$%s which give ! (the status of being like Q)4 and
;! (the status of being like ;Q)4 respectively.

7. !; (Stra
which prohibits the application of another stra)
P_8 means negation, or prohibition. It is also called Q_8. A stra which negates
or prohibits the effect of other stras under certain conditions is P_8$%. This is said in the
following sentence:
E % ;!/EP_8;$% 1 P_8$%3 4
(%$
4 1.3.3 K3 gives
4
M !> is a P_8$% to 1.3.3 K3 .
For example, 1.3.4 P UO Qz
cQ-4
4 2! to the last consonants
M !> prohibits the cQ-$1
$12! to the last consonants. 1.3.4 P UO Qz
4 U.
when they are Q: E, $, 4 or 3 of
53
M
7M 0
MN7> and A,*

The concept of : E and ,(!7 is used throughout PJini stras to present rules
which cover the same area. : E and ,(!7 are relative terms. : E is a general rule, while
,(!7 is a special rule whose scope is totally within the scope of :.E When such a
relationship is observed between two rules, ,(!7 is to take effect by negating :.E
:>E
($!;!9>)
,(!7>
(PR;!9>)
,(!7 is called PR;!9 or ,P;!9, that which does not have its own scope. On the
M
contrary, : E is called $!;!9, that which has its own domain of operation. The m[
of
: E shows its nature: ZQ8 BQ8 !;-$!8 That which is given up when there is
presence of its negator (!; = ,(!7) is called :.E
54
Introduction
Difference between !;, H 2, and
P_8$% is told with reference to a $%. P_8$% prohibits the operation of the
by stating the word P and also certain things for which the is prohibited. For
example:
> All the residents of this gurukulam get apple.
P_8> Staffs do not get.
,(!7$% enjoins a different ;!/E to certain things which are in the subset of the scope
E % . For example:
of :$
:E > All the residents of this gurukulam get an apple.
,(!7> Teachers get an orange.
What is told by P/3$% is already $), accomplished by $%, thus it may look
redundant. ($)8 $Q 6RS3!P1 P/3!/) The purpose is to exclude any other things. For
example:
> All the residents of this gurukulam get an apple.
P/3> When it rains, students get an apple.
55
M
7M 0

Introduction to
M
KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 is a small (KL)M i.e. abridged version of $)!N;O37M 0, which is a /!
(a book providing a studying method) to (!TP0/m!;RT.
Two ] (traditions) to study /P^ ./

1. !0P-(RoR!
In this tradition, the whole ,-!.!/0 is memorized first, before studying the meaning.
M
It is referred to as ,x!.!/0-3-,P$!R0,
that which follows the order of ,x!.!/0.
;!9;! Z[> is the main book to be studied in this (RoR!.
About ;!9;! Z[>
;!9;! Z[> was composed by l/!7B> and !3P> in the 7th century. This book gives
Z[>, a short commentary on each stra in the order of ,-!.!/0 stras.
There are two main commentaries on ;!9;! Z[>
8 M )> (8th century)
1. h!$> by lP
2. (73R0 by R7[> (12th century)
s3!Z[>, the first (s3) round (6Z[) of grammar study, by 7[l2!$>M is based on
;!9;! Z[>. This is used as a handy reference because it gives (787>, ,PZM [>, $3!$!s>E , $%!s>E ,
7!RT3, 4 and Hindi translation for each stra.
2. Pm(RoR!
M
M
It is referred to as /!-,P$!R0,
or '($)-,P$!R0,
that which follows method to
achieve certain forms.
The famous work under this type of study is $)!N;O37M 0.
About $)!N;O37M 0
$)!N;O37M 0 was written by U`l070Q> in the 17th century.
56
Introduction
This book follows /!, the method, or discussion of achieving the final form. Here
stras are presented in the process of '($), achieving the final form, and not in the order
of ,x!.!/0. The entire 4000 stras, 2000 !QsM , and T!7 stras are presented in this manner.
Its commentary for each stra consists of two parts: Z[ part and '($) part, which
will be understood when actually studied.
The book consists of different topics such as $12!;RT3, 4 $;RT3, 4 QN;RT3, 4 etc.,
Under each topic there are selected examples which are unique by nature and are wellcalculated to show the features of the stras. It is easy to study and teach this book
because one can safely follow the book without going wrong.
There are two main commentaries on $)!N;O37M 0:
1. !K3P`R3! by !$78M 70Q>
8 $RQ0
2. Q`P0 by 2!P
J
J
About _QL
3.`2P
M
R7!R!l!!/E wrote KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, which consists about 1200 stras and vrtikas
together from $)!N;O37M 0.
M
U 30m!! by U03$8P 9!0 is a very good commentary on KL$)!N;O3
7M 0.
M
This Study Guide to KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 closely follows the Gitapress version of
M
KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, which has become known as a standard book.
57
M
7M 0
J
J
Structure of _QL
3.`2P
M
Now let us see the index of KL$)!N;O3
7M 0.
4 the topics) ,P3>

M
M
,s KL$)!N;O3
7M 0-n(obtains in)-_/!T!3 (of
(index)
_/!> (topics)
(Zx(page)-,!> (number)
These topics are categorized as sections (;RTs) as follows:

1. $12!;RT3 4
- $12!;RT3 4
$12! there means technical term used only in this PJini grammar system. This
section lays out all the letters and their varieties by introducing related technical terms.
In this section, 3!8R$%!T, 14 $%s (13 $12!$%s and 1 $%) and one !QE; are taught.
Some important 9!$%s are also taught.
All the $%s as well as Z[s are very important. It is strongly recommended to
commit this whole section to memory.
2. $;RT3 4
4
,$>
(vowel sandhi)
4
K$>
(consonant sandhi)
E > (visarga sandhi)
$:$
58
Introduction
Three types of $ rules are taught in this section.
4
M
3. $N;RT3
,lN( M !> (vowel-ending masculine nouns)
,lN0K!> (vowel-ending feminine nouns)
1 M ;!> (vowel-ending neuter nouns)
,lNP($
KN( M !> (consonant-ending masculine nouns)
KN0K!> (consonant-ending feminine nouns)
1 M ;!> (consonant-ending neuter nouns)
KNP($
,m/!P (indeclinables)
Declension of nouns is taught in this section in 6 parts, known as _ 4K!>, which
consist of !Q(7;s ending with vowels and consonants in 3 genders.
M
Note that ,m/s are also $Ns.
M
Up to this point is considered to be the first half ((%!E E) of KL$)!N;O3
7M 0.
4. QN;RT3 4
Conjugation of verbs is taught by class (conjugation), from 1 to 10. Each !Q M is
conjugated in 10 K;!Rs in ;QER/`: only. This section takes the maximum time to complete.
Even if the students time is restricted, the entire !7/> (1st conjugation) and the first !Q M of
each of the remaining conjugations should be studied.
!7/> (1st conjugation, !QsM starting with U% in !Q(M !>)
,7!7/> (2nd conjugation, !QsM starting with ,7 4 in !Q(M !>)
M
l`B!7/>
(3rd conjugation, !QsM starting with in !Q(M !>)
4 !Q(M !>)
7!7/> (4th conjugation, !QsM starting with 7 in
!7/> (5th conjugation, !QsM starting with $ M in !Q(M !>)
Q7M !7/> (6th conjugation, !QsM starting with Q7M 4 in !Q(M !>)
4 !Q(M !>)
!7/> (7th conjugation, !QsM starting with in
4 !Q(M !>)
QP!7/> (8th conjugation, !QsM starting with QP in
/!7/> (9th conjugation, !QsM starting with 0 in !Q(M !>)
59
M
7M 0
M
R!7/>
(10th conjugation, !QsM starting with RM 4in !Q(M !>)
4
/N/! (conjugations of T-B/-ending
!QsM )
4
${N/! (conjugations of $P-B/-ending
!QsM )
/N/! (conjugations of /-4 B/-ending !QsM )
4
/! (conjugations of /-4 B/-ending !QsM after eliding the /)4
/
P!3!Q> (!QsM derived from nouns)
; 4!7/> (!QsM in the category starting with ;M)
6P(8 7/! (instances in which 6P 8(7-B/s are used)
(Rz (7/! (instances in which (Rz (7-B/s are used)
U!;3E/! (conjugations in U!8 ;3ET /`:)
;3E;QZE /! (when ;Q!E is presented as ;3E)
K;!R!s E/! (the meanings of K;!Rs)
5. ;Z 7N;RT3 4
4
In this section, ;Z Q-B/s,
as well as some related topics such as ,;!/sE and $;!/Es
are taught. Sections are made only by ,-!.!/-3, the order of ,-!.!/0 number.
4
;Z 7N8 ;Z B/! (in ;Z Q-B/
section, ;Z B-B/s taught from 3.1.93 to 3.1.132)
4
E Z 7N3 (from
(%;
3.1.133 to 3.2.end, the end of the 2nd (!7 of the 3rd chapter)
T!7/> (3.3.1, 2)
4
[R;Z 7N3 (from
3.3.3 to 3.4.76, where K;!R starts)
6. ;!R;U;RT3 4
M
In KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, ;!R; and U; are not taught elaborately. Only a few stras in
both topics are taught in this one section. For a student of Vedanta, this much is not
enough. All the stras in the topic of both ;!R; (from 1.4.23 to 55) and U; (2.3.all, the
entire 3rd (!7 of the 2nd chapter) can be studied in either $)!N;O37M 0 or ;!9;!.
U s!E> (The meanings of nominal case endings)
60
Introduction
7. $3!$-;RT3 4
M
In ,-!.!/0, $3!$ is taught in 2.1.begining to 2.2.end. KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 follows the
,-!.!/-3. In this $3!$-;RT, related topics such as modification of (%(E 7 in the [R(78
,;!R in 6.3.section, the 3rd quarter of 6th chapter, and B/s at the end of $3!$ in the
$3!$!N!> section at the end of 5.4, the 4th quarter of 5th chapter, are taught.
4 (!-$3!$,
M
$3!$!> ($3!$ in general, and $(M -$
taught from 2.1.1 to 2.1.4)
,m/0U!> (from 2.1.5 to 2.1.21)
M
Q_>
(from 2.1.22 to 2.2.22)
0> (from 2.2.23 to 2.2.28)
> (2.2.29)
$3!$!N!> (from 5.4.68 $3!$!N!> to 5.4.end)
8. Q)Q-;RT3 4
Q)Q-B/s are taught from 4.1.76 to 5.4.end, in almost the entire two chapters.
M
KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 follows ,-!.!/0 order.
E (general) B/s are taught)
Q)Q!> (Q)Q in general, :;
,(B!;!R> (descendant of )
R!s E;!> (from 4.2.1 to 4.2.66)
!QRM s E;!> (from 4.2.67 to 4.2.91, the place of , etc.)
9_;!> (any other meanings than above)
;!R!s E;!> (modification of )
:;!R> (from 4.4.1 to 4.4.74)
/7;!R> (from 4.4.75 to 4.4.end)
/Q`r;!R> (from 5.1.1 to 5.1.17)
;!R> (from 5.1.18 to 5.1.114)
QK`R;!R> (the status of )
UP!s E;!> (from 5.2.1 to 5.2.93)
3s/!> (one who has )
!790/!> (, Q$, 4 s!, etc.)
!:0/!> (comparative, superlative)
61
M
7M 0
E !> (Q)QB/s which do not modify the meaning)
!s;
9. 0B/-;RT3 4
Some !Q(7;s, in the sense of feminine, take 0B/s. This section teaches all the
seven 0B/s with conditions in which they are applied.
0B/> (from 4.1.3 to 4.1.81)
10. Appendices
,s (R9-_/$%0 The index ($%0) of the remaining ((R9-) subject (_/)
K(R/> (regulations on the gender of nouns)
M
Alphabetical index of $%s which obtain in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0
M
Alphabetical index of !QE;s which obtain in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0
M
Alphabetical index of !QsM which obtain in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0
M
Alphabetical index of !QsM which were not introduced in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0
M
Index of :Ts which obtain in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 in the order of appearance
M
Alphabetical index of (RU!_!s which obtain in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0
62
Introduction
J
J
Layout of _QL
3.`2P
M
Each page of KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 consists of two parts: main part and T0, footnote.
M
The main part consists of $%s and KL$)!N;O3
7M 0Z[, abbreviated as LSK in this book.
4 bold)
$%3 (in
M
Z[>, KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 Z[>,
or LSK, written by
R7R!l!!/E
T0 number
4 brackets)
!QE;3 (in
T0 (footnotes)
63
M
7M 0
J
J
Goals of studying _QL
3.`2P
The student should be able to explain:
What the stra does
Meaning of each word in the stra and anuvtti
The '($) orally as well as in writing
M
The topic of the stra in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0
The topic of the stra in ,-!.!/0
J
J
Taking notes following _QL
3.`2P
M
The stras are to be studied one by one in the order of KL$)!N;O3
7M 0. One stra is to
be written per notebook page, with the following items detailed for each stra:
Type of the stra (given by U 30m!! or by the teacher)
Stra number and the stra (with sandhi)
,PZM [>
(787> (resolution of sandhi), and case and number of each word of the stra and
,PZM [>
!Q(7;, resolution of $3!$, ;Z 7N, and Q)Q!N (if any), and meaning of U of each
word
Meaning of the stra
Meaning of the LSK Z[>
4
7!RT3 (examples)
with step by step '($) with stras
The student is expected to prepare the notebook beforehand as much as possible.
M
In the KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 book, write stra numbers (in Arabic font) in front of the stra,
and ,PZM [> after the stra, so that the number and meaning of the stra can be easily
understood and memorized.
E.g., 6.1.77 U.b /c egg ~ $1Q!/!34
64
Introduction
J
J
Prayer of _QL
3.`2P
The .!P`; of Sarasvat prepares our mind for the study.
.!P`;>
M !1 !R$!R(R3!3!!1 l:7 4m!(P
9
M
0T!(;!RT03U/7!1
l!!;!R!(!3 4
8 !;3!K;!1 7Q (!$P 8 $1nQ!1
4
8 Q!1 (R38R U:Q M )7!1 9!R7!3
4 !R$!R(R3! 3 2/1
4 6!3 2/1
4 l:7 4m!(P03 2/1
4
M !3 2/1
9
2/1
4 l!!;!R!(!3 2/1
4
4 ,U/7!3 2/1
M
0T!(;!RT03
4 7Q03 2/1
4 (!$P 8 7/1 $1nQ!3 2/1
4
8 7/1 !;3!K;!3 2/1
4 (R38R03 2/1
4 U:Q03 2/1
4 M )7!3 2/1
4 9!R7!3 2/1
4
8 I/1 Q!3 2/1
In the sentence, the first thing to find is the verb. Here, (,1) 8 - I salute.
To whom do I salute? All those 2nd case ending words are pointing out the object of
M !3 4 white
saluting, $RQ0. Each 2nd case ending word describes $RQ0 for visualization: 9
in colour; !R$!R(R3!3 4 the ultimate essence of the inquiry of Brahma; 6!3 4 one who
exists even at the beginning; l:!(P03 4 one who pervades the whole universe;
M
0T!(;!RT03
4 one who holds v and the Veda; ,U/7!3 4 one who gives fearlessness;
l!!;!R!(!3 4 one who takes away the darkness of ignorance; 8 !;3!K;!1 7Q03 4
one who holds the crystal ml in hand; (!$P 8 $1nQ!3 4 one who sits in the seat of lotus; Q!1
(R38R03 4 to that ultimate goddess; U:Q03 4 one who has all the bhaga, what we want;
M )7!3 4 one who gives knowledge; 9!R7!3 4 the goddess Sarasvat.
At the top of the first page is the prayer to 8R.

0:T89!/ P3>
To study m!;RT, we need a lot of grace. We have to keep praying for 6.!;,
6UOQ;, 67; 9!N.
65
M
7M 0
M
,s KL$)!N;O3
7M 0
The word ,s can be taken in the sense of the beginning, and 3K!s E. Now,
M
KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 begins.
M
The meaning of the title KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 is as follows:
;M> cQ (Zs0, 30 (earth)
;O 3`7Q8 cQ ;M37M > (one who rejoices on the earth, lotus)
Qg ;M37M g c/1 ;O37M 0 (that which is meant for lotus, moonlight)
!7Q!7S!1 PTQ> ,N> ,$!P1 /8_!1 Q8 $)!N!>
$)!N!P!1 ;O37M 0 c ;O37M 0 cQ $)!N;O37M 0 (IB)
M
K0 !$O $)!N;O37M 0 cQ KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 (KT)
M
Now comes the prayer verse composed by 0R7R!l!!/,E the author of KL$)!N;O3
7M 0.
M ;R`3 4
P! $RQ 78 9)M !1 :/!1
4
M
(!TP0/89!/ KL$)!N;O3
7M 03
2/1
4 7803 2/1
4 9)M !3 2/1
4 :/!3
4 ;R`3 I/1 ,3 1/1
4
M
P! 0 $RQ03 2/1
4
M
(!TP0/89!/ 4/1 KL$)!N;O3
7M 03 2/1
The meaning is given in the T0 1.

2/1
4 R7R!l!!/E> 1/1 9)M !3 2/1
4 7`_RQ!3 2/1
4 :/3
4 9:T/
4 $RQ03 2/1
4
M
M
M !3 2/1
[LSK T0 ] ,3 1/1
4 P! 0 P3Z B 0 (!TP0/89!/ 4/1 !K!P!3 6/3

4 (!TP0/m!;RT9!8 7/1 89!s3E 04
783 2/1 !78Q!3 2/1
4 ;R`3 I/1 cQ 0 ,/> 1/1
K0 1/1 0 ,$O 1/1 $)!N;O37M 0 1/1 Q!3 2/1
66
$12!;RT3 4
-

In the very beginning, all the letters of the Sanskrit language have to be introduced.
[$12!$%!T] 1.
! 2. #$ 3. &'( 4. *+, 5. ./01
6. 3 7. 5
(
8. 785 9. :;< 10. >?@AB
11. CDEF,1 0 12. G/ 13. B< 14. .
[LSK] cQ 0 3!8R!T 1/3 $%!T 1/3
These are called 3!8R!T $%!T.
4
That which came from 38R is called 3!8R. 38R!Q 6:Q!P
cQ 3!8R!T by 4.3.74
QQ 6:Q> , 38R + $ + ,T. 4 Why are they called by the name of 38R? T0 2 shows two
lokas depicting the story of how PJini received these fourteen stras from iva.
[LSK T0 ]
PZ[!$!P 8 PR!lR!l` PP!7 !1 P(~!R3 4
4
EM !3> $P;!7$)!P 8Q39 9$%l!K3
)Q;
4 P-(~!R3 2/1
4
PZ[-,$!P 8 7/1 PR!l-R!l> 1/1 PP!7 III/1 !3 2/1
4 XQ7 42/1 39 I/1 9$%-l!K3 2/1
4
EM !3> 1/1 $P;!7-$)!P 2/3
)Q;
Only the first line is relevant to this topic now. At the end of the dance, the king
PR!l sounded the damuru for fourteen (9 + 5) times In this loka, 3!8R$%!T are called
9$%!T. They are called B!!R$%!T as well, as they are meant for making B!R.
/8P!R$3!!/3:38R!Q 4
;Z 1 m!;RT1 `1 Qz (!TP/8 P3>
The meaning of this loka is already introduced in this book.
Why are they called $%!T? T0 3 shows the criteria of stra, as well as varieties of stra,
which we have already seen in the earlier part of this book. Since ,T, 4 etc., $12!s are made
from 3!8R$%!T, they are also considered to be $12!$%!T.
67
M
7M 0
The next word in Z[ is an adjective to the preceding words, 3!8R!T $%!T, to
explain what these stras are meant for.
[LSK] ,T!7$12!s!EP 1/3
4
These fourteen stras are meant for making ,T etc.,
$12!s, which are known as
B!!Rs.
4 67> 1/1 /!$!3 6/3
4 Q!> 1/3 ,T!7/> 1/3 (116B) ,T!7/> 1/3 $12!> 1/3 ,T!7$12!> 1/3 (KT)
,T 1/1
4 /8_!3 6/3
4 Q!P 1/3 ,T!7$12!s!EP 1/3 (116B) = 3!8R!T 1/3 $%!T 1/3
,T!7$12!> 1/3 ,s>E 1/1 /`lP3 1/1
4 ) ,!> 1/3 cQ> 1/3

4 ($%!T!3 6/3
[LSK] X_!3 6/3
The last letters of these stras are cQs.4
,N8 U!> ,!> That which exist at the end are said to be ,!>.
[LSK] ;!R!7_ M 7/3 ,;!R> 1/1 !RT!s>E 1/1
In the letters (consonants with , added) starting from (5th stra), the letter , is
meant for pronunciation, because the consonant itself is difficult to pronounce. Thus, , is
not intended.
4 >E /`lP1 /g $> !RT!s>E (116B) For which !RT, pronunciation is the ,s E,
!RT3 ,s
purpose is called !RT!s E, adjective to ,;!R.
4 2;> 1/1
[LSK] K3.8 7/1 Q M 0 cQ-$1
4 th stra) is cQ. 4 ,PP!$;
4 1.3.2
M
Whereas, the letter , in the middle of K T (6
,;!R is cQ by
4 The purpose of this is for 1.1.51 RT R4 (R>
M
(789r8 lPP!$;
cQ .
Small questions:
How many stras are there in 3!8R$%!T?
How many letters are there in 3!8R$%!T?
68
$12!;RT3 4
Summary of this ;RT
1. Laying all the letters by 3!8R$%s

First, 3!8R$%s are taught to present all the letters in Sanskrit.
There are only 42 letters pronounced in 3!8R$%s. These 42 letters can represent all
the letters in the language by the device taught in the following stras.
2. Making B!!Rs
B!!Rs, abbreviations for certain groups of letters, are used as important device
throughout ,-!.!/0$%s. B!!Rs are defined by the stra 1.1.71 67R8P $8Q! .
4 used for
cQ, 4 indicatory letter, is another important device in ,-!.!/0$%s. Since cQ is
4 taught beforehand. 1.3.3 K3 4 is one of the $12!$%s for
making B!!R, definition of cQ is
4
4
cQ and
1.3.9 Qg K`(> teaches how cQ should
be treated.
3. Varieties of sounds
One sound can have up to 18 varieties. These 18 varieties are categorized into three.
One is length, another is R, intonation, and the other is nasal and non-nasal.
The length is three-fold. This is told by 1.2.27 j;!K`r70LE MQ>. The R is also
M
three-fold, told by three stras: 1.2.29 7!Q>, 1.2.30 P0 RP7![>,
and 1.2.31 $3!!R> RQ>.
M
M P!$;!P`rPP!$;>.
The nasal sound is defined by 1.1.8 3b
4. Definition of $TE, similar letter
One letter can be a similar letter to another. This similarity of the letters is defined
4
M !g/1 $TE3 .
by 1.1.9 Q
5. Letters which represent $TEs ($TE-!;)
One letter can represent its similar letters, $TEs. This is taught by the stra 1.1.69
,TM 7TEg !B/>. By this, 42 letters told in 3!8R$%s can represent all the letters in
Sanskrit.
69
M
7M 0
4 2! to the consonants at the end of each 3!8R$%.
The next stra gives cQ-$1
[$12!$%3]4 1.3.2
. I
~

4 (789 8 7/1 cQ 1/1

4
4 ,3 1/1
K 1/1
4
B!!R> K.4 All the consonants. This is $120.
K 1/1
4
,3 1/1
,N8 U> cQ ,3 4 That which exists at the end is ,3. 4 This qualifies the
$120 K.4 Together, the consonants at the end.
(789 8 7/1 !Q(7; is (789, the teaching taught by 3M P/3; 4 in ,;RT8 $}30.
What is (789 is explained in the Z[.
4
This is $12!.
cQ 1/1
4 K 1/1
4 g!Q III/1
4
4 cQ 1/1
[LSK] (789 8 7/1 ,3 1/1
The consonant at the end in the teaching is termed cQ. 4

Now, what is (789 is answered.
4
[LSK] (789> 1/1 6`!RT3 1/1
(789 is what is taught at the beginning (original teaching).
They are namely the following:
B/!> 9$%!T !789! 6:3!s!
!Q(M !` :T8 (! (789!> ;0QEQ!>
1) B/!>
Suffixes taught in stras. E.g., $P, 4 QZ, 4 ,T 4
2) 9$%!T
3!8R$%!T. E.g., ,cT 4 ; 4 X 4
3) 6789!>
Substitutes taught in stras. E.g., ,,4 X9 4
4) 6:3!>
M ,4 P3M 4
Augments taught in stras. E.g., c 4, Q;
5) !Q(M !>
4
Those which are enumerated in !Q(M !>. E.g., 90 4 8 , RT8
6) :T(!>
Those which are enumerated in :T(!>. E.g., 6 4
4 (73 1/1
4 $%!NR!Q 5/1
4 ,PQE
4 $E 0
M P0/3 1/1
[LSK] $%_8 M 7/3 ,-3 1/1
,PZM [ is explained; unseen words in stras should be brought from another stra
wherever needed.
70
$12!;RT3 4
This is a side note:
One may object that this 1.3.3 K3 4 stra depends on B!!R K 4 which is defined
4
by 1.1.7 67R8P $8Q! , in which cQ letter
is used. Thus there is a mutual dependency,
,h`h!/, between the two stras.
1.3.3 K3 4 requires B!!R in order to define cQ 4
4 order to define B!!R

1.1.7 67R8P $8Q! requires cQ in
To resolve this ,h`h!/ problem, 1.3.3 K3 4 can be looked at in a different way

for the first time.
K 4 in 1.3.3 K3 4 can be taken as the last stra of 3!8R$%. In that case, the
4 g!Q
4
4 The last letter in K4 stra is
meaning of the stra becomes: K4 cQ $% 8 ,3 cQ
.
4
termed cQ. 4 At this stage, only one cQ letter
K4 has been made.
Then, by 1.1.7 67R8P $8Q! , the B!!R K 4 is achieved with the 67 letter 4 and
4
, cQ letter
K,4 and it indicates all the consonants. At this stage, only one B!!R letter K4
has been made.
4 2! to
Now, with the B!!R K,4 we can come back to 1.3.3 K3 4 again to give cQ-$1
all the consonants at the end. Then we can also come back to 1.1.7 67R8P $8Q! again to
make all kinds of B!!Rs.
71
M
7M 0
4 to be elided. First, the term for
After defining cQ, 4 it should be told that the cQ is
elision is to be defined by the next stra.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.60
BJ KG
Elision is termed K`(.

4 K`(> 1/1
,79EP3 1/1
4
4 M 4 = 79EP; P 79EP3 cQ
4 ,79EP3. 4 This is $120.
,79EP3 1/1
9 +
K`(> 1/1 This is $12!.
4 K`($123 1/1
4 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] $g 6/1 ,79EP3 1/1
The disappearance of an existing thing is termed K`(.

$ means that which is applicable for the operation of disappearance.
Why the extra word $g is added by the Z[;!R?

4
Because even a non-existent thing is also not seen, ,79EP. For example, a ;Z Q-B/
!( 4
4 not seen after 7, it cannot be said
never existed after a !Q(7; 7. Even though !( is
M 4 6:3 by 6.1.71
that there is a disappearance, K`(, of !(.4 If it is allowed, it will bring Q;
M 4 , which is ,P-, not desired.
g (Q ;Z Q Q;
72
$12!;RT3 4
4
The next stra tells that the letters termed cQ get
K`(, elided.
[$%3]4 1.3.9
L KG
There is elision for that (cQ).4

Qg 6/1 K`(> 1/1
Qg 6/1 !Q(7; is Q7 4, a pronoun, which refers to something under discussion.

Here, the discussion is cQ, 4 which has been defined from 1.3.2 to 1.3.8.
Thus this Qg 6/1 is understood as cQ> 6/1.
K`(> 1/1 This is 6789>.
4
[LSK] Qg 6/1 cQ> 6/1 K`(> 1/1 g!Q III/1
There should be the K`( substitute (elision) for that cQ. 4
By this stra, all the last consonants of 3!8R$%, being cQ, 4 are to be elided. Then one
may question the purpose of their being. The next Z[ answers this doubt.
1/3
4
4
[LSK] T-67/>
,T-6s!E
> 1/3
4
Those consonants starting from T are
meant for B!!Rs, which start from ,T. 4
Small questions:
4
Identify the cQ letter
of each 3!8R$%.
73
M
7M 0
The next stra defines B!!R.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.71
MI . ~
4
The letter with cQ letter
at the end is a $12! for its own and following letters up to the
4
cQ letter
in 3!8R$%.
67> 1/1 ,8P 3/1 $ 0 cQ! 3/1 ~ g 6/1
67> 1/1 The beginning letter. This is $12!.
,8P 3/1 !Q(7; is ,. ,N8 U> ,> That which exists at the end is ,. This is
adjective to cQ!.
$ 0 with
cQ! 3/1 !Q(7; is cQ; 4 in $-QZQ0/!. This goes along with 67>.
g 6/1 This is $120.
4 0 $12! 1/1 g!Q III/1

4
[LSK] ,8P 3/1 cQ! 3/1 $Q> 1/1 ($ 0) 67> 1/1 g 6/1 3.:!P!3 6/3
4
The beginning letter along with the cQ letter,
which exists at the end, is a $12! for
itself and 3.:s (3.8 :N cQ 3.:!>), those which go in between the beginning letter and
4
the last cQ letter.
4 cQ 0 ,-c--T!EP!3 6/3
4 $12! 1/1
[LSK] /s! 0 ,T 1/1
4 , cQ. 4 (T is
4 found in , c
For example, of ,T,4 , is 67, the beginning letter. T is
4
4 K3).4 The 67 ,, which is with , cQ, 4 is a $12! for itself, , and
T stra
which is cQ by
3.:, which are c and .
4 K 1/1
4 ,K 1/1
4 cQ 0 67/> 1/3
[LSK] X3 04 , 1/1
In the same manner, ,, 4 K,4 ,K,4 etc. are B!!Rs are made by this stra.
As seen in the T0, 42 B!!Rs made from 3!8R$%!T are found in ,-!.!/0$%(!
!QE;.
Exercise:
For each B!!R, identify how many letters are in it, and list the letters.
74
$12!;RT3 4
The next five stras show 18 types of sounds in 3 categories.
The first category is the length of the vowel. There are three types of lengths: 1
count, 2 counts, and 3 counts; each is termed , 70L,E MQ, respectively, in the next stra.
[$12!$%3]4 1.2.27
N KOQJR

4 -70L-E MQ> 1/1

j;!K> 1/1 , 1/1
j;!K> 1/1 This is an adjective to ,. 4 This is a compound of j and ;!K. The details
are explained in the Z[.
4
B!R>,; 4 indicating all the vowels. This is $120.
, 1/1
E MQ 70LE MQ> (ID); the singular is 6_ E-/`:> (license of

-70L-E MQ> 1/1 70L
_s). This is $12!.
[LSK] 1/1 j 1/1 j 1/1 > 1/3 (ID)

A short , a long j, and further elongated j are together called >. This is a
E , even after putting all the letters
cQR8QR$3!$ ( + j + j = j). Because of the $T7E 0L$
together, only one 70L E j is the result of the sandhi.
4 j + ,$ =
4 $ =
4 >).
> is the 1/3 form of !Q(7; j (j + l$ =
4 3!Q 04 -70L-E MQ-$12> 1/1 g!Q III/1

4 ;!K> 1/1 c 0 ;!K> 1/1 /g 6/1 $> 1/1 , 1/1
4
[LSK] !3 6/3
That ,, 4 whose time (length) is like the time of j (, j, and j), is termed >, 70L>E ,
and MQ> respectively.
For example, , is an ,, 4 whose length is like the length of , thus termed >. In
the same manner, 6 is an ,, 4 whose length is like the length of j, thus termed 70L>E . 6 is
an ,, 4 whose length is like the length of j, thus termed MQ>.
The $3!$ j;!K is an IB, c- 0-$3!$>.
4 -70L-E MQ-$12> 1/1)
4 ;!K> 1/1 c 0 ;!K> 1/1 /g 6/1 $> 1/1 j;!K> 1/1 (,h(7!s E is , 1/1
!3 6/3
4 ;!K + $ M + ;!K + $ M
j + 63 +
M
(!QE;3)4 $}(3!P(%
(E 7g`[R(7K`(.
j + ;!K
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
j;!K (one whose time is like j, which is , j, j)
75
M
7M 0
The LSK Z[ gives an introduction to the next set of three stras.
4 ) B8;3 04 7![!7U87P8 3/1 ! 0
[LSK] $> 1/1 (, 1/1
Each one of those vowels, which were given -70L-E MQ-$12!s, are three-fold by the
M
division of 7![, ,P7![,
and RQ.
[$12!$%3]4 1.2.29
!S TUV ~
The vowel pronounced from the upper portion of the n!P is termed 7![>.
4
> 0 7![> 1/1 ~ , 1/1
> 0 (Pronouncing) from upper portion, high; qualifying ,. 4
7![> 1/1 This is $12!.
4
, 1/1
This is $120.
There is no symbol assigned to 7![> for grammatical purpose in grammar books.
[$12!$%3]4 1.2.30

, TV
~
M
The vowel pronounced from the lower portion of the n!P is termed ,P7![>.
1/1
4
M
~ , 1/1
P0 > 0 ,P7![>
P0 > 0 (Pronouncing) from bottom part, low; qualifying ,. 4
M
,P7![>
1/1 This is $12!.
4
, 1/1
This is $120.
M
The symbol assigned to ,P7![>
in grammar books is a horizontal line under the
vowel. Ex. X" Z)O
[$12!$%3]4 1.2.31

. Q ~
M
The vowel consists of both the properties of 7![ and ,P7![
is termed RQ>.
4
$3!!R> 1/1 RQ> 1/1 ~ , 1/1
76
$12!;RT3 4
M
$3!!R> 1/1 Combination of the qualities of 7![ and ,P7![.
This is adjective to ,. 4
RQ> 1/1 This is $12!.
4
This is $120.
, 1/1
The symbol assigned to RQ> in grammar books is a vertical line above the vowel.
Ex. # (!7P 8
The LSK Z[ gives an introduction to the next stra.

3/2
4 ) P> 1/1 ,( 0 B8;3 04 ,PP!$;-,PP
4 ! 0
M
M
[LSK] $> 1/1 (, 1/1
P!$;S!3
Each one of those vowels is nine-fold. Now, each becomes further two-fold as nasal
and non-nasal by the next stra.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.8

C0,K

M
The sound pronounced by the nose along with mouth is termed ,PP!$;>.
1/1
M
M -P!$;!-P> 1/1 ,PP!$;>
3b
M -P!$;!-P> 1/1 This is $120. The sound pronounced by the nose along with mouth.
3b
This $3!$ is resolved below.
M
,PP!$;>
1/1 This is $12!.
4
M
M -$Q-P!$;/! 3/1 !/E3!T> 1/1 TE> 1/1 ,PP!$;-$1
[LSK] 3b
2> 1/1 g!Q III/1
The sound which is pronounced by the nose along with the mouth is termed
M
,PP!$;.
M P8 3/1 $Q! 1/1 3b
M $Q! 1/1 (3T) 3b
M $Q! 1/1 P!$;! 1/1 3b
M $QP!$;! 1/1 (KT)
3b
4
M $Q! 1/1 P!$;! 1/1 3b
M P!$;! 1/1 (3.3(7K`(0 type of KT, by !QE;3 9!;(!s
3b
E !70P!1 $)/8
4
[R(7K`(g`($1!P3 )
M
M P!$;/! !/E3!T> P> (3T)
Q8 cQ P> (;3ET m[>)
3b
77
M
7M 0
Now, LSK Z[;!R summarizes the result of the previous five stras.
4 c$3 04 , c X_!3 6/3
4 T!EP!3 6/3
4 B8;3 04 ,-!79 1/3 U87!> 1/3
[LSK] QQ 1/1
QQ4 indicates the result of the previous five stras. c$34 means in this manner.
There are 18 types for each letter ,, c, , .
M
,PPP!$;>
M
,PP!$;>
>
70L>E
MQ>
>
70L>E
MQ>
7![>
RQ>
,#
6#
6#
, #
6 #
6 #
M
,P7![>
,"
6"
6"
,"
6"
6"
Same for c, , %.
4
[LSK] TEg 6/1 !79 1/3 Qg 6/1 70L-E ,U!!Q 5/1
Because of the absence of 70L,E there are 12 types of .
M
,PPP!$;>
>
M
,PP!$;>
70L>E
MQ>
>
70L>E
MQ>
7![>
RQ>
M
,P7![>
"
"
"
"
4 ,( 0 !79 1/3 Q8_!3 6/3

4 -,U!!Q 5/1
4
[LSK] X!3 6/3
4 , , ), because of the absence of .
There are also 12 types of X (X,
M
,PPP!$;>
>
M
,PP!$;>
70L>E
MQ>
>
70L>E
MQ>
7![>
RQ>
X#
X#
X #
X #
M
,P7![>
X"
X"
X"
X"
Same for , ,
78
$12!;RT3 4
Letters in Sanskrit are grouped by the similarity in pronunciation.
The next stra defines $TE, similar letter.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.9

WL/X
0J

Letters which have the same 6g (= n!P) and / (= 6SNR/) are grouped as
$TE.
4 $TE3 1/1
4
M -6g-/3 1/1
Q
4
M -6g-/3 1/1
Q
This is $120.
4
4
4 That which is being in the mouth is called 6g.
M )8 U3 6g3
6g8 (3b
6g here means n!P.

;Z -> /> /> (PT) This indicates 6SNR/>
4
M O 6g/O /g QQ Q4
M !g/3 (116B)
Q
4
$TE3 1/1
This is $12!. This can be translated as similar letter
Letters which have the same n!P and 6SNR/ are termed $TE with reference to
each other.
4 6SNR/> 1/1 0 cQ 0 XQQ 1/1
4 /3 1/1
4 /g 6/1 (TEg 6/1) /8P 3/1 (,(R8T
[LSK] Q!-67-n!P3 1/1
3/1
4 QQ 1/1
4 (TE> 1/1) 3s> 0 $TE$2
4 g!Q III/1
4
M 3 1/1
1 3 1/1
TP 3/1) Q

(

)
$
" +
34,
3.1.124 *+,-$ 3.3.113 / 012-

+
4.3.55 67 ~ :

+
6.4.148
~ :
= ,->
8.4.64 +,- ?

,->
79
M
7M 0
E and is 7.
According to this definition, and are not $TsE because is 3%h
However, to comply with how the language is, and have to be considered as $TE.
Since PJini did not specifically mention the status of $TE belonging to these two letters,
!QE;;!R makes a statement.
(0 J
) #$0J/K
J 0[/\ 0]

It has to be said that TE and TE are $TE to each other.
4 !3 1/1
4
--TE/`> 6/2 3s> 0 $!/E3 1/1
4 words in the !QE;, other words are understood by the context of the topic under
discussion.
--TE/`> 6/2 18 types of and 12 types of ; in $_x0 to $!/E3 4
3s> 0 mutually, with reference to each other
4
4
$!/E3 1/1
$TEg U!> $!/E3 (
)4 The status of $TE, which belongs to the 6th case4
ending word, --TE/`>. In the translation, the 6th case and can
be cancelled and
put in apposition, resulting in TE and TE are $TE
4 /Q (;3E
4
4
!3 1/1
+
T with an added sense of necessity) That which needs to be
said.
Now LSK Z[;!R has to show what are 6g (= n!P) and /.

First, n!Ps of letters are told.
4 (n!P3 1/1
4 ) ;> 1/1
[LSK] ,;M$lPE 0/!P!3 6/3
The n!P of , (,TE), ;M (;: E letters which are ; 4 b, 4 :, 4 L, 4 )4 , and $lPE 0/ (= $:)E is
;.
M
[LSK] c/9!P!1
Q!
4 Q!. (Q! is an The n!P of c (cTE), M (: E letters which are , 4 4, l, 4 , 4 ),4 and 9 is
ending neuter word.)
[LSK] MR_!T!1 3%!E
4 3%!E. (!Q(7; of
The n!P of (TE), M (: E letters which are 4, 4, 4, ,4 T),4 and _ is
3%!E is 3%PE , 4 masculine word)
M $!P!1 7N!>
[LSK] QK
80
$12!;RT3 4
The n!P of (TE), Q M (Q: E letters which are Q, 4 s, 4 7 4, , 4 P, 4 and $)4 is 7N!>. (Plural is
because of the plurality of teeth.)
4
[LSK] (%(&!P0/!P!3 xO
The n!P of (TE), ( M ((: E letters which are (, 4 ,4 , 4 U, 4 3),4 and (&!P0/ (the $: E after
4
( and
)4 is xO. (Dual is because lips are two.)
[LSK] 3TP!P!1 P!$;!
4 P!$;!. The ;!R () is because all these nasal sounds are
The n!P of , 4 3, 4 ,4 T, 4 P is
already introduced in the respective n!P. Thus, these nasal sounds have two n!Ps each.
[LSK] X7Q`> ;Q!
4 Q
4 X7QO
The n!P of X and is ;Q!, the combination of throat and palate. XQ
4
(ID), Q/`> X7Q`>. The Q after
X and is for clear presentation of the letters. Without the Q, 4 all
letters are subject to sandhi rules, after applying which it is difficult to read.
[LSK] 7OQ`> ;`x3 4
The n!P of and is ;`x3, 4 the combination of throat and lips.
[LSK] ;!Rg 7N`x3 4
4 7N`x3, 4 the combination of teeth and lips.
The n!P of is
[LSK] l'!3%K0/g l'!3%K3 4
The n!P of l'!3%K0/ (the $: E after ; 4 and b)4 is l'!3%K3, 4 the root of tongue.
M
[LSK] P!$;!rP!Rg
M
The n!P of ,P!R
is P!$;!.
Next, two /s are told.

[LSK] /> 1/1 ! 0 6SNR> 1/1 !> 1/1 0
/ is two-fold; 6SNR (internal) and ! (external).
Note that internal and external are just names. 6SNR/ is made before the
sound is heard, whereas !/ is made while making the sound.
Now, five types of 6SNR/ are told.

4
Z -U87!Q 5/1
[LSK] 6> 1/1 (~! 0 (Z--_)(Z--_*ZQ-ZQ-$1Q
81
M
7M 0
The first one, namely 6SNR/ is five-fold: 1. Contact, 2. Slight contact, 3. Slightly
open, 4. Open, 5. Contracted.
4 /3 1/1
4 (9!EP!3 6/3
4
[LSK] Q 0 (Z-3 1/1
There, among 6SNR/, the (Z- / is of (9Es.
(9Es are specified later in this section as:
[LSK] ;-67/> 1/3 3-,$!P!> 1/3 (9!E> 1/3
Letters starting with ; 4 and ending (,$!P) with 3 ,4 25 consonants, are (9Es.
4 ) ,N>n!P!3 6/3
4
4 (/3 1/1
[LSK] _)(Z-3 1/1
The _)(Z-/ is of ,N>ns, semi vowels.
,N>ns are specified later in this section as:
[LSK] /T> 1/3 ,N>n!> 1/3
/Ts4 (/ ,4 ,4 R 4, K)4 are ,N>ns.
4 (/3 1/1
4 ) jT!3 6/3
4
[LSK] _*ZQ3 1/1
4 a P-ending
4
The _*ZQ/ is of jPs,4 sibilants. jP is
masculine word.
jPs4 are specified later in this section as:
[LSK] 9K> 1/3 j!T> 1/3
9Ks4 (9 ,4 _ ,4 $ ,4 4) are jPs.4
4 ) R!T!3 6/3
4
4 (/3 1/1
[LSK] ZQ3 1/1
The ZQ/ is of Rs, vowels.
Rs are specified later in this section as:
[LSK] ,> 1/3 R!> 1/3
,s4 (all the vowels) are Rs.
4 ) $1Q
4
Z 3 1/1
[LSK] g 6/1 ,TEg 6/1 /`:8 7/1 (/3 1/1
Z in usage.
As for ,, / is $1Q
4 Q M 0 ZQ3 1/1
4 X 0
[LSK] /!79!/!3 7/1
However, in grammatical process, / of , is ZQ.
82
$12!;RT3 4
E , , is treated as ZQ sound while deriving a word. After
To achieve $TE70L$
Z sound by the last stra 8.4.68 , , .
deriving, the , is converted to $1Q
Now, explanation of !/ starts.

[LSK] !/> 1/1 Q M 0 X;!79! 0 !R> 1/1 $1!R> 1/1 !$> 1/1 P!7> 1/1 L`_> 1/1 ,L`_> 1/1 ,!T> 1/1
1/1
M
3!!T> 1/1 7![> 1/1 ,P7![>
RQ> 1/1 0 cQ 0
!/ is eleven-fold.
[LSK] bR> 1/3 !R> 1/1 !$!> 1/3 ,L`_!> 1/3 0

bRs4 (all the hard consonants) are called !R, !$, and ,L`_.
[LSK] 9> 1/3 $1!R!> 1/3 P!7!> 1/3 L`_!> 1/3 0
9s4 (all the soft consonants) are called $1!R, P!7, and L`_.
4 s3-QZQ0/(~3!> 1/3 /T> 1/3 0 ,!T!> 1/3
[LSK] :!EP!3 6/3
1st, 3rd, and 5th of the classes and /Ts4 are called ,!T.
4 Q0/QsM + 1/2 9K> 1/3 0 3!!T!> 1/3
[LSK] :!EP!3 6/3
2nd and 4th of the classes and 9Ks4 are called 3!!T.
These LSK Z[s are already explained in the 6SNR/ section in this book.
[LSK] ;-67/> 1/3 3-,$!P!> 1/3 (9!E> 1/3 /T> 1/3 ,N>n!> 1/3 9K> 1/3 j!T> 1/3 ,> 1/3 R!>
1/3
From here onward, the letters which are not seen in 3!8R$%s are also explained.
4 !; 4 0 ,-E $:-E $9> 1/1 l'!3%K0/> 1/1
[LSK] : ; : b cQ 0 ;b!S!3 5/2
4 called l'!3%K0/.
The one which looks like half $: E before ; 4 and b is
4 !; 4 0 ,-E $:-E $9> 1/1 (&!P0/> 1/1
[LSK] : ( : cQ 0 (!S!3 5/2
4
The one which looks like half $: E before ( and
4 is called (,!P0/.
1/2
M
[LSK] ,1 ,> cQ 0 ,> 5/1 (RO 1/2 ,P!R-$:+
M
The dot above a vowel and two dots after a vowel are respectively called ,P!R
and
$:.E
83
M
7M 0
So far, all the letters used in Sanskrit language have been presented systematically,
and the concept of $TE has also been presented.
The next stra teaches that some letters in 3!8R are $12!s for their $TEs.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.69

0JL

,^/ ~
4
,T which
is not ordained, and 7Qs,4 are $12!s for their $TEs.
4 7Q 1/1
4 $TEg 6/1 0 ,B/> 1/1 g 6/1
,T 1/1
4
,T 1/1
B!!R ,T. 4 This is $12!.
4
4
4
cQ letters
in 3!8R$%s.
B!!R ,T here
with the (RT;!R, the 2nd T among
4
7Q 1/1
This is also $12!.
4 /g
4
4
4
Q cQ
$> 7Q (116B)
The one whose cQ letter
is is called 7Q. 4
$TEg 6/1 This is $120.
4
0 connecting ,T and
7Q. 4
,B/> 1/1 This is an adjective to ,T. 4 More is explained in LSK Z[.
g 1/1 This is also $120.
In this stra, B/ is used in the sense of what is ordained, not as we know in

the sense of suffix. The word B/ is grammatically explained.
[LSK] Q0/Q8 III/1 0/Q8 III/1 cQ 0 B/>
1/1
4 ,. 4 This ;Z Q-B/
4
4
The word B/ is comprised of Q + cT +
, can
be in the sense
of !Q M itself (U!8) and any ;!R; other than ;QER. We need to know in which sense this suffix
4 Q-4 K 4/;3ET/III/1) limits the sense of ;Z Q-B/
4
is used. The first word Q0/Q8 (Q + cT +
4 ;3ET, by using the same ($: E and !Q M with different B/ which is Q 4 in ;3ET. From
, to
this, we understood that B/ is an object of Q + cT. 4
Now, the meaning of the combination of Q + cT, 4 which has many meanings. The
second word 0/Q8 ( + ! + Q-4 K 4/;3ET/III/1) limits the meaning of Q + cT. 4 The
4
common meaning between Q + cT and
+ ! is to ordain, to command.
84
$12!;RT3 4
Now we understood that B/ means what is ordained, what is commanded,
namely, 6789, 6:3, and B/.
Now the meaning of the whole stra is explained.

[LSK] ,0/3!P>
1/1
(= ,B/>) ,T 4 1/1 7Q 41/1 0 $TEg
6/1
$12!
1/1
g!Q 4III/1
,0/3!P ,T 4 and 7Q are $12! for $TE.

4 4/;3ET) is a synonym of ,B/ (P +
4
4 + ! + 9!P-K
4 Q + cT +
,0/3!P (P +
4 T), which means what is not ordained, namely, any word indicating other than
,-;3E
6789, 6:3, or B/. ,0/3!P, or ,B/, is an adjective to ,T 4 .
4 this stra is explained.

The B!!R ,T in
4 (R8T 3/1 T;!R8T 3/1
[LSK] , 0 X 0 ,T 1/1
4 cQ in
4 3!8R$%s, representing
Only in this stra, B!!R ,T 4 is made with the 2nd T as
all the vowels and semi vowels.
4 any other stra is with the 1st T as
4 cQ in
4 3!8R$%s, representing
That means ,T in
only ,, c, .
4 always with (%T
E ;!R by default, except for this stra 1.1.69
See the T0 ,T is
4 always with (RT;!R without exception.
,TM 7TEg !B/>. cT is
4 this stra is explained.

7Q in
[LSK] ; M M M Q M ( M - XQ8 1/3 7Q> 1/3
4
4
These ;,4 , 4 4, Q, 4 ( have
as cQ letter.
Thus these five letters are called 7Qs.4 7Qs4
are only these five.
4 $TEs of ; 4 are b, 4 :, 4 L, 4 ,4 since they have the same
M !g/1 $TE3 ,
As per 1.1.9 Q
n!P, which is ;, and the same 6SNR/, which is (Z-. By this stra 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg
4 M is a $12! for its $TE b, 4 :, 4 L, 4 ,4 and itself, by taking ,PZM [ g. In the
!B/>, the 7Q ;
same manner, other 7Qs4 are $12! for their $TEs and themselves.
4 $12! for its $TE is explained.

Now ,0/3!P ,T as
4
4 $12! 1/1
[LSK] QQ X3
4 , 1/1 cQ 0 ,-!79!P!3 6/3
85
M
7M 0
,, the first letter of ,T, 4 is $12! for 18 letters (17 $TEs and itself).
Because all 18 types of , (3 length x 3 accents x 2 nasal/non-nasal) have the same
n!P, which is ;, and 6SNR/, which is ZQ, they are all $TEs to each other.
By this stra, the , in 3!8R$% is a $12! for itself and all the 17 $TEs.
[LSK] Qs! 0 c;!R-;!RO 1/2

In the same manner, c and are $12!s for 18 types of c and , respectively.
[LSK] ;!R> 1/1 19Q> 6/1

is $12! for 30 letters.
4
4 the $TE of is both 18 types of
Because of the !QE;3 TE
/`3Es> $!/ !3 ,
and 12 types of . Thus in 3!8R$% is a $12! for 30 letters.
[LSK] X3 04 ;!R> 1/1 ,( 0
For the same reason, is $12! for 30 letters.
4
[LSK] X> 1/3 !79!P!3 6/3
4
X are
$12!s for 12 letters each.
1/3 1/3
M
M
M
[LSK] ,PP!$;-,PP
P!$;-U8
7P8 3/1 /K!> 1/3 ! 0 Q8P 3/1 ,PPP!$;!>
Q8 /`> 6/2 /`> 6/2 $12!>
1/3
/, 4 , 4 K 4 are two-fold by the division of nasal (/, 4 , 4 K )4 and non-nasal (/, 4 , 4 K).4 Because
of this, these non-nasal /, 4 , 4 K 4 in 3!8R$%s are $12!s for two letters each.
This stra is known as $TE!;-$% because it makes the letters in 3!8R$%s grab,
mention, represent their $TEs.
Up to this point is the topic of T-E P79>, presenting the letters.
86
$12!;RT3 4
From here, three $12!s which are needed to proceed for the next section are
introduced.
The next stra defines $1Q!, which is the topic of the next $ section.
[$12!$%3]4 1.4.109
G _< J .
The most (closest) proximity is termed $1Q!.

(R> 1/1 ${;_>E 1/1 $1Q! 1/1
(R> 1/1 most, highest, maximum; this is adjective to ${;_>E .
${;_>E 1/1 Nearness, proximity, vicinity; this is $120.

4 come near + L (U!8
4 P + ;Z _ to
4
$3 +
)
$1Q! 1/1 This is $12!.

4 P + ! to place near, to put together + (;3ET)
$3 +
4 ,Q9/Q> 1/1 (= (R> 1/1) ${> 1/1 (= ${;_>E 1/1) $1Q!$12> 1/1 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] T!EP!3 6/3
The maximum closeness among letters is termed $1Q!.

4 ${
4 P + ! to place near, to put together + P =
$3 +
In !K3P`R3! it is said that the gap between two letters should be less than a half 3!!
to be called (R> ${;_>E .
87
M
7M 0
The next stra defines $1/`:, conjunct consonants.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.7
. K /K@
Consonants which are not intervened by vowels are termed $1/`:.

K> 1/3 ,PNR!> 1/3 $1/`:> 1/1
K> 1/3 B!!R K,4 all the consonants; this is $120.
,PNR!> 1/3 This is an adjective to K>.

4
,3!P3 ,NR1
(= m!P1) /8_!1 Q8 ,PNR!> T!E> (NB);
$1/`:> 1/1 This is $12!.
[LSK] ,U> 3/3 ,mQ!> 1/3 K> 1/3 $1/`:$12!> 1/3 g>M III/3
Consonants which are not intervened by vowels are termed $1/`:.
+ , + ! to separate, interrupt, obstruct + (;3ET) = mQ
P mQ!> ,mQ!> (NT) Not obstructed
In the stra, ,U> (!Q(7; is ,)4 is not heard. Still, it is implied by ,NR34
4
which means m!P3 (obstruction,
partition). That which obstructs, intervenes the
consonants should be l!Q0/ to consonants. Those which are l!Q0/ to consonants should
be vowels. That is why those which intervene are told as ,4 in ;QER QZQ0/!.
88
$12!;RT3 4
The next stra defines (7, word used in Sanskrit language.
[$12!$%3]4 1.4.14

`(
G

4 Q 4 is termed (7.
That which ends with $(M or
4
4
4 (73 1/1
$(M -Q
-4 ,N3 1/1
4 Q 4 $(M -QO
4
4
4 (M -Q
4
4
4
$(M -Q
-4 ,N3 1/1
$(M
(ID) $(M -QO
,NO/,N8 /g QQ $
-4 ,N3 4
(116B); this is $120.
4
(73 1/1
This is $12!.
1/1
4 0 (7$123 1/1
4 g!Q III/1
4
4 QN3 1/1
M
[LSK] $N3
4
That which ends with $(M -B/,
and that which ends with Q-4 B/ are termed (7.
4
[LSK] cQ 0 $12!;RT3 1/1
Thus ends the topic of $12!.
89
M
7M 0

,-a
4
$ is a synonym to $1Q!, the closest proximity of letters (T!EP!3 ,Q9/>
${>), as
we saw in the $1Q!-$12!-$%.
$ also means a phonetic change when two sounds meet without a gap.
When to apply $ is told in the next loka:
$1Q! X;(78 PB! PB! !Q%($:/E `>
$3!$8 PB! !8 Q M $! !3(8Q8
$ should be applied within a word, between ($: E and !Q,M and in $3!$. In a
sentence, it depends on the speakers intention.
4
4
M
E .
In KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, $ is divided into 3 types: ,-$,
K-$,
and $:$
4
4
,-$
is a phonetic modification on a vowel. Regulations on ,-$
are generally
4 making the topic of $1Q!
found in $%s told in the section starting with 6.1.72 $1Q!/!3 ,
in _/$}30.

J J nk
Hijk 1) /-jk
m
M
In KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, stras are presented by the topic of '($), the achieving of a
desired form of a word. A form ('() is given as a theme first, then to achieve ($)) that
form, all the required stras are presented step by step.
4
M + (!g.
For /T-$
topic, the first theme given is $0
M
M is a masculine word,
This is a part of the process of making a QZQ0/!Q_$3!$.
$0
M (116B) . (!g is an object of worship or
meaning (Q (scholar): 9ÙP! 0> /g $> $0>
4 /Q (;Z
4 B)
meditation: (!gQ8 cQ (!g> ( + 6$ +
M
M (!g>
M
$/!
(!g> cQ $M + ! + (!g + $ M
$0
M
E RT8 ;Z Q! K3 4 ~ QZQ0/! Q_>
2.1.30 ;QZ;
$3!$>
1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4
M
$0
+ (!g
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
4
Now, inside the $3!$, /T-$
is applicable.
90
,.$>
4
The next $% gives the /T-$
rule, as in the diagram below.
6
c; 4
/T 4
[$%3]4 6.1.77
7
, 4
1
K /, ~
4 the substitute in the place of c; 4 when it is followed by ,, 4 in the topic of $1Q!.

/T is
4 , 7/1 ~ $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
c;> 6/1 /T 1/1
c;> 6/1 B!!R> c;;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! , as explained below)
4
/T 1/1
B!!R> /T; 4 this is 6789>.
4 (R$}30 (1.1.66 Qz{Q P7- 8 (%g

E , as explained below)
, 7/1 B!!R> , in
4
$1Q!/!3 7/1
the ,;!R$% 6.1.72 $1Q!/!3 ;4 $1Q! is a $12! defined as 1.4.109 (R> ${;_>E
$1Q!; in _/$}30
4 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] c;> 6/1 n!P 8 7/1 /T 1/1
, 7/1 $1Q!/!1 7/1 _/8 7/1
4 , when , (,
4
4 ) /T 1/1
In the place (n!P 8 7/1) of c; 4 (c;> 6/1), there should be (g!Q III/1
7/1
) follows, in the topic of (_/8 7/1) proximity of sounds ($1Q!/!1 7/1).

The QN word g!Q4 is supplied to complete the sentence. The word in 1st case is
4 understood as 6789, a
always understood as ;!/E, the change to be made. Thus /T is
substitute. The word _/8 is supplied to show the 7th case of $1Q!/!34 is _/$}30.
Now questions arise: Where did the word n!P 8, which is connected to the 6th case
ending word, come from? How do we know that the , in 7th case means when , 4
follows? These interpretations of the U are not the meanings of U as per natural
language. We need special meanings of U for reading stras. The following (RU!_!$%s
give special interpretations for Us used only in stras.
91
M
7M 0
M
The next (RU!_!$% is not taught in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.49
<b /K@
The 6th case, whose connection is not understood, should bring the word n!P8 .
This kind of 6th case is called (!RU!_;-_x0, or can be called n!P/8 `:! _x0.
_x0 1/1 n!P/8 `:! 1/1
_x0 1/1 This is 8/, subject.
n!P/8 `:! 1/1 This is 8/, predicate.

n!P8 cQ (78P /`:> /g!> $! n!P/8 `:! One whose connection is with n!P 8 word.
M
Since this (RU!_!$% is not taught in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, Z[ of $)!N;O37M 0 can be studied.
[SK] ,P!ERQ-$-98_! 1/1 _x0 1/1 n!P/8 `:! 1/1 `.! 1/1
The 6th case is understood as the one which is connected to n!P 8, when the word
to which the 6th case is connected is not known.
$g 98_> $98_> (6T) particularity of connection, to which it is connected.
,P!ERQ> $98_> /g!> $! ,P!ERQ$98_! = _x0 (116B) one whose
particularity of the connection is not determined, the one to which it is connected to is not
determined.
For example, in 6.1.77 c;` /T , the 6th case-ending word c;> has no $ to any
word in the stra. This 6th case is ,P!ERQ$98_! _x0. When that is the case, this
(RU!_!$% connects the 6th case to the word n!P 8. Now, c;> 6/1 n!P 8 7/1 (in the place of c;)4
makes sense.
92
,.$>
The next (RU!_!$% gives an extra technical meaning to 7th case when the 7th case is
not understood in the senses of the natural language.
This kind of 7th case is called (!RU!_;-$}30, and conventionally called (R-$}30.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.66
J
c_ de Gf0L
The ;!/E, change, is enjoined in the place immediately before the meaning of the 7th
case-ending word.
4 cQ 0 P7|- 8 7/1 (%g
E 6/1
QzP 7/1
M
onomatopoeia of QzP4 word, conveying the meaning
QzP 4 7/1 This is an ,P;RT,
of the word in 7th case.
cQ 0 This word converts words in stra from 9(R into ,s(E R. Detail follows.
4 say) + (...ed) = that which is said without gap;

4
P7|- 8 7/1 PR (without
gap) + 79 (to
in $Q$}30, $3!P!;RT to QzP; 4
E 6/1 ;!/E34 is supplied. $_x0

(%g
4 T!ENR8T 3/1 ,mQg 6/1 (%g

4
E 6/1 `.3 1/1
[LSK] $}30P79P8 3/1 0/3!P1 1/1 ;!/E3 1/1
understood as the one which is immediately previous to that 7th case-ending word.
The effect of cQ word:

In the natural language, words are used as ,s(E Rs, ones whose commitment is to
convey the meaning of the words, not the sound itself.
When quotation marks (), which are equivalent to cQ in Sanskrit, are used, they
convert the words within the quote from ,s(E R into 9(R/'((R. Simply said, the
quotation marks or cQ convert indirect speech into direct speech.
In stra, however, because of 1.1.68 1 '(1 9g!9$12! , it is the opposite from the
natural language; by default, words are used as 9(R/'((R, and when cQ is used,
words are converted into ,s(E R.
93
M
7M 0
With this (RU!_!, the 7th case-ending word , in 6.1.77 c;` /T , is understood
as the ;!/E has to be immediately (% E to what is told in 7th case.
4 (R, that which is
To make a Z[, , 7/1 (R8 7/1 both in $Q$}30, meaning when , is
following, can be said.
In the same context, we can learn one more stra which is not yet introduced in
M
KL$)!N;O3
7M 0. The next (RU!_!$% gives a technical meaning to the 5th case.
There is no conventional name for this (!RU!_;(~30. Yet, we shall call it (%(E ~30 by
its context.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.67

c^VL
~

case-ending word.
4 cQ 0 [Rg 6/1 P7|-!Q 5/1
4
Qz!Q 5/1
4
M
Qz!Q 5/1
This is an ,P;RT,
onomatopoeia of Qz!Q4 word, conveying the meaning
4
4
P7|-!Q 5/1
PR (without
gap) + 79 (to
[Rg 6/1 ;!/E34 is supplied. $_x0
4 T!ENR8T 3/1 ,mQg 6/1 (Rg 6/1 (=[Rg 6/1) 28/3 1/1
4
[LSK] (~30P79P8 3/1 0/3!P1 1/1 ;!/E3 1/1
The diagram below can give a general idea of these three (RU!_!$%s.
94
,.$>
4 the substitute in the
With the help of the two (RU!_!$%s, we understood that /T is
place of c; 4 which is immediately before ,, 4 which, in our example, is the after , 4 before
.
M + (!g
$0
4 (!g
$M /4 +
6.1.77 c;` /T
Now, we have another situation. There are four letters in /T. 4 To decide which letter
should be the substitute, we need another (RU!_!$%.
/, 4 , 4 R,4 K 4
This (RU!_!$% teaches when there are many possible 6789s, the most similar to the
n!PP54 should be the 6789.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.50

6789 should be the closest to the n!PP. 4

n!P 8 7/1 ,NRQ3> 1/1
2 words in $%, no ,PZM [ is required.
n!P 8 7/1 n!P here means $, possibility of multiple 6789s; in $Q $}30.
4
,NRQ3> 1/1 ,NR here means $9, similar. To that, the superlative Q)Q suffix Q3( is
added. The meaning is the closest. In which way it is the closest is discussed below.
4
[LSK] $8 7/1 (= n!P 8 7/1) $Q 7/1 $9Q3> 1/1 (= ,NRQ3> 1/1) 6789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
When there are multiple possibilities (in 6789), the most similar one (to the n!PP)4
should be the 6789.

@

A
@7 (> -CD

E-0 ), the one who has/occupies the @ for the T6 is
called @
. In the example diagram, Z is occupying the @ for the T6. Thus that Z is called
@7.
95
M
7M 0
By which aspect will the similarity be measured? There are four aspects for
measuring the similarity:
4 types of similarity (:3E):
1. n!PQ> (by the point of articulation)
2. ,sQE > (by the meaning)
M
3. :TQ>
(by B, first examine 6SNR, then !)
4. 3!TQ> (by 3!!, the length of the sound)
For the details and examples, see (RU!_!;RT3. 4
Among the multiple possibilities of 6789s, the most similar one in terms of one of
4 chosen to be 6789.
these four aspects to the n!PP is
The n!P should be examined first. If this does not work, any of the other three
would work without any priorities amongst them.
4 /, 4 whose
M + (!g, since the n!P of is Q!, the closest among /T is
In the case of $0
4
n!P is also Q!. Thus, in the place of , the substitute / has
come.
4
[LSK] $M /4 (!g
cQ 0 l!Q8 7/1
The $Q $}30 indicates that one ;!/E is done, and the next is yet to come. The '($)
is to be continued
96
,.$>
The next $% gives a consonant sandhi rule, which gives the doubling of a sound.
[$%3]4 8.4.47
, , ~

!
4
4
There is an optional duplication () of /R 4when , precedes
and ,P (anything
other than ,)4 follows.
5
, 4
6
/R 4
7
,P 4
1
8
,P 7/1 0 ~ ,> 5/1 /R> 6/1 8 1/2 ! 0
4 ,P (NT)
4
E )
,P 7/1 P , cQ
QzP 4 in (R$}30 (1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
4
4 $-P_8, thus ,P here
This P is
brings K 4 and ,$!P. The details follow.
0 connects with the previous stra.
M
,> 5/1 B!!R> ,; 4 in (%(E ~30 (1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
)
/R> 6/1 B!!R> /R;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )
4 this is 6789>. Becoming two is commonly called 3.4

8 1/2 !Q(7;3 ;
! 0 This rule is optional. Thus there will be two forms.
[LSK] ,> 5/1 (Rg 6/1 /R> 6/1 8 1/2 ! 0 > II/2 P 0 Q M 0 , 7/1
There is optional doubling in the place of /R,4 which is after ,, 4 but is not followed
by ,. 4
M
(Rg came from the (RU!_! 1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
.
M + (!g
$0
4 (!g
$M /4 +
6.1.77 c;` /T
The , 4 which is /R,4 is preceded by , which is ,, 4 is followed by /, 4 which is ,P 4

4 /4 +
4 (!g
$M
8.4.47 ,P
4
[LSK] cQ 0 ;!Rg 6/1 8P 3/1 $M 4 /4 (!g
cQ 0 l!Q8 7/1
4
By doubling the , 4 when $M 4 /4 (!g
is produced
97
M
7M 0
4 a negative particle. It has two aspects as discussed below:
P is
2 types of negation (1!;k)
1.(/7ME !$-Q_8>
2. $-Q_8>
$!0
P_8;Z Q 4
What it does
It brings other members in the
It just negates.
same l!Q.
8> !!h3 4
What it mainly
conveys
Q_8g !!h3 4
It mainly conveys , a positive
It mainly conveys P_8, a negation.
injunction.
With what it
comes
Example
[R(78P $ P 4
//! $ P 4
It is compounded in $3!$.
It is used with verb.
4
,!T3 6P/
!T1 P 6P/
Bring somebody who is not
Do not bring !T.
!T. (You are supposed to
(As long as you do not bring !T,
bring / etc., those who are in
you can do anything.)
the same l!Q with !T.)
4 _-$3!$
M
As seen in the chart, the negative particle of P-Q
usually conveys (/7ME !$Q_8. However, ,P of 8.4.47 ,P conveys $-Q_8.
The reason for ,P to be taken as $-Q_8 is to bring ,$!P, the absence of letter,
usually found at the end of a sentence.
If ,P was (/7ME !$-Q_8, being $!0, it would bring K,4 the $l!Q0/ (that which has
the same l!Q) to ,. 4 When that is the case, it could have been said K, instead of
,P, which is one 3!! longer.
4
By taking ,P as $-Q_8, anything other than , can
be there after the /R.4 Even
though ,$!P is not $l!Q0/ to ,, 4 it can still be the P3[ for 8.4.47 ,P . Thus we can
4
have the forms such as !4 and !;.
98
,.$>
4 sandhi rule.
The next $% gives l9-
[$%3]4 8.4.53

7 >B 7B
4 the place of K 4 when it is followed by 9. 4

There is substitute l9 in
6
K 4
7
9 4
1
l9 4
4 9 7/1
4 l9 1/1
K!3 6/3
4
B!!R> K,4 all the consonants except semi vowel and nasal; in n!P 8/`:! _x0
K!3 6/3
(1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! ). To show l!Q (a class), plural can be optionally used even in
4
singular, by 1.2.58 l!B!!/!38;zP P3hQRg!3
4
4
l9 1/1
B!!R> l9, 4 the 3rd of the classes; this is 6789>.
E )
9 7/1 B!!R> 9, 4 the 3rd and 4th of the classes; in (R$}30 (1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
4
[LSK] (-3 1/1
Clear. No explanation is required.
[LSK] cQ 0 (%E ;!Rg 6/1 7;!R> 1/1
4 replaced by 7 4.
Thus the first is
M + (!g
$0
4 (!g
$M /4 +
6.1.77 c;` /T
4 /4 +
4 (!g
$M
8.4.47 ,P
The , 4 which is K,4 is followed by , 4 which is 9. 4

4 (!g
$ M 7 4 /4 +
4
8.4.53 K!1 l9 9,
with the help of 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>.
99
M
7M 0
The next $% gives K`( for a conjunct consonant-ending word.
[$%3]4 8.2.23
/K@L KG ~
There is substitute K`( in the place of the last ,K 4 of a (7 which ends with conjunct
consonants.
$1/`:!Ng 6/1 K`(> 1/1 ~ (7g 6/1
4 /`:!N3 (116B),
4
$1/`:!Ng 6/1 $1/`:> ,N> /g QQ $1
Qg; this is an adjective to (7g; in
$_x0 connected to the words added by the next (RU!_!$%. $1/`:> is a $12! given to a
group of conjunct consonants defined as 1.1.7 K`rPNR!> $1/`:>
K`(> 1/1 This is 6789>. K`(> is a $12! defined as 1.1.69 ,79EP 1 K`(>
(7g 6/1 from 8.1.16 (7g ; this stra goes down as ,PZM [ until 8.3.54;
4 a $12! defined as 1.4.14 $}N1
4 in $_x0 connected to the words added
M
(73 is
(73 ;
by the next (RU!_!$%
4 /Q 1/1
4 (73 1/1
4 Q7Ng 6/1 K`(> 1/1 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] $1/`:!N3 1/1
There is substitute K`( in the place of the end of the (7 which ends with $1/`:.
If we try to understand the 6th case as n!P/8 `:! _x0, it will mean $1/`:!Ng (7g n!P 8
K`(>, thus the whole (7 gets elided. But this is not c-, a desired end to be achieved. We
need a (RU!_!$% to arrive at the correct interpretation.
6
(7
$1/`:
1
K`( ?
Note: Since there is a (RU!_!$% 1.1.72 /8P 7Ng , which can supply the word ,N
between two words in $3!P!;RT, PJini could have said $1/`:g to save some letters.
He however said $1/`:!Ng for the sake of clarity and easy comprehension on the part of
students.
100
,.$>
The next (RU!_!$% tells that the replacement should happen in the place of the last
letter of a group of letters told in 6th case.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.52
KIL
,K> 6/1 ,g 6/1

,K> 6/1 B!!R> ,K 4 any letter; in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )
,g 6/1 ,N8 U> ,> that which exists at the end is ,>; adjective to ,K> ; in
n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )
4
[LSK] _x0P7|-g 6/1 ,g 6/1 ,K> 6/1 6789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
6
The substitute should be in the place of the last letter of what is presented in 6th case.
For example, in 8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(> ~ (7g, the substitute K`( should be in the
place of the last letter of what is presented in 6th case, which are $1/`:!Ng and (7g.
4 (!g, $7M 4/4 4 is the meaning of $1/`:!N (7. Since it contains
In the case of $7M 4/4 +
more than one letter, we take recourse to 1.1.52 ,K`rg . Then the whole Z[ will
4
become $1/`:!Ng 6/1 (7g 6/1 ,g 6/1 ,K> 6/1 n!P 8 7/1 K`(> 1/1 6789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
Notice that $1/`:!Ng 6/1 (7g 6/1 are $3!P!;RT and in $_x0 to ,g 6/1 ,K>
6/1
, which are also $3!P!;RT and connected to n!P 8 7/1.
When this is the case, the last letter of $7M 4/4 4 is /.4 Thus the situation, in which
the substitution K`( should be in the place of /, 4 is possible. But it is going to be negated by
the next !QE;.
[LSK] cQ 0 /K`(8 7/1 !}8 7/1
Again, $Q $}30 suggests the next step.
In the Gita Press book, bc7

Tde is written, but the 6th case-ending form fits better. Other
commentary books are uniformly using the 6th case-ending form.

101
M
7M 0
The next !QE; is regarding 8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(>. This !QE; negates the application
of this stra when what is going to be elided is /T. 4
(0 J
) / <;K 0]
/T> 6/1 Q_8> 1/1 !> 1/1
/T> 6/1 B!!R> /T; 4
Q_8> 1/1 Prohibition;
4 say) + /Q (;3E
4
!> 1/1 (to
T + necessity);
This should be understood as /T> 6/1 $1/`:!NK`(-Q_8> 1/1 !> 1/1. Regarding
4
8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(>, the prohibition of elision of /T should
have been told (but was not
told by $%;!R).
4 the end of $7M 4/4 4 does not happen.
Thus, the K`( of the / at
[LSK] $)M /4 (M !g
The whole '($) is as follows:
M + (!g
$0
4 (!g
$M /4 +
6.1.77 c;` /T

6th case is understood by 1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:!
E
7th case if understood by 1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
6789 is understood by 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
4 /4 +
4 (!g
$M
8.4.47 ,P
4 (!g
$ M 7 4 /4 +
4
8.4.53 K!1 l9 9
/-K`( is !} by 8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(>
The letter for operation is determined by 1.1.52 ,K`rg
/-K`( is negated by (!QE;3)4 /T> Q_8` !>
$)M /4 (M !g
TE$/8KP 8 (combining the letters together)
-,U!-(8 (in the case of absence of by 8.4.47 ,P , since it is optional)

M
M (!g
$.
After applying 6.1.77 c;` /T, nothing more happens.
102
,.$>
How to read !T0 which describes '($)
Each $Q $}30-ending word indicates one ;!/ E is done. Thus, after each $Q $}30ending word, put a comma and break the line.
This way of presenting '($) in Sanskrit is very useful to see the flow of discussion.
Students can try to adopt this style as a template to do '($) orally.
[LSK T0 ]
M + (!g> cQ nQ8, (when this is the state,)
$0
E n!Pr8 NRQ3> cQ $%/$;!R8T (with the help of these two stra,) c;`
Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
4 existing after is
4 gained,)
8 ;!R-([RQE)-;!Rg /;!R8, (when / for
/T cQ $%T
,P cBPP8 7;!Rg 8,
4
K!1 l9 9
cQ (%E ;!Rg 7;!R8,
4
,79EP 1 K`(> cQ K`($12!/!3 ,:Q!/!3
, 4 (when $12! is gained,)
,K`rg cB8Q;!R8T $1/`:!Ng K`(> cBPP8 /;!Rg K`(8 !}8, (when K`( is possible,)
/T> Q_8` !> cQ Q{_8,8 (when there is the prohibition of that,)
TE$/8KP 8 ;Z Q8, (when putting the letters together is done,)
M (!g>
M
$cQ $)3 4 (the correct form is achieved.)
M
M (!g>
[LSK T0 ] -,U!8 $.
cQ ($)3)4
M
M (!g>.
When there is absence of (by the optional rule, ,P ), the form is $.
[LSK T0 ] ,g (Q> 6R!P0/> cBs>E
The meaning of this is object to be worshipped by the learned people.
[LSK] 30R> !19> K!;Z Q

By the nature of the stra 6.1.77 c;` /T, we can assume there must be four types
of examples, namely, cTE + ,, 4 TE + ,, 4 TE + ,, 4 and TE + ,. 4
The examples shown in LSK are; 3 M + ,R>, !QZ + ,19>, + 6;Z Q>.
103
M
7M 0
Homework:
1. Following the style below, write the line-by-line '($) of the four examples with
optional forms as well.
M + (!g
$0
4 (!g
$M /4 +
6.1.77 c;` /T

6th case is understood by 1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:!
E
7th case if understood by 1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
6789 is understood by 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
4 /4 +
4 (!g
$M
8.4.47 ,P
4 (!g
$ M 7 4 /4 +
4
8.4.53 K!1 l9 9
/-K`( is !} by 8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(>
The letter for operation is determined by 1.1.52 ,K`rg
/-K`( is negated by (!QE;3)4 /T> Q_8` !>
$)M /4 (M !g
TE$/8KP 8 (combining the letters together)
2. Describe orally these '($) in the form of T0. The template is given below.
cQ nQ8,
cBPP8
cQ
6/1
cQ
S7/1
cB8Q;!R8T
cQ
cQ $%/$;!R8T
6/1
S7/1
S7/1
S7/1
8
cQ $%T
S7/1
S7/1
cBPP8
6/1
TE$/8KP 8 ;Z Q8,
6/1
cQ $)3 4
104
S7/1
S7/1
,.$>
Hijk 2) H -jk q;
The next $% gives the ,/!/!-$ rule, as in the diagram below.
6
X 4
,/, 4 ,, 4
6/, 4 6 4
[$%3]4 6.1.78
7
, 4
1
P9
, 1 ~

4
X> 6/1 ,/!/!> 1/3 , 7/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
X> 6/1 B!!R> X; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:!)
4 ,
4 6 ;
4 6/
4 cQR8QR$3!$>. This is 6789>.
,/!/!> 1/3 ,/
4 (R$}30 (1.1.66 Qz{Q P7- 8 (%g

E )
, 7/1 from 6.1.77 c;` /T; B!!R> , in
4
$1Q!/!3 7/1
the ,;!R$% 6.1.72 $1Q!/!3 ;4 $1Q! is a $12! defined as 1.4.109 (R> ${;_>E
$1Q!; in _/$}30
Our own Z[ will be X> n!P 8 ,/!/!> g>M , (R8 $1Q!/!1 _/8
4 , 1/1
4 6 1/1
4 6/ 1/1
4 XQ8 1/3 (= ,/!/!> 1/3) g>M III/3 , 7/1
[LSK] X> 6/1 3!Q 04 ,/ 1/1
4
In KLZM [, the word 3!Q (respectively)
is inserted. This word is the essence of the
next (RU!_!$% 1.3.10 /s!$t3P78M 9> $3!P!3 4
See the stras in ,-!.!/0$%(!.

4
$1Q!/!3 V7/1
6.1.72
6.1.77
4
c;> 6/1 /T 1/3
, 7/1
4
$1Q!/!3 V7/1
6.1.78
X> 6/1
, 7/1
4
$1Q!/!3 V7/1
,/!/!> 1/3
Observe how the ,PZM [ (bringing down of words from previous sentences) works.
This system is observed in the natural language as well. A word in the previous sentence
is overwritten by another word in the following sentence when the case ending is the same.
105
M
7M 0
When a particular case ending word in the previous sentence is not found in the following
sentence, that word is brought down to the following sentence as ,PZM [.
Now, we have a situation. There are four n!PPs4 (those which are occupying the
n!P, the place for substitution) and four 6789s. We need a (RU!_! to decide which n!PP 4
should be replaced by which 6789. 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NR3> will not do because the n!P of both X
and is ;Q!, and the n!P of both and is ;`x3. 4 We cannot decide by the
similarity of n!P or even !/, ,s,E 3!!. There is an ,mn! (situation in which there is
no definiteness). We need another (RU!_!$% for the correct interpretation of X`r/!/!> .
The gist of this stra in one word is respectively. As seen in the diagram below,
when a rule involves two sets of things which are the same in number, those two things
are connected respectively in the order of appearance.
X
,/ 4
, 4
6/ 4
6 4
More detailed explanation of this stra is when a rule has two groups which have
the same number of members, those members should be matched by the number in order
of appearance.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.3.10
43S" 21 3"" #
4
/s!$t3 04 ,P78M 9> 1/1 $3!P!3 6/3
3 words in the $%; no word as ,PZM [
4
/s!$t3 04 This is ,m/0U!$3!$. ! is $t!3 f/2/1
(number) ,PQ (not
exceeding, not transgressing) cQ /s!$t3.4 This word is used as adverb.
,P78M 9> 1/1 Any rules told in stras.
4
$3!P!3 6/3
of two groups which have the same number of members
4 ) > 1/1 (= ,P78M 9> 1/1) /s!$t3 04 g!Q III/1

4
[LSK] $3$0 1/1 (= $3!P!3 6/3
106
,.$>
$3$0 is adjective to >. $3$0 means the one who has the connection
between the same number. $3!P-$t!P!1 $> $3$> The connection ($) between
the same ($3!P) numbers ($t!) is $3$. $3$> ,g , cQ $3$0 $3$ + cP
4 masculine 1/1 is $3$0.
(3s E-Q)Q-B/, one who has ) = $3$P, 4 $3$P in
In this case, = ,P78M 9 is the stra X`r/!/!>. There is a connection between
4
X and
,/!/!. 4 Both of them have the same number of members, four.
When this is the case, the rule (,P78M 9) should be (g!Q)4 /s!$t3, 4 according to the
number in the order of appearance.
Z[ continues to show examples.

[LSK] R/8 8 P!/;> (!;>
Since the stra consists of 4 combinations, we have to see 4 types of examples.
Example 1: R/8
R + 8
Declension of !Q(7; R in 4th case singular
R + X
4
M
,PK`(>
(elision of cQ letters)
R8 + X
M ,g (We have not studied this stra yet.)

7.3.111 L8E Q ~ :T>
4 X
R/ +
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> ~ , $1Q!/!3 4

With the help of 1.3.10 /s!$t3P78M 9> $3!P!3 4
R/8
4
TE$/8KP3 (putting
all the letters together)
Example 2: 8
M + 8
Declension of !Q(7; M in 4th case singular
M + X
4
M
,PK`(>
` + X
M ,g (We have not studied this stra yet.)

7.3.111 L8E Q ~ :T>
4 X
+
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> ~ , $1Q!/!3 4

8
4
TE$/8KP3 (putting
107
M
7M 0
Example 3: P!/;>
4
T0 !(T8
(1U) to lead
M 4
P0 + K
4
3.1.133 M QZO (;QER ;Z Q-B/>;
see volume 3)
P0 + M
4
M
,PK`(>
P0 + ,;
7.1.1 /M `RP!;O ( M is replaced by ,;; see volume 3)
P + ,;
4
4
7.2.115 ,` TQ ~ Z)> ,g (, followed
by TQ takes
Z): See volume 3)
With the help of 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
4
P!/ ,;
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> ~ , $1Q!/!3 4

P!/;
4
TE$/8KP3 (putting
Example 4: (!;>
4
8 (9U) to purify
(% (!P
M 4
(% + K
4
3.1.133 M QZO (;QER ;Z Q-B/>;
see volume 3)
(% + M
4
M
,PK`(>
(% + ,;
7.1.1 /M `RP!;O ( M is replaced by ,;; see volume 3)
(O + ,;
4
4
7.2.115 ,` TQ ~ Z)> ,g (, followed
by TQ takes
Z): See volume 3)
With the help of 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
4
(! +,;
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> ~ , $1Q!/!3 4

(!;
4
TE$/8KP3 (putting
108
,.$>
Before studying the next stra, we shall study two (RU!_!$%s, which are not in
M
KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, but very much essential for understanding the next stra and many others.
The next (RU!_!$% tells that when two words are in $3!P!;RT, and in
adjective/noun relationship, the adjective is understood as the noun which ends (= ,N)
with the adjective, and also the noun which is the adjective.
This operation is conventionally known as Q7N>.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.72
/ 0;gL ~ #
/8P 3/1 > 1/1 Q7Ng 6/1 g 6/1 '(g 6/1

/8P 3/1 by which; by which adjective, 98_T8P is understood; in ;RT8 QZQ0/!.
> 1/1 an injunction, rule, told by stra.
4 98_P3)4 ,N8 /g $> Q7N> (176B) = 9$37M !/> (group of letters), Qg ;

Q7Ng 6/1 QQ (=
in $_x0 connected to $12!
Together, $12! for a 9$37M !/, which ends with that adjective
g 6/1 !Q(7; (its own) indicating 98_T, the adjective; in $_x0, connected
to '(g
'(g 6/1 form; in $_x0, also connected to $12! g!Q4

Together, $12! for its own form
When an injunction is told by which adjective, that adjective is a $12! for a group of
words ending with that adjective, and for that adjective itself.
4
4 Q7Ng 6/1 $12! 1/1 g!Q III/1
[SK] 98_T3 1/1
g 6/1 (g 6/1
Adjective is a $12! for a group of words ending with that adjective, and also for
that adjective itself.
4 ~ !Q`> 5/1 B/> 1/1, X> 5/1 (!Q(7; is c)

For example, in the case of 3.3.56 X> 5/1 , 1/1
is an adjective to !Q`> 5/1. By this (RU!_!$M 1.1.72 /8P 7Ng , the 98_T c is
understood as a $12! for c-ending !QM , and also c, which is !QM .
109
M
7M 0
The next (RU!_!$% is ,(!7 to the Q7N. This operation is known as Q7!7.
When the three conditions below are satisfied, the adjective is understood as that
which begins (= 67) with the letter.
Three conditions for Q7!7:
1. Two words are 98_T (adjective) 98 (qualified noun).
2. They are in (R$}30.
4
3. One of them refers any letter (,K-T).
(0 J
) /ch;g0i.
When ,K 4 is mentioned as an adjective, and told in 7th case, then it should be
understood as beginning with that letter.
7/1
4 > 1/1 Q7!7O 7/1 ,K-T8
4
/zP 7/1
/zP 4 7/1 cQ $}30P7|-8 is also understood; in $Q $}30; $3!P!;RT to ,T8;
> 1/1 an injunction, rule, told by stra.
4 in
4 ,K)4 67O /g $> Q7!7> (176B) = 9$37M !/> (group of letters), QzP ;
Q7!7O 7/1 QQ (=
(R$}30. cQ 87Qm34 should be understood.
4
4
,T8 7/1 ,K 4 (any letter) T3 (mentioned)
,T3 (KT)
QzP 4 in $Q $}30;
4 ,T8 7/1 $Q 7/1 > 1/1 ;!/E3 1/1

4 UQ III/1, Q7!7O 7/1 (R8 7/1 cQ 0 87Qm3 1/1
4
[Medh] /zP 7/1
If an operation takes place when a condition follows, and the condition is
mentioned as a letter, then it should be understood as beginning with that letter.
An example for this is seen in the next stra.
110
,.$>
M
Coming back to KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, the next $% is similar to X`r/!/!>, with more
limited scope as shown below.
6
,
,, 4 6 4
[$%3]4 6.1.79
7
/4
B/

~

()
4 (7OQ`> 6/2, by !QE; or ,P3!P)

M
!N> 1/1 / 7/1 B/8 7/1 ~ $1Q!/!3 7/1
4 the
4
!N> 1/1 > ,N8 /g $> !N> (176B) ;!R!Q ,;!R>
!RT!s>E That which has at
4
4
end is !N. In our case, , and
6 are
understood to be !Ns. This is 6789>.
4 (R$}30.
/ 7/1 The letter / in
B/8 7/1 in (R$}30.

Since these two words are in $3!P!;RT (condition 1), and they are both in (R$}30
4
(condition 2), and one of them is mentioning a letter (,K-T)
(condition 3), Q7!7 is
applied. Thus /;!R!7O B/8 or /;!R!7B/8 is understood.
X> 6/1 (7OQ`> 6/2) B!!R> X; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:!)
4
4
Because 6789s are only , and
6, 4 the n!PP are
understood as corresponding
4 added between and , and and U $ in

4
and only. For clear presentation, Q is
4 Q =
4 7OQ (ID),
4
4 (%(E 7 is (7!N, thus
order to prevent vowel sandhi. In Q +
the Q of
becomes 7 4 by 8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8 .
4
$1Q!/!3 7/1
This has not much importance since this is between ;Z Q and B/.
4 !N> 6789> g!Q /;!R!7O
4
Our own Z[ will be 7OQ`> n!P 8 ,, 4 6 cQ
B/8 (R8
4 4 XQO 1/2 > III/2

[LSK] /;!R!7O 7/1 B/8 7/1 (R8 7/1 7OQ`> 6/2 , 6
/ of the stra is understood as /;!R!7O by applying Q7!7. (R8 by
4
4
E . 7OQ`> is the modification of the ,PZM [ X>. , 6
Qz{QP7|- 8 (%g
XQO
is the
explanation for !N> in the stra.
111
M
7M 0
Now we need to see two 7!RTs:
1. followed by /;!R!7B/
2. followed by /;!R!7B/.
[LSK] :m3 4
:`> ;!R> (product of cow) :m1 7.!7 (such as curd)
4 /Q 4 4.3.160 :`(/$`/EQ 4 ~ Qg ;!R> Q)Q!> B/>
:` (cow) + $ +
:` + /
M
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
,PK`(>,
2.4.71 $(`
4 +
4 /
: ,
6.1.79 !N` / B/8
:m
[LSK] P!m3 4
4
4
P!! Q!/E3 (that
which is crossed by boat) P!m1 lK3 (water)
PO (boat) + ! + /Q 4
M !S!/EQ
M !1.!P!$3$3Q$13Q8_ M
4.4.91 PO/`3E_3%K3%K$0Q!QK
~ /Q 4
PO + /
M
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
,PK`(>,
2.4.71 $(`
4 /
P! +
6.1.79 !N` / B/8
P!m
112
,.$>
Now one !QE; on 6.1.79 !N` / B/8 is taught in KL.M This !QE; is related to
another !QE; which is not seen in KL.M
(! %&) +,-) . /0! 12

3
In the topic of !N-6789, :` followed by /%Q in the Vedas should be told
4 the substitute for the of :`-word.
additionally (($t!P3).4 i.e. , is
4
:`> 6/1 /%QO 7/1 $ 7/1 ($t!P3 1/1
Thus :m%Q word is seen in the Vedas. The meaning is :`RU%3>, pasture.
Because /%Q is not B/, !QE;;!R composed this !QE;.
(0 J
) kG
,
Even in K`; (non-Vedic literature), :m%Q word is used, but only in the sense of the
measurement of distance.
,,(R3!T8 7/1 0
4 (measurement) ,,(R3!T3 (6T),

4
,,(R3!T8 7/1 ,,P> 6/1 (of the road) (R3!T3 1/1
in the
sense of _/$}30.
4
9> 1/1 K`;8 7/1 ,( 0 UQ III/1 3!:(E R3!T8 7/1
[T0 ] :`-9-;!Rg 6/1 /%Q-98 7/1 (R8 7/1 ,-678
:8 7/1
4
When the measurement of a road is understood, even in non-Vedic literature, , is
the substitute for the of :`-word when /%Q-word is following.
[T0 ] :m%Q> 1/1 cQ 0 `9/g 6/1 $12! 1/1
:m%Q is a name for two `9, another unit of measurement of distance.
113
M
7M 0
J
Hijk 3) >/-jk
r;sk
M in the next $12!$%.

First we will see the definition of the technical term :T
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.2

*. # )1
M
,, X, and - These three letters are termed :T.
4 X 4 1/1 :T>
M 1/1
,Q 1/1
3 words in the $%. No ,PZM [ is required.
4
4
,Q 1/1
This is $120. This ,Q represents
only 6 varieties of ,, with the help of
(RU!_! 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg, introduced next.
4 (R. (Q> 1/1 (R> 1/1 /z!Q 5/1
4 $> 1/1 Q(R> 1/1 = ,)
This , is called Q(R, that from which Q is
X 4 1/1 B!!R> X;4 indicating X and . This is $120. This X 4 represents only 6 varieties
of 70L E X and each, with the help of (RU!_! 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg, introduced next.
4 (R> 1/1 Q(R> 1/1 = X)4
This X 4 is also called Q(R, that which is after Q. 4 (Q!Q 5/1
M 1/1 This is $12!.

:T>
4 X 4 1/1 01 :T$1
4
M 2> 1/1 g!Q III/1
[LSK] ,Q 1/1
M
Short , and X 4 (X and ) are termed :T.
4 this stra, , and X 4 can bring their $TEs which are only in the
Because of the Q in
M
same length as themselves. Thus only -,;!R and 70L E X and are termed :T.
This ;!KP/3 (restriction of time) is taught in the next stra.
114
,.$>
The next stra gives ;!KP/3, restriction of time, or length, to the $TEs, which a
4
vowel can represent as instructed by the previous stra 1.1.69 ,TM 7Q $TE
g !B/>.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.70
Ggl L ~ !)%
Q(R (that which is followed by Q, 4 and also that which is after Q)4 is $12! for $TE with
the same length.
Q(R> 1/1 Q2!Kg 6/1 ~ $TEg 6/1
Q(R> 1/1 This is adjective to vowel.

There are two ways of interpretations for this $3!$.
4 $> 1/1 Q(R> 1/1 (115B); that from which Q is
4 (R (following)
1. Q> 1/1 (R> 1/1 /z!Q 5/1
Ex. ,Q, 4 6Q, 4 cQ, 4 XQ, 4 Q, 4 Q, 4 etc.
4 (R> 1/1 Q(R> 1/1 (5T); that which is after Q 4
2. Q!Q 5/1
4 4 :T>.
M
Ex. X 4 in the stra ,Q X
Q2!Kg 6/1 Qg (Q(R8P !/E3!Tg) ;!K> c ;!K> /g $> (616B, IB) ; Q2!K is an
adjective to $TE, in $_x0 to $12!, together resulting in Q2!Kg $TEg $12!.
4 $> 1/1, Q!Q 5/1

4 (R> 1/1 0 (= Q(R> 1/1) !/E3!T-$3-;!Kg 6/1 (Q2!Kg
[LSK] Q> 1/1 (R> 1/1 /z!Q 5/1
6/1
4
) X 0 $12! 1/1 g!Q III/1
Q(R (that which is followed by Q, 4 and also that which is after Q)4 is $12! only for that
which has the same length as being uttered.

Note that X-;!R (the word X) is to indicate restriction.
4
This stra is called ;!KP/3 to the previous stra 1.1.69 ,TM 7Q $TE
g !B/> ,
4
teaching that ,T (all
the vowels and semivowels) is a $12! for all the $TEs.
4 a vowel, before or after, that vowel is called a Q(R vowel, and it is a
By adding Q to
$12! for $TEs which have the same time (3!!) as the time of that Q(R vowel.
4 a $12! for 6 varieties of , (,, ,#, ," , ,, , #, ," ).
For example, ,Q is
115
M
7M 0
[Examples]
4 Q(R, thus it is a $12! only for $TE with the same time, which is .
1. , of ,Q is
, 6 6 ,
6 6
,# 6# 6# , # 6 # 6 #
,"
6" 6" ,"
6" 6"
4 4 is Q(R, thus it is a $12! only for $TE with the same time, which is 70L.E
2. X 4 of ,Q X
-
X#
X#
3 3
X"
X"
X"
X"
" "
"
"
4 a $12! only for $TE with the same time, which is 70L.E
3. Q is
c
c#
c #
43
43
c"
"
"
4"
4"
4"
Note:
4 a vowel. There are two
Q(R-;RT means making (a vowel) Q(R or attaching Q to
types of Q(R-;RT.
1. Q(R-;RT with 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg :
This is what we just studied.
2. Q(R-;RT just for clarification of the sound:
As seen in X7Q`>, 7OQ`>, etc., the Q;!R is used for clear identification of vowels.
116
,.$>
[$%3]4 6.1.87
~ *& +!% ,

M @
4
M
,TE followed by , together
becomes :T.
5
7
, 4
,TE
6
1
M
:T>
4
4 :T>
M 1/1 ~ X;> 1/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 , 7/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
6Q 5/1
4
M
6Q 5/1
!Q(7; is ,, in 5th case (1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg)
This , is ,0/3!P>, thus it stands for 18 $TsE as per 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>.
M 1/1 :T-$1
M 2! is told by 1.1.2 ,78 4 :T>.
M
:T>
This is 6789>.
M
X;> 1/1 from an ,;!R-$% 6.1.84 X;> (%(E R/`>. This is qualifying the :T-678
9>.
(%(E R/`> 6/2 from an ,;!R-$% 6.1.84 X;> (%(E R/`>, in n!P/8 `:! _x0; in the place of (% E
and (R
4 (R$}30 (1.1.66 Qz{Q P7- 8 (%g

E )
, 7/1 from 6.1.77 c;` /T; B!!R> , in
4 ,0/3!P>, thus it stands for all the $TsE as per 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>.
This , is
4
$1Q!/!3 7/1
the ,;!R$% 6.1.72 $1Q!/!3 4
Note: See stras under the ,;!R of 6.1.84 X;> (%(E R/`> . All the 6789s in this section
are X;!789, one substitute for two. Check the 1st case ending words, which are 6789s, in this
4
M in this stra, Z)> (6.1.88 to 92), (R'(3 (6.1.94
section. Starting from :T>
to 100), 70L>E (6.1.101
4
4
E (3 (6.1.107
to 106), (%'
to 110), and Q (6.1.111)
are all X;!789>.
4 (= 6Q 5/1
4 ) , 7/1 (R8 7/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 :T>
4
M 1/1 6789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
[LSK] ,T!EQ 5/1
M is the one substitute in the place of both (% E and (R. What precedes is ,TE and
:T
what follows is ,. 4 An expression ~TE indicates all the $TEs. Thus ,TE means all the 18
$TEs of ,.
117
M
7M 0
Now we will see the application of this stra in examples. Taking the words of the
stra literally, we can think of 9 combinations as follows. However, the cases #1 and #6 to
#9 are covered by other rules, which are called ,(!7.
1) ,TE + ,TE
=6
(70L>E ) 7B!R>
[,(!7>] 6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E
2) ,TE + cTE
=X
M
(:T>)
(8>
3) ,TE + TE
M
(:T>)
:`7;3 4
4) ,TE + TE
M
= ,R 4 (:T>)
;Z )E>
5) ,TE + TE
M
= ,K 4 (:T>)
Q6!R>
6) ,TE + XTE
(Z)>) ;Z ;3 4
[,(!7>] 6.1.88 Z)R8
7) ,TE + TE
(Z)>) :OL>
[,(!7>] 6.1.88 Z)R8
8) ,TE + TE
(Z)>) 78
/E3 4
[,(!7>] 6.1.88 Z)R8
9) ,TE + TE
(Z)>) ;Z O273 4 [,(!7>] 6.1.88 Z)R8
When there are two rules applicable in one place at the same time, the rule which
will become useless if it is not applied is called ,(!7.
M and Z) rules are applicable at the same time in , + X. If 6.1.87
For example, both :T
6T>
M is to be applied, 6.1.88 Z)R8 will become useless. Then 6.1.88 Z)R8 is called
,(!7> and 6.1.87 6T>
M is called :>E .
When there is such a relationship between two stras, ,(!7 stra should be
applied and : E stra should be dismissed.
(R
,/6
c/
/j
/%
, 4
(% E
,/6
$TE>
X 4
c; 4
70>E
M
:T>
Z)>
4
M
,TE + , combination
covers bigger area than the scope of :T$.
Other areas are
M
covered by ,(!7 stras to :T$
rule.
118
,.$>
M
For :T-$,
we should expect four examples, i.e. 1.,T E + cTE ((8>), 2.,TE + TE
(:`7;3),4 3.,TE + TE (;Z )E>), and 4.,TE + TE (Q6!R>).
[LSK] (8>
( + c
( X4
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ X;> (%(E R/`> , $1Q!/!3 4
M letters,
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> (, is ;7>, c is Q!Km>, thus, among the :T
X which has ;Q! as n!P is the closest.)
(8
:! + 7;
:
4 7;
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ X;> (%(E R/`> , $1Q!/!3 4
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
:`7;
Small questions:
Find examples in the combinations below.
1. , + c
5. , +
2. , +
6. , + j
3. 6 + c
7. 6 +
4. 6 +
8. 6 + j
Explain how Q(R;RT with 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg works.

6.1.87 6T>
M has two ,(!7s. What are they and how are they ,(!7?
119
M
7M 0
Hijk 3) a. r/ t k .K uLEk
M letter ,. In
In the third and fourth examples, TE and TE are replaced by the :T
4
such cases, the , should be followed by R and
K,4 respectively. This additional operation is
4
4 2! for nasalized vowels, which is taught in
told by 1.1.51 RT R(R>
. This stra requires cQ $1
the next stra.
[$12!$%3]4 1.3.2

!GB >

In the original texts of grammar, a nasalized vowel is cQ. 4

1/1
4 ,PP!$;>
4
M
cQ 1/1
(789 8 7/1 , 1/1
(789 8 7/1 The original grammar teaching taught by three sages. ,;RT8 $}30.
4
, 1/1
B!!R> ,, 4 indicating all the vowels. This is $120.
M
M
,PP!$;>
1/1 ,PP!$;
is a nasal sound which was defined by 1.1.8
M
M P!7;!P`rPP!$;>
3b
; this is an adjective to ,. 4 Together, a nasalized vowel.
4
cQ 1/1
This is $12!.
1/1
4 cQ-$1
4 2;> 1/1 g!Q III/1
4
M
[LSK] (789 8 7/1 ,PP!$;>
, 1/1
The following loka tells what exactly (789 means.

B/!> 9$%!T !789! 6:3!s!
!Q(M !` :T8 (! (789!> ;0QEQ!>
1) B/!> Suffixes taught in stras. E.g., $, TP, 3Q(
M 4
2) 9$%!T 3!8R$%!T. E.g., K T 4
3) 6789!> Substitutes taught in stras. E.g., $ M
4) 6:3!> Augments taught in stras. E.g., /!$
M 4, Q;
M ,4 P3
M 4
M , R3 M 0!/!3 4
5) !Q(M !> Those which are enumerated in !Q(M !>. E.g., ,$ U
6) :T(!> Those which are enumerated in :T(!>. E.g., UQ M
120
,.$>
1/3
M
[LSK] Q2!PP!$!>
(!TP0/!> 1/3
How do we know that certain vowels in m!;RT9! are nasalized? This Z[ is
describing nasalized vowels used in the m!;RT9!. (These nasalized vowels) taught by
M
(!TP ((!TP0/!>) are the ones whose status of nasal is taught in the tradition (Q2!PP!$!>).
Summarizing, nasal vowels in m!;RT are as per teaching.
1/1
4 /8_!1 6/3 Q8 1/3 Qs`!> 1/3 (!TPUZQ`!> 1/3 /8 1/3 T!E> 1/3 Q8 1/3 Q2!M
[T0] Q2! 1/1 6PP!$3
1/3
M
_/-6PP!$N>
cBs>E
M
[U 30m!!P3]4 (!TPP! `!> T!E> (!TP0/!> (4.3.101 Q8P `3 4 4.2.114 Z)!>) :(RoR`(78
9P8
M
M
(Q2!/Q8 ,P/! cQ Q2!) 6PP!$!>
,PP!$;3E
N> $N
[LSK] K$%n-,TP 3/1 $ 0 !/E3!T> 1/1 R8> 1/1 RK/`> 6/2 $12! 1/1
The R of R(R>, which is R8 with , in K T, 4 the 6th stra of 3!8R$%s, is a name for R 4
and K.4 This B!!R R is used in the next stra.
4 , / 4 , 4 , R 4 , 4
K 4 , T 4
B!!R R is a $12! for R 4and K 4
4
4 1.3.3 K3 .
4 , is cQ by
4 1.3.2 (789r8 lPP!$;
4 B!!R is made
M
4 and T are
cQ by
cQ .
4 ,. Remember the
by 1.1.71 67> ,8P cQ! $ . Of B!!R R, R 4is 67 letter, and , cQ is
LSK Z[> for 3!8R$%!T. ;!R!7_ M ,;!R> !RT!s>E K3.8 Q M c12;>
The B!!R R is used in the next stra.
121
M
7M 0
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.51
:) ;# 1
4 the place of TE or TE should become R(R, that which is followed by R/K
4 .4
,T in
4 R(R> 1/1
> 6/1 ,T 1/1
3 words in the stra, no ,PZM [ is required.
> 6/1 !Q(7; is .; in n!P/8 `:! _x0. In the place of TE and TE.
4
4 Tg
E
,T 1/1
B!!R> with (%-E T;!R>, indicating ,TE, cTE, TE by 1.1.69 ,TM 7Q $E
!B/>.
4
R(R> 1/1 B!!R> R, the first letter is R 4of /R 4 and the end cQ letter
is , (by 1.3.2
4 R(R> (115B) from which (R is R (R 4and K)4 is R(R>.
M
(789r8 lPP!$;
cQ)4 of K T.4 R: (R> /z!Q $>
4
[LSK] cQ 0 19Q> 6/1 $12! 1/1 cQ 0 3 1/1
It is said that is a $12! for 30 $TEs, 18 s and 12 s by 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>
4
and !QE; TE/`3Es> $!/ !3 .
4 $> 1/1 R(R> 1/1 $P 1/1
4 X 0 QEQ 8 III/1
[LSK] Q!P 8 7/1 [TEg n!P 8] /> 1/1 ,T 1/1
4 to be there, it should be as R(R>, that
In the place of TEs and TEs, when ,T is
which is followed by R 4or K.4
;Z + )
4 )
;Z ,
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ X;> (%(E R/`> , $1Q!/!3 4
M letters, , is the
E >. Among the :T
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> (, is ;7>, is 3%h
closest.)
4 4)
;Z ,R
1.1.51 RT R4 (R> (When /TE becomes ,T, 4 it should be R(R>.)

1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> (among R 4and K 4 in R, R 4is the closest to %.)
;Z )E
122
,.$>
Q + ;!R>
4 ;!R>
Q ,
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ X;> (%(E R/`> , $1Q!/!3 4
M letters, , is the
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> (, is ;7>, is 7>. Among the :T
closest.)
4
4 ;!R>
Q ,K
1.1.51 RT R4 (R> (When /TE becomes ,T, 4 it should be R(R>.)

1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> (among R 4and K 4 in R, K 4 is the closest to .)
Q6!R>
Other examples:
R!l_/E >, 3_>E $}_>E , $NQ>EM , [3TE>, ,3TE>
Small questions:
4 used to make B!!R ,T of
4 RT R4 (R>?
Which T is
How does stand for 30 $TEs?
Explain how B!!R R is made, and how it is used.
M
M
How do we get 6PP!$3
, 4 the status of ,PP!$;
for the letters?
123
M
7M 0

Hijk 3) b. E L q
Uq
After applying 6.1.78 X`r/!/!> is applied at the end of (7, the next stra will be
applicable:
[$%3]4 8.3.19
+
1 2!W ~ -#,) + 5,+ 6+ 7 18 9,3
4 at
4 the end of (7 is optionally elided when ,9 follows.
4
//
6
(7
,TE
4 4
//
K`(
,9 4
4
K`(> 1/1 9!;g 6/1 ~ ,(%/E `> 6/2 (7!N/`> 6/2 m`> 6/2 ,9 7/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
K`(> 1/1 This is 6789.
9!;g 6/1 The name of a grammarian respected by (!TP, in $_x0 to a supplied

word 3Q8, resulting in in the opinion o 9!;-3M P. That means, it is not the opinion
of PJini himself. Thus, this indicates that this stra is optional. One form is according
to 9!;, another from is according to PJini.
E undergoes P-(RT!3 (modification of number) to

,(%/E `> 6/2 From 8.3.17, ,(%g
match with m`>. ,TE> (%>E /!S!1 QO ,(%+ (115B), Q/`>; adjective to m`>. This , is
,0/3!P>, thus it stands for 18 $TsE as per 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>.
4
(7!N/`> 6/2 From ,;!R$%3 8.1.16
(7g with Q7N; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
To be exact, it should be ,(%>E ;!R> /;!R, Q7Ng (7g ,g ,K> K`(>. However, the
process is simplified in the Z[.
4 mO (ID), Q/`> ;!R and /;!R; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.

4 /
m`> 6/2
4 (R$}30
,9 7/1 B!R ,9 in
4
$1Q!/!3 7/1
From 8.2.108; in _/$}30.
[LSK] ,TE(% /E `> 6/2 (7!N/`> 6/2 //`> 6/2 K`(> 1/1 ! 0 ,9 7/1 (R8 7/1
4
4
There is optionally the substitute K`( in the place of / and
when
they are at the
end of (7 and preceded by ,TE, and followed by ,9. 4
124
,.$>
R8 + c
4
R 4,/ c
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> ~ , $1Q!/!3 4

4 78M 9> $3!P!3 4
1.3.10 /s!$t3 ,P
R 4, c
8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g ~ m`> ,(%/E `> (7!N/`> ,9 $1Q!/!3 4

Now, can 6.1.87 6T>
M be applicable?
The answer is no, because of the ,;!R-$% 8.2.1 (%E !$)3 4
R c
(8 (when 8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g was not applied), R/
The next ,;!R stra teaches very important concept in PJinistras.

[,;!R$%3]4 8.2.1
3>" #
From here onward, stras are as though non-existent toward previous stras.
4
(%E 0 ,$)3 1/1
4 ,;RT$}30
(%E 0 (% E with K 4 ($}s K 4 ) = (%E zP in
4
4
E % 8!) P $)3 ,$)3
,$)3 1/1
((%$
, 4 subjective complement to 9!1 $%3 4
The ,-!.!/0 can be divided into two sections.

1. $(!7-$}!.!/0
The first seven ($}P)4 chapters (,.!/) and the first quarter ((!7) of the eighth chapter
is called $(!7$}!.!/0, the section which constitutes seven chapters along with one quarter.
(!78P $ QEQ 8 cQ $(!7! $- 0$3!$> (SB)
M
$(!7! ,$O $}!.!/0 $(!7$}!.!/0 ;3E!R/-Q_$3!$>
(KT)
2. (!70
The last three () quarters ((!7) are called (!70, the section which constitutes three
quarters, starting from this stra 8.2.1 to the end of ,-!.!/0. (/!T!1 (!7!P!1 $3!!R> (!70 :-M
M
Q_$3!$>
(DT))
125
M
7M 0
This stra teaches two things:
1. Toward $(!7$}!.!/0 (in the view of $(!7$}!.!/0), (!70 is non-existent.
[LSK] $(!7$}!.!/ 2/1 Q 0 (!70 1/1 ,$)! 1/1
For example, the stra 8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g , which belongs to (!70, does not exist
from the view of 6.1.87 6T>
M , which is $(!7$}!.!/0. Thus it does not see the occasion for
application because /4 is still there between , and c as in the above example (R c).
2. Also, in the (!70, the latter stra is non-existent toward a preceding stra (in the view
of the preceding stra).
4 ,$)3 1/1
4
4 ,( 0 (% 2/1 Q 0 (R1 1/1 9!3 1/1
[LSK] (!!3 7/1
For example, the stra 8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(> does not exist from the view of 8.2.7
PK`(> !Q(7;!Ng , which appears before.
4 $ M
U:Q +
U:Q 4
4 Qg(Z
M
6.1.68 K 4 9!:` 70L!EQ $
1 K 4 ~ K`(>
U: P Q4 4
7.1.70 :7!1 $EP!3n!Pr8 !Q`> ~ P3M 4
U:!P Q4 4
6.4.14 ,$Ng !!Q`> ~ (!/!> 70L>E
U:!P 4
8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(>
After arriving at the form U:!P,4 8.2.7 PK`(> !Q(7;!Ng cannot be applied
4 the
because from the view of 8.2.7, the stra 8.2.23 does not exist. Thus, there is still Q in
4
view of 8.2.7; hence the condition to apply the elision of P does
not arise.
` + c
4 c
4
,
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> ~ , $1Q!/!3 4

4 78M 9> $3!P!3 4
1.3.10 /s!$t3 ,P
4 c
,
8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g ~ m`> ,(%/E `> (7!N/`> ,9 $1Q!/!3 4
c
(8 (when 8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g was not applied),
[LSK] R c, R/ c,

126
,.$>

Hijk 4) KL-jk .K uv.w
First, the definition of the technical term Z) is introduced in the next stra.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.1
=>Y9 #
70L E 6, and 70L E , - These three letters are termed Z).

4
4 1/1
Z)> 1/1 6Q 1/1
4
$120;
6Q 1/1
This Q(R-;RT (making it Q(R, Q;!R> (R> /z!Q)4 is not meant for ;!KP/3 by 1.1.70
Q(R2!Kg. Since 6 is not heard in 3!8R$%!T, 6 is not in ,T. 4 Thus 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg
!B/> is not applicable to 6. 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg is applicable only to what is applicable
4 not for ;!KP/3. This Q is
4 just for
to 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>. Therefore, 6Q is
clarification.
4
1/1
$120; this is a B!!R indicating and .
4 Q(R, which is after Q. 4 (Q!Q 5/1
4 (R> 1/1 Q(R> 1/1 = )4 This Q(R-;RT (making it
This is
Q(R) is meant for ;!KP/3 (limiting the 3!) by 1.1.70 Q(R2!Rg.
Z)> 1/1 This is $12!.
4 0 Z)$12> 1/1 g!Q III/1

4 1/1
4
[LSK] 6Q 1/1
4
6 and are
termed Z).
Z) indicates prosperity. By placing that $12! at the very beginning, PJini expresses
3K in the shortest manner.
127
M
7M 0
The next $% gives the Z)-$ rule.
[$%3]4 6.1.88

0m, ~ . *&
+!% ,
When ,TE is followed by X, 4 Z) is the substitute for the two.

5
7
X 4
,TE
6
1
Z)>
4 X;> 1/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
Z)> 1/1 X 7/1 ~ 6Q 5/1
4 This is 6789.
Z)> 1/1 Z)-$12! is told by 1.1.1 Z)R!7 .
E
X 7/1 B!!R> X; 4 in (R$}30 by 1.1.66 Qz{Q P7- 8 (%g
This X is
4
M
6Q 5/1
!Q(7; is ,; in (%(E ~30 by 1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
X;> 1/1 From an ,;!R-$% 6.1.84 X;> (%(E R/`>. This is qualifying the Z)-6789>.
(%(E R/`> 6/2 From an ,;!R-$% 6.1.84 X;> (%(E R/`>, in n!P/8 `:! _x0; in the place of (% E
and (R.
4
$1Q!/!3 7/1
From the ,;!R$% 6.1.72 $1Q!/!3 4
4 7/1 (R8 7/1 Z)> 1/1 X;!789> 1/1 g!Q III/1

4
[LSK] 6Q 5/1
Z) is the one substitute in the place of both (% E and (R when ,TE precedes and X 4
follows, in the topic of $1Q!.
1/1
M
[LSK] :T!(!7>
This is an ,(!7-$% for 6.1.87 6T>

M .
Definition of ,(!7>
/8P P!!}8 /` R!RSQ8 $ Qg!(!7>
E ) ,(!7>
/8P (:T) P !}8 /> (,(!7>) > 6RSQ8 $> (,(!7>) Qg (:g
128
,.$>
M
:>E is a general rule. In this case, :T$
is :.E ,(!7 is exception within the
general rule. In this case, Z)$ is ,(!7.
4
[LSK] ;Z ;3 4 :OL> 78
/E3 4 ;Z O273
;Z + X;
;Z 4 ;
4
6.1.88 Z)R8 ~ 6Q X;>
(%(E R/`> $1Q!/!3 4
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> (, is ;7>, X is Q!Km>, thus, among the Z) letters,
which has ;Q! as n!P is the closest.)
;Z ; (oneness with K;Ja)
:! + L
:
4 L
4
6.1.88 Z)R8 ~ 6Q X;>
(%(E R/`> $1Q!/!3 4
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> (, is ;7>, is >, thus, among the Z) letters,
4 n!P is the closest.)
which has ;`x3 as
:OL (stream of Gang)
78 + /E
78 4 /E
4
6.1.88 Z)R8 ~ 6Q X;>
(%(E R/`> $1Q!/!3 4
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> (, is ;7>, is ;Q!Km>, thus, among the Z) letters,
which has ;Q! as n!P is the closest.)
4
78
/E3 (lordship
of devas)
;Z + 27
4 27 6.1.88 Z)R8 ~ 6Q X;>
4
;Z
(%(E R/`> $1Q!/!3 4
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> (, is ;7>, is > , thus, among the Z) letters,
4 n!P is the closest.)
which has ;`x3 as
;Z O27 (desire for, in K;Ja) (27 = 2! + !s )4
129
M
7M 0
Hijk 4) a. xy;y z J r v1
The next $% gives a variation of the Z)-$ rule.

[$%3]4 6.1.89
&^;^fn ~ . + !% , *& !/0 *
4 M beginning with X, 4 2) X !Q

4 M
Z) is the substitute after ,TE, when 1) cT !Q
beginning with X, 4 or 3) j 4 6789 follows.
1)
5
,TE
2)
4 M
X 4 cT !Q
Z)>
5
,TE
4 M
X 4 X !Q
3)
5
,TE
Z)>
7
j 4 6789
Z)>
4 X;> 1/1 Z)> 1/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 X 7/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
XQ-XQ-j<$ M 7/3 ~ 6Q 5/1
1 word in the $%; 6 words as ,PZM [
E )
XQ-XQ-j<$ M 7/3 !Q(7; is XB8B% 4 in (R$}30 (1.1.66 Qz{Q P7- 8 (%g
XQ> XQ> j 4 XB8B%> (ID), QzP 4

4
4 .M
4
XQ = cT :QO
+ Q( (!)
c=Q(O !QM P79 8 XQ is a ;Z 7N word just to indicate cT-!Q
4 .M
4
XQ = X" Z)O + Q( (!)
c=Q(O !QM P79 8 XQ is a ;Z 7N word just to indicate X-!Q
j 4 is an 6789 given by the stra 6.4.132 ! j 4
4
M
6Q 5/1
!Q(7; is ,, in 5th case (1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg)
(%(E R/`> 6/2 from an ,;!R-$% 6.1.84 X;> (%(E R/`>, in n!P/8 `:! _x0; in the place of (% E
and (R
X;> 1/1 from an ,;!R-$% 6.1.84 X;> (%(E R/`>. This is qualifying the Z) -6789>.
Z)> 1/1 from the previous stra 6.1.88 Z)R8
X 7/1 from the previous stra 6.1.88 Z)R8
4
X qualifies only XQ and XQ told in 7th case. And this is ,K-T,
mentioning of letters.
Thus Q7!7 by (!) /z7!7!T8 is applied. As a result, they are read together
4
4 M which begin with X follow).
4
as Xl!`> 7/2 XB8B`> 7/2 (when cT and
X-!Q
This X is
130
,.$>
4
$1Q!/!3 7/1
the ,;!R$% 6.1.72 $1Q!/!3 4
4 Xl!`> 7/2 XB8B`> 7/2 j 7/1 Z)> 1/1 X;!789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] ,T!EQ 5/1
4
4 M and X !Q
4 ,M and j 4 follow, Z) is the one
After ,TE, when X-beginning
cT !Q
substitute in the place of the ,TE and the following letter.
4
4 ,M 2. ,TE + X-4
Now, we are seeing three examples: 1. ,TE + X-beginning
cT !Q
4 ,M and 3. ,TE + j 4 6789.
beginning X !Q
[LSK] ( Q III/1
4 ,M which is an ,(!7 for
The first example shows the combination of ,T E + cT !Q
4 which tells that after ,TE, when X, beginning !Q M follows, (R'( is the
6.1.94 X (R'(3 ,
one substitute in the place of the two.
( + XQ
( 4 Q
6.1.87 6T>
M is negated by 6.1.88 Z)R8 , which is again negated by
4 Finally (R'(3 is
4 negated by 6.1.89 XB8B%<$ M
6.1.94 X (R'(3 .
( Q (he comes close, or he attains)
[LSK] ( Q8 III/1

4
This is also an ,(!7 for 6.1.94 X (R'(3 .
( + XQ8
( 4 Q8
6.1.87 6T>
M is negated by 6.1.88 Z)R8 , which is again negated by
4 Finally (R'(3 is
4 negated by 6.1.89 XB8B%<$ M
6.1.94 X (R'(3 .
( Q8 (being near, it grows)
131
M
7M 0
[LSK] xO>
This is an ,(!7 for 6.1.87 6T>.
M
4 !(T8 +
3.2.64
! 4
1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4
4
x + ! 4 + 9$ 2/3
x + j 4 6 4 + ,$ 4
4
4
6.4.132 !> j 4 ~ Ug $1$!RT3 (/T
becoming
c;)4
x + j 4 + ,$ 4
4
E (3 ,
6.1.108 $>$!RT! ~ (%'
xO 4 + ,$ 4
M is !}>, but debarred by 6.1.89 XB8B%<$ M ~ Z)>

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
xO>
8.2.66, 8.3.15
(A calf which carries logs set on its shoulder to keep it in one place)
[LSK] Xl!`> 7/2 ;3 04 ?

4 is called 7K;Z B or (7;Z B to examine the necessity of a certain word.
~ cQ ;3?
4
Here the X as an adjective to XQ and XQ is questioned. Xl!`>, X with
67 as Q7!7, in
4 M and X !Q
4 M should begin with X to
4 be
dual number, is to specify the word made of cT !Q
applicable for this Z) change.
[LSK] (8Q>
4
4 M
1) Non-X-beginning
word with cT !Q
( + cQ>
4 -B/ in 1/1, or cT +
4 K 4/;QER/III/2, does not start with X. 4
cQ>, cT +
(8Q>
6.1.87 6T>
M
Because of the Xl!`> word, this case is excluded from 6.1.89 XB8B%<$ M .
4 7Q 4
[LSK] 3! U!P 8
4
4 M
2) Non-X-beginning
word with X !Q
4 T 4
X +
X
4 ;QER/III/1
X + /
X + 4 + Q 4
M ;QER 4
3.1.48 TM S>
c + , + Q 4
M
7.4.1 TO 9(!/!
>
132
,.$>
c + + ,Q 4
6.1.11 ~ 8 ,l!78> Q0/g
4 ,Q 4
c + +
6.4.51 T8RP
4 ,Q 4
c7 + +
8.4.54 ,S!$8 E ~ l9 4
c7Q 4
4 `:8
6 4-6:3> for 4 does not come because of 6.4.74 P 3!/
+ c7Q 4
87Q 4
6.1.87 6T>
M
M
Because of the Xl!`> word, this case is excluded from 6.1.89 XB8B%<$.
4 7Q (May
4
3! U!P 8
the revered one not grow)
UQ, M respectful way to address you, takes third person.
133
M
7M 0
Hijk 4) b. 1E.s for xy;y z J H{`q/P
Some !QE;s are adding more instances to bring Z) as ,(!7.

M
The next !QE; makes a particular word ,OT0 as :T!(!7.

(0 J
) op.q
Gr
~ +!% , *& !/0

4 ($t!P3 1/1
4 ~ (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 Z)> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
4 jh!3 7/1
,!Q 5/1
After ,, when jP0 follows, Z) is the one substitute, to make ,OT0.
M
This is :T-,(!7.
4
M
,!Q 5/1
!Q(7; is , in (~30 as per 1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
)
4
E )
!Q(7; is jP0 in (R$}30 (1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
jh!3 7/1
4
($t!P3 1/1
Additional enumeration.
[LSK] ,OT0 1/1 $8P! 1/1

, + jP0
4 P0
,
M is !}>. But it is debarred by (!) ,!h!3(M $t!P3.4

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
,OT0
4 2!/!3:> ~ R_!S!1 P` T> $3!P(78

8.4.3 (%(E 7!Q $1
,OT0 (The army consists of 21,870 chariots, 21,870 elephants, 64,610 horses, 109,350 foot
soldiers)
(0 J
) p.K:Ks< Tt< ~ +!% , *& !/0
4 -j-j-X_-X8_ M 7/3 ~ (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 Z)> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
!Q 5/1
After , when these 5 words follow, Z) is the one substitute.
M
The first 3 words are of :T-,(!7,
the last 2 words are of (R'(-,(!7.
4
M
!Q(7; is in (~30 as per 1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
)
!Q 5/1
-j-j-X_-X8_ M 7/1 !Q(7; is j-j-j-X_-X, cQR8QR$3!$, in (R$}30
Since there are 5 types of words in the !QE;, there are five examples.
134
,.$>
[LSK] O>
+ j (j 4 to guess + L)4
4
M is !}>. But it is debarred by (!) !`À8_ 8_ M .

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
O (The best logician)

[LSK] O>
+ j ( + 4 to grow + 7)
4

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
O (The one who has grown, an arrogant person)

[LSK] O
+ j ( + 4 to grow + P)4
4

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
O (growth, arrogance)
[LSK] _>
4 L)4
+ X_ (c_ +
4 _
4
By 6.1.88 Z)R8, Z)> is !}!. But it is debarred by 6.1.94 X (R'(3 .
4 debarred by (!) !`À8_ 8_ M .
Again (R'(3 is
_ (sending somebody)
[LSK] >
4 /Q)4
+ X (c_ +
4
4
By 6.1.88 Z)R8, Z)> is !}!. But it is debarred by 6.1.94 X (R'(3 .
4 debarred by (!) !`À8_ 8_ M .
Again (R'(3 is
(one who is sent)

+
3.2.102 !"# ~ &'
(
+

is in ,-#94.)
)*+,-#.!#/ 0 ~ 121345 (
(:
+
8.2.31 < : ~ =>
(:
+ ?
8.2.40 =@AB<?CD?
(:
+ :
8.4.41 EF!# EF ~ A<
( +:
8.3.13 :< : ><+
G +:
I .KCD4
6.3.111 ><+ +'J
135
M
7M 0
(0 J
) # , m /
~ +!% , *& !/0
4 (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 Z)> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
Q8 7/1 0 QZQ0/!$3!$8 7/1 6Q 5/1
After ,TE, when Q word follows in $3!$, in which the ,T-E ending words ends in
QZQ0/!, Z) is the one substitute.
M
This is :T-,(!7.
Q8 7/1 !Q(7; is Q, in (R$}30
0 also, connecting to the topic of 6.1.89.
QZQ0/!$3!$8 7/1 !Q(7; is QZQ0/!$3!$, in (R$}30
M >
[LSK] $b!QE
M P Q> (= :Q>) cQ $b!QE
M >
$b8
M + Q ( to go + )
$b
4
4Q
M 6R
$b
M is !}>, but is debarred by (!) Q8 QZQ0/!$3!$8 .

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
(RU!_!$%s 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> and 1.1.51 RT R4 (R> are required.
M
$b!QE
(One who has gone easily)
[LSK] QZQ0/! cQ ;3 ?4 (R3QE>
M
7K;Z B is done for QZQ0/! word. The counter example is in ;3E!R/Q_$3!$.
(R3 ,$O Q> cQ (R3QE>
(R3 + Q
4 4Q
(R3 ,R
6.1.87 6T>
M
Since the (%(E 7 is not in QZQ0/!, this !QE; is not applicable.
(R3QE (An ultimately freed person)
136
,.$>
(0 J
) 0u v 0JB
m ~ +!% , *& !/0

4 T8 7/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 Z)> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
-QR-;K-$P-T-79!P!3 6/3
After these 6 words, when T word follows, Z) is the one substitute.
M
This is :T-,(!7.
4
4
-QR-;K-$P-T-79!P!3 6/3
!Q(7; is -QR-;K-$P-T-79P (ID),
in _x0,
M
which is considered to be (~30. (1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
)
E )
T8 7/1 !Q(7; is T (debt), in (R$}30 (1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
Now we are to see 6 examples. They are all $3!$s.
[LSK] !TE3, 4 QR!TE3, 4 cB!7

+ T
4
4T
6R
M is !}>, but debarred by (!) QR;K$P!T7E 9!P!3ZT8 .

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
!TE (Big debt)

QR + T
QR 46R 4T

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
QR!TE (debt because of a grown calf)

;K + T
;K 4 6R 4T

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
;K!TE (debt for blanket)

$P + T
4
4T
$P 6R

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
$P!TE (debt for clothes)

T + T
4
4T
T 6R

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
T!TE (debt for debt)

79 + T
4
4T
79 6R

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T>
M
79!TE (79 T!P /zP, 4 a name of a place where there are ten types of lakes, etc.)
137
M
7M 0
Hijk 4) c. r> |E 1 1` }E1
4
In the section of X;> (%(E R/`>, now the topic of (R'(3 starts.
The first $% we study
under this topic is 6.1.91 ($:!EQ !QO , which requires the knowledge of two $12!s: ($:>E
and !Q>M . Thus we shall see two $12!$%s before the $%.
The next stra gives the ($: E $12!.

[$12!$%3]4 1.4.58
!G@J //K@ ~
The 22 !7s, when there is a meaningful connection to action, are termed ($:!E>.
($:!E> 1/3 /!/`:8 7/1 !7/> 1/3
($:!E> 1/3 This is $12!.
/!/`:8 7/1 //! /`:>/!/`:> (3T) connection with action; in $Q$}30
!7/> 1/3 from 1.4.57 !7/> ; 22 particles starting with . -9> 67> /8_!1 Q8 !7/>
(116B) They are enumerated in LSK Z[. This is $120.
E 2
1 !> 1/3 g>M III/3
[LSK] !7/> 1/3 /!/`:8 7/1 ($:$
2. (R!
3. ,(
4. $3 4
5. ,P M
6. ,
7. P$84
8. PR 4
9. $ 4
10. R 4
11.
12. 6 4
13. P
14. ,
15. ,(
16. ,Q
17. $ M
18. 7 4
19. ,U
20. Q
21. (R
22. (
1.
[LSK] XQ8 1/3 !7/> 1/3

Note that 18. 7 4 is 7;!R!N word. If Q4 is written, that is because of 8.4.56 !$!P8 .
Meaning wise, there is no distinction between !1 and

!3,
and V1 and
V3.
That is why #94 is known
to be consisting of 20 in some places. In fact, !3 and

V3
are counted separately to address the forms
I #, d . This stra gives ># for 3g in (+19.I If there are only !1
!>#, and V>#, by 8.2.19 (+19J
F h, which is i1j by the kE of 8.2.19 (+19J

I #, d .
and V1,
the 1 can
become 3g only by 8.2.66 11-@<
Thus !3 and

V3
are required.
138
,.$>
The next stra gives !Q-M $12! to the !QsM listed in !Q(M !.
[$12!$%3]4 1.3.1
8f0/K ; 0
The group starting with U%, and like ! are termed !Q.M
U%!7/> 1/3 !Q> 1/3
U%!7/> 1/3 This is $120. U% ! U%O (ID) 67 67 670 (X;98_Z[>) U%O 670 /8_!1 Q8
U%!7/> (116B) More will be explained below.
!Q> 1/3 This is $12!.
M 2
1 !> 1/3 g>M III/3
[LSK] /!!P> 1/3 !7/> 1/3 !Q$
Words indicating action, which start with U%, are termed !QsM .
Even though the words may be U%, !, etc., they have to be /!!P, 4 words
indicating action, only. From the words of stra, how do we arrive at /!!P> as in the
Z[? This is explained in T0 .
U% has two meanings:
1.
4 seen in !Q(M !, a /!!0

U% $[!/!3 as
2.
U% (Zs0, a $!0, a word indicating something which has K (gender) and P

(number)
! also has two meanings:

1.
! :Q:P/`> as seen in !Q(M !, a /!!0
2.
! ;>, an ,m/ word

By defining !Q M with U% and ! together, what is common, /!!0 is understood, and
what are uncommon, $!0 and ,m/ are negated.

There are two !Q-M $12!-!/;-$%s: One is this stra for the !QsM in !Q(M !>, the other
stra is 3.1.32 $P!N! !Q> for derived !QsM .
139
M
7M 0
These two $12!s: ($:>E and !Q>M are used in the next stra.
[$%3]4 6.1.91
!G@Jx ; ~ . + !% , *& !/0
When ,TE-ending ($: E is followed by ;!R-beginning !Q,M Z) is the one substitute
for both ,TE and ;!R.
4 (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 Z)> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
4 Q 7/1 !QO 7/1 ~ 6Q 5/1
($:!EQ 5/1
4
6Q 5/1
from 6.1.87 6T>
M
!Q(7; is ,; because this , is ,0/3!P ,T, 4 it is $12! for ,TE, all 18 types of ,,.
4
M
($:!EQ 5/1
in the sense of 1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
.
Since these two words are in $3!P!;RT, Q7N 1.1.72 /8P 7Ng can be
4
applied; thus ,T!EN!Q ($:!E
Q4 or ,TE-,N-($:!EQ4 is understood.
Q 7/1 with Q; 4 the Q(R;RT for 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg to specify only short ;
indicating only ;!Rs, short s; in (R$}30.
!QO 7/1 in (R$}30.

4
Since these two words are in $3!P!;RT in 7th case, and one of them is ,K-T,
Q7!7 (!) /z7!7!T8 can be applied; thus ;!R!7O !QO or ;!R!7!QO
is understood.
Z)> 1/1 from 6.1.88 Z)R8 . This is 6789

5
7
;!R !Q M
($: E ,TE
6
1
Z)>
4 ($:!EQ 5/1
4 ;!R-67O 7/1 !QO 7/1 (R8 7/1 Z)> 1/1 X;!789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] ,TE-,N!Q 5/1
After ,TE-ending ($:,E when short -beginning !Q M is following, Z) is the one
substitute.
140
,.$>
[LSK] !EQ III/1
+ Q
4 to go
6.1.87 6T>
M is !}, but negated by:
4
4Q
6R
6.1.91 ($:!EQ !QO ~ 6Q Z4 )> X;> (%(E R/`> $1Q!/!3 4

4
1.1.50 RT R(R>
!EQ
Side note 1:
Q: When !QO can be understood by the presence of ($:!EQ, 4 why is !QO told?
A: To avoid optional ;Z QU! by B;>.
Side note 2:
In X;!789-,;!R, (% E indicates the last letter of what is told in 5th case, and (R
indicates the first letter of what is told in 7th case, because of the nature of $1Q!, T!EP!3 4
,Q9/Q> ${>, the close contact of letters.
Small questions:
What are the particles in !7:T which end with ,T?E
M `9 which start with ;!R?
What are the !QsM in !Q;
141
M
7M 0
Hijk 5) ~-jk ;1;
We are still in the X;!789 section. Now, (R'( topic starts.

The next stra specifies a narrow scope for (R'(-6789 as Z)-,(!7, which is further
M
negated by 6.1.89 XB8B%<$.
[$%3]4 6.1.94

&( GyG
~ : ;1
) <.
-#) =,+ >? 18 9,3
When ,TE-ending ($: E is followed by X-4 beginning !Q,M (R'( is the one substitute
for both ,TE and X.4
4 ~ 6Q 5/1
4 ($:!EQ 5/1
4 !QO 7/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
X 7/1 (R'(3 1/1
4
from 6.1.87 6T>
6Q 5/1
M
4
M
($:!EQ 5/1
in the sense of 1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
.
To those two words, Q7N by 1.1.72 /8P 7Ng can be applied; thus ,T!EN!Q 4
($:!EQ4 or ,TE-,N-($:!EQ4 is understood.
X 7/1 X 4 with all $TEs, being ,0/3!P; in (R$}30.
!QO 7/1 in (R$}30.

4
Since these two words are in $3!P!;RT in 7th case, and one of them is ,K-T,
Q7!7 (!) /z7!7!T8 can be applied; thus X!7O !QO or X!7!QO is
understood.
4
4
(R'33 1/1
This is 6789. This continues on as ,PZM [ until 6.1.100. (Rg '(1 (R'(3 (6T)
in the place of the (% E and (R, only the one form, (R will be heard.
5
($: E ,TE
X 4
6
1
(R'(3 4
142
!Q M
,.$>
4 ($:!EQ 5/1
4 X-4 67O 7/1 !QO 7/1 (R'(3 1/1
4 X;!789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] 6Q 5/1
After ,TE-ending ($:,E when X-4 beginning !Q M is following, (R'( is the one
substitute.
Since X 4 contains two letters, and what precedes is only ,TE, we can see two
examples.
[LSK] 8lQ8
+ XlQ8
XlZ" 70}O (1A) to shine

6.1.87 6T>
6.1.88 Z)R8 . But further negated by:
4 X + lQ8
+
6.1.94 X (R'(3 4
[LSK] `_Q
+ _Q
_ 7!8 (1P) to burn

6.1.87 6T>
6.1.88 Z)R8 . But further negated by:
4 + _Q
+
6.1.94 X (R'(3 4
Small questions:
1. Explain the '($) of ( Q and ( Q8.
E ,(!7 relationships among 6.1.87 6T>,
2. Explain the :/
M 6.1.88 Z)R8, 6.1.89 XB8B%<$,M
its !QE;s, 6.1.91 ($:!EQ !QO, and 6.1.94 X (R'(3. 4
143
M
7M 0
J
Hijk 5) ~-jk a. <. 2! J <.jk
The next rule of (R'( is taught by a !QE;. To understand this, we first need to know
$12!, which is taught by the next $12!$%.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.64
,KI 1
A portion which starts with the last vowel is termed .
K 4
, 4 K 4
, 4 K 4

,> 6/1 ,!7 1/1 1/1
4
,> 6/1 B!!R> ,, 4 l!QO X;P3 (singular
to denote the class) in P!ERT8 _x0;
among the vowels
,!7 1/1 This is $120.

4 3.8 0) ,> 1/1 67> 1/1 /g 6/1 QQ 1/1
4 ,!7 1/1 (116B)
(,!3 6/3
That whose beginning is the last among the vowels.
1/1 This is $12!.
4 -$123 1/1
4 g!Q III/1
4
4 3.8 0 /> 1/1 ,> 1/1 $> 1/1 67> 1/1 /g 6/1 QQ 1/1
[LSK] ,!3 6/3
For whom the beginning letter is the last vowel among the vowels, that is termed .
For example, of 3P$,4 portion is ,$.4
34
,
, 4
P4
,
, 4
$4

Small questions:
1. Tell of the following:
Q, 6Q!3, 4
144
,.$>
Now, $12! is used in the next !QE;, which also teaches (R'(3. 4
(0 J
) Bz< GyG 0]

With reference to 9; M etc., for complying with those forms, (R'( should be told.
K 4
, 4 K 4
, 4 K 4

4 !3 1/1
4
9;-M 67_ M 7/3 (R'(3 1/1
3 words in the $%, other words are to be understood by the context.
9;-M 67_ M 7/3 9;>M 67> /8_!1 Q8 9;C!7/> (116B), Q8_ M , in _/$}30.
9;C!79 is the name of a :T, a group of words starting with 9;.M
4
(R'(3 1/1
This is subject.
!3 41/1 This is subjective compliment.
4 ((R'(3 1/1
4 ) 0 8 > 5/1 (, 7/1 (R8 7/1)
[LSK] QQ 1/1
4 (R, (R'(3 also
4
In the place of as (% E and , as
happens.
[LSK] 9;>M 1/1
The first example: The part of 9; is the last ,10. In the place of the and , of ,,M
4
(R'( should be the substitute, which is justified by (!) 9;C!Q_ M (R'(1 !3 .
9; + , M
9; 4 + , + M
By 6.1.101 ,;> $T 70>E , 70>E is !}>, but it is negated by

(!) 9;C!Q_ M (R'(1 !3 4
9; M (the well of the place called 9;)

[LSK] ;;E >M 1/1
;;E + , M
9

), k ( k ), "7 ("7l ) 66 (in the sense
6h
T-i contains: 6k (6 k

of the division of hair), 7b (" Zb), >n
, (> n
,

o, to whom everyone salutes), etc.
10
Since there is no letter after the last , the is not called

T, after which something else should
is considered to be
T. This is called

follow. However, by the >
:b"r 1.1.20
tT
o ,
>T
6u.
145
M
7M 0
;;E 4 + , + M

(!) 9;C!Q_ M (R'(1 !3 4
;;E M (jujube berry)
[LSK ] 3P0_! 1/1

4 _!
3P$ +
4 + _!
3P +
(!) 9;C!Q_ M (R'(1 !3 4
3P0_! (intellect)
4 (= 9;C!7:T> 1/1)
[LSK] 6;Z Q-:T> 1/1 ,/3 1/1
This 9;C!7:T is a group in which the number of its members is not fixed
(6;Z Q:T).
There are two types of :Ts (groups).
1. Closed group (:T in general)
General type of :T is a group which has fixed number of members. For example,
the members of $!E7:T are decided and fixed by PJini. No more members can be added.
2. Open-ended group (6;Z Q:T)
Special type of :T is called 6;Z Q:T. 6;Z Q:T is a group which does not have fixed
number of members. If there is a word in which the same operation is seen, and no other
stra or vrtika addresses the form, the word can join the :T. R!7:T and !7:T are the
example of this type of :T.
[LSK] 3!QE>
This is a word added to 9;C!7:T
3ZQ + ,
4 , +
3ZQ +

(!) 9;C!Q_ M (R'(1 !3 4
3ZQ
3ZQ8 U> 3!QE> (3ZQ + + ,T)4 $%/>E
146
,.$>
Hijk 5) ~-jk b. b <;q
[$%3]4 6.1.95

'
(K{ ~ . *&
+!% , #
4 6 4 follow ,TE, (R'(3 is

4 the X;!789.
When 3 or
5
,TE
7
4
4
3/6
6
1
(R'(3 4
7/2
4
4 X;> 1/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 (R'(3 1/1
4 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
3-6`>
0 ~ 6Q 5/1
4
4 6 4 3!O (ID), Q/`> ; in (R$}30.
3-6`>
7/2 3
0 This is to connect to the previous stra.
4 (R8 7/1 (R'(3 1/1

4 X;!789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] 3 7/1 6 7/1 0 6Q 5/1
4
When 3 and
6 4 are following after ,TE, (R'( is the one substitute.
4 Z)-,(!7.
The combination of ,TE + 3 is
4 0 P3> 0
[LSK] 9!/`3 4/1,
9!/ + 3 4
4 +34
9!/ +
M is !},
By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T
M
M is negated by 6.1.88 Z)R8. This is also negated by
:T
6.1.95 3!` ~ (R'(3 4
9!/`3 4
147
M
7M 0
The next example is about the combination of ,T E + 6.4
To complete this form, we need the next stra.
[LSK] 98
4
(8) 9 + 6 4 + c (= cT :QO
+ K` 4/;QER/II/1)
This is the starting point.
Among these three words, there are two $ applicable at the same time:
1. Between , of 9 and 6,4 $TE70L E is possible.
M is possible.
2. Between 6 4 and c, :T
Since ;!/E of ($: E and !Q M is considered to be ,NR, the ;!/E of the more intimate
M is done first.
relationship11, :T
9 + X
6.1.97 6T>
M ~ X;> (%(E R/`> , $1Q!/!3 4
M X;!789 X is considered to be 6,4 and 6.1.95

Now, with the help of the next stra, :T
4 applied.
3!` ~ (R'(3 is
98
11
4 Q!/!3 4
6.1.95 3!` ~ 6Q (%4 (E R/`> X;> (R'(3 $1
vr>"i- w

148
,.$>
The next stra is ,Q789$%. ,Q789 is extension of 3E from one entity to another.
[,Q789$%3]4 6.1.85
0S ~ *& +!% ,
The X;!789 is considered to be the end (,N) of (% E and the beginning (67) of (R.
6 4
4
cT :QO
(($:>E )
(!Q>M )
X
M
(X;!789> :T>)
This ,Q789$% 6.1.85 ,N!7 allows you to treat X;!789 X as 6 4 with ($:-E 3E,
4
and cT with
!QM 3E.
By looking at the X as 6 4 by this stra, 6.1.95 3!` is applied.
,N!7Q 04 0 ~ (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1

,N-67Q 4 0 ,N> 67> ,N70 1/2 (ID)

4 Q
4 ,N!7Q 04 5.1.115 Q8P Q
M 3 1/1
M 1 /! 8Q> like, same as ,N and 67.
,N!7S!3 3/2
0 This is to connect to the previous stra.
4 X;!789> 1/1 $> 1/1 (%g

E 6/1 ,NQ 04 (Rg 6/1 67Q 04
[LSK] /> 1/1 ,/3 1/1
In this section (from 6.1.84 to 6.1.111), the X;!789 is like the end of (% E and the
beginning of (R.
M
This stra comes right after 6.1.84 X;> (%(E R/`>, which means that all the X;!789s (:T,
E (, 70L,E etc.,) should be treated as ,N of (% E and 67 of (R.
Z), (R'(, (%'
149
M
7M 0
[LSK] 98
9 + 6 4 + c
9 + X
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ X;> (%(E R/`> , $1Q!/!3 4
E ,NQ. 4
With the help of 6.1.85 ,N!7 , X is seen as 6,4 (%g
4 X +
9 +
6.1.95 3!` ~ (R'(3 4
98
Side note:
4 .M In that case, Z) by 6.1.89 XB8B%<$ M is

If we take (Rg 67Q, 4 X is seen as cT !Q
possible. However, this does not happen. This is because 6.1.89 XB8B%<$ M , being
M
(R!7(!7,
can negate only 6.1.94 X (R'(3, 4 but not the next stra 6.1.95 3!`, due to
4
4
4
M
the (RU!_! (R!7(!7!
,PNR!P 0P
!N8
P`[R!P (()
M then 70L E is Z) by 6.1.88

In the case of , + 6 4 + j!, it becomes , + ! by :T,
Z)R8, but it is negated by 6.1.95 3!`. Thus ,`! is the final form. This is Z)-,(!7.
M then 70L E is !} by
In the case of , + 6 4 + Q, it becomes , + ,EQ by :T,
6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E , but it is negated by 6.1.95 3!`. Thus ,EQ is the final form.
This is 70L-E ,(!7.
150
,.$>
Hijk 6) 2PQE-jk 2vy k
[$%3]4 6.1.101
0| J ~ *& +!% ,
When ,; 4 is followed by $TE ,, 4 70L E is the X;!789.

5
,; 4
$TE
6
1
70L E
4
,;> 5/1 $T 7/1 70L>E 1/1 ~ , (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
,;> 5/1 B!!R> ,;,4 this is ,0/3!P ,;,4 thus it brings all its $TEs; in (%(E ~30.
M !g/1 $TE3;4 in (R$}30.

$T 7/1 $TE is a $12! defined as 1.1.7 Q
70L>E 1/1 This is X;!789 in the place of (% E and (R.
[LSK] ,;> 5/1 $T 7/1 , 7/1 (R8 7/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 70L>E 1/1 X;!789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
4 following ,;,4 70L E is the X;!789 in the place of (% E and (R.
When $TE , is
M
Because is not seen very often, KL$)!N;O3
7M 0;!R gives only four examples.
[LSK] 7B!R>
4 the demons) ,R> (enemy) cQ 7B!R> (6T)
7B!P!3 (of
7B + ,R
4 6 + R
7B +
M is !}, but negated by

By 6.1.87 6T>,
:T
M
6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
7B!R
151
M
7M 0
[LSK] 09>
/!> (of Lak;m) 9> (lord) cQ 09> (Vi;Ju) (6T)
0 + 9
4 +9
+
4 !}, but negated by

By 6.1.77 c;` /T, /T is
6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
09
[LSK] %7/>
`> (of Vi;Ju) 7/> (rise) cQ %7/> (manifestation of Vi;Ju, or sunrise) (6T)
M + 7/
4 j + 7/
+

By 6.1.77 c;` /T, /T is
6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
%7/
[LSK] `QD;!R>
`Q>M (of priest) ;!R> ( sound) cQ `QD;!R> (6T)
`QZ + ;!R
4 % + ;!R
`Q +

By 6.1.77 c;` /T, /T is
6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E
1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
`QD;!R
Small questions:
What is the difference among X (R'(3, 4 9;C!7:T, and 3!`?
152
,.$>
E -jk q;
Hijk 7) ~
[$%3]4 6.1.109
&( G ~ +!% *& +!% ,
4 the X;!789.
When (7!N X 4 is followed by a short ,, (R'( is
5
(7
7
,Q 4
X 4
6
1
E (
(%'
4 ,Q 7/1 (%>E 1/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
X> 5/1 (7!N!Q 5/1
X> 5/1 B!!R> X;4 in (%(E ~30.
4 in (%(E ~30.
(7!N!Q 45/1 (7g ,N> (7!N> (6T), Qz!Q ;
,Q 7/1 !Q(7; is ,Q, 4 , with Q; 4 the Q(R;RT for 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg to specify only
short ,; in (R$}30.
E (3. 4
(%>E 1/1 From 6.1.108 ,3 (%>E . This is understood as (%'
This is X;!789 in the place of (% E and (R.
4 X> 5/1 ,Q 7/1 (R8 7/1 (%'

4 X;!789> 1/1 g!Q III/1
4
E (3 1/1
[LSK] (7!N!Q 5/1
E ( is the substitute for both (% E

After X 4 at the end of (7, when short , follows, (%'
and (R.
[LSK] R8r
4 protect + K` 4/;QER/II/1)
(8) R8 + , (, to
R 4+ X +

By 6.1.78 X`r/!/!>, ,/ is
6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ~ (%>E
R8
153
M
7M 0
[LSK] `r
` + ,
4 +
+

By 6.1.78 X`r/!/!>, , is
6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ~ (%>E
`
Note that , (r) is used to indicate the existence of ,, which is now gone. It is not
compulsory to use , at all. It is used totally according to the writers preference. ,
should not affect pronunciation in any manner. In fact, , was introduced only recently.
Some people call this sandhi ,-$ but this is not recommended for a grammar
student.
154
,.$>
Hijk 8) .K 1 -jk >bH
4
From here onward until the end of the ,-$>
section, ;Z QU!-$ is taught.
;Z QU! means being as it is, without modification, and is prohibition of $
4
change where ,-$
can happen.
[$%3]4 6.1.122
0J 08< @K ~ &/ 2 *3 4
In both K`; and 87, when (7!N X-4 ending :`-9 is followed by a short ,, there is
optional ;Z QU! (being as it is without $ change).
6
(7
X 4 of :`
7
,Q 4
Optional
;Z QU! (no $)

4
$E 0 U!_! 0 :`> 6/1 ;Z B! 3/1 X> 6/1 (7!Ng 6/1 ,Q 7/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4 everywhere, in Vedic as well as non-Vedic

$E 0 $E + K 4 by 5.3.10 $}s K;
literature.
U!_! 0 optional; if ;Z QU! is not taken, another ( is by 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q .
:`> 6/1 :`-9; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
4
;Z B! 3/1 !Q(7; ;Z Q, unmodified form; in QZQ0/! by (!) ;Z B!7S ($t!P3 ;
connected to UQ, it means stays as its own form.
X> 6/1 From 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ; U(RT!3 from 5th case to 6th case is done.
B!!R> X;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
By Q7N, XNg :`> is understood.
(7!Ng 6/1 or (7!N8 7/1 From 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q by 3%; MQ:Q>, ,PZM [ like a jump
of a frog; U(RT!3 to either 6th case, as adjective to :`>, or ,;RT8 7th case to make
at the end of (7.
155
M
7M 0
,Q 7/1 From 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ; !Q(7; is ,Q, 4 the Q(R;RT for 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg
to specify only short ,; in (R$}30.
[LSK] K`;8 7/1 87 8 7/1 0 X!Ng 6/1 :`> 6/1 ,Q 7/1 ! 0 ;Z QU!> 1/1 (7!N8 7/1
In non-Vedic and Vedic literature, the word :` which ends with X,4 when it is
followed by short ,, optionally stays as its own form, at the end of (7.
[LSK] :`,3, 4 :`r3 4

4 :`,3 4
:`> ,3 cQ
4 , + $ M
:` + $ +
M Q_>
M
2.2.8 _x0 ~ $(!
$3!$>
:` + ,
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
4 seen 1.4.14 $}N1
M
Even after ; 4 elision of $(M , 4 $(M is
(73 4 because of
4 Thus :` is considered to be (7.
1.1.62 B/K`(8 B/KT3 .
4 !}, but negated by 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ,
By 6.1.78 X`r/!/!>, , is
:`,
and further negated by 6.1.122 $E U!_! :`> ~ ;Z B! (7!N8 ,Q

(8
6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ~ (%>E
:`r
Now, (7;Z B for the word X>, which was taken as ,PZM [.
[LSK] X-4 ,Ng ;3?4 3 4
!> 1/3 :!> 1/3 /g $> :>M 1/1 (116B) One who has varied-coloured cows
4 :` + l$ 4 2.2.23 98_ 8 0> ~ $3!$>
+ l$ +
M
!Q(7;$12!, $E;
,4
+ : M
1.2.48 :`/`($lPE g ~ >
4 3 1/1
4 (6T)
:`> 6/1 ,3 1/1
: M + ,
4 ,
+
6.1.77 c;` /T
There is :`-9 at the end of the (7, but it is not X.4 Thus 6.1.122 $E U!_! :`> does
not apply.
156
,.$>
Another (7;Z B for the word (7!N8, which was taken as ,PZM [.
[LSK] (7!N8 ;3?4 :`>
:` + $ or :` + $ 4
:` + ,$ 4
4 +$4
:+
6.1.110 $$`> 6/2 0 ~ X> 5/1 ,Q 7/1 (%(E R/`> 6/2 X;> 1/1 (%>E 1/1
4
E ( is the X;!789.
After X,4 when short , of $ and $ follows,
(%'
4 the $(M . 4 Thus, 6.1.122 $E U!_!

Here, of :` is not at the end of (7. (7!N is the $ of
:`> does not apply.
Of the combination :` + ,, there are three forms:

4 6.1.122 $E U!_! :`> ~ ;Z B!
1. :`,3 by
4 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ~ (%>E
2. :`r3 by
4 6.1.123 , 4 `!/Pg ~ :`>
3. :3 by
To understand the stra 6.1.123 , 4 `!/Pg , we need to study two more
(RU!_!$%s, which are coming next.
157
M
7M 0
The next two (RU!_!$%s are from the section which teaches where the replacement
should happen.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.55
L
B 0J
8 !K 4 or 9Q. 4
The substitute should be in the place of the all letters when 6789 is ,P;
4 $Eg 6/1
8 !K 4 1/1 9Q 1/1
,P;
8 !K 4 1/1 P X;> ,P;

8 > (NT) ,P;
8 > ,K 4 /g $> ,P;
8 !K 4 (116B)
,P;
8 !K 4 here.
This is an adjective to 6789>. The 6789 which has many letters is called ,P;
4
4
$> 9Q (116B)
9Q 4 1/1 9;!R> cQ /g

4 cQ is
4 called 9Q here.
4
This is an adjective to 6789>. The 6789 which has 9 as
$Eg 6/1 in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )
4 0 6789> 1/1 $Eg 6/1 n!P 8 7/1 UQ> III/2

4 9Q 1/1
8 !K 1/1
[LSK T0] ,P;
8 !K 4 or 9Q, 4 should occur in the place of all the letters of
The substitute, which is ,P;
what is presented in 6th case.
This is ,(!7 to 1.1.52 ,K`rg .
8 !K 4
Example 1: In the case of ,P;
R!3 + U$ 4
R!3 + $ 4
4
7.1.9 ,Q> 5/1 U$> 6/1 $ 1/1
4 ,P;
4 replaced with the help of
8 !K.4 Thus the whole U$ is
$ is
4 g
8 !K 4 9Q $E
1.1.55 ,P;
Example 2: In the case of 9Q 4

4 Q$K 4
c73 +
c + Q$ 4
4
5.3.3 c73> 6/1 c9 1/1
4 9Q by
4 1.3.3 K3.4 Thus the whole c73 is
4 replaced with the help of 1.1.55
c9 is
4 g
8 !K 4 9Q $E
,P;
4 g .
8 !K 4 9Q $E
The next (RU!_!$% is ,(!7 to 1.1.55 ,P;
[LSK] cQ 0 !}8 7/1 When this stra is applicable (to be continued to the next stra.)
158
,.$>
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.53
(S ~ IL
The substitute should be in the place of the last letter when 6789 is Q. 4
Q 41/1 1/1 ~ ,K> 6/1 ,g 6/1
4
4
Q 41/1 ;!R> cQ /g
$> Q (116B)
4 called Q here.
4
This is an adjective to 6789>. The 6789 which has 4 as cQ is
0 This brings the context from the previous stra: 1.1.52 ,K`rg
,K> 6/1 B!!R> ,K;4 any letter; in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )
,g 6/1 in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )
4 ,P;
4
4 ,( 0 ,g 6/1 X 0 g!Q III/1
8 !K 1/1
[LSK] Q 1/1
Even the 6789 has more than one letter, if 6789 is Q, 4 it replaces the last letter of
what is presented in 6th case.
4
8 !K,4 and at the same time the n!PP should
When 6789 is ,P;
be only the last one
4 work with this (RU!_!$% 1.1.53 as ,(!7 to 1.1.55
letter, then the 6789 should be Q to
4 g .
8 !K 4 9Q $E
,P;
Example:
:` + ,
4
4 + , 6.1.123 , 4 `!/Pg ~ :`> (7!Ng , (the next stra)
: ,
8 !K,4 only , ,K 4 is replaced with the help of
Though , 4 is ,P;
1.1.53 ~ ,K> ,g
159
M
7M 0
Summary of the section
1.1.52 ,K> 6/1 ,g 6/1

,(!7>
4 ~ ,K> 6/1 ,g 6/1

1.1.53 Q 1/1
,(!7>
4 $Eg 6/1
4 9Q 1/1
8 !K 1/1
1.1.55 ,P;
The word in 6th case indicates the letter to be replaced. The word in 1st case
indicates 6789.
As a general rule (:)E , the last letter is to be replaced by 1.1.52 ,K`rg.

4 g is ,(!7 to 1.1.52 ,K`rg. By hearing ,P;
8 !K 4 9Q $E
8 !K,4 it is
1.1.55 ,P;
4 X;!K.4 It is also understood the general rule is about X;!K.4
understood that 9Q is
4 g. It is understood that Q is
4 ,P 8;!K.4
8 !K 4 9Q $E
1.1.53 is ,(!7 to 1.1.55 ,P;
Otherwise, the 1.1.53 stra becomes useless because the case X;!K 4 6789 is replacing
the last letter is already covered by 1.1.52 ,K`rg.
160
,.$>
The next stra is also ,(!7 to 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q .
[$%3]4 6.1.123
0( K1/L ~ 5, *3 4
In the opinion of `!/P 3M P, , 4 is the substitute for (7!N X-4 ending :`-9 when
followed by vowel.
6
(7
X 4 of :`
7
, 4
1
Optional
, 4
4
, 4 1/1 `!/Pg 6/1 :`> 6/1 X> 6/1 (7!Ng 6/1 , 7/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4 9; thus it replaces only the last letter by 1.1.53

, 4 1/1 this is Q 678
`!/Pg 6/1 `!/P is the name of a _ grammarian. 3Q8 7/1 (in the opinion) can
be supplied; in $_x0; in the opinion of `!/P 3M P. Option is implied.
(7!Ng 6/1 or (7!N8 7/1 From 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q by 3%; MQ:Q>; U(RT!3 to
either 6th case, as adjective to :`>, or ,;RT8 7th case to make at the end of (7.
:`> 6/1 :`-9; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
B!!R> X;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
By Q7N, XNg :`> is understood.
, 7/1 From 6.1.77 c;` /T ; in (R$}30.
[LSK] (7!N8 7/1 X!Ng 6/1 :`> 6/1 , 4 1/1 ! 0 , 7/1

4
When , follows,
, 4 is the substitute optionally in the place of the last letter of
:`-9 which ends with X 4 and at the end of (7.
161
M
7M 0
[LSK] :!3, 4 :`r3 4
:` + ,
4 , 4 + ,
:+
6.1.123 , 4 `!/Pg ~ :`> X> (7!Ng ,
In the process of deciding which letter is to be replaced, first 1.1.52 ,K`rg tells
4 g tells all the letters presented in 6th case,
8 !K 4 9Q $E
the last letter. Then 1.1.55 ,P;
8 !K.4 Finally, 1.1.53 tells the last letter because it is Q. 4
because the 6789 is ,P;
4 , + ,
:+
4
M
,PK`(
of cQ (1.3.3
K3 4 and 1.3.9 Qg K`(>)
:!
6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E
,-4 ,U!-(8 (when , 4 is not applied)

:`r
6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q
Thus, for the combination of :` + ,, there are three forms:

4 6.1.122 $E U!_! :`> ~ ;Z B! ,Q
1. :`,3 by
4 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ~ (%'
E (3 4
2. :`r3 by
4 6.1.123 , 4 `!/Pg ~ ,
3. :!3 by
[LSK] (7!N8 ;3?4 :

4 ~ 9!G!Q(7;!Q 4
4.1.2 Ol$3OF$
:` +
!Q(7; :` + $}30 X;P3 4

:` + c
4
M
,PK`(
of cQ (1.3.8
K9!Q)Q8 and 1.3.9 Qg K`(>)
4 , +
4 c
:+
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> ~ ,
:` is not at the end of (7.
162
,.$>
The next stra is just for achieving the form :8 by negating the option of 6.1.123
, 4 `!/Pg ~ ,.
[$%3]4 6.1.124
, ~ !3 5, *3 4
:` + c always becomes :8.
6
(7
7
c
X 4 of :`
1
, 4
4
c8 7/1 0 , 4 1/1 :`> 6/1 X> 6/1 (7!Ng 6/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
c8 7/1 A word c; in (R$}30.
0 connects with the previous stra, 6.1.123 , 4 `!/Pg .
4 9; thus it replaces only the last

, 4 1/1 From 6.1.123 , 4 `!/Pg ; this is Q 678
letter by 1.1.53
(7!Ng 6/1 or (7!N8 7/1 From 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q by 3%; MQ:Q>; U(RT!3 to
either 6th case, as adjective to :`>, or ,;RT8 7th case to make at the end of (7.
:`> 6/1 :`-9; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
B!!R> X;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0. By Q7N, XNg :`> is understood.
4
[LSK] :`> 6/1 , 4 1/1 g!Q III/1
c8 7/1
When c follows, , 4 is the substitute in the place of the last letter of :`-9
which ends with X 4 and at the end of (7.
163
M
7M 0
4 In this stra, there are two
Z ! , PB3 .
The next ;Z QU! stra is 6.1.125 MQ-:
$12!s: MQ and :Z. Thus we will study some stras relating these $12!s.
MQ $12! is defined by 1.2.27 j;!K`r70LE MQ>. Then, MQ is enjoined to certain
vowels by $%s in the section starting from 8.2.82 !g 8 > MQ 7![> . There, which
vowel in what occasion should become MQ is taught.
4
The next $%3 stra
is one of such MQ-!/;-$% s.
[$%3]4 8.2.84
p
9 !
f , ~ !6 7
8
In the act of calling from a distance, the of a sentence becomes optionally MQ.
4 HQ8 7/1 0 ~ !g 6/1 8 > 6/1 MQ> 1/1 ! 0
R!Q 5/1
R!Q 45/1 !Q(7; R (distance); in ,(!7P 8 (~30; from a distance.
4
4
HQ8 7/1 !Q(7; HQ (act of calling); '8 (!E
/!3 (1U)
to call + (U!8); $`P 8 is
understood; in _/$}30.
0 connects with the ,;!R stra in this topic, 8.2.82 !g 8 > MQ 7![> .
!g 6/1 From 8.2.82 !g 8 > MQ 7![>; in $_x0 connected to 8 >.
8 > 6/1 !Q(7; , defined by 1.1.64 ,`r!7 ; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
MQ> 1/1 Defined by 1.2.27 j;!K`r70L E MQ>; this is 6789.
! 0 Though this word is not in $%(!, 3!U!;!R explains that this is ; (optional).
4 $`P 8 7/1 !g 6/1 8 > 6/1 MQ> 1/1 ! 0

[LSK] R!Q 5/1
4 the 6789 in the place of of the sentence.
In the act of calling from a distance, MQ is
To understand the application of this stra in example, the next (RU!_!$% is

required.
164
,.$>
4 more than one letter, we need the next
When 6789 is , 70L E or MQ, and n!PP is
(RU!_!$%.
M
This (RU!_!$% is not in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.2.28
,{ ~ ;< %8
9
The word ,> 6/1 should be added in Z[ when 6789 is , 70L E or MQ, and the
place of replacement is not clear.
,> 6/1 0 ~ -70L-E MQ> 1/1
,> 6/1 !Q(7; ,; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
0 connects with the previous stra.
70LE MQ> 1/1 From the previous sIra 1.2.27 j;!K`r70LE MQ>.
4 0/Q8 III/1 Q 0 ,> 6/1 cQ 0 _N3 1/1

4 (73 1/1
4 (QxQ8 III/1
[SK] -70L-E MQ-9> 3/3 / 0 , 1/1
Wherever a vowel is enjoined by the word , 70L E or MQ, in that place, 6th caseending word ,> 6/1 is supplied.
For example, in the stra 8.2.84 R!7 4 %Q 8 ~ MQ> !g 8 >, because MQ> is enjoined,
,> 6/1 is supplied and the meaning will become MQ is the substitute in the place of Hc
of of ! when addressing from the distance.
4
X II/1 U:P 8/1
X U:!P 4
8.2.84 R!7 4 %Q 8 ~ MQ> !g 8 > ,> 6/1 !
To decide which letter of is replaced by MQ, the (RU!_!$% 1.2.28 , is applied.12

To decide which MQ letter should be the substitute, another (RU!_!$% 1.1.50
4 by n!P is ;7 letter 6.
n!Pr8 NRQ3> is used. The closest to the n!PP ,
When the optional MQ is not applied, no other change is required.
12
Otherwise, 1.1.52 ,-xy is applied and the z is in the place of , which brings z { by
1.1.50 @ x .

165
M
7M 0
Now, MQ $12! is used in the next stra.
[$%3]4 6.1.125
R @m
, ^
~ &/ 2
When MQ or :Z is followed by ,, 4 it remains as it is without $ change.

1
, 4
MQ or :Z
;Z QU!
4 !> 1/3 , 7/1 PB3 04 ;Z B! 3/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1

4
MQ-:Z
4 !> 1/3 MQ! :Z! MQ:

Z !> (ID)
MQ-:Z
, 7/1 Though this can be taken from 6.1.77 c;` /T, it is again said in order to
show that the , cannot cause any $ change13; in (R$}30.
PB3 40 Always; this is to negate the possibility of 6.1.127 c;`r$T 9!;g .
4
;Z B! 3/1 !Q(7; ;Z Q, unmodified form; in QZQ0/! by (!) ;Z B!7S ($t!P3 ;
connected to UQ, it means stays as its own state.
4 !> 1/3) , 7/1 ;Z B! 3/1 g>M III/3

[LSK] XQ8 1/3 (= MQ-:Z
4
MQ and :Z will remain as their own states, when , follows.
There should be two types of examples. The first example is with MQ.
[LSK] 6: II/1 ;Z 8/1 , 0 :O> 1/1 RQ III/1 Come K;Ja--! Here a cow is moving.
Here, the of the first sentence (!) gets MQ by 8.2.84 R!)%Q 8 ~ MQ>. Even when a
4
4
, follows
and 6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E is applicable, the , does
not become a P3[, cause,
4
4 Thus the MQ remains as it is.
Z ! , PB3 .
for any ,$,
by 6.1.125 MQ:
Being 6/ of ;Z QU!, MQ should be regarded as $) even though it is (!70;!/E3. 4
The next example is with :Z, which has to be defined by the following stras.
13

/
: is not . This is so that the
does not become the cause for any -"
k.
/

0, of does not become
In the case of } , is i/~ by 1.1.14. By 6.1.125 z i~

for -"
k.
Since /
: is not on , "T7"
k is applied between } and .
166
,.$>
Z ! , PB3 4 is specifying two $12!s:
The previous stra 6.1.125 MQ:
1.
MQ> defined by $12!$% 1.2.27 j;!K`r70LE MQ> and enjoined by $%s in the section
M
starting from 8.2.82 !g 8 > MQ 7![> to 8.2.108. In this section of KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, only
one stra 8.2.84 R!)%Q 8 ~ MQ> is introduced.
2.
:Z> defined by $12!$%s in the section starting from 1.1.11 787 4 P1 :Z3 4 to 1.1.19.
M
In this section of KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, four :Z$12!-!/;-$%s are introduced.
Now, we are going to see the first :Z$12!-!/;-$%.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.11
p 0, @m

The dual suffix ending with , j, or X is termed :Z.
4 :Z3 1/1
4
4 P3 1/1
7 4-j7 4-XQ 1/1
4 jQ
4 XQ
4 78Q (SD);
4
7 4-j7 4-XQ 4 1/1 Q
the Q(R;RT is to make the sounds clearly
separated so that there is no doubt; this is adjective to P3, 4 thus Q7N is applied;
4
, j, X-ending dual suffix; Q becomes
7 4 by 8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8 by being (7!N in $3!$.
4 a $12! given to Q 4 and $(M in

4 dual, defined by 1.4.102
P3 41/1 P3 is
M
Q!h8;PP P!h8;9> and 1.4.103 $(>;
this is $120 for this stra.
4
:Z3 1/1
This is $12!.
4 :Z3 1/1
4 g!Q III/3
4
4 P3 1/1
[LSK] 787 4-,N3 1/1
, j, X-ending suffix in dual is termed :Z.
This :Z $12! is given to suffix, specified in the stra.

We can expect three types of examples: in the case of , j, and X.
167
M
7M 0
[LSK] R0 1/2 XQO 1/2
R + 1/2, 2/2
4
$(M -B/
with P-$12! is suffixed.
R 4+
E TE> ~ X;> (%(E R/`> ,;> 70L>E

6.1.102 s3/`> (%$
In the place of c and , X;!789 is .
By 6.1.85 ,N!7, the X;!789 is seen as P-$12; suffix. With the m(789! (see
under 6.1.85 ,N!7), this single letter is seen as that which ends with . Thus, by 1.1.11
4 :Z $12! is given to this .
787 4 P1 :Z3 ,
R0 + XQO
Now, R0 is followed by another word XQO.
R0 XQO
Z ! , PB3 4 ~ ;Z B!
6.1.125 MQ:
6.1.77 c;` /T was negated.
[LSK] % 1/2 c3O 1/2

Exactly the same manner as above.
[LSK] :8 1/2 ,3% 1/2

:! + 1/2, 2/2
4
$(M -B/
with P-$12! is suffixed.
:! + 90
7.1.18 6(> ~ 90
4
is replaced by 90 when preceded by 0B/ 6(-ending
!Q(7;.
:! +
4 cQ and
4
By 1.3.8 K9!Q)Q8 , 9 is
elided by 1.3.9 Qg K`(>
: +
4 X
6.1.87 6T>
~ X;> (%(E R/`> ,
M
M (X by n!Pr8 NRQ3>).
In the place of 6 and , X;!789 is :T
By 6.1.85 ,N!7, the X;!789 X is seen as P-$12; suffix. With the m(789! (see
under 6.1.85 ,N!7), this single letter X is seen as that which ends with X. Thus, by
4 :Z $12! is given to this X.
1.1.11 787 4 P1 :Z3 ,
:8 + ,3%
Now, :8 is followed by another word ,3%.
:8 ,3%
Z ! , PB3 4 ~ ;Z B!
6.1.125 MQ:
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> was negated.
168
,.$>
:Z-$12!-!/;-$% continues.
?
K
~ => 5/
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.12
4 the pronoun ,7$ are

4
and j after 3 of
termed :Z.
4 ~ 7 4-jQ 1/1
4 :Z3 1/1
4
,7$> 6/1 3!Q 5/1
4 ,7$, 4 after 3 as
4
,7$> 6/1 The pronoun ,7$;4 in ,/_x0 ($_x0) to 3!Q; 4 after 3 of
a part of ,7$.4
3!Q 4 5/1 The letter 3;4 , is for pronunciation; in 7/`:8 (~30 to (R>, which can be
supplied to qualify Q. 4
4 jQ
4 Q (SD)
4
4
Q
; the Q(R;RT is to make the sounds clearly separated
7 4-jQ 1/1
so that there is no doubt; this is $120.
4
:Z3 1/1
This is $12!.
4 (RO 1/2 QO 1/2 :ZO 1/2 > III/2

[LSK] ,z!Q 5/1
4 a part of ,7$),4 and j are termed :Z.
After this (3 as
Declension of the pronoun ,7$ 4

( M >
1 M ;K>
P($
0K>
X;P3 4 P3 4 P3 4 X;P3 4 P3 4 P3 4 X;P3 4 P3 4 P3 4

s3!
,$O
,3%
,30
,$
,3%
,3%>
,7>
,3%
,3%P
Q0/!
,33M 4
,3%
,3%P 4
,3%3 4
,3%
,3%>
,7>
,3%
,3%P
QZQ0/!
,3PM !
,3%S!3 4 ,30U>
,3/M !
,3%S!3 4 ,3%U>
,3PM !
,3%S!3 4 ,30U>
QsM
M
,3
,3%S!3 4 ,30S>
M
,3
,3%S!3 4 ,3%S>
M
,3
,3%S!3 4 ,30S>
(~30
M !Q 4
,3
,3%S!3 4 ,30S>
M !>
,3
,3%S!3 4 ,3%S>
M !Q 4
,3
,3%S!3 4 ,30S>
_x0
M
,3
,3/M `>
M !>
,30_!3 4 ,3
$}30
,3M P 4
,3/M `>
,30_ M
M !3 4
,3
,3/M `>
,3%_!3 4
M
,3
,3/M `>
,30_!3 4
,3/M `>
,3_M M
,3M P 4
,3/M `>
,30_ M
P34 from the previous stra is not taken as ,PZM [ so that the P of ,30 in
masculine gets :Z$12!.
169
M
7M 0
4 declined form of ,7$ are

4
Both and j, as well as the 3 of
;!/E of stras in (!70.
Namely, 8.2.80 ,7$`r$87!E 7` 3> and 8.2.81 XQ 7 4 P 8. 1.1.12 ,7$` 3!Q 4 can recognize
these ;!/Es because of P-$!3KE3,4 capacity of the stra.
Example of P
[LSK] ,30 1/3 9!> 1/3
4 l$ 4
,7$ +
4 90
,7$ +
7.1.17 l$> 90 ~ $EP!>
,7 , +
7.2.102 B7!70P!3> ~ UO
,7 +
M ~ (R'(3 4
6.1.97 ,Q` :T8
Note that , + , in the !Q(7; is ,NR, having precedence, while , + between
4
!Q(7; and $(M -B/,
which is R.
,78
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ ,
,30
4 3>
8.2.81 XQ 7 4 P 8 ~ ,7$> 7!Q 7>
4 ,7$ gains
4
4 3 4
The after 3 of
:Z-$12! by 1.1.12 ,7$` 3!Q 4 ~ Q :Z
,30 + 9>
,30 9>
Z ! , PB3 4
6.1.125 MQ:
Example of P j
[LSK] R!3;Z O 1/2 ,3% 1/2 6$!Q8 II/2 These Rma and K;Ja sit.
4
,7$ +
,7 , +
7.2.102 B7!70P!3> ~ UO
,7 +
M ~ (R'(3 4
6.1.97 ,Q` :T8
4
Note that , + , in the !Q(7; is ,NR to , + between !Q(7; and $(M -B/,
which is R.
,7O
6.1.88 Z)R8 ~ 6Q 4
,3%
4 7> 3>
8.2.80 ,7$> ,$8> 7!Q
4 ,7$ gains
4
4 3 4
The j after 3 of
:Z-$12! by 1.1.12 ,7$` 3!Q 4 ~ Q :Z
,3% + 6$!Q8
,3% 6$!Q8
Z ! , PB3 4
6.1.125 MQ:
170
,.$>
4
Now, (7;Z B for the word is 3!Q done.
4 ?4 ,3;
M 8 r
[LSK] 3!Q ;3
4 ,$ 4
,7 4 + ,; +
4 4 8 >
5.3.71 ,m/$EP!!3; !;
4 suffixed before , in the sense of itself (!s).
Q)Q-B/ ,; is
,7;$ 4
M
,PK`(>
and TE$/8KP3 4
M $4
,3;
4 7> 3>
8.2.80 ,7$> ,$8> 7!Q
4 l$ 4
M $+
,3;
4 90
M $+
,3;
7.1.17 l$> 90 ~ $EP!>
M ,+
,3;
7.2.102 B7!70P!3> ~ UO
M +
,3;
M ~ (R'(3 4
6.1.97 ,Q` :T8
4
Note that , + , in the !Q(7; is ,NR to , + between !Q(7; and $(M -B/,
which is R.
M 8
,3;
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ ,
4 ,7$, 4 thus X does not get :Z-$12! by 1.1.12 ,7$` 3!Q 4 ~ Q. 4
The X is not after 3 of
M 8 + ,
,3;
M 8 r
,3;
6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ~ (%>E
Side note:
Even though and j of ,3%S!3, 4 ,30U>, etc., satisfies the conditions for getting :Z$12! told
Z ! ,
in 1.1.12 ,7$` 3!Q,4 since there are letters after the and j, and hence 6.1.125 MQ:
PB3 4 is not applicable, there is no use for giving :Z$12!. [Bh]
171
M
7M 0
Now we are seeing two P(!Q-$12!-!/;-$%s because the next :Z$12!-!/;-$%
requires P(!Q-$12!.
[$12!$%3]4 1.4.57
,/K ~ @
Words in -67-:T (a group of words beginning with ), in the sense of ,$ (that

which does not have gender and number), gain P(!Q $12!.
-67/> 1/3 ,$8 7/1 P(!Q!> 1/3

4 Q8 1/3 !7/> 1/3 (116B); a group of words

-67/> 1/3 -9> 1/1 67> 1/1 /8_!3 6/3
beginning with ; this is $120.
4
,$8 7/1 $ means m, that which has gender and number; P $3 ,$3
, 4 that
which does not have gender or number; in _/$}30.
P(!Q!> 1/3 This is $12!.
[LSK] ,m!s!E> 1/3 !7/> 1/3 P(!Q!> 1/3 g>M III/3

Words in !7:T, whose meanings are without gender or number are termed P(!Q.
M
The members of !7:T are found in ,m/!P section in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0.
172
,.$>
[$12!$%3]4 1.4.58
/ ~ A
@
Words in -67-:T (a group of words beginning with ), in the sense of ,$ (that

which does not have gender and number), gain P(!Q $12!.
-67/> 1/3 ,$8 7/1 P(!Q!> 1/3

1 word in the $%, 2 words as ,PZM [.
4 Q8 1/3 !7/> 1/3 (116B); a group of words

-67/> 1/3 -9> 1/1 67> 1/1 /8_!3 6/3
beginning with ; this is $120.
4
, 4 that
,$8 7/1 $ means m, that which has gender and number; P $3 ,$3
which does not have gender or number; in _/$}30.
P(!Q!> 1/3 This is $12!.
[LSK] XQ8 1/3 ,( 0 Qs! 0 (P(!Q!> 1/3 g>M III/3)

Words in !7:T, whose meanings are without gender or number are termed P(!Q.
M
The members of !7:T are found under 1.4.59 ($:!E> /!/`:8 in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0.
2. (R!
3. ,(
4. $3 4
5. ,P M
6. ,
7. P$ 4
8. PR 4
9. $ 4
10. R 4
11.
12. 6 4
13. P
14. ,
15. ,(
16. ,Q
17. $ M
18. 7 4
19. ,U
20. Q
21. (R
22. (
1.
Summary of $12!s to !7:T

$120
$12!
$12!789>
1.4.58
!7/>
P(!Q!>
1.1.37 R!7P(!Q3m/3 4
1.4.59
!7/> /!/`:8
($:!E>
8.4.14 ($:!E7$3!$8r( T`(789g ~ T> P>
1.4.60
!7/> /!/`:8
:Q>
M
2.2.18 ;M:Q!7/> ~ Q_>
$3!$>
1.4.61 ~ 79
L, etc
173
M
7M 0
Now the P(!Q-$12! is used in the next :Z$12!-!/;-$%.
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.14
G &>( ~ 5/?
P(!Q, which is one vowel, but not 6,4 is termed :Z.
4 ,P! 4 1/1 ~ :Z3 1/1

4
P(!Q> 1/1 X;-, 1/1
P(!Q> 1/1 That which is termed P(!Q by P(!Q$12!-!/;$%s from 1.4.56 to 1.4.98; this
is adjective to X;!. 4
4
4
4
X;-, 1/1
X;> ,$O , X;!
(KT);
this is $120.
4
Here X;! does
not mean a group of letters consisting of only one vowel, and the rest
4
are consonants. This X;! means
a single vowel.
,P! 4 1/1 P 6 4 ,P! 4 (NT); this is adjective to X;!. 4

4
Note that conditions regarding letters are always after removing cQ letters.
4
:Z3 1/1
This is $12!.
4 P(!Q> 1/1 64 l>E 1/1 :Z> 1/1 g!Q III/1

4
[LSK] X;> 1/1 , 1/1
The single vowel which is P(!Q, other than 6,4 is termed :Z.
4
Examples of X;! P(!Q
are:
[LSK] c c> 389>
Both c and are found in !7:T, and their meanings are z/, wonder, and Q;E ,
doubt, both of which are ,$. Thus :Z $12! is given by 1.1.14 P(!Q X;!lP!4 . Then even
4
4
4 the following , does
Z ! , PB3 ,
when , follows,
by 6.1.125 MQ:
not become the
4
E .
P3[, cause for ,-$,
here $TE70L$
174
,.$>
Now, ,P! 4 is explained.
There are two types of 6s:
4
6 4 which is called Q (that
which is with 4 as cQ).4
4
6 which is called ,Q (that
which is without 4 as cQ).4
In usage they look the same. However, the distinction is made because there is a
difference in $. When 6 is ,Q, 4 it gains :Z$12! by this stra 1.1.14 P(!Q X;!lP!4 and
4
Z ! , PB3 .
no $ happens even when a vowel follows, by 6.1.125 MQ:
4
4 are told in the following loka:
4 and ,Q 6
The meanings of Q 6
97s /!/`:8 3/!E7!UO />
4
XQ3!Q1 Q1 !7 4 !zRT/`RQ
6 4 (Q)4
4
4
1. _Q-,s
in the sense of slight, little e.g., 6()4 (_Q)4 3 3
4
2. /!/`:8 ($:>E e.g., 6()4 + c = X
M 8 > $1$!R>
3. 3/!E7! exclusive limit e.g., 6()4 6 3
M
4. ,U> inclusive limit e.g., 6()4 UP!Q
4
6 (,Q)4
1. !8 but now e.g., 6 X1 3h$8 But now, you think that way. (Before you were
not thinking that way, but now you are.)
2. zRT8 recollection e.g., 6 X1 ;K QQ 4 Ah, I remember it was indeed that.
Taking this into account, the following examples show how ,P! 4 in the stra works.
4
4
[LSK] !zRT/`RQ;4 6 X1 P M 3h$8 6 X1 ;K QQ 4 ,h Q; 4 6 _3 3
4
By the statement ,Q (6)
is in the sense of ! and zRT, these 6s in the
following sentences are considered to be ,P! 4 and thus :Z $12! is given, resulting in non4
application of $. In other senses, 6s are considered to be Q (6
)4 , thus :Z $12! is not
given, resulting in application of $ change.
175
M
7M 0
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.15
' ~ @ 5/?
;!R ending P(!Q is termed :Z.
4 ~ P(!Q> 1/1 :Z3 1/1

4
Q 1/1
1 word in the $%, 2 words as ,PZM [.
4 limit to 70L;E this is adjective to P(!Q>; being adjective, Q7N is

Q 41/1 with Q to
applied, resulting ;!R-ending P(!Q.
P(!Q> 1/1 That which is termed P(!Q by P(!Q$12!-!/;$%s from 1.4.56 to 1.4.98.
4
:Z3 1/1
This is $12!.
4
[LSK] 7N> 1/1 P(!Q> 1/1 :Z> 1/1 g!Q III/1
The ;!R-ending P(!Q is termed :Z.
[LSK] ,` 9!>
,` is termed P(!Q because it is in !7:T and it is ,$P. 4 Thus ,` is an ;!R4 :Z $12! is gained. Then by 6.1.125 MQ:
4 of
Z ! , PB3 ,
ending P(!Q. By 1.1.15 Q ,
9!>, though being a vowel, does not become a P3[ for 6.1.78 X`r/!/!> .
Other -ending P(!Qs are: ,s` (now), P` (no), 6` (interjection expressing doubt or
alternative), Q!` (questioning).
176
,.$>
[$12!$%3]4 1.1.16
?
BWL 0<| ~ B 5/
v
;!R caused by $M ) in ,7; literature, when followed by cQ, is termed :Z in

the opinion of 9!; 3M P.
4 :Z3 1/1
4
$)M O 7/1 9!;g 6/1 cQO 7/1 ,P!_ 7/1 ~ Q 1/1
4
$)M O 7/1 $M ) is $12! for $, M singular in $`P of $(M -B/,
by $12!$% 2.3.49 X;P1
$M )> ~ s3! $`P 8; in P3[$}30.
9!;g 6/1 The name of a grammarian respected by (!TP, in $_x0 to 3Q8 (in the
opinion). This implies that this is optional.
cQO 7/1 !Q(7; is cQ; in (R$}30.
4 >E that which is connected to _; P 6_>E ,P!_>E (NT); in

,P!_ 7/1 _8> c73 6_
_/$}30.
4 with Q to
4 limit to 70L.E
Q 41/1 From 1.1.15 Q ;
4
:Z3 1/1
This is $12!.
[LSK] $M )-P3[;> 1/1 ;!R> 1/1 ! 0 :Z> 1/1 ,7;8 7/1 cQO 7/1 (R8 7/1
;!R which is caused by $M ) ($`P singular), when followed by cQ, is optionally
:Z in non-Vedic literature.
The following is the preparation of the example given in the Z[.

M + $ M ($M )>)
$ M is enjoined by 2.3.47 $`P 8 ~ s3!

This $ M is termed $M )> by 2.3.49 X;P1 $M )> ~ s3! $`P 8
` + $ 4
M ~ $)M O
7.3.108 g :T>
`
4 )M >8 ~ K`(>
6.1.69 X-4 !Q $
This of ` is caused by the suffix $M ).
` + cQ
When cQ follows this in non-Vedic literature, :Z $12! is

optionally given to the by 1.1.16 $)M O 9!;g8Q!P!_ .
177
M
7M 0
There are three forms possible.
[LSK] ` cQ, cQ, Q
Case 1) Optional :Z$12!

` + cQ
The of ` caused by the suffix $M ) is termed :Z optionally

by 1.1.16 $)M O 9!;g8Q!P!_ .
` + cQ
Z ! , PB3 4 prevents any ,-$ to happen.

6.1.125 MQ:
4
Case 2) No :Z$12! with optional -K`(
` + cQ
4 +
4 cQ
,
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> ~ ,
4 + cQ
,
E ,9
8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g ~ (7g m`> ,(%g
cQ
4
Case 3) No :Z$12! and no -K`(
` + cQ
4 +
4 cQ
,
6.1.78 X`r/!/!> ~ ,
Q
178
,.$>
The next stra is an optional ,(!7 to :Z $12! by 1.1.14 P(!Q X;!lP!4 .
[$12!$%3]4 8.3.33
/ !5K 0K 0 ~
4
4 the substitute
For the particle , 4 when preceded by 3/ and
followed by ,, 4 is
optionally.
3/ 4 4 , 4
1
Optional 4
3/> 5/1 > 6/1 > 1/1 ! 0 , 7/1
3/> 5/1 B!!R> 3/; 4 in (%(E ~30.
> 6/1 A particle 144 in !7:T; since it is ,$, P(!Q $12! is given by 1.4.57
!7/`r$8; :Z $12! is possible by 1.1.14 P(!Q X;!lP! 4 ; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
4 for pronunciation (!RT!s); this is 6789.

> 1/1 ;!R>; , after is
! 0 This operation is optional.
, 7/1 B!!R> ,; 4 in (R$}30.
[LSK] 3/> 5/1 (Rg 6/1 > 6/1 > 1/1 ! 0 , 7/1
4
4
4 the substitute optionally in the place of which
4
is
is after 3/ when
, follows.
Two forms are possible.
4
M 3, 4 ;3 M 3
[LSK] ;M
Case 1) ;!R-6789 option
4 )4 3 4
;3 (
4
4
;3 4 3
8.3.33 3/ ` ` ! ~ ,
M 34
;M
4 ,$) for 8.3.23 3`rP!R>

M
M
The is
, hence ,P!R
does not occur.
Case 2) :Z$12!
4 )4 3 4
;3 (
is :Z by 1.1. 14 P(!Q X;!lP! 4 ~ :Z3 4
4 3 4
;3
Z ! , PB3 4 ~ ;Z B!
6.1.125 MQ:
;3 M 3 4
14
v

6bC
[AK]
179
M
7M 0
:Z topic is over now. The next stra is another rule of ;Z QU!. There are two
things told in this one stra.
[$%3]4 6.1.127
K0| BWL Q{ ~

When c; 4 is followed by ,$TE vowel, there is ;Z QU! (remaining without $) and
the c; 4 becomes .
6
(7
c; 4
7
,$TE , 4
1
;Z QU!
(no $)
4
c;> 6/1 ,$T 7/1 9!;g 6/1 > 1/1 0 ~ (7!Ng 6/1 , 7/1 ;Z B! 3/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
c;> 6/1 B!!R> c;;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
4 this is an adjective to ,; in (R$}30.

4
4
,$T 7/1 P $TE3 ,$TE
3 (NT),
QzP ;
opinion).
> 1/1 This is 6789; (RU!_!$% 1.2.28 , brings ,> 6/1 in n!P/8 `:! _x0, resulting
in the place of ,4 to be added in Z[.
0 There are two injunctions in this stra. One is to keep it without $, another is
to make c; 4 short.
(7!Ng 6/1 From 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q by 3%; MQ:Q>; U(RT!3 has happened;
this is adjective to c;>.
, 7/1 From 6.1.77 c;` /T; in (R$}30.
4
;Z B! 3/1 !Q(7; ;Z Q, unmodified form; in QZQ0/! by (!) ;Z B!7S ($t!P3 .
[LSK] (7!N!> 1/3 c;> 1/3 !> 1/3 ! 0 g>M III/3 ,$T 7/1 , 7/1 15
4
c;s4 at the end of (7 become short optionally when ,$TE , follows.
15
[SK] >T
6/1
?
"D
> / 0 [B] >T "D
>

/ 0 :
c
? "t This reading seems better.
180
,.$>
M
Note that KL$)!N;O3
7M 0;!R takes all 1st case to show ;Z QU! is not a change.
4 P 0 R-$> 1/1
[LSK] --$!3K!EQ 5/1
Because of the effect of , no vowel $ is applied after making , otherwise,
the statement would become useless.
[LSK] ,, N
Two forms are possible.
Case 1)
016 + ,
,
6.1.127 c;`r$T 9!;g
Case 2)
0 + ,
4 ,
N +
6.1.77 c;` /T
[LSK] (7!N!> cQ ;3?4 :!O+

Why was (7!N!> told? To achieve the form :OO+, which requires the next stra
16

8.2.7 ,->
>
T is not
"= for the stra in ">T"7 because of 8.2.2 ,-> "> --

"?-

vb /
, which limits the scope of
"= of ,-> to those stras for "> -

v,
-

v, "?-

v,

and

v when / follows.
For "
k-

vs, ,-> is
"=.
181
M
7M 0
4
The next stra is about K-$.
To achieve the form mentioned in the last stra, we
need to know this stra.
[$%3]4 8.4.46
,K . ~ !
There is optional doubling of /R 4when it is preceded by R 4or 4 which is preceded by

,. 4
5
, 4
5
R 4or 4
6
/R 4

4 8 1/1 ~ /R> 6/1 ! 0

,> 5/1 R!S!3 5/2
,> 5/1 B!!R> ,; 4 in (%(E ~30.
4
R!S!3 5/2
R> > RO (ID) Q!S!3; 4 , after R 4and 4 are for pronunciation; in (%(E ~30.
8 1/2 !Q(7; ; this is 6789; the letter becomes double.
/R> 6/1 B!!R> /R;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
! 0 This is optional.
4 R8;!R!S!3 5/2
4 (Rg 6/1 /R> 6/1 8 1/2 ! 0 > III/2
[LSK] ,> 5/1 (R!S!3 5/2
There is optional doubling of /R 4after R8 or 4 , which is after ,. 4
[LSK] :OO+
:OR0 +
!Q(7; :OR0 (;!R!N-0K-9>) is declined in 1/2 or 2/2.
4
:OR 4/ +
6.1.77 c;` /T
4 +
4
:OR 4/ /
8.4.46 ,` R!S!1 8 ~ ! /R>
:OO+
When is not taken, :O/+ is another form.
4 3!P3, 4
Other examples of the doubling by 8.4.46 ,` R!S!1 8 are: [E3!P3/QE
;0[E>/;0QE>, etc.
The next !QE; is P_8 (prohibition) of 6.1.127 c;`r$T 9!; .
182
,.$>
(! %&)

;Z QU! and by 6.1.127 c;`r$T 9!; do not happen when two words
are compounded.
P 0 $3!$8 7/1
2 words in the $%, other words are understood by the context.
P 0 Prohibition to the two effects of 6.1.127 c;`r$T 9!; , namely, ;Z QU!

and , even when all the conditions are met.
$3!$8 7/1 Compound, as per $3!$ starting from 2.1.1 to 2.2.38; in ,;RT$}30.
[LSK] !1>
4
!1!3 ,>
4
M ~ $(M $3!$>
!(0 + + , + $ M 2.1.4 $ $(!
!Q(7;$12! by 1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4
!(0 + ,
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
The (7!N followed by ,$TE , is satisfying all the conditions of
6.1.127 c;`r$T 9!; . However, this is negated by
(!) P $3!$8
4 ,
!( /4 +
6.1.77 c;` /T
!1
183
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 6.1.128
#^ ~ &C 4 &/ 2
In the opinion of 9!;, when ,; 4 is followed by short , there is ;Z QU!

(remaining without $) and the ,; 4 becomes .
6
,; 4
7
Q 4
1
;Z QU!
(no $)
4
Q 7/1 ,;> 6/1 9!;g 6/1 > 1/1 (7!Ng 6/1 ;Z B! 3/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
Q 7/1 Short ; in (R$}30.
,;> 6/1 B!!R> ,;;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
opinion).
> 1/1 This is 6789; (RU!_!$% 1.2.28 , brings ,> 6/1 in n!P/8 `:! _x0, resulting
in in the place of ,4 to be added in Z[.
(7!Ng 6/1 From 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q by 3%; MQ:Q>; U(RT!3 has happened;
this is adjective to ,;>.
4
;Z B! 3/1 !Q(7; ;Z Q, unmodified form; in QZQ0/! by (!) ;Z B!7S ($t!P3 .
[LSK] Q 7/1 (R8 7/1 (7!N!> 1/3 ,;> 1/3 !Q 04 (!> 1/3 ;Z B! 3/1) ! 0 g>M III/3
When short follows, ,; 4 at the end of (7 does not undergo $ change and
becomes .
[LSK] _> _>E
! 1/1 + _> 1/1
6.1.78 6T>
is !}, but negated by
M
_>
6.1.128 B;> ~ (7!Ng ;Z B! > 9!;g
If this option is not taken:

_>E
6.1.78 6T>
M
184
,.$>
(7;Z B for the word (7!N!> is done.
4
[LSK] (7!N!> ;3?4 6EQ
If the ,; 4 is not at the end of (7, 6.1.128 B;> does not apply. In this
counterexample, 6 4-6:3 is used to illustrate ,(7!N ,;.4
6:3 is not an independent entity. It is a part of what it is attached to. Thus, 6:3
does not get (7 status. In this example, 6 4-6:3 is a part of !Q.M
4 ;QER/III/1
(1P) to go + K/
+ K 4
3.2.111 ,PQP 8 K 4 ~ U%Q 8
+ Q
3.4.78 Q} ~ Kg
+Q4
3.4.100 cQ ~ K`(>
4 Q4
+ 9( +
M 8
3.1.68 ;QER 9( 4 ~ $!E!Q;
4 + , + Q 4
7.3.78 (!!&!n!!7!9QE3QE97$7!1 (l3Qx3P/-(/EO90/$07!> ~

9Q
4 M
6 4 + 4 + , + Q 4 6.4.72 6l!70P!3 4 ~ KRKZ
6R 4+ 4 + , + Q 4
6.1.90 6 ~ Z)>
Note: !Q M can also be 4 (6P) to go, to make the same result.
4 ;Z QU!> 1/1 $}_0T!3 4 $}_T!3 4

Side note: [SK] $3!$8 7/1 ,( 0 ,/3 1/1
The !QE; P $3!$8 for the previous stra does not apply for this stra.
4
[LSK] cQ ,-$>
17
4
Thus ends ,-$
section.
17
should

of
have been subject to 8.2.39 ,? }6-x, 8.4.53 ,? }6
6,
and 8.4.55
to
retained without "

k.
become . However, to avoid confusion with 0+ , is
185
M
7M 0

Summary of AP%QR
4
M
These are the ,.$ stras studied in ,$>
section in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0. They can be
divided into three sections.
(j-./)
6.1.72 $1Q!/!3 4
158
6.1.77 c;` /T
, 125
6.1.78 X`r/!/!>
4
,-$
section starts from here.
X> 83
6.1.79 !N` / B/8

(x. 2;< 2-./)
6.1.84 X;> (%(E R/`>
111
X;!789 section starts from here.

All X;!789s are ,N-67Q 4
6.1.85 ,N!7
4
6Q 96
M
:T-678
9
Z)> 92; X 89
Z)-6789
M
6.1.87 67 4 :T>
6.1.88 Z)R8
6.1.89 XB8B%<$ M
6.1.91 ($:!E7 4 Q !QO
($:!E7 4, !QO 94; Q 92
6.1.94 X (R'(3 4
4
(R'(3 100
(R'(-6789
6.1.95 3!`
6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E
,;> 107; 70L>E 106
6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q
X> 110; ,Q 113
70L-E 6789
E (-6789
(%'
(.K 1 2-./)

6.1.122 $E U!_! :`>
U!_! 123; :`> 124
6.1.123 , 4 `!/Pg
, 4 124
6.1.124 c8
Z ! , PB3 4
6.1.125 MQ-:
, 130
6.1.127 c;`r$T 9!;g

9!;g > 128
6.1.128 B;>
186
Some :Z$12!s are studied.
,.$>
Understanding how the PVini system works

4
In the beginning of ,-$
section, the basic format of the diagram is like this:
6
n!P0
7
(RP3[>
m#!5
6789>
In ,-!.!/0 $%(!>, one can easily understand the meaning of a stra by bringing
down ,PZM [ and identifying the case of each word.
In the following chart, each word is sorted by case and ,PZM [s are shown for easy
understanding.
type of
stra
6789> (;!/E3)4
n!P0
(RP3[>
_/>
stra
number
in 1 case
in 6 case
in 7 case
(topic)
,;!R>
6.1.72
$1Q!/!3 4
>
6.1.77
/T 4
c;>
,
>
6.1.78
,/!/!>
X>
>
6.1.79
!N> (,, 4 6)4
(, )
st
th
th
/ B/8
,PZM [ is not taken in a stra in which a word is already told in the same case and
sense as the ,PZM [ word. For example, in 6.1.77 c;` /T, , in (R$}30 is told to be ,PZM [
up to the stra number 6.1.125. However, in 6.1.79 !N` / B/8 , / and B/8 are told in
(R$}30. In this case, bringing , does not serve any purpose. Thus ,PZM [ is skipped.
187
M
7M 0
In the ,;!R (topic) of X;> (%(E R/`>, the basic format of the diagram is like this:
(%>E
(R>
m#!5
6
X;> 6789>
Observe well the importance of $%3, the order of stra.

type of
stra
6789> (;!/E3)4
(%>E
(R>
_/>
stra
number
in 1 case
in 5 case
in 7 case
(topic)
,;!R>
6.1.72
>
6.1.77
/T 4
,;!R>
6.1.84
X;>
,Q789>
6.1.85
,N!7Q 4
>
6.1.87
M
:T>
>
6.1.88
Z)>
>
6.1.89
>
6.1.91
>
6.1.94
>
6.1.95
>
6.1.101
70L>E
,;>
$T
>
6.1.109
(%>E
(7!N!Q, 4 X>
,Q
st
th
th
$1Q!/!3 4
c;>
,
4
6Q (,T!E
Q)4
X
XQ-XQ-j<$ M
($:!EQ 4
(R'(3 4
Q !QO
X
4
3-6`>
Small questions:
1. How many types of X;!789 are there? What are they?
188
,.$>

Summary of %XY%Zs studied in AP-%Q
section
$12!$%3 4
$12!
$12!789>
1.1.1 Z)R!7 4
Z)>
6.1.88 Z)R8, 7.2.114 3Zl8 Z E )>
M
1.1.2 ,78 4 :T>
M
:T>
EM >, 6.4.146 :T
EM >
6.1.87 6T>,
7.2.82 378:T
M
1.1.11 78P1 :Z3 4
:Z3 4
Z ! , PB34
6.1.125 MQ:
1.1.64 ,`r!7
3.4.79 Q 6P 8(7!P!1 8 R8 , 6.4.143 8 >
1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg
Q(R> ,T 4
M
1.1.2 ,78 4 :T>,
1.1.1 Z)R!7,4 6.1.91 ($:!EQ !QO
1.3.1 U%!7/` !Q>
!Q>M
6.1.91 ($:!EQ !QO, 3.1.91 !Q`>
1.4.57 !7/`r$8
P(!Q>
1.1.14 P(!Q X;!lP!4 1.1.37 R!7P(!Q3m/34
1.4.58 !7/>
P(!Q>
1.1.14 P(!Q X;!lP!4 1.1.37 R!7P(!Q3m/34
1.4.59 ($:!E> /!/`:8
($:>E
6.1.91 ($:!EQ !QO, 8.4.14 ($:!E7$!$8r( T`(789g

Summary of *J%Zs studied in AP-%Q
section
8.2.1 (%E $)3 4
,;!R$%3 4
8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(> ~ (7g (%E $)3 4

8.2.84 R!)%Q 8 ~ MQ> (7g (%E $)3 4
8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g ~ (7g (%E $)3 4
$%!T
8.4.46 ,` R!S!1 8 ~ /R> ! (%E $)3 4

8.4.47 ,P ~ ,> /R> ! (%E $)3 4
4
8.4.53 K!1 l9 9
~ (%E $)3 4

Summary of *J%Zs studied in AP-%Q
section
See the (RU!_!$% section in the Introduction.
189
M
7M 0
. - a
Now, the section of $ rules between consonants starts.

J
q_-jk
1) w/
w
J -jk <;1;
[$%3]4 8.4.40
{ ~
gK {
4
4
9 and
: E are the 6789s for $ and
Q:,E respectively, when they meet.
3
4 M
9/
4 M
$/Q
4 M
9/
4 M
$/Q
1
4 M
9/
3
4 M
9/
1
4
M 3/1 >M 1/1 ~ $1Q!/!3 7/1
`> 6/1 P!
4
4 Q>M >M (SD), Qg ; in n!P 8/`:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0
`> 6/1 !Q(7; is ;M $ and
Q:;E $
4 thus it is $12! for 5 letters of Q: E by 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>.
n!P/8 `:! ); Q M is 7Q Q,
4
4 >M >M (SD), Q8P ; in $/`:8 QZQ0/!.
M 3/1 !Q(7; is ;M 9 and
P!
:;E 9
Though it is $3!!R$3!$, it declines like (1 M K. This is the license of (!TP3M P.
>M 1/1 This is 6789>.
4
4 in _/$}30
$1Q!/!3 7/1
from 8.2.108 Q/`!E $1Q!/!3 ;
4 /`:8 7/1 9;!R-:+ 1/2 > III/2

[LSK] $;!R-Q:/E `> 6/2 9;!R-:!ES!3 3/2
4
4
4 , 4 ),4
When there is a connection of $ and
Q: E (Q, 4 s, 4 7 4, , 4 P)4 with 9 and
: E (, 4 4, l
4
9 and
: E are the substitutes, respectively.
Since there are many possibilities in 6789, 1.3.10 /s!$3P78M 9> $3!P!3 4 is used to
decide one 6789.
190
$>
Note that 1.3.10 /s!$3P78M 9> $3!P!3 4 is used only for deciding 6789, but not for
M should happen. Any of M can meet with any of M for
deciding the situation in which
M to happen, excluding some exceptions.
[LSK] R!398Q 8
4
This example is for the combination of $ and
9. 4
R!3 + $ M
4.1.2 Ol$3OS$...4 ~ 9!G!Q(7;!Q 4
4 98Q 8
R!3$ +
R!3 + 98Q 8
M :
8.2.66 $$l_`
R!3> + 98Q 8
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/>
4 98Q 8
R!3$ +
8.3.36 ! 9R ~ $lPE 0/g $>
4 Q8
R!39 98
M >M with the help of 1.3.10 /s!$3P78M 9> $3!P!3 4

8.4.40 `> P!
[LSK] R!3P`Q Rma performs ritual.

4 P`Q This example is for the combination of $ and
4
R!3$ +
:.E /! is the same.
[LSK] $Q 4
4 Q 4
$Q +
This example is for the combination of Q: E and :.E
[LSK] 9!E/ Oh! Vi;Ju!, the one who has the vow called 9!E, be victorious.
4
(8) 9!EP l/
This example is for the combination of nasal Q: E (P)4 and :.E
4
4 9!3)4 is the example for the combination of Q: E and 9. 4
$!3 ($Q
+
M
E . The first two stras give
This /
M section consists of five stras and one !Q;
M and -
general injunctions of
M , and the last three stras give P_8, negation in special
cases.
General injunctions:
M 3/1 >M 1/1
8.4.40 `> 6/1 P!
3/1
1/1
8.4.41 -P
~ `> 6/1
M ! ->M
Negations:
4 `> 6/1 ,P!3 6/1
4
8.4.42 P 0 (7!N!Q 5/1
8.4.43 Q`> 6/1 _ 7/1 ~ P 0
4 ~ Q`> 6/1 P 0
8.4.44 9!Q 5/1
191
M
7M 0
M >.
M
The next stra is P_8, prohibition to 8.4.40 `> P!
[P_8$%3]4 ([$%3])4 8.4.44
B ~ , @ 9
M does not happen.

When Q: E is preceded by 9, 4
5
94
6
QM
4 ~ Q`> 6/1 P 0 >M 1/1

9!Q 5/1
1 word in the $%; 3 words as ,PZM [
4 for pronunciation; in (%(E ~30.

9!Q 4 5/1 !Q(7; is 9; , after 9 is
Q`> 6/1 From 8.4.43 Q`> _ ; Q: E; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
M to happen.
P 0 Negation for
M >M .
>M 1/1 From 8.4.40 `> P!
4
4 in _/$}30
$1Q!/!3 7/1
From 8.2.108 Q/`!E $1Q!/!3 ;
4 (Rg 6/1 Q:g

4 P 0 g!Q III/1
4
M 1/1
E 6/1 3
[LSK] 9!Q 5/1
M for the Q: E which is after 9. 4

There is no
Note that even though there is ,$) for this stra 8.4.44 9!Q 4 from the view of
M >,
M because of its P$!3KE, capacity of the words of stra, 8.4.44 9!Q 4 is
8.4.40 `> P!
M takes place by 8.4.40 `> P!
M >.
M
effective before
[LSK] > speech

4 :QO + P 4
3.3.90 /l/!/QR` P 4 ~ ,;QER ;!R;8 $12!/!3 4
4 P
9 +
M
6.4.19 T`> 9%PP!$;8
~ =Q
4
goes
by P3[!(!/8 P 3[;g!1(!/>
4
4
P does
not become because
of 8.4.44 9!Q 4 ~ Q`> P >M
192
$>
[LSK] > question
4 P 4
4 20U!/!3 +
3.3.90 /l/!/QR` P 4 ~ ,;QER ;!R;8 $12!/!3 4
4 P
9 +
M
6.4.19 T`> 9%PP!$;8
~ =Q
4
4
P does
not become because
of 8.4.44 9!Q 4 ~ Q`> P >M
Small questions:
Give examples of each combination.
4 $4
9+
4 QM
9+
M+ $ 4
M + QM
4 94
$+
4 M
$+
QM + 9 4
QM + M
193
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.4.41
e
e ~ D,
4
4
_ and
: E are the 6789s for $ and
Q:,E respectively, when they meet.
3
4 M
_/
4 M
$/Q
4 M
_/
4 M
$/Q
1
4 M
_/
3
4 M
_/
1
3/1
1/1
4
-P
~ `> 6/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
M ! ->M
4
4 >M >M (SD), Q8P ; in $/`:8 QZQ0/!;
:;E 9
-P
M ! 3/1 !Q(7; is ;M 9 and
4 thus it is $12! for 5 letters of : E by 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>.
M is 7Q ,
Though it is $3!!R$3!$, it declines like (1 M K. This is the license of (!TP3M P.
->M 1/1 This is 6789>.
4
4 Q>M >M (SD), Qg ; in n!P 8/`:! _x0.
`> 6/1 !Q(7; is ;M $ and
Q:;E $
4
4 in _/$}30
$1Q!/!3 7/1
from 8.2.108 Q/`!E $1Q!/!3 ;
3/1
7/1
1/1
4
[LSK] `> 6/1 -P
g!Q III/1
M ! /`:8 ->M
4
4
When there is a connection of $ and
Q: E (Q, 4 s, 4 7 4, , 4 P)4 with _ and
: E ( 4, 4, 4, ,4 T),4 _ 4
and : E are the substitutes, respectively.
[LSK] R!3Vx> Rma is the sixth.

4
This example is for the combination of $ and
_. 4
R!3 + $ M
4.1.2 Ol$3OS$...4 ~ 9!G!Q(7;!Q 4
4 _x>
R!3$ +
R!3 + _x>
M :
8.2.66 $$l_`
R!3> + _x>
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/>
4 _x>
R!3$ +
8.3.36 ! 9R ~ $lPE 0/g $>
4
R!3_ _x>
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M ~ `> with the help of 1.3.10 /s!$3P78M 9> $3!P!3 4
194
$>
[LSK] R!3-0;Q8 Rma moves.
4 0;Q8 This example is for the combination of $ and
4
R!3$ +
:.E
R!3 + 0;Q8
M :
8.2.66 $$l_`
R!3> + 0;Q8
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/>
4 0;Q8 8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $>

R!3$ +
4 0;Q8
R!3_ +
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M ~ `>
[LSK] (8-! grinder

4 QZ 4
(_ +
4
This example is for the combination of _ and
Q:.E
4 T
4
% PE 8 to grind + QZ (agent)
(_ $1
M
3.1.133 W
Z O
4 QZ
(8_ +
M
M !E !Q;
M /`> ~ :T>
7.3.84 $!E!Q;
4 Z
(8_ +
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M ~ `>
(8-Z + $ M 1/1
Declined in 1/1.
(8-!
[LSK] Q0;! commentary of that

Q7 4 + 0;!
This example is for the combination of Q: E and :.E
Q 4 + 0;!
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M ~ `>
Q 4 + 0;!
8.4.55 bR ~ R 4K!3 4
[LSK] O;$8 Oh! Vi;Ju!, the one who has sudarana cakra, may you go.
4 O;$8 This example is for the combination of nasal Q: E and :.E
P +
4 O;$8 8.4.41 -P
T +
M ! ->M ~ `>
195
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.4.42
GK
~ D,
4 ,M but not of P!3, 4 when (7!N : E is preceding.

The -
M does not happen on $/Q
5
(7
6
4 M
$/Q
4 M
_/
not of P!3 4
1
4 `> 5/1 ,P!3 6/1

4 `> 6/1 ->M 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
P 0 (7!N!Q 5/1
M to happen.
P 0 Negation for
4
(7!N> (6T) Qz!Q; 4 adjective to `>.
(7!N!Q 4 5/1 (7g ,N>
`> 5/1 !Q(7; M; in (%(E ~30.
4 the
4 ,P!3 (NT);
4
4
,P!3 4 6/1 P P!3 cQ
P!34 indicates 63,4 6/3 of $(M -B/
with P at
M
beginning; the case ending of 6/1 is } (elided) by 7.1.39 $(!1
M R$T!E8/!!!/!l!K>.
$%
M >;
M in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
`> 6/1 from 8.4.40 `> P!
->M 1/1 from 8.4.41 -P

M ! ->M .
4
4 in _/$}30
$1Q!/!3 7/1
from 8.2.108 Q/`!E $1Q!/!3 ;
4 :!EQ 5/1
4 (Rg 6/1 ,P!3> 6/1 `> 6/1 ->M 1/1 P 0 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] (7!N!Q 5/1
4
There is no -
Q: E, other than P!3,4 which is preceded by : E at the end
M for $ and
of (7.
[LSK] _ 1/3
4 $N> 1/3 Six good people.
This is an example for the combination of (7!N 4 and $. 4 Because of 8.4.42 P
4 $N>.
(7!N!`RP!3,4 there is no -
M on the $ of
[LSK] _ 1/3
4 Q8 1/3 Those six.
This is an example for the combination of (7!N 4 and Q:.E
196
$>
4 done.
Now, (7;Z B for the word (7!N!Q is
4 ;3 04 ? 8 He worships.
[LSK] (7!N!Q 5/1
4 QM O + K 4/;QER/III/1
4 + Q8
4 + 8
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M ~ `>
4 + 8
8.4.55 bR ~ R 4K!3 4

M
The 4 of 4 is :,E but not (7!N. By 1.4.14 $}N1
(73,4 the (7!N is X of Q8. Thus 8.4.42
P (7!N!`RP!3 4 does not apply.
Another (7;Z B for the word `> is done.

[LSK] `> 5/1 ;3 04 ? $( E-33 4 The most genuine ghee.
4 $ M + Q3( 4
$( E$ +
5.3.55 ,Q9!/P 8 Q3xPO
!Q(7;$12! by 1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4

4 + Q3
$( E$ +
M !QM !Q;7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
4 Q3
$( E_ +
4
E >
8.3.101 !Q Q!7O
Q)Q8 ~ $> 3%h
4 3
$( E_ +
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M ~ `>
4 $( E_ is
4 (7!N, but not :.E Thus 8.4.42 P (7!N!`RP!3 4 does not apply.
The _ of
,P!34 indicates that this P_8 is not applicable even when P!3,4 the six case
4
4
singular $(M -B/
with P attached
at the beginning) follows. The example regarding ,P!34
is seen under the next !QE;. !QE;;!R finds a few more instances where this P_8 is not
applicable.
197
M
7M 0
4
This !QE; is the P_8 of 8.4.42 P (7!N!`RP!3 .
D, E9
(0 J
) 0 @
0]
~ @ 4 7,
4
This P_8 of -
$(M -4
M told by 8.4.42 P (7!N!`RP!3 4 is not applicable when P!3 (6/3
B/), PQ (number ninety), and P:R0 (city) follow :.E That means, -
M happens.
5
(7
6
4 M
$/Q
-M
of P!3, 4 PQ, P:R0

1
6/3
4
4
4 cQ 0 !3 1/1
,P!3-PQ-P:R0T!3
4
4
4 PQ> P:R0 P!QP:/E> (NT) Q8_!3 ;
4 $_x0 to `>.
,P!3-PQ-P:R0T!3
6/3
P!3
cQ 0
!3 4 1/1 that which had to be said.
4
4 shown in the case of !Q(7; __ with
4
Example for P!3 is
the 6th case plural $(M -B/.
[LSK] _T!3 4 of six.
4 63 4
__ +
4 P!3 4
__ +
7.1.55 _ 4-S ~ PM 4
(7$12! for , followed by $ M etc., other than $EP!3n!P by 1.4.17 !7X$EP!3n!P 8 ~ (73 4
_ 4 + P!3 4
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8
_ 4 + T!3 4
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M
4 as well as this (!) ,P!QP:R0P!3Q !34

P_8$% for 8.4.42 P (7!N!`RP!3 ,
excludes the case of P!3.4
4 T!3 4
_T +
4 regarding 8.4.45 /R`rPP!$;8

M
M
(!) B/8 U!_!/!1 PB3 ,
rPP!$;`
!
_T!3 4
198
$>
Example for PQ, ninety.
[LSK] _TQ> 1/1 ninety-six.
This is a $3!$, whose can be _ 4-,;! PQ , ninety which has six extra.
M
3.3(7K`(Q_$3!$
or $3!$ can be made.
4 PQ>
__ +
_ 4 + PQ>
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8
_ 4 + TQ>
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M
4 TQ>
_T +
M
M
8.4.45 /R`rPP!$;8
rPP!$;`
!
_TQ> or _YTQ>
Example for P:R0, city.

[LSK] _T:/E> 1/3 six cities.
These can be two m(7s (words which are not compounded).
4 P:/E>
__ +
_ 4 + P:/E>
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8
_ 4 + T:/E>
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M
4 T:/E>
_T +
M
M
8.4.45 /R`rPP!$;8
rPP!$;`
!
_T:/E> or _YT:/E>
199
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.4.43
K < ~ @ E9
4
The -
M does not happen on Q: E when _ follows.
6
7
_4
QM
1
-M
4
Q`> 6/1 _ 7/1 P 0 ->M 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
Q`> 6/1 !Q(7; is Q,M Q:;E in n!P 8/`:! _x0.
_ 7/1 !Q(7; is _; 4 in (R$}30.
M to happen.
P 0 Negation for
->M 1/1 from 8.4.41 -P

M ! ->M .
4
4 in _/$}30
$1Q!/!3 7/1
from 8.2.108 Q/`!E $1Q!/!3 ;
1/1
[LSK] P 0 -
M 34
There is no -
M for Q: E when followed by _. 4
[LSK] $Zx> The sixth good person.

4 _x>
$P +
4
4 8.4.43 Q`> _ ~ P ->M
-
)E followed by _ by
M is negated on the P (Q:
Small questions: Think of each scenario.

4 $4
_+
4 QM
_+
M + $ 4
M + Q M
4 _4
$+
4 M
$+
QM + _ 4
Q M + M
200
$>

q_-jk
2) 2 3-w-jk >P<k
4
There is another l by 8.4.53 K!1 l9 9,
which has been already seen in
M
M (!g>.
$.
[$%3]4 8.2.39
7 >BK ~
K 4 at the end of (7 is replaced by l9. 4

6
(7
K 4
1
l9 4
4 l9> 1/3 ,N8 7/1 ~ (7g 6/1
K!3 6/3
K!3 46/3 B!!R K;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0; plural is because of 1.2.58 l!B!!/!38;zP 4
P3hQRg!3 4
l9> 1/3 B!!R l$; 4 this is 6789.
,N8 7/1 in ,;RT8 $}30.
(7g 6/1 from ,;!R$% 8.1.16 (7g ; in $8 _x0 to ,N8 .
4 l9> 1/3 g>M III/3

[LSK] (7!N8 7/1 K!3 6/3
At the end of (7, K 4 is replaced by l9. 4
[LSK] !:09>
!> 9> !:09> (6T) The lord of speech.
4 $ +
4 9 + $ M
! +
M
M $
2.2.8 _x0 ~ $3!$> Q_>
$(!
!Q(7;$12! by 1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4

4 9
! +
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
4
M
Even after the elision of $(M , 4 by 1.4.14 $}N1
(73,4 the has
(7!N.
!; 4 + 9
8.2.30 `> ;M> ~ (7g ,N8
4 9
!: +
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8 ~ (7g with 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
201
M
7M 0

q_-jk
3) HJ .-jk x1J k
[$%3]4 8.4.45

/K
K
0 ~ 4
/R 4at the end of (7 is replaced by the nasal letter closest to it when a nasal letter
follows.
6
(7
7
M
,PP!$;
/R 4
Optional
M
,PP!$;
7/1
1/1
4
M
M
/R> 6/1 ,PP!$;8
,PP!$;>
! 0 ~ (7g 6/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
/R> 6/1 B!!R /R;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
M
M
M
M P!$;!P`rPP!$;>;
,PP!$;8
7/1 ,PP!$;
is $12! defined by 1.1.8 3b
in (R$}30.
M
,PP!$;>
1/1 This is 6789.
! 0 This rule is optional.
(7!Ng 6/1 from 8.4.42 P (7!N!`RP!3;4 this is adjective to /R> .
7/1
1/1
4
M
M
[LSK] /R> 6/1 (7!Ng 6/1 ,PP!$;8
(R8 7/1 ,PP!$;>
! 0 g!Q III/1
M
Nasal letter is the substitute in the place of /R 4at the end of (7 when ,PP!$;
follows.
M
Among many letters which are termed ,PP!$;,
the substitute is decided by 1.1.50
n!Pr8 NRQ3>.
M
For /, 4 , 4 and K,4 the ,PP!$;
letters are /, 4 , 4 and K ,4 respectively. As for R 4and
M
sibilants (9, 4 _, 4 and $),4 there is no ,PP!$;
letter. For the letters in the five :sE , the
4
substitute should be the 5th (nasal) letter of the : E to which the n!PP belongs.
202
$>
[LSK] XQ[RM !R> This Vi;Ju (This can be either $3(7 or m(7.)
XQg 3RM !R> XQ[RM !R> (6T) or X_> 3RM !R> XQ[RM !R> (KT)
4 3RM !R + $ M 2.2.8 _x0 ~ $3!$> Q_>
M
M $
XQ7 4 + $ +
$(!
!Q(7;$12! by 1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4
XQ7 4 + 3RM !R
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
4
M
Even after the elision of $(M , 4 by 1.4.14 $}N1
(73,4 the has
(7!N.
XQ7 4 + 3RM !R
4 3RM !R
XQP +
M
M
8.4.45 /R`rPP!$;8
rPP!$;`
! ~ (7!Ng
XQ[RM !R
M
(8 XQR!R
203
M
7M 0
M
This !QE; gives PB for ,PP!$;
6789, which is optional in the stra.
9
9
(0 J
) ^/ 8</ ^
~ @@&
@@&

In non-Vedic literature, nasal letter is the substitute compulsorily when nasalbeginning suffix follows.
6
(7
/R 4
7
M
,PP!$;
Compulsory (PB)
B/
M
,PP!$;
7/1
1/1
4 PB3 04 ~ (7g 6/1 /R> 6/1 ,PP!$;8
M
M
,PP!$;>
B/8 7/1 U!_!/!3 7/1
B/8 7/1 suffix; in (R$}30.
U!_!/!3 47/1 !Q(7; is U!_!, indicating non-Vedic literature; in _/$}30.
M
M
rPP!$;`
!.
PB3 04 /!98_T (adverb); always; contrasting to ! in 8.4.45 /R`rPP!$;8
[LSK] Q[!3 4
4
4
QQ 3!T3
,g
cQ Q[!3 4 That much. That for which the measurement is that.
Q7 4 + $ M + 3! 4
4
5.2.37 3!T8 /$l73!>
~ Q7 4 ,g
!Q(7;$12! by 1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4

Q7 4 + 3!
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
4
M
Even after ;,4 because of the $(M -B/,
there is (7$12! for Q7 4 by 1.4.1.4 $}N1
(73 4
Q7 4 + 3!
4 3!
QP +
M
M
M
;; (optional) ,PP!$;
was !} by 8.4.45 /R`rPP!$;8
rPP!$;`
! ,
4
but it is made compulsory by (!) B/8 U!_!/!1 PB3 .
M
By 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>, ,PP!$;
of 7 7 4 is determined as 7 P. 4
Q[!
204
$>
4
[LSK] [/3
7 4 X cQ [/3 4 That which is only consciousness.
4 3/ 4
Q +
4.3.144 PB1 Z)9R!7S> ~ 3/184
7 4 + 3/
4 3/
P +
M
M
M
;; (optional) ,PP!$;
was !} by 8.4.45 /R`rPP!$;8
rPP!$;`
! ,
4
but it is made compulsory by (!) B/8 U!_!/!1 PB3 .
M
By 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>, ,PP!$;
of 7 7 4 is determined as 7 P. 4
[/
18
Here, by -i
:i (dividing a stra into two in order to get e
"
=), only
0 is taken to get
2 for this

>
T in the sense of CD.
205
M
7M 0

q_-jk
4) Last section
[$%3]4 8.4.60
K J ~ !)%
Q: E is replaced by (R$TE when K 4 follows.

6
Q: E
(R$TE
7
K4
1
4
Q`> 6/1 K 7/1 ~ (R$TE> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
Q`> 6/1 !Q(7; is Q,M 7Q Q4 , 4 which is $12! for Q: E by 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>;
in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
K 7/1 !Q(7; is K;4 in (R$}30.
(R$TE> 1/1 (Rg $TE> (R$TE> (6T) $TE of what follows; this is 6789.
Since what follows is only K,4 the (R$TE can only be K 4 or K .4
[LSK] Q: Eg 6/1 K;!R8 7/1 (R8 7/1 (R$TE> 1/1

$TE of what follows is the substitute in the place of Q: E when K 4 follows.
To decide the 6789, which is either K 4 or K ,4 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> is applied. Since
4 non-nasal (Q, 4 s, 4 7 4, ),4 the 6789 is also non-nasal
P!$;!, nose, is also n!P, when the n!PP is
4 nasal (P),4 the 6789 is also nasal (K )4 .
(K),4 while when the n!PP is
206
$>
This is the example for non-nasal n!PP. 4
[LSK] Q/>
Qg K/> Q/> (6T) Resolution of that.
Q7 4 + K/
They are compounded.
Q7 4 + K/
QK 4 + K/
8.4.60 Q`KE ~ (R$TE>

By 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>, $TE to 7 4 is non-nasal K.4
This is the example for nasal n!PP. 4

[LSK] !K 4 KbQ The learned person writes.
4 KbQ
!P +
!K 4 + KbQ
8.4.60 Q`KE ~ (R$TE>

4 nasal K .4
By 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>, $TE to P is
M
[LSK] Pg ,PP!$;>
K>
For P;!R, 6789 should be nasal K;!R.
Because of the limitation of the font-set of printing, what is usually seen is
M
! bQ, which looks as though the c of KbQ is ,PP!$;.
The correct understanding is
4 !P becomes
4
that the P of
K .4
207
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.4.61
J ~ !)%

! gK Gf0L
4
E TE (s)4 is the substitute for the first letter of n! and \ when
(%$
they are preceded
by 7 4.
6
n!/\ 4
7 4
E TE
(%$
4
E 6/1 $TE> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
7> 5/1 n!\`> 6/2 (%g
7> 5/1 7 4 is a particle found in !7:T, used as ($: E with n! and \; 4 in (%(E ~30.
4 n!\O (ID) Q/`>; two !QsM , i.e., n! and \; 4 in n!P/8 `:!
n!\`> 6/2 n! \
_x0.
E 6/1 in $_x0 to $TE>.

(%g
E $TE> indicates the $TE of preceding letter.

$TE> 1/1 This is 6789. Together, (%g
E TE> 1/1
[LSK] 7> 5/1 (R/`> 6/2 n!\`> 6/2 (%$
4
$TE of what is preceding is the substitute for n! and \ when
7 4 precedes.
4
4
4 M 4).
Examples to be seen here are 7 4 + n!P3 (n!
+ M 4) and 7 4 + \P3 (\
+
The next two (RU!_!$%s are required for applying this stra.
208
$>
E .
This stra has already been studied in this book with 1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
The 5th case is understood as 7/`:8 (~30. However, the doubt is which direction it
should be. The next (RU!_!$% answers to this doubt regarding (~30-ending word.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.67

c^VL
~

case-ending word.
4 cQ 0 [Rg 6/1 P7|-!Q 5/1
4
Qz!Q 5/1
4
M
This is an ,P;RT,
onomatopoeia of Qz!Q4 word, conveying the meaning
Qz!Q 5/1
4
4
P7|-!Q 5/1
PR (without
gap) + 79 (to
[Rg 6/1 ;!/E34 is supplied. $_x0
4 T!ENR8T 3/1 ,mQg 6/1 (Rg 6/1 (=[Rg 6/1) 28/3 1/1
4
[LSK] (~30P79P8 3/1 0/3!P1 1/1 ;!/E3 1/1
An effect, which is being enjoined by presented a 5th case-ending word, should be
4 understood to be n! and \ by
4
In the case of 7 4 + n!, and 7 4 + \, 4 the n!PP is
M
1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
.
5
7 4
6
n!/\ 4
E TE
(%$
4
Now, since the n!PP has
more than one letter, we need (RU!_!$% to decide which
letter is to be substituted among all the letters in n! and \. 4 The next stra gives the
solution.
209
M
7M 0
The next (RU!_!$% is from the section which teaches where the replacement should
happen. This is ,(!7 to 1.1.52 ,K`rg .
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.54
M GL ~ F
When the substitute is told with the word in 5th case, the first letter after that should
be the place of replacement.
5
6789
678> 6/1 (Rg 6/1 ~ ,K> 6/1

678> 6/1 !Q(7; is 67; adjective to ,K>.
(Rg 6/1 in $_x0 to 678>.
,K> 6/1 !Q(7; is ,K,4 any letter ; in n!P 8/`:! _x0.
4 Q3 1/1
4 QQ 1/1
4 Qg 6/1 678> 6/1 `.3 1/1
4
[LSK] (Rg 6/1 /Q 1/1
That which is enjoined after 5th case-ending word is to be known as the beginning
of that.
M
(Rg is a synonym to [Rg which comes from 1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
. When a
substitute is enjoined with a word in 5th case, the place of operation is known as [Rg
nP8 .
[LSK] cQ 0 $g 6/1 s> 1/1

Coming back to the example of 7 4 + n!P3, 4 since 7 4 is told in the 5th case, $, 4 the
4 1.1.53 678> (Rg . Detail is given in the following.
4 the n!PP by
beginning letter of n!P3 is
210
$>
7 4 + n!P3 4
4
4 8.4.61 7> n!\`> (%g
E
7 4 + s s!P3
M
1.1.67 Qz!7B[Rg
1.1.53 678> (Rg

1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
E TE, similar letter to 7 4 is the 6789. $TEs of 7 4 are Q, 4 s, 4 7 4, , 4 P. 4 In order to decide one
(%$
4 7N!>, which are the same as all the $TEs
6789, 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> is used. Since n!P of $ is
4 hard (,L`_) and
M
of 7 4, :TQ>
,NRQ3>, most similar by the / has to be considered. $ is
aspirated (3!!T). Among the $TEs of 7 4 (Q, 4 s, 4 7 4, , 4 P),4 that which is ,L`_ and 3!!T is s. 4
4 replaced by s. 4
Thus $ is
These following two stras are studied now.
7 4 + s!P3 4
8.4.65 R` R $T ~ ! K`(>
4 s!P3 4
Q +
8.4.55 bR ~ K!1 R 4
211
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.4.65

7K 7 0| ~ F G F,

R 4is optionally elided when preceded by K 4 and followed by $TE R.4

5
K 4
6
R 4
K`(
7
$TE R 4
1
4
R> 6/1 R 7/1 $T 7/1 K> 5/1 K`(> 1/1 ,hQRg!3 04 $1Q!/!3 7/1
R> 6/1 B!!R> R;4 letters in 1st to 4th of the classes, and sibilants; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
R 7/1 B!!R> R;4 letters in 1st to 4th of the classes, and sibilants; in (R$}30.
$T 7/1 This is adjective to R. (As they are identical, Q7!7 is not required.)
K> 5/1 B!!R> K;4 in (%(E ~30.
K`(> 1/1 This is 6789.
,hQRg!3 40 Synonym to !.
Since stra literature has to have ,!R, minimum usage of letters, one may think
that ",hQRg!3"4 takes too many syllables compared to its one-syllabled synonym, "!".
However, it is said (/!E/9!P!1 K!L:OR!E P!/Q8, the discussion for smallness or bigness
among synonyms is not respected. For this reason, we do not question when we see
",hQRg!3",4 "U!_!", etc., for "!", or "UZQ" for "67".
[LSK] K> 5/1 (Rg 6/1 R> 6/1 ! 0 K`(> 1/1 $T 7/1 R 7/1
K`( is optionally the substitute in the place of R 4which is after K,4 when followed
by R,4 which is $TE to the preceding R 4.
7 4 + n!P3 4
4
4 8.4.61 7> n!\`> (%g
E
7 4 + s s!P3
7 4 + s!P3 4 8.4.65 R` R $T ~ K> K`(> ,hQRg!3 4
212
$>
[$%3]4 8.4.55
C , ~ HF
K 4 is replaced by R 4(1st of the class and sibilants), when it is followed by bR 4(hard

consonant).
6
K 4
7
bR 4
1
R 4
4 R 1/1
4
4 $1Q!/!3 7/1
bR 7/1 0 ~ K!3 6/3
bR 7/1 B!!R> bR;4 all the hard consonants; in (R$}30.
0 Connecting to the previous stra.
K!3 46/3 B!!R> K;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0; plural is because of 1.2.58 l!B!!/!38;zP 4
P3hQRg!3 4
4
R 1/1
B!!R> R;4 letters in 1st of the class; this is 6789.
4 R> 1/3 g>M III/3

[LSK] bR 7/1 K!3 6/3
R 4are the substitutes in the place of K 4 when they are followed by bR.4
[LSK] cQ 0 7> 5/1 7g 6/1 Q> 1/1
4 the substitute in the place of 7 4 of 7 4.
Thus Q is
[LSK] $!P3 4
7 4 + n!P3 4
4
4 8.4.61 7> n!\`> (%g
E
7 4 + s s!P3
7 4 + s!P3 4 8.4.65 R` R $T ~ K> K`(> ,hQRg!3 4
4 s!P3 4
Q +
4 4
8.4.55 bR ~ K!3 R
$!P3 4
4 ,$). Instead, $ is
4 the (RP3[.
Note that in the view of 8.4.55 bR , s is
213
M
7M 0
(8 (When the optional K`( by 8.4.65 R` R $T is not taken,)
7 4 + n!P3 4
4
4 8.4.61 7> n!\`> (%g
E
7 4 + s s!P3
4 ^s!P3 4
Q +
4 4
8.4.55 bR ~ K!3 R
)^s!P3 4
4
Note that 8.4.55 bR does not work for the first s because
it is a ;!/E of 8.4.61 7>
4
E and it is ,$)Q from
n!\`> (%g
the view of 8.4.55 bR .
4
[LSK] [\P3
7 4 + \P3 4
4
4 8.4.61 7> n!\`> (%g
E
7 4 + s Q\P3
7 4 + Q\P3 4 8.4.65 R` R $T ~ K> K`(> ,hQRg!3 4
4 Q\P3 4 8.4.55 bR ~ K!3 R
4 4
Q +
[\P3 4
(8 (When the optional K`( by 8.4.65 R` R $T is not taken,)

7 4 + \P3 4
4
4
E
7 4 + s Q\P3
8.4.61
7> n!\`> (%g
4 ^Q\P3 4 8.4.55 bR ~ K!3 R
4 4
Q +
)^Q\P3 4
4
Again, 8.4.55 bR does not work for the s because
it is a ;!/E of 8.4.61 7> n!\`>
4
E and it is ,$)Q from
(%g
the view of 8.4.55 bR .
214
$>
[$%3]4 8.4.62
% !)%

7/K .KqL
~ +!
When preceded by /, 4 4 is optionally replaced by the 4th of the class of what is

preceding.
5
/ 4
6
4
Optional
E TE
(%$
4
E 6/1 $TE> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
/> 5/1 > 6/1 ,hQRg!3 04 ~ (%g
/> 5/1 B!!R> /; 4 all the letter of 1st to 4th of the class; in (%(E ~30.
> 6/1 !Q(7; is 4; in n!P/8 `:! _x0;
,hQRg!3 04 This is optional.
E 6/1 Of the previous, that which precedes; in $8 _x0 to $TE>.

(%g
4 this is 6789.
M !g/1 $TE3 ;
$TE> 1/1 As defined by 1.1.9 Q
4 g 6/1 ! 0 (%$
E TE> 1/1
[LSK] /> 5/1 (Rg 6/1
E TE is optionally the substitute in the place of 4 which is after /. 4
(%$
E QsM >E 1/1
[LSK] P!7g 6/1 L`_g 6/1 $1!Rg 6/1 3!!Tg 6/1 Q!9> 1/1 :
What is similar to (;!R, which is) P!7, L`_, $1!R (together it means soft consonant)
and 3!!T is the 4th of the class.
4
(RU!_!$% 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> is used to decide the 6789. Since / covers
all the five
n!P, the $TE of (% E should be the five letters of each of the five :sE . Because the choices for
6789 are among $TEs, the letters which have the same n!P and 6SNR/, the 6789
should be decided by the !/. Since !/ of 4 is soft (P!7, L`_, and $1!R) and aspirant
(3!!T), the similar letter with the !/ among $TsE is the 4th of the class.
215
M
7M 0
[LSK] !LR> !R>
! R> (Q> !LR> (6T) The one who is skilled in speech.
4 + R + $ M
! +
4
! R
!; 4 R
8.2.30 `> ;M>
4
!: R
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8
4
!: LR
8.4.62 /` `rhQRg!3 4 with 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
!LR
E TE-,U!-(8, in the side of absence of (%$

E TE,
(%$
!R
Examples of 8.4.62 /` `rhQRg!3 4

In : E
j;!K`r70LE MQ>
In : E
g! 4>
In Q: E
R!7 4%Q 8
In (: E
,`0
216
$>
[$%3]4 8.4.63

BEK1 ~ H G
4 optionally replaced by 4.
When preceded by /, 4 and followed by , 4, 9 is
5
/ 4
94
, 4
Optional
4
4
9> 6/1 > 1/1 , 7/1 /> 5/1 ,hQRg!3 04 $1Q!/!3 7/1
9> 6/1 !Q(7; is 9; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0;
> 1/1 This is 6789; , is for pronunciation.
, 7/1 B!!R> , 4; in (R$}30.
/> 5/1 B!!R> /; 4 all the letter of 1st to 4th of the class; in (%(E ~30.
,hQRg!3 04 This is optional.
[LSK] /> 5/1 (Rg 6/1 9g 6/1 > 1/1 ! 0 , 7/1

4
4 is optionally the substitute in the place of 9 which
is preceded by /, 4 and
followed by , 4.
M P 3/1 l;!R8 7/1 ;Z Q8 7/1 bR cQ 0 l;!Rg 6/1 ;!R> 1/1
[LSK] Q7 4 9> cQ 0 , 0 7g 6/1 8
M by 8.4.40 `> P!
M >,
M 7 4 becomes l, 4 and by
In this example of Q7 4 9>, by the
4
8.4.55 bR , l becomes
. 4
[LSK]Q>, Q.9>
Q7 4 9>
4
Ql 9>
M >
M
8.4.40 `> P!
4
Q 9>
8.4.55 bR
4
Q >
8.4.63 9`r ~ /> ,hQRg!3 4
Q>
!U!(8 Q.9>
217
M
7M 0
!QE;;!R extends the scope of the previous stra.

(0 J
) E

0]

With reference to 8.4.63 9`r, instead of ,, ,3 should have been told.
5
/ 4
94
,3 4
Optional
4
4
4 ,3 7/1 cQ 0 !3 1/1
3 1/1
4
3 1/1
4-6789 in 8.4.63 9`r .
4
,3 7/1 B!!R> ,3; 4 compare to , 4, K 4 and , 4 3, 4 ,4 T, 4 P are
extra; in (R$}30.
cQ 0 this puts ,3 in the quote.
4
!3 1/1
should be told; $3!P!;RT and subjective complement to 3. 4
[LSK] Qa`;8 P
Q7 4 `;8 P
4
Ql `;8
P
M >
M
8.4.40 `> P!
4
Q `;8
P
8.4.55 bR
4
Q bK`;8
P
(!) 330Q !3 4
4 followed by K,4 which is not

By 8.4.63 9`r, this case is not covered because 9 is
in , 4, but in ,3. 4
Notes:
There is a 2!(; (indication) of this !QE; in PJinis stra itself. The stra 5.1.134
4
:`RP!K!L!B!;!RQ78
Q_8 M requires ,3 as (RP3[.
4
To avoid within a word such as Rc3 (abundant),
(7!N!Q4 from 8.4.59 !
(7!Ng can be taken and changed to 5th case ending by U(RT!3, to qualify />.
218
$>

J -jk q ;
q_-jk
5) HO
[$%3]4 8.3.23
KQ
~ F
4 replaced by ,P!R
M
(7!N 3 is
when followed by a consonant.
6
(7
34
7
K 4
1
M
,P!R
1/1
4
M
~ (7g 6/1 K 7/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
3> 6/1 ,P!R>
3> 6/1 !Q(7; is 3; 4 adjective to (7g;
M
,P!R>
1/1 This is 6789.
(7g 6/1 from 8.2.108; in n!P/8 `:! _x0; with its 98_T (adjective) 3> 6/1, Q7N by
4
1.1.72 /8P7Ng is applied, and they together mean 3-,Ng
(7g.
K 7/1 B!!R> K;4 in (R$}30.
1/1
M
[LSK] 3!Ng 6/1 (7g 6/1 ,P!R>
K 7/1
4
M
,P!R
is the substitute in the place of the last letter of 3-ending
(7, when K 4
follows.
[LSK] R1 2/1 8 I/1 I salute Hari.
4
R3 8
4
4 is thereby 3-ending
4
M
R3 gets
(7$12! by 1.4.14 $}N1
(73 ,
(7.
R1 8
M
8.3.23 3`rP!R>
with 1.1.51 ,K`rg
M
Note: ,P!R
is a letter, whose n!P is P!$;! only, according to 9! $%. (ref. Z[ of 1.1.7
4 ,P!R
M
M g!/1 $TE3 )
Q
is one of the letters called ,/`:!s, which are not enumerated in
M
3!8R$% because they do not appear independently. ,/`:!s are: ,P!R>,
$:>E , l'!3%K0/>,
(&!P0/>, and /3 (special sound used in Vedic chanting). Even though they are not
enumerated in 3!8R$%, they are included in B!!R , 4 and 9K.4 [Bh 1-138]
219
M
7M 0
M
The next stra also gives ,P!R.
[$%3]4 8.3.24
9
{GL 7 ~ @

4
4
M
,(7!N 3 and
P are
replaced by ,P!R
when followed by K.4
6
4 4
3/P
(7
7
K 4
1
M
,P!R
1/1
4
M
$1Q!/!3 7/1
P> 6/1 0 ,(7!Ng 6/1 K 7/1 ~ 3> 6/1 ,P!R>
P> 6/1 !Q(7; is P; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
0 connecting with 3>; P> 3> .
,(7!Ng 6/1 P (7!N> ,(7!N> (NT), Qg; adjective to P> and 3>.
K 7/1 B!!R> K;4 in (R$}30.
3> 6/1 !Q(7; is 3; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
M
,P!R>
1/1 This is 6789.
1/1
M
[LSK] Pg 6/1 3g 6/1 0 ,(7!Ng 6/1 K 7/1 ,P!R>
4
4
M
,P!R
is the substitute in the place of P and
3 which
is ,(7!N, when K 4 follows.
Small question:
What are the differences between this stra and the previous stra?
220
$>
By the nature of the stra, two types of example are to be presented. The example
4 presented first.
for P is
[LSK] /9!1$ 1/3
4 fame) in 1/3.
!Q(7; /9$ (n.
4 l$ 1/3
4 4.1.2 Ol$
4 ~ !Q(7;!Q 4
/9$ +
4 9
/9$ +
1 M ;!Q 4
7.1.20 l9$`> 9 ~ P($
The 6789 9 gains $EP!3n!P$12! by 1.1.42 9 $EP!3n!P3 4
4 +
4 c 7.1.72 P($
1 M ;g K> ~ P3M 4
/9 P3
M $
4 c4
/9! P $
6.4.10 $!N3Q> $1/`:g ~ (!/!> 70L>E
/9!1$
M
8.3.24 P!(7!Ng K ~ 3> ,P!R>
This is an example for ,(7!N 3;!R:

[LSK] 61 gQ8 III/1
4 KZ 4/;QER/III/1
6 4 + 3 +
4 g + Q8
6 + 3 +
3.1.33 gQ!$0 KZ`>
61 gQ8
M
8.3.24 P!(7!Ng K ~ 3> ,P!R>
(7;Z B is done.
[LSK] K cQ ;3?4 3hQ8
4
Why is K told? For 3hQ8 = 3P (4A)
to consider+ K 4/;QER/III/1.
4 followed by /, 4 which is not K.4 Thus ,P!R
M
,(7!N P is
does not happen.
221
M
7M 0
M
The next stra produces a change for ,P!R.
[$%3]4 8.4.58

QL
// G0J ~
M
,P!R
is replaced by (R$TE when followed by //. 4
6
7
// 4
M
,P!R
1
(R$TE
6/1
4
M
// 7/1 (R$TE> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
,P!Rg
M
,P!Rg
6/1 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
// 7/1 B!!R> //; 4 all the consonants except for sibilants; in (R$}30.
(R$TE> 1/1 (Rg $TE> (R$TE> (6T); this is 6789.
M
6789 is decided by 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>. Because the n!P of ,P!R
is P!$;!, letters
which are the 5th of each class will be the 6789 for !:/-TEs (25 letters which belong to five
M
classes). As for /, 4 , 4 and K,4 the ,PP!$;
/, 4 , 4 and K 4 will be the 6789, respectively. R8 does
M
not have $TE, thus ,P!R
remains as it is.
[LSK] (-3 04
Clear. No explanation is required. No ,PZM [ is required to understand this stra.
[LSK] 9!N>
4
93 +
3.2.102 Px! 7.2.27 ! 7!N9!N(%T7E (-{2}!>
4 Q
9!3 +
M
6.4.15 ,PP!$;g
!-K`> =Q
9!1Q
M
8.3.24 P!(7!Ng K ~ ,P!R>
9!N
M
8.4.58 ,P!Rg
// (R$TE> with (RU!_! 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
222
$>
[$%3]4 8.4.59
9
0 GL ~ @
!)%
M
The replacement of ,P!R
is optional at the end of (7.
6
(7
7
// 4
M
,P!R
Optional
(R$TE
6/1
4
M
// 7/1 (R$TE> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
! 0 (7!Ng 6/1 ~ ,P!Rg
! 0 This indicates that this rule is optional.
M
(7!Ng 6/1 (7g ,N> (7!N> (6T), Qg ; adjective to ,P!Rg
.
M
,P!Rg
6/1 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
// 7/1 B!!R> //; 4 all the consonants except for sibilants; in (R$}30.
(R$TE> 1/1 (Rg $TE> (R$TE> (6T); this is 6789.
[LSK] R`_, 1 ;R`_ 1/1, II/1

4
3 ;R`_
4 a $N(7,
M
3 is
followed by ;,4 which is //. 4
1 ;R`_
M
8.3.23 3`rP!R>
~ (7g K
4 ;R`_
M
8.4.59 ! (7!Ng ~ ,P!Rg
// (R$TE>, with (RU!_! 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>
(8
1 ;R`_
223
M
7M 0
M
M
The next stra is ,(!7 to 8.3.23 3`rP!R>
and negates ,P!R,
in order to make the
word $!l.4
[$%3]4 8.3.25
K >
~
4 $3 is
4 replaced by 3, 4 not by ,P!R,
4
4 .M
M
The 3 of
when followed by !(-ending
R!l !Q
6
$3 4
7
4 !( 4
R!l +
1
34
4
3> 1/1 R!l 7/1 $3> 6/1 !O 7/1 ~ 3> 6/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4 the 6789, and the , after 3 is

4 for pronunciation, !RT!s>E .
3> 1/1 This is 6789; 3 is
4
R!l 7/1 !Q(7; is R!l194 ; !Q M R!l 70}O
(1A) to shine; in (R$}30.
4
E before R!l; 4 in $8 _x0 to 3>.
$3> 6/1 !Q(7; is $3; 4 indicating $3 ($:
4
in (R$}30.
!O 7/1 !Q(7; is !; indicating !( B/;
3> 6/1 !Q(7; is 3; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.

R!l 7/1 and !O 7/1 are in $3!P!;RT. Since B/ comes after ;Z Q, there is a (RU!_!
4 which is elaboration of Q7N. Here, R!l is

4 !Q M and !(()4 is B/.
B/T8 Q7NT3 ,
7/1
4
4
4 M
Thus, these two words should be read as !(-,N8
R!l 7/1, when !(-ending
R!l !Q
follows.
4
[LSK] !N8 7/1 R!lQO 7/1 (R8 7/1 $3> 6/1 3g 6/1 3> 1/1 X 0 g!Q III/1
4
4 $3 ($:
4
M
3 should
be the substitute (no other letter, i.e., ,P!R)
in the place of 3 of
,E
4 M ending with $3 ($:
4
E follows.
when R!l !Q
4 Q( !Q
4 M P79.8
R!lQO is 7/1 of R!l +
19
No v
TD6 0 is added.
224
$>
[LSK] $! 1/1
4
4 R!l +
4 ! ( 4
$3 +
4 R!l 4
$3 +
4
4 also elided.
M
6.1.67 8R(Zg After ,PK`(,
only remains.
That is
4 ,sE Q, 4 ,!Q,M and ,B/>, it is considered to be !Q(7; by 1.2.45

Since $3 is
,sE 7!QRM B/> !Q(7;3 4
4
4 ~ 9!G!Q(7;!Q 4
Being !Q(7;, $(M B/
is suffixed by 4.1.2 Ol$
4
4 1.4.14. $}N1
4
M
Being a $(M -ending
entity, it is qualified as (73 by
(73 .
M
M
Now, (7!N 3;!R followed by K 4 should be replaced by ,P!R
8.3.23 3`rP!R>.
This
is negated by:
4 R!l 4
$3 +
M
M
,P!R
is !} by 8.2.23 3`rP!R>
but negated by
8.3.25 3` R!l $3> !O ~ 3>
$!_ 4
8.2.36 l$Zl3Zl/lR!l!l9!1 _> ~ K (7g ,N8
$! 4
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8 ~ (7g

Note that 8.2.1 (%E !$)34 is used with reference to one place. Here, 8.3.25 3` R!l $3>
!O is applied on the 3, 4 while 8.2.36 l$Zl3Zl/lR!l!l9!1 _> is applied on the (7!N

l. 4 Because these two stras are not modifying the same place, 8.2.1 (%E !$)34 is not
applicable for these two stras. The same thing is said to the next step.
$! 4
8.4.56 !r$!P 8 ~ R 4K!3 4
E-,U!-(8, when optional E by 8.4.56 !r$!P 8 is not used,

$! 4
225
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.3.26
.
G 0 ~
4 optionally replaced by 3, 4 when followed by 3. 4

3 is
6
7
4+ 3 4
34
1
Optional
34
4
8 7/1 3(R8 7/1 ! 0 ~ 3> 1/1 3> 6/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
8 7/1 !Q(7; is 4; , after 4 is for pronunciation, !RT!s>E ; in (R$}30.
4 3(R> (115B), QzP; 4 adjective to 8; in (R$}30.

3(R8 7/1 3> (R> /z!Q $>
M
M
! 0 This is optional. The other option is ,P!R>
by 8.3.23 3`rP!R>.
4 the 6789, and the , after 3 is

4 for pronunciation, !RT!s>E .
3> 1/1 This is 6789; 3 is
3> 6/1 !Q(7; is 3; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
[LSK] 3(R8 7/1 ;!R8 7/1 (R8 7/1 3g 6/1 3> 1/1 ! 0
4 the substitute in the place of 3 when
4
3 is
it is followed by 3(R ;!R.
4
[LSK] ;3 K/Q;
;1 K/Q Does it cause to move?
K/Q = K 4 KP 8 (1P) to go + T204 (causal) + K 4/;QER/III/1
4
;3 K/Q
(7!N 3;!R followed by K 4 should be replaced

M
M
by ,P!R
8.3.23 3`rP!R>.
This is negated by:
4
;3 K/Q
8.3.26 8 3(R8 !
3;!R!789!U!(8, when the option is not used,

;1 K/Q
20
M
8.3.23 3`rP!R>
. (See v
-6 under Classification of roots.) Because of 6.4.92
?
, is categorized in
v

~ ,
does
not cause >v /
=, instead, is the T6.
226
$>
(0 J
) /0 G /0 0 ~
4 /K
4 .4
4 optionally replaced by //
3 is
4 /
4 K ,4 when followed by 4 + //
6
34
optional
7
4 /K
4 4
4 + //
//
4 /
4 K 4
4
/K(R8 7/1 /K!> 1/1 ! 0 ~ 8 7/1 3> 6/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4 /K(R> (115B), QzP; 4 adjective to

/K(R8 7/1 / K /K!> (ID), /K!> (R!> (R8 /z!Q $>
8; in (R$}30; , after /, 4 , 4 K 4 is for pronunciation, !RT!s>E
/K!> 1/1 / K /K!> (ID); , after /, 4 , 4 K 4 is for !RT; this is 6789.
M
M
by 8.3.23 3`rP!R>.
8 7/1 !Q(7; is 4; , after 4 is for !RT; in (R$}30.
3> 6/1 !Q(7; is 3; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
4 ;1 > Was it yesterday?

[LSK] ;/ >,
4
;3 >

M
M
by ,P!R
8.3.23 3`rP!R>.
This is negated by:
4
;/ >
(!) /K(R8 /K! !

4 chosen as 6789.
M
with the help of 1.3.10 /s!$t3P78M 9> $3!P!3,4 ,PP!$;
/ is
(8,
;1 >
M
8.3.23 3`rP!R>
227
M
7M 0
4
[LSK] ; 'K/Q,
;1 'K/Q Does it cause to move?
'K 4 KP 8 (1P) to go + T214 + K 4/;QER/III/1
4
;3 'K/Q
4
; 'K/Q
(!) /K(R8 /K! !

4 chosen as 6789.
M
is
(8,
;1 'K/Q
M
8.3.23 3`rP!R>
[LSK] ;K 4 f!7/Q, ;1 f!7/Q Does it cause to be pleased?

4 K 4/;QER/III/1
M (1A) to be glad + T +
f!7 4 $b8
4
;3 f!7/Q
; K 4 f!7/Q
(!) /K(R8 /K! !

M
K 4 is chosen as 6789.
(8,
;1 f!7/Q
21
M
8.3.23 3`rP!R>
.F (See ?# 0<
F
n>
is categorized in 5 ?#
under Classification of roots.) Because of 6.4.92 5 #/ * ~
4d, 4) does

not cause (+?# rj, instead, * is the .
228
$>
[$%3]4 8.3.27
G ~
!
4 optionally replaced by P, 4 when followed by 4P. 4

3 is
6
34
7
4+ P 4
1
Optional
P4
4
P(R8 7/1 P> 1/1 ~ 8 7/1 ! 0 3> 6/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4 for !RT; in (R$}30.

4 P(R> (115B), QzP; 4 adjective to 8; , after P is
P(R8 7/1 P> (R> /z!Q $>
4 the 6789, and the , after P is

4 for !RT.
P> 1/1 This is 6789; P is
8 7/1 !Q(7; is 4; , after 4 is for !RT; in (R$}30.
M
M
by 8.3.23 3`rP!R>.
3> 6/1 !Q(7; is 3; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
[LSK] P(R8 7/1 ;!R8 7/1 3g 6/1 P> 1/1 ! 0

4 the substitute in the place of 3 when
4
P is
it is followed by P(R ;!R.
[LSK] ;P g4 MQ 8 ;1 gMQ 8 Does it take away?

gMQ 8 = gM 4 (2A) to take away + K 4/;QER/III/1
;3 g4 MQ 8

M
M
by ,P!R
8.3.23 3`rP!R>.
This is negated by:
;P g4 MQ 8
8.3.27 P(R8 P> ~ 8 3> !
P;!R!789!U!(8, when the option is not used,

;1 gMQ 8
M
8.3.23 3`rP!R>
229
M
7M 0

q_-jk
6) :>k -1
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.1.46
M 1
4
4
Q 6:3
becomes 67-,/, while ;Q 6:3
becomes ,N-,/ of the entity to
which 6:3 is enjoined.
1
4
Q-6:3
4
;Q-6:3
(67-,/)
(,N-,/)
67-,NO 1/2 -;QO 1/2

67-,NO 1/2 67> ,N> 6NO (ID).
-;QO 1/2 > ; 4 ;O (ID), ;O cQO //`> QO ;QO (116B). , after 4 is !RT!s E.
1/2
4
[LSK] Q-;QO
/g 6/1 O 1/2 Qg 6/1 3!Q 04 67-,N-,/O 1/2 > III/2
4
4
For which entity Q and
;Q 6:3
are enjoined, they become the beginning part and
ending part, respectively, of that entity.
4
4 3P78M 9> $3!P!3 .
3!Q4 word came from 1.3.10 /s!$
Side note:
6:3 does not have its own existence. It becomes a part of the entity to which it is
4
enjoined. Because of this, if P M 4-6:3 is enjoined to 63-B/,
the B/ becomes P;!R!7-B/,
not ,l!7B/ anymore. This is stated by this (RU!_! /7!:3!T0U%
M Q!hT8P :ZN8 .
6th case is usually used to specify which entity the 6:3 should be attached to.
6:3s are three types:
1. Q 4 becomes a beginning part (67-,/) by 1.1.46 6NO ;QO
2. ;Q 4 becomes an ending-part (,N-,/) by 1.1.46 6NO ;QO
4
3. 3Q 4 comes after the last vowel by 1.1.47 37`r!Q (R>
230
$>
[$%3]4 8.3.28
K
B ~ !
4
; 4 and 4 optionally becomes the end-part of 4 and T, 4 respectively, when 4 and T are
followed by 9R.4
6
4 T4
/
9R 4
1
Optional
4 M; 4 6:3
;M;/
(67-,/)
1/1
7/1
0
7/1
T`> 6/2 ;Mi;
M 4 9R ~ ! $1Q!/!3 4
4 TO (ID), Q/`>; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.

T`> 6/2 4 T
;Mi;
M 4 1/1 ;M; 4 M; 4 ;Mi;
M 4 (SD); this is 6:3; being ;Q, 4 they become ,N-,/ of 4
4 1.1.46 6NO ;QO; before ; 4 is !RT!s E, not cQ; 4 thus it does not bring $TEs.
and T by
9R 7/1 B!!R> 9R;4 in (R$}30.
[LSK] ! 0 > III/2

1/2
1/2
III/2
[LSK T0 ] ;!R-T;!R/`> 6/2 38T 0 ;Mi;
! 0 9R 7/1 (R8 7/1, cBs>E
M O 6:3O >
;M; 4 and M; 4 are the 6:3, attached at the end, for 4 and T, 4 respectively, when 9R 4is
following. This operation is optional.
Before seeing the example, !QE; related to this topic is introduced.
231
M
7M 0
(0 J
) ,/K / B G 0]

4 st of the class) should become 2nd of the
In the opinion of 6!/Es such as (OjR$, / (1
class when followed by 9R 4(sibilants). This should be said.
6
/ 4
7
9R 4
optional
2nd of the class

4
/> 6/1 Q0/!> 1/3 9R 7/1 (OjR$!78> 6/1 cQ 0 !3 1/1
/> 6/1 B!!R> /; 4 letters in the 1st of the class; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
Q0/!> 1/1 letters in the 2nd of the class; this is 6789.
9R 7/1 B!!R> 9R;4 in (R$}30.
(OjR$!78> 6/1 (OjR$> 67> /g $> (OjR$!7> (116B), a group of grammarians; in

$_x0 to 3Q8; in the opinion of the grammarians such as (OjR$.
cQ 0 thus.
4
4
4
(2P)
to speak + /Q (;3E
T, necessity) = that which should be said.
!3 1/1
It should be said that letters in the 2nd of the class are the substitute in the place of
/, 4 when followed by 9R,4 according to (OjR$!7 grammarians.
This !QE; is not only for ;M; 4 M; 4 6:3s, but also for anywhere applicable.
232
$>
Because 8.3.28 T`> ;Mi;
M 4 9R and (!) /` Q0/!> 9R (OjK$!78RQ !3 4 are both
optional, there can be three forms.
First, in the case of 4 followed by 9R.4
4
4 _x>,
4 x>, !_4 x>
[LSK] !b
!
4 + _x>
!22
! 4 ; 4 + _x>
8.3.28 T`> ;Mi;

M 4 9R ~ !
4 _x>
! 4 b +
(!) /` Q0/!> 9R (OjK$!78RQ !3 4
4
4 _x>
!b
When the !QE; is not used,
! 4 + _x>
! 4 ; 4 + _x>
8.3.28 T`> ;Mi;

M 4 9R ~ !
4 x>
!
When the stra 8.3.28 T`> ;Mi;
M 4 9R is not used,
! 4 + _x>
!_4 x>
In the same manner, there are also three forms in the case of 4 followed by 9R.4
4
M 4 _x>, $:
M 4 _x>, $:T
M _x>
[LSK] $:
4 _x>
M +
$:T
M 4 4 + _x> 8.3.28 T`> ;Mi;
$:T
M 4 9R ~ !
M 4 4 + _x> (!) /` Q0/!> 9R (OjK$!78RQ !3 4
$:T
M <_x>
$:
M 4 _x>. When the stra 8.3.28 T`> ;Mi;
When the !QE; is not used, $:
M 4 9R is not
4
M _x>
used, $:T
22

+ E i
>r}- (1P) here, in the sense of going +
=

Or, + E i
>r}- (1P) here, in the sense of worship +
=
Either way, declined form in 1/1 is .
233
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.3.29
A ;1 ~ !
4 the 6:3 to the $ as

4 67-,/.
When 4 is followed by $, 4 is
5
7
$4
1
Optional
M 4 6:3
(67-,/)
>
5/1
$
7/1
M 4
1/1
~ ! $1Q!/!3 4
0
7/1
> 5/1 !Q(7; is 4; , after 4 is !RT!s E; in (%(E ~30.
$ 7/1 !Q(7; is $; 4 in (R$}30.
M 1/1
This is 6:3; being Q, 4 it becomes 67-,/ by 1.1.46 6NO ;QO; before 4
4
is !RT!s E.
! 0 From 8.3.26 8 3(R8 ! ; this is optional.
4 (Rg 6/1 $g 6/1 M 1/1

[LSK] !Q 5/1
4 ! 0
4
M 4 is augment (6:3) attached to the beginning of $ which
is preceded by 4.
M 4 being Q, 4 by (RU!_!$% 1.1.46 6NO ;QO , it is attached to the beginning of $. 4
In the Z[, $ in the 7th case is converted into 6th case. Here is the reason:
In this stra, there is no 6th case-ending word. That means, M 4 6:3> ;g ,/>?
(Of which entity should M 4 6:3 be a part?) is not answered. In such a situation, there is
4 which means when there are both (5th and 7th) case
(RU!_! U/P79 8 (~30P79` K/!P,
endings, 5th case is stronger. Following this (RU!_!, the 6:3 becomes a part of what is
after 5th case-ending word.
E and 1.1.67
This is based on the number of the stras, 1.1.66 Qz{Q P7|- 8 (%g
M
Qz!7B[Rg.
One stra is (% E to another, which is (R, in number. Since the 5th case is
234
$>
4 the interpretation of 5th case takes
interpreted in the (R$%, by (RU!_! 1.4.2 Q_8 8 (R1 ;!/E3 ,
precedence.
In our case, what is after 4 is $. 4 Thus, M 4 6:3 is attached to $. 4 Because of this, $ in
the 7th case is converted into 6th case in the Z[.
[LSK] _ 4N>, _ 4 $N> Six saints.

4 $N>
__ +
_ 4 + $N>
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8
_ 4 + M 4 $N>
8.3.29 > $ M 4 ~ !
4
_ 4 + Q $N>
8.4.55 bR ~ K!1 R 4
4
_ 4 + Q $N>
8.4.55 bR ~ K!1 R 4
_ 4N>
(8
4 $N>
__ +
_ 4 + $N>
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8
_ 4 + $N>
8.4.55 bR ~ K!1 R 4
_kN>
Note:
One may doubt that instead of $ 7/1, $> 6/1 could have been said to achieve the same
result. The answer is: by saying $, half a 3!! is saved, compared to $>. There is a saying
M
,3E !!K!L8P (`1
3h!N8 /!;RT!> (by shortening the length by half 3!!, grammarians
consider it as the birth of a son.)
235
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.3.30
{ ~ I79 !
4 followed by $, 4 is
4 the 6:3 to the $ as
4 67-,/.
When P is
5
P4
$4
1
Optional
M 4 6:3
(67-,/)
4
P> 5/1 0 $ 7/1 M 1/1
4 ! 0 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4 !RT!s E; in (%(E ~30.

P> 5/1 !Q(7; is P; 4 , after P is
0 Connects to the previous stra.
$ 7/1 !Q(7; is $; 4 in (R$}30.
M 1/1
this is 6:3; being Q, 4 it becomes 67-,/ by 1.1.46 6NO ;QO.
4
! 0 From 8.3.26 8 3(R8 ! ; this is optional.
4 (Rg 6/1 $g 6/1 M 1/1

[LSK] P-,N!Q 5/1
4 ! 0
4
4
M 4 is augment (6:3) attached to the beginning of $ which
is preceded by P-ending
(7.
M
In KL$)!N;O3
7M 0Z[, (7g is taken from ,;!R$% 8.1.16 (7g , and using Q7N.
This interpretation does not contribute any plus or minus.
4
[LSK] $l>, $P $>
Being, he.
4 $>
$P +
4 M 4 $>
$P +
8.3.30 P ~ $ M 4 with the help of 1.1.46 6NO ;QO
4 Q $>
4
$P +
8.4.55 bR ~ K!1 R 4
$l>
(8
$m>
236
$>
[$%3]4 8.3.31
~ @ !
B
4 the end of (7 is followed by 9, 4 Q;

4 ,N-,/.
M 4 is the 6:3 to the P as
When P at
6
(7
P4
7
94
1
Optional
M 4 6:3
Q;
(,N-,/)
4
M 4 1/1 ~ P> 6/1 (7g 6/1 ! 0 $1Q!/!3 7/1
9 7/1 Q;
9 7/1 !Q(7; is 9; 4 in (R$}30.
M 4 1/1 This is 6:3; being ;Q, 4 it becomes ,N-,/ by 1.1.46 6NO ;QO; before
Q;
; 4 is !RT!s E.
P> 6/1 From 8.3.31 P; by U(RT!3, it becomes 6th case-ending; adjective to

(7g; by Q7N, final meaning is P!Ng.
(7g 6/1 From 8.1.16 (7g; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
! 0 From 8.3.26 8 3(R8 ! . This is optional.
M 4 1/1 ! 0
[LSK] (7!Ng 6/1 Pg 6/1 98 7/1 (R8 7/1 Q;
4 the end of (7, which is followed by 9. 4
M 4 is 6:3 attached to the end of P at
Q;
In the Z[, instead of P!Ng (7g, (7!Ng Pg is told. However, it does not make
M 4 becomes the ,N-,/ (the last part) of the (7 by the help of 1.1.46
difference because Q;
6NO ;QO.
237
M
7M 0
[LSK] $n\>,M $\>M , $.9\>M , $o\>M
The first form is made by applying all the possible stras.
4 9\>M
$P +
M 4 + 9\>M
$P Q4 ;
M 4 ~ (7g Pg !
8.3.31 9 Q;
4 +
4 9\>M
$P
M >M
8.4.40 `> P!
4 9\>M
4 +
$
M >M
8.4.40 `> P!
4 \>M
4 +
$
8.4.63 9`r ~ !
4 \>M
$ +
8.4.65 R` R $T ~ K`(> K> !
$n\>M
The second form is without the optional R 4K`( by 8.4.65 R` R $T .
4 9\>M
$P +
M 4 + 9\>M
$P Q4 ;
M 4 ~ (7g Pg !
8.3.31 9 Q;
4 +
4 9\>M
$P
M >M
8.4.40 `> P!
4 9\>M
4 +
$
M >M
8.4.40 `> P!
4 \>M
4 +
$
8.4.63 9`r ~ !
$\>M
The third form is without the optional 8.4.63 9`r .
4 9\>M
$P +
M 4 + 9\>M
$P Q4 ;
M 4 ~ (7g Pg !
8.3.31 9 Q;
4 +
4 9\>M
$P
M >M
8.4.40 `> P!
4 9\>M
4 +
$
M >M
8.4.40 `> P!
$.9\>M
M 4 6:3 by 8.3.31 9 Q;
M 4 .
The fourth form is without the optional Q;
4 9\>M
$P +
4 9\>M
$ +
M >M
8.4.40 `> P!
$o\>M
238
$>
[$%3]4 8.3.32

^
(
K Q, (

~
4
4
,4 T, 4 and P will
become the beginning part of , which
is preceded by (7 which
ends with ,4 T, 4 and P, 4 respectively, which are preceded by .
5
(7
5
3 4
7
, 4
1
3M 4 6:3
(67-,/)
4 , 7/1 3M 1/1
4 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
3> 5/1 !Q 5/1
4 PB3 04 ~ (7!Q 5/1
3> 5/1 B!!R> 3, 4 contains three letters, i.e., ,4 T, 4 P; 4 being an adjective to (7!Q, 4 by
4
4
Q7N, final meaning is 3-,N!Q
(7!Q
.4
!Q 45/1 short vowel; in (%(E ~30.
, 7/1 B!!R> ,; 4 in (R$}30.
4
This is 6:3; B!!R> 3 with
for !RT and 4 as cQ; 4 hence three 6:3s are
3M 1/1
4
understood, i.e., M 4, TM 4, and PM 4; being Q, 4 it becomes 67-,/ by 1.1.46 6NO ;QO.
PB3 4 0 Here, it means !/>, most of the time. This does not mean optional. The
M
absence of 3M 4 is seen only by 9-/`:, such as 1.4.14 $}N1
(73 4 and 3.1.32 $P!N!
!Q>.
4
(7!Q 5/1
From 8.1.16 (7g; by U(RT!3, it becomes 5th case-ending; in (%(E ~30.
4 (R> 1/1 /> 1/1 3 1/1

4 Q7N3 1/1
4 /Q 1/1
4 (73 1/1
4 Qz!Q 5/1
4 (Rg 6/1 ,> 6/1 3M 1/1
[LSK] !Q 5/1
4
4
3M is
is after the (7 which ends 3 4
4 6:3 attached to the beginning of , which
preceded by short vowel.
239
M
7M 0
4
Three examples are given as the B!!R 3 has
three letters.
Note that only one form is given because this rule is PB, always applied and only
9- can have choice.
4 !! 1/1
[LSK] B
B 4 + 6!
B 4 + 4 6!
4
M PB3
8.3.32 3` !7 3T
4 ~ (7!Q 4
4
By 1.1.72 /8P 7Ng, ,N is added to make 3-,N!Q
4
4
4
4
M
1.1.66 Qz!7B[Rg
for !Q (R>,
and 3N!Q (7!Q
(Rg
1.3.10 /s!$3P78M 9> $3!P!34 for connecting 3> and 3M 4
Because there is no 6th case-ending word, U/P79 8 (~30P79` K0/!P4
to change the 7th case of , to 6th case.
By 1.1.46 6NO ;QO, 3M 4 is 67,/.
1/1
M
[LSK] $:T09>
${QM > 1/1
4 9> and $P +
4 ,QM >.
M +
Original forms are $:T
4 6P and ,zP +
4
Note: In the case of ,z{!P, it can be resolved into ,zP +
P + 6P because of this stra.
240
$>

q_-jk
7) 2nd t w-./
Now, a new section called 2nd -;RT starts. The 1st -;RT is from 8.2.66
M :. This 2nd section starts from ,;!R$% 8.3.1 3QM $` $)M O $ , which runs
$$l_`
M
E Q M ! and 8.3.4
until 8.3.12. is the 6789 in this section. Stras 8.3.2 ,!PP!$;
(%g
4 ,P!R>
M
M
M
,PP!$;!Q
(R>
teach how the 6789 should be applied. Stras from 8.3.5 $3> $
to 8.3.12 ;!P!8Q8 teach in which occasion this takes place.
[$%3]4 8.3.5
~ JK :

1
4 replaced by when it is followed by $M 4 6:3.

The last letter of $3 is
6
of $3 4 3 4
7
$M 4
1
4
M 7/1 : 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
$3> 6/1 $
$3> 6/1 Q(7; is $3; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
M 7/1 6:3 given in the section starting from 6.1.135 $M 4 ;!Q (%4 >E ; in (R$}30.
$
: 1/1 This is 6789; from ,;!R$% 8.3.1 3QM $` $)M O $ .
M 7/1
[LSK] $3> 6/1 : 1/1 $
4
is the substitute in the place of the last letter of $3 when
it is followed by $M 4.
(RU!_!$% 1.1.52 ,K`rg is required.
4 ;Q!E
$3 +
4 $M 4 + ;Q!E
$3 +
8 > ;R`QO U%_T8 ~ $M 4 ;!Q (%4 >E

6.1.137 $o/(ME S
4 ;Q!E
$ + $ +
M ~ :, with the help of 1.1.52 ,K`rg

8.3.5 $3> $
The following two stras teach how the should take place in this section.
241
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.3.2

J 0 ~

Gf0L
In this section, the preceding letter of becomes nasalized.

6
TE
M
,PP!$;
Optional
1/1
4
M
E 6/1 Q M 0 ! 0 ~ $1Q!/!3 7/1
, 0 ,PP!$;>
(%g
, 0 In this -,;!R; differentiating from another ;RT starting from 8.2.66

M :.
$$l_`
M
M
M
M P!$;!P`rPP!$;>;
,PP!$;>
1/1 This is 6789; ,PP!$;
is a $12! defined by 1.1.8 3b
4 chosen; in other words, n!PP 4
M
by n!Pr8 NRQ3>, the closest ,PP!$;
letter to the n!PP is
becomes nasalized.
E TEg is understood; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.

E 6/1 !Q (%4 g
(%g
M
Q M 0 (-!s E3, 4 for the sake of clarity; while is PB, compulsory, this ,PP!$;
is
optional; to show this inequality, _, Q M is mentioned.
1/1
M
E 6/1 ,PP!$;>
[LSK] , 0 ;RT8 7/1 R`> 5/1 (%g
! 0
M
In this section, ,PP!$;
letter is the substitute in the place of the previous letter
of .
4 ;Q!E
$3 +
4 $M 4 + ;Q!E
$3 +
8 > ;R`QO U%_T8

6.1.137 $o/(ME S
4 ;Q!E
$ + $ +

8.3.5 $3> $
4 ;Q!E
$ R 4+ $ +
M
E Q M !
8.3.2 ,!PP!$;>
(%g
8.2.1 (%E !$)34 is not applicable here because 8.3.2 and 8.3.4 are considered to be
,PZM [ for the stras that follow.
242
$>
[$%3]4 8.3.4

GK
Q
~ , +!%
M
M
M
Other than ,PP!$;,
(when ,PP!$;
option is not taken,) ,P!R
is augmented after
the letter before the .
4 (R>
E !Q 5/1
(%z
1
TE
M
,P!R
6:3
Optional
R`> 5/1 (%>E

5/1
1/1
4 (R> 1/1 ,P!R>
4 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
M
M
E !Q 5/1
,PP!$;!Q
~ R`> 5/1 (%z
4
M
M
,PP!$;!Q
5/1
,PP!$;1
!/, giving up the nasal is understood; this usage of 5th
case is by (!) (~30!P 8 p`(8 ;3E/(M $t!P3,4 instead of stating in 2nd case with (-4
4
ending word, the same thing can be told in 5th case; examples are: !$!73 6
(/Q
4
= !$!7!Q (/Q
.
(R> 1/1 This shows the position of 6:3.
M
,P!R>
1/1 This is 6:3.
E !Q. 4
R`> 5/1 which was given by 8.3.5 to 8.3.12; in 7/`:8 (~30 related to (%z
4
E !Q 5/1
(%z
before ; in 7/`:8 (~30 related to (R>.
2/1
1/1
4 (R> 1/1 ,P!R-6:3>
4 !/ 0 R`> 5/1 (%z
M
M
E !Q 5/1
[LSK] ,PP!$;3
M
M
Leaving ,PP!$;
option, ,P!R
as 6:3 comes after the previous letter of .
4 ;Q!E
$3 +
4 $M 4 + ;Q!E
$3 +
8 > ;R`QO U%_T8

6.1.137 $o/(ME S
4 ;Q!E
$ + $ +

8.3.5 $3> $
4 ;Q!E
$1 R 4+ $ +
4
M
M
8.3.4 ,PP!$;!Q
(R`rP
!R>
8.2.1 (%E !$)34 is not applicable here because 8.3.2 and 8.3.4 are considered to be
,PZM [ for the stras that follow.
243
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.3.15
C0/K0J>J/ ~
R8 at the end of (7 is replaced by $: E when followed by bR 4or ,$!P.

6
(7
R4
7
4
bR/,$!P
1
$lPE 0/
7/2
4
4
bR-,$!P/`>
$lPE 0/> 1/1 ~ R> 6/1 (7g 6/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
7/2 B!!R> bR,4 all the hard consonants; ,$!P is $12! defined as the
bR-,$!P/`>
absence of letter, by 1.4.110 R!3`r$!P3;4 in (R$}30
$lPE 0/> 1/1 This is 6789; $lPE 0/ is synonym for $:.E
R> 6/1 From 8.3.14 R` R; since it is $3!P!;RT to (7g, by Q7N, it is read together
as R8!Ng (7g; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
(7g 6/1 From ,;!R$% 8.1.16 (7g; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
[LSK] bR 7/1 ,$!P 8 7/1 0 (7!Ng 6/1 R8g 6/1 $:>E 1/1
$: E is the substitute in the place of the last letter of R8-ending (7 when bR 4or ,$!P
follows.
4 ;Q!E
$3 +
4 $M 4 + ;Q!E
$3 +
8 > ;R`QO U%_T8

6.1.137 $o/(ME S
4 ;Q!E
$ + $ +

8.3.5 $3> $
4 ;Q!E
$ R 4+ $ +
M
E Q M !
8.3.2 ,!PP!$;>
(%g
4 ;Q!E
$: + $ +
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R> (7g, with the help of 1.1.52 ,K`rg
(8
4 ;Q!E
$1 R 4+ $ +
4
M
M
8.3.4 ,PP!$;!Q
(R`rP
!R>
4 ;Q!E
$1: + $ +
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R> (7g , with the help of 1.1.52 ,K`rg
244
$>
It is easier to understand the next !QE;, which is in the context of change of $: E to
M
$, 4 when the following two stras, which are introduced in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 later, are studied
first. Thus, the order of stra is modified here for the next two stras.
[$%3]4 8.3.34
0>J/L ~ M
4 the substitute for $: E followed by bR.4

$ is
6
$lPE 0/
7
bR 4
1
$4
4
$lPE 0/g 6/1 $> 1/1 ~ bR 7/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
$lPE 0/g 6/1 $lPE 0/ is synonym for $:;E in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
4 !RT!s E.
$> 1/1 This is 6789; , after $ is
bR 7/1 B!!R> bR,4 all the hard consonants; in (R$}30.
[LSK] bR 7/1

4 the substitute in the place of $: E when bR 4follows.
$ is
245
M
7M 0
The next stra is ,(!7 of 8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $>, and teaches that the change is
optional when 9R 4follows.
[$%3]4 8.3.36
0 B ~ !N%@; !N %@;
$: E is optionally the substitute for $: E when followed by 9R.4 Another option is $. 4
6
$lPE 0/
9R 4
1
$lPE 0/
Optional
4
! 0 9R 7/1 ~ $lPE 0/g 6/1 $lPE 0/> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
9R 7/1 B!!R> 9R,4 all the sibilants; in (R$}30.
$lPE 0/> 1/1 This is 6789.

$: E is the substitute in the place of $: E when 9R 4follows. Another option is $. 4
246
$>
4 PB, compulsory for $: E of
This !QE; is ,(!7 to 8.3.36 ! 9R . The change to $ is
$3, 4 (3M , 4 and ;!P. 4
K 0 ~ !N%@;

(0 J
) G
4 always replaced by $. 4
$: E of $3, 4 (3M , 4 ;!P is
6
$lPE 0/
of $3, 4 (3M , 4 ;!P 4
1
$4
Compulsory
4
4 $> 1/1 m> 1/1 ~ $lPE 0/g 6/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
M -4 ;!P!3 6/3
$3-(
4 $o
4
4 (3M
4 ;!P
4 these are the words subject to
M ;
M -4 ;!P!3 46/3 $3
4 !P> (ID), Q8_!3 ;
$3-(
and $: E in the ;RT; in $_x0 to $lPE 0/g.
4 !RT!s E.
$> 1/1 This is 6789; , after $ is
4 say+ Qm ;3ET with the sense of necessity; this should have been
m> 1/1 to
said.
This !QE; is not only ,(!7 to 8.3.36 ! 9R , but any other stra which can bring
4 the $: E of $3, 4 (3M , 4 and ;!P. 4
other letter than $ for
247
M
7M 0
[LSK] $Q!E, $1Q!E The agent of decorating.
4 ;Q!E
$3 +
4 $M 4 + ;Q!E
$3 +
8 > ;R`QO U%_T8

6.1.137 $o/(ME S
4 ;Q!E
$ + $ +
M ~ : , with the help of 1.1.52 ,K`rg

8.3.5 $3> $
4 ;Q!E
$ R 4+ $ +
M
E Q M !
8.3.2 ,!PP!$;>
(%g
4 ;Q!E
$: + $ +
4 $+
4 ;Q!E
$$ +
1 M !P!1 $` m> ~ $lPE 0/g $>

(!) $1(;
$Q!E
(8
4 ;Q!E
$3 +
4 $M 4 + ;Q!E
$3 +
8 > ;R`QO U%_T8

6.1.137 $o/(ME S
4 ;Q!E
$ + $ +

8.3.5 $3> $
4 ;Q!E
$1 R 4+ $ +
4
M
M
8.3.4 ,PP!$;!Q
(R`rP
!R>
4 ;Q!E
$1: + $ +
4 $+
4 ;Q!E
$1$ +
1 M !P!1 $` m> ~ $lPE 0/g $>

(!) $1(;
$1Q!E
248
$>
In the same manner, a few more stras from the ;RT are introduced. The next
M
stra shows the case of (3M , 4 related to the !QE; $o!P!1
$` m> .
[$%3]4 8.3.6
C ~ JK :

G

4 replaced by when it is followed by ,oR b/. 4

The last letter of (3M is
7
6
of (3M 4
4 ,3 4
b/ +
34
4 7/1 : 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1

4
M 6/1 b/ 7/1 ,3-(R8
(3>
M 6/1 Q(7; is (3M ; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.

(3>
b/ 7/1 B!!R> b/, 4 letters in 1st and 2nd of the classes; in (R$}30.
4 7/1 ,3 (R>
4 /z!Q $>
4 ,oR> (115B) = b/, 4 QzP;4 adjective to b/; in (R$}30.
,3-(R8
M 6/1 : 1/1
[LSK] ,oR8 7/1 b/ 7/1 (3>
4
is the substitute in the place of the last letter of (3M when
it is followed by b/, 4
4 its (R.
which has ,3 as
249
M
7M 0
4
M
1 M `;K> (KD) A male cuckoo.
(3!P
;`;K>
cQ (
4 $ M + ;`;K + $ M 2.1.57 98_T1 98T
M
8 K3 4 ~ Q_>
1M +
($
$3!$>
1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4
4 ;`;K
1M +
($
M !QM !Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
4 ;`;K
(3M +
8.2.23 $1/`:!Ng K`(> ~ (7g

4 (() P3[!(!/8 P 3[;g!1(!/>
M
,P!R
comes back to 3 by
(M + ;`;K
M bOoR8 ~ , with the help of 1.1.52 ,K`rg

8.3.6 (3>
( M R 4+ ;`;K
M
E Q M !
8.3.2 ,!PP!$;>
(%g
(: M + ;`;K
4 ;`;K
($
M +
1 M !P!1 $` m> ~ $lPE 0/g $>

(!) $1(;
(
M `;K
(8
4 ;`;K
(3M +
(M + ;`;K
M bOoR8 ~
8.3.6 (3>
( 1 M R 4+ ;`;K
4
M
M
8.3.4 ,PP!$;!Q
(R`rP
!R>
(:1 M + ;`;K
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R> (7g
4 ;`;K
1M +
($
1 M !P!1 $` m> ~ $lPE 0/g $>

(!) $1(;
1 M `;K
(
1 M !P!1 $` m> ~ $lPE 0/g $> not only prevents ;;

Note that the !QE; $1(;
$lPE 0/, but also l'!3%K0/ told by 8.3.37 ;Mq`> ; (O .
250
$>
[$%3]4 8.3.7
EB ~ O
JK :
4 the end of (7, excluding 9!P, 4 is replaced by when it is followed by ,oR . 4

P at
6
(7
7
4 ,3 4
+
P4
1
4 ~ ,3-(R8
4 7/1 (7g 6/1 : 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
P> 6/1 7/1 ,9!P 7/1
P> 6/1 Q(7; is P; 4 since it is $3!P!;RT to (7g, by Q7N, it is read together as

P;!Ng (7g; in n!P 8/`:! _x0.
4 4 4 4 Q; 4 Q!Km, 3%h
E , and 7 letters in 1st and 2nd of the
7/1 B!!R> ; 4 i.e.,
classes; in (R$}30.
,9!P 4 6/1 Q(7; is ,9!P; 4 P 9!P234 ,9!P; 4 excluding the word 9!P;4 in n!P/8 `:!
_x0, which is }, elided.
4 B!!R
4 7/1 ,3 (R>
4 /z!Q $>
4 ,oR> (115B) = , 4 QzP;4 adjective to ; is
,3-(R8
4 B!!R consisting all
consisting 1st and 2nd of :,E :,E and Q: E (, 4 4, 4, 4, Q, 4 s);4 ,3 is
the vowels, semi-vowels, and nasals; in (R$}30.
(7g 6/1 From ,;!R$% 8.1.16 (7g; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
6/1
4
[LSK] ,oR8 7/1 7/1 P-,Ng 6/1 (7g 6/1 : 1/1; P 0 Q M 0 9!P-9g
4
is the substitute in the place of the last letter of P-ending
(7, but not of a word
4 its (R.
9!P,4 when the (7 is followed by , 4 which has ,3 as
23
+ 5 (+5
+ s+
+ #5
F
6.4.15 i!!#10J
s ~ .KI
+ #!
8.2.64 5< !< ?# <
251
M
7M 0
M
KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 introduces 8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $> now. Then, it shows examples.
4
[LSK] P !/
Oh! Vi;Ju! Protect us.
4 P-ending
4
4 , 4 and R 4is ,3. 4
P is
(7, followed by , 4 of which Q is
+ !/
8.3.7 Pm9!P 4 ~ ,oR8 (7g
R 4+ !/
M
E Q M !
8.3.2 ,!PP!$;>
(%g
: + !/
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R> (7g
4 !/
$ +
1 M !P!1 $` m> ~ $lPE 0/g $>

(!) $1(;
4
$!/
(8
+ !/
8.3.7 Pm9!P 4 ~ ,oR8 (7g
1 R 4+ !/
4
M
M
8.3.4 ,PP!$;!Q
(R`rP
!R>
1 : + !/
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R> (7g
4 !/
1 $ +
1 M !P!1 $` m> ~ $lPE 0/g $>

(!) $1(;
4
1 $!/
4
When comes
in : E and :,E example will be -0;, 1 -0;, and R,
M >
M and 8.4.41 -P
1 R, respectively with 8.4.40 `> P!
M ->M on the $. 4
(7;Z B is done.
4 ?4 9!P 1/1
4 QP`Q
[LSK] ,9!P ;3
4 P-ending
4
4 QP`Q is ,oR. 4 Because of the mentioning of ,9!P4
9!P is
(7, and Q of
4 does not apply.
in 8.3.7 Pm9!P ,
[LSK] (7g cQ ;3?4 N
4 K 4/;QER/III/1
P +
4 Q
P +
4 not (7!N. Thus even Q of
4 Q is
M
By 1.4.14 $}N1
(73,4 the (7!N is at the c of Q. The P is
,oR, 4 and it is following, the does not apply.
252
$>
[$%3]4 8.3.10
~ JK : PQ

G
4 PD is replaced by when it is followed by (. 4

P of
6
of PDP 4
P4
7
(4
1
4 (8 7/1 ~ : 1/1 U/s! 0 $1Q!/!3 7/1

4
PDP 6/1
4 ,P;RT,
M
mimicking of the sound of PZ 9 in 2/3; in n!P/8 `:!
PDP 4 6/1 Q(7; is PDP; 4 PDP is
_x0, which is }.
4 !RT!s E; in (R$}30.
(8 7/1 Q(7; is (; , after ( is
U/s! 0 from 8.3.8 U/sME ; this means in both ways, which makes this rule
optional.
[LSK] PDP4 cQ 0 ,g 6/1 : 1/1 ! 0 (8 7/1

is the substitute in the place of the last letter of PDP, 4 when followed by (. 4
M
cQ ,g bring back the } _x0 X;P3, 4 and also tells that PDP4 is ,P;RT,
an
onomatopoeia.
4
The example is PDP (!,
Protect the people.
4 (!
PDP +
PD + (!
4
8.3.10 PDP (8
PD R 4+ (!
M
E Q M !
8.3.2 ,!PP!$;>
(%g
PD: + (!
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R> (7g
Now, $: E is followed by (. 4 The next stra is applicable.
253
M
7M 0
This stra is ,(!7 for 8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $>. Instead of $, 4 this stra optionally gives
l'!3%K0/ and (&!P0/. The other option is $:.E
[$%3]4 8.3.37
K G , ~ !N%@; !N %@;
$: E is optionally replaced by l'!3%K0/ and (&!P0/, when followed by ;: E and
(:,E respectively.
6
$lPE 0/
7
;M/( M
l'!3%K0//
(&!P0/
Optional
4
;M-q`> 7/2 ;(O 1/2 0 ~ $lPE 0/g 6/1 $lPE 0/> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
;M-q`> 7/2 !Q(7; is ;M(;M ;M> (>M ;M(% (ID), Q/`>; in (R$}30.
;(O 1/2 This is 6789. They indicate l'!3%K0/ and (&!P0/.
0 This brings $: E as another option.
$lPE 0/> 1/1 From 8.3.35 9( ER8 $lPE 0/>; this is brought by the to eliminate the
4 9 by 8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $>.
possibility for $ 678
4 $:>E 1/1
E 6/1 ;(O 1/2 > III/2, !Q 5/1
[LSK] ;: 7/1 (: 7/1 0 $:g
When ;: E and (: E follow, l'!3%K0/ and (,!P0/, respectively, are the substitute in
the place of $: E optionally. The in the stra indicates the other option is $:.E
254
$>
4
1 (!, PD:1 (!, PDP (!
[LSK] PD
(!, PD
M
Though KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 shows only four forms, there should be five forms:
M
1) with ,PP!$;,
then (&!P0/
PD
(!
M
2) with ,PP!$;,
then $: E
PD: (!
M
3) with ,P!R,
then (&!P0/
1 (!
PD
M
4) with ,P!R,
then $: E
PD:1 (!
5) Without
4
PDP (!
4 (!
PDP +
PD + (!
4 ~
8.3.10 PDP (8
PD R 4+ (!
M
E Q M !
8.3.2 ,!PP!$;>
(%g
2)
PD: + (!
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R> (7g
1)
PD
+ (!
8.3.37 ;Mq`> ;(O
5)
4 (!
PDP +
PD + (!
4 ~
8.3.10 PDP (8
PD 1 R 4+ (!
4
M
M
8.3.4 ,PP!$;!Q
(R`rP
!R>
4)
PD:1 + (!
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R> (7g
3)
PD 1 + (!
8.3.37 ;Mq`> ;(O
255
M
7M 0
The next stra gives 68Q $12! which is used in the following .
There is a section called -;RT, starting from the stra 8.1.1 $Eg 8 , which
teaches that a whole word is repeated twice under certain conditions specified by the
following stras in the section. The stra 8.1.2 Qg (R3!8Q3 4 gives 68Q $12! to the latter
one of the repeated word.
[$12!$%3]4 8.1.2
L G
A

Of the , the latter one is termed 68Q.
4 68Q3 1/1
4
Qg 6/1 (R3 1/1
Qg 6/1 Here, the topic, ,;!R, is , repetition of a word, by ,;!R$% 8.1.1 $Eg
8; thus Qg is understood as g, of what is repeated; in $8 _x0 to (R3. 4
(R3 4 1/1 This is $120; of the two words as , the first one is (%,E the second one is (R.
68Q3 41/1 This is $12!.
4 68Q3 1/1
4 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] g 6/1 (R3 1/1
Of the repetition, the latter one is termed 68Q.
256
$>
[$%3]4 8.3.12
A ~ JK :
4 ;!P which
4
P of
is followed by 68Q is replaced by .
6
of ;!P 4
;!P 4
P4
(68Q)
1
4 68Q8 7/1 : 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1

4
;!P 6/1
4
4 ,P;RT,
4
M
;!P 6/1
Q(7; is ;!P; 4 ;!P is
mimicking of the sound of ;3 9
in 2/3; in
n!P/8 `:! _x0, which is }.
4
68Q8 7/1 The ;!P must
have been repeated by any injunction in the section;
the latter one of the repeated ;!P; 4 in (R$}30.
4 P;!Rg 6/1 : 1/1 g!Q III/1

4
[LSK] ;!P 6/1
68Q8 7/1
4
is the substitute in the place of P (the
last letter) of ;!P,4 when followed by 68Q.
4 ;!P 4
;!P +
8.1.4 PB0U/`> ~ $Eg 8

When constancy or repetition is intended, the whole word is repeated twice.
;! + ;!P 4
8.3.12 ;!P!8Q8 ~ with 1.1.52 ,K`rg
;! R 4+ ;!P 4
M
E Q M !
8.3.2 ,!PP!$;>
(%g
;!: + ;!P 4
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R> (7g
4 ;!P 4
;!$ +
By 8.3.37 ;Mq`> ;(O , l'!3%K0/ and $: E are !}, but both are negated
4 9.
1 M !P!1 $` m> , to give $-678
by (!) $1(;
(8
;!1!P 4
257
M
7M 0

\]-%QR
8) 37R 2
M 4 6:3 starting from
At the beginning of $ section, there is a small section of Q;
M 4 , and lasts until 6.1.76 (7!N!! .
6.1.71 g (Q ;Z Q Q;
[$%3]4 6.1.73
9
E , ~ &
M 4 6:3 becomes ,N-,/ of a short vowel when followed by 4.

Q;
6
M 4 6:3
Q;
(,N-,/)
4
M 4 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
8 7/1 0 g 6/1 Q;
8 7/1 In (R$}30.
M 4 .
0 This connects with 6.1.71 g (Q ;Z Q Q;
M 4 ; is defined by 1.2.27 j;!K`r70LE MQ>;

g 6/1 From 6.1.71 g (Q ;Z Q Q;
in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
M 4 ; before ; 4 is !RT!s E, not cQ; 4 thus

M 4 1/1 This is 6:3; from 6.1.71 g (Q ;Z Q Q;
Q;
it does not bring $TEs.
M 4 1/1
[LSK] g 6/1 8 7/1 Q;
M 4 is the 6:3 for when 4 follows.
Q;
[LSK] 9!/! The shadow of iva.
9g !/! 9!/!
4 !/! + $ M
9 + $ +
9 + !/!
M 4 + !/!
9 + Q;
M 4 with the help of 1.1.46 6NO ;QO

6.1.73 8 ~ g Q;
97 4 + !/!
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8 ~ (7g
4 !/!
9l +
M >
M
8.4.40 `> P!
4 !/!
9 +
8.4.55 bR ~ K!1 R 4
258
$>
[$%3]4 6.1.76
&
9
G ~ ;<% R
M 4 6:3 optionally becomes ,N-,/ of a long vowel at the end of (7 when

Q;
followed by 4.
5
(7
70L E
M 4 6:3
Q;
(,N-,/)
4 ! 0 70L!EQ 5/1
4 8 7/1 Q;
4
M 4 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
(7!N!Q 5/1
(7!N!Q 4 5/1 (7g ,N> (7!N> (6T), Qz!Q;4 adjective to 70L!EQ; 4 in (%(E ~30.
70L!EQ 45/1 long vowel defined by 1.2.27 j;!K`r70L E MQ> .
8 7/1 In (R$}30.
M 4 .
M 4 1/1 This is 6:3; from 6.1.71 g (Q ;Z Q Q;
Q;
4 is
Here, since there is no 6th case-ending word, (RU!_! U/P79 8 (~30P79` K0/!P
M 4 is exceptionally considered to be ,/ of 70L.E This is because such

applicable. However, Q;
4 Such instance is
M
usage is seen in (!TPs own stra 2.4.25 U!_! $8P!$R!!/!9!K!P9!P!3
.
called 2!(;, indicator of certain forms.
4 (7!N!Q 5/1
4 8 7/1 Q;
M 4 1/1 ! 0
[LSK] 70L!EQ 5/1
M 4 is optionally 6:3 when 4 follows.
After 70: E at the end of (7, Q;
[LSK] Kr0!/!, Kr0!/!
Ks!> !/! Kr0!/!, Kr0!/! (6T)
4 !/! + $ M
Kr0+ $ +
Kr0+ !/!
M 4 + !/!
Kr0+ Q;
M 4 with the help of 1.1.46 6NO ;QO

6.1.73 8 ~ g Q;
Kr07 4 + !/!
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8 ~ (7g
4 !/!
Kr0l +
M >
M
8.4.40 `> P!
4 !/!
Kr0 +
8.4.55 bR ~ K!1 R 4
259
M
7M 0
cQ $>
Thus ends the section of consonant sandhi.
Summary of \a%QR
4 the ,PZM [> from 8.2.108 to 8.4.68, the end of ,-!.!/0.
$1Q!/!3 is
M -
1) ,
M -$>
M >
M
8.4.40 `> P!
General rules
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M
8.4.42 P (7!N!`RP!3 4
8.4.43 Q`> _
M and -
Conditions where
M are prohibited
8.4.44 9!Q 4
2) (7!N-l-$>
8.2.39 K!1 l9`rN8 ~ (7g
It has a wide application.
M
3) ,PP!$;-$
M
M
8.4.45 /R`rPP!$;8
rPP$;`
!
M
Ex. XQ[RM !R>, XQR!R>
4) Last section $>

8.4.60 Q`KE ~ (R$TE>
Ex. Q/>, ! UQ8
E ~ $TE>
8.4.61 7> n!\`> (%g
Ex. $!P3, 4 [\P3 4
E $TE>
8.4.62 /` `rhQRg!3 4 ~ (%g
Ex. !LR>, ,>, g!Y>, R!)%Q,8 ,`0
8.4.63 9`r ~ /> ,hQRg!3 4
Ex. 03R!!/E>
M
5) ,P!R-$>
M
8.3.23 3`rP!R>
~ (7g
Ex. R1 8
M
8.3.24 P!(7!Ng K ~ 3> ,P!R>
Ex. 3P!1$
8.3.25 3` R!l $3> !O ~ 3>

M
,(7s to ,P!R
8.3.26 8 3(R8 ! ~ 3> 3>

8.3.27 P(R8 P>
M
8.4.58 ,P!Rg
(R$TE>
M
Changes on ,P!R
8.4.59 ! (7!Ng
260
$>
6) 6:3>
1.1.46 6NO ;QO
(RU!_!$%3 4
8.3.28 T`> ;Mi;

M 4 9R
8.3.29 > $ M 4
8.3.30 P ~ $ M 4
M 4 ~ P>
8.3.31 9 Q;
4
M PB3
8.3.32 3` !7 3T
4
7) 2nd -;RT3 4
M
E Q M !
8.3.2 ,!PP!$;>
(%g
They give two options in this section:
4
M
M
8.3.4 ,PP!$;!Q
(R`rP
!R>
M
M
,PP!$;
or ,P!R
M ~
8.3.5 $3> $
M bOoR8 ~
8.3.6 (3>
8.3.7 $m9!P 4 ~ ,oR8
Conditions where occurs.
4 ~
8.3.10 PDP (8
8.3.12 ;!P!8Q8 ~
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ R>
Change to $: E
8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $>

8.3.36 ! 9R ~ $lPE 0/g $lPE 0/>
Changes of $: E
8.3.37 ;Mq`> ; (O ~ $lPE 0/g

8) Q:M !:3>
6.1.72 $1Q!/!3 4
M 4
6.1.73 8 ~ g Q;
M 4 is PB after . Ex. cQ, :Q, /Q

Q;
M 4
6.1.74 63!` ~ Q;
PB after these two (7s. Ex. 6!7/Q, 3!7Q 4
M 4
6.1.75 70L!EQ 4 ~ Q;
PB after ,(7!N 70L.E Ex. t8Q
M 4
6.1.76 (7!N!! ~ Q;
; after (7!N 70L.E Ex. Kr0!/!, Kr0!/!
261
M
7M 0
0@J-a
E is about ;!R, modification, of $:,E which is done
Technically speaking, $:$
by 8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $> and its following ,(!7 stras.
M
E section of KL$)!N;O3
However, in the $:$
7M 0, stras taught are about
modifications of a letter which would have been $: E if ,$!P (absence of letter) was
following. In this type of modifications, the letter never becomes $:.E
This stra is already seen in the last section. After getting $: E by 8.3.15
bR$!P/È$lPE 0/>, how the $: E undergoes ;!R is told by the following two stras.
[$%3]4 8.3.34
0>J/L ~ M
4 the substitute for $: E followed by bR.4

$ is
6
$lPE 0/
7
bR 4
1
$4
4
$lPE 0/g 6/1 $> 1/1 bR 7/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4 !RT!s E.
$> 1/1 This is 6789; , after $ is
bR 7/1 B!!R> bR,4 all the hard consonants; in (R$}30.
[LSK] bR 7/1

4 the substitute in the place of $: E when bR 4follows.
$ is
M
[LSK] !Q!
Vi;Ju is the protector.
>M + !Q!
4 !Q!
M +
$
8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $>

262
E >
$:$
The next stra is also already seen in the previous section.
[$%3]4 8.3.36
0 B ~ !N%@; !N %@;
$: E is optionally the substitute for $: E when followed by 9R.4 Another option is $. 4
6
$lPE 0/
9R 4
1
$lPE 0/
Optional
4
! 0 9R 7/1 $lPE 0/g 6/1 $lPE 0/> 1/1 $1Q!/!3 7/1
4
9R 7/1 B!!R> 9R,4 sibilants 9, 4 _ and
$; 4 in (R$}30.
$lPE 0/> 1/1 From 8.3.35 9( ER8 $lPE 0/>; this is 6789; this is brought by the to
4 9 by 8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $>.
eliminate the possibility for $ 678
E 6/1 $:>E 1/1 ! 0

[LSK] 9R 7/1 $:g
$: E is optionally the substitute in the place of $: E when 9R 4follows.
[LSK] R> 98Q,8 R98Q 8 Hari sleeps.
R> + 98Q 8
R> + 98Q 8
8.3.36 ! 9R ~ $lPE 0/g $lPE 0/>
(8
4 98Q 8
R $ +
8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $>
4 98Q 8
R 9 +
M >M
8.4.40 `> P!
263
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.2.66
U3 : ~
><K
4
4 replaced by . The last letter of $l_M 9
(7!N $ is
is also replaced by .
6
(7
$4
1
M 6/1 : 1/1 (7g 6/1

$$l_`>
4
M (ID), Q/`>; , of $ is !RT!s E; $l_M means
M 6/2 $> $l%> $$l_O
friend; adjective
$$l_`>
to (7g.
: 1/1 This is 6789; is cQ. 4
(7g 6/1 From 8.1.16 (7g; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
M is adjective to (7g, Q7N by 1.1.72 /8P 7Ng is applied. They

Since $$l_`>
4
are understood as $;!R!Ng (7g and $l_M -9!Ng
(7g, then 1.1.52 ,K`rg is
applied.
4
M 6/1 0 : 1/1 g!Q III/1
[LSK] (7!Ng 6/1 $g 6/1 $l_>
$: E is optionally the substitute in the place of $: E when 9R 4follows.
Example is given in the next stra.
264
E >
$:$
[$%3]4 6.1.113

K KR R
~

is replaced by short , when is between two short ,s.

6
5
,Q 4
7
,Q 4
4 , MQ8 7/1 Q 1/1

4 ,Q 7/1
,Q> 5/1 R`> 6/1 , MQ!Q 5/1
,Q> 5/1 !Q(7; is ,Q; 4 Q(R;RT is for Q2!K-P/3 by 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg; in (%(E ~30.
R`> 6/1 !Q(7; is ; this excludes R8 without cQ; 4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
, MQ!Q 45/1 P MQ> , MQ> (NT), Qz!Q,4 adjective to ,Q> .
, MQ8 7/1 P MQ> , MQ> (NT), QzP,4 adjective to ,Q.
Q 4 1/1 This is 6789; from 6.1.111 Q Q;4 Q(R;RT is just for clarity, as it is 0/3!P,
thus does not indicate its $TE.
,Q 7/1 From 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ; !Q(7; is ,Q; 4 Q(R;RT is for Q2!K-P/3 by 1.1.70
Q(R2!Kg; in (R$}30.
M >, which is in (!70. In this

is told in the section of starting from 8.2.66 $$l_`
4
stra, is not ,$)Q because
of $!3KE of the word R`>.
4
MQ is also told in (!7, in the section starting from 8.2.82. , MQ!Q and
, MQ8 in this
stra also indicate that they are not ,$)Q. 4
4 ,Q> 5/1 (Rg 6/1 R`> 6/1 > 1/1 g!Q III/1
4
[LSK] , MQ!Q 5/1
, MQ8 7/1 ,Q 7/1
is the substitute in the place of which is preceded by a short ,, when a short ,
follows.
265
M
7M 0
[LSK] 9`rE>
9 + $ M + ,E>
4
4
$(M -B/
$ M is suffixed by 4.1.2 Ol$3OF$...
4 ,E>
9$ +
4 1.3.2 (789r8 lPP!$;

M
M
is cQ by
cQ,4 ,PK`(>
by 1.3.9 Qg K`(>
M
M
Being $N,
(7$12! is given by 1.4.14 $}N1
(73 4
9 + ,E>
M : ~ (7g with the help of 1.1.52 ,K`rg

8.2.66 $$l_`
9R 4+ ,E>
4 1.3.2 (789r8 lPP!$;

M
M
is cQ by
cQ,4 ,PK`(>
by 1.3.9 Qg K`(>
9 + ,E>
4
6.1.113 ,Q` R`R MQ!7 MQ8 ~ Q ,Q
9` + ,E>
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ , $1Q!/!3 (%4 (E R/`> X;>
9`rE>
6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ~ (%>E $1Q!/!3 (%4 (E R/`> X;>
Note that , + inside (7 has precedence to + , between two (7s, because ;!/E
inside (7 is ,NR, more intimate, than ;!/ E between two (7s, which is called R.
266
E >
$:$
[$%3]4 6.1.114

.B , ~ 8
,
9
The replacement of with happens also when what is following is 9. 4

6
5
,Q 4
7
9 4
4 R`> 6/1 Q 1/1

4
9 7/1 0 ,Q> 5/1 , MQ!Q 5/1
9 7/1 B!!R 9; 4 all the soft consonants; in (R$}30.
0 This connects with the previous stra, as told Qs! in Z[.
,Q> 5/1 !Q(7; is ,Q; 4 Q(R;RT is for Q2!K-P/3 by 1.1.70 Q(R2!Kg; in (%(E ~30.
, MQ!Q 45/1 P MQ> , MQ> (NT), Qz!Q,4 adjective to ,Q> .
Q 4 1/1 This is 6789; from 6.1.111 Q Q.4
[LSK] Qs! 0
4
is the substitute in the place of which is preceded by a short ,, when 9 follows.
[LSK] 9` u>

9 + $ M + u>
4
4
$(M -B/
$ M is suffixed by 4.1.2 Ol$3OF$...
4 u>
9$ +
4 1.3.2 (789r8 lPP!$;

M
M
is cQ by
cQ,4 ,PK`(>
by 1.3.9 Qg K`(>
M
M
Being $N,
(7$12! is given by 1.4.14 $}N1
(73 4
9 + u>

8.2.66 $$l_`
9R 4+ u>
4 1.3.2 (789r8 lPP!$;

M
M
is cQ by
cQ,4 ,PK`(>
by 1.3.9 Qg K`(>
9 + u>
4
6.1.113 ,Q` R`R MQ!7 MQ8 ~ Q ,Q
9` + u>
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ , $1Q!/!3 (%4 (E R/`> X;>
267
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.3.17
J /KB ~ ,
8K8@KKGf0L
4 following.
which is preceded by U`, U:`, ,L`, or ,T E is replaced by /, 4 when ,9 is
6
U`/U:`/,L`/,TE
7
,9 4
1
/4
E 6/1 /> 1/1 ,9 7/1 R`> 6/1

U`-U:`-,L`-,(%g
E 6/1 U`> U:`> ,L`> ,> UÙ:`,L`6> (ID); U`$, 4 U:`$, 4 and ,L`$ 4
U`-U:`-,L`-,(%g
are exclamations ending with $; 4 here in this stra, the forms without $, 4 namely, U`, U:`,
,L`, are compounded; $-,U! between U:` and ,L`, as well as ,L` and , is $O,
4 U`-U:`-,L`-,(%>E (115B), Qg; this can be understood
belonging to stra; Q8 (% /z!Q $>
E , U:`(%g
E ,L`(%g
E , and ,TE(% g
E ; adjective to R`>.
as U`(%g
/> 1/1 This is 6789; , of / is !RT!s E.
,9 7/1 B!!R ,9; 4 all the vowels and soft consonants; in (R$}30.
0 This connects with the previous stra, as told Qs! in Z[.
4 g
E 6/1 R`> 6/1 /-6789> 1/1 ,9 7/1
[LSK] XQQ-(%
4 the substitute in the place of which is preceded by U`, U:`, ,L`, or ,T,E when
/ is
4
,9 follows.
4
4
4 0 $-,N!> 1/3 P(!Q!> 1/3
[LSK] U`$ U:`$
,L`$
cQ
4
These exclamations are $-ending
P(!Qs, listed in !7:T.
4 used for addressing several persons.
U`$ is
4 used for addressing Bhagavn.
U:`$ is
4 used for addressing (!(Ps.4
,L`$ is
268
E >
$:$
4
U`$, 4 U:`$, 4 ,L`$ are
in !7:T. P(!Q-$12! is given by 1.4.57 !7/`r$8.
4
To P(!Q$12; words, ,m/-$12! is given by 1.1.37 R!7P(!Q3m/3 .
They all having meaning, !Q(7;-$12! is given by 1.2.45 ,sE 7!QRM B/> !Q(7;3 4
4
4 ~ !Q(7;!Q 4
By being !Q(7;, $(M -B/
is added by 4.1.2 Ol$3OF$
4
By being ,m/$12; word, $(M -B/
is elided by 2.4.82 ,m/!7!U(M >
M
M
By being $N,
(7-$12! is given by 1.4.14 $}N1
(73 4
M : is applicable.
By getting (7$12!, 8.2.66 $$l_`
4 78!>
U`$ +
U` + 78!>

8.2.66 $$l_`
4 78!>
U`/ +
E /`r9
8.3.17 UÙ:`,U`,(%g
4 R`> 6/1 /8 7/1 ;Z Q8 7/1

[LSK] Q8_!3 6/3
Of these three P(!Qs (U`, U:`, and ,U`), is replaced by / 4 (to be continued)
M
KL$)!N;O3
7M 0;!R shows examples of those three P(!Qs first.
269
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.3.22
% F,
. 0|<
~ P,P5,<,+!
4 following.
which is preceded by U`, U:`, ,L`, or ,T E is replaced by /, 4 when ,9 is
6
U`/U:`/,L`/,TE
7
K 4
/4
1
K`(
4 U`-U:`-,L`-,(%g
E 6/1 /g 6/1 K`(> 1/1
K 7/1 $_!3 6/3
K 7/1 B!!R K;4 all the consonants; in (R$}30.
4 ; in the opinion of all the grammarians; this makes the rule

$_!3 4 6/3 6!/!ET!3 3Q8
PB.
E 6/1 Same as above; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.

U`-U:`-,L`-,(%g
4 6th case is taken; , of / is

M
/g 6/1 From 8.3.18 m`KEL/QR>
9!;!/Pg, only / in
!RT!s E; in n!P/8 `:! _x0.
K`(> 1/1 This is 6789; from 8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g.
4
E 6/1 /g 6/1 K`(> 1/1 g!Q III/1
[LSK] U`-U:`-,L`-,(%g
K 7/1
4
K`( is the substitute in the place of / which
is preceded by U`, U:`, ,L`, or ,T,E when
K 4 follows.
[LSK] U` 78!> U:` P38 ,L` /!

4 78!>
U`$ +
U` + 78!>

8.2.66 $$l_`
4 78!>
U`/ +
E /`r9
8.3.17 UÙ:`,U`,(%g
U` + 78!>
E /g K`(>
8.3.22 K $_!3 4 ~ UÙ:`,U`,(%g
270
E >
$:$
[$%3]4 8.2.69
~ @
KG
4 replaced by R when
4 not following.
4
The last letter of ,P is
$(M is
6
of ,P 4
P4
not $(M 4
1
R4
4
M 7/1 ,P 6/1
R> 1/1 ,$(
R> 1/1 This is 6789; , of R is !RT!s E.
4 (M (NT),
4
M 7/1 P $(M ,$
,$(
QzP;4 in (R$}30.
,P 46/1 From 8.2.68 ,P;4 in n!P/8 `:! _x0; U is }, elided.
M 7/1
[LSK] ,g> 6/1 R8-6789> 1/1 P 0 Q M 0 $(
4 not following.
R 4is the substitute in the place of the last letter of ,P, 4 when $(M is
EM >
[LSK] ,R> ,:T
4 $ M + ,P +
4 $ M > by 8.1.4 PB0U/`> ~ $Eg 8
,P +
4 ,P 4
,P +
1 M ;!Q 4 ~ ; 4
7.1.23 3`P E($
B/ which is elided by ;-4 elision does not become P3[ for a rule which causes change
on its , by 1.1.163 P 3Q!g
,R 4+ ,P 4
4
M ~ ,P with
8.2.69 R`r$(
the help of 1.1.52 ,K`rg
,R 4+ ,R 4
4
M ~ ,P with
8.2.69 R`r$(
the help of 1.1.52 ,K`rg
,R 4+ ,>
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ (7g
271
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 8.3.14
K ~ F,
R 4is elided when another R 4follows.

6
R4
7
R4
1
K`(
R> 6/1 R 7/1 K`(> 1/1

R> 6/1 In n!P/8 `:! _x0;
R 7/1 In (R$}30.
K`(> 1/1 This is 6789.
[LSK] R8g 6/1 R88 7/1 (R8 7/1 K`(> 1/1

4
K`( is substitute in the place of R when
R 4follows.
272
E >
$:$
[$%3]4 6.3.111
J
KG Gf0L
4
When 4or R 4is elided, the ,T before
the cause of that elision gets elongated.
6
,T 4
7
K`(
1
70L E
E 6/1 70L>E 1/1 ,T> 6/1

K`(8 7/1 (%g
4 words in the $%, no word is required as ,PZM [.
4 T 4
K`(8 7/1 4 R (ID); , of R 4is !RT!s E; O 2/2 K`(/Q K`(> (UT); + 4 + ( +
+ ,T;4 indicating that which caused the elision of 4 or R;4 K`(> can be said to be
K`(P3[>, a cause for the elision of 4 or R;4 4 and R 4are elided by 8.3.13 ` 8 K`(> 8.3.14
R` R, thus K`(P3[> can be either 4 or R;4 in (R$}30.
E 6/1 before the K`(; adjective to ,T>.24

(%g
,T> 6/1 B!!R ,T; 4 being ,0/3!P, by 1.1.69 ,TM 7TEg !B/>, ,TE cTE and
TE are indicated; in n!P/8 `:! _x0;
70L>E 1/1 This is 6789. (RU!_! 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3> is required.
4 ] (%g
4
E 6/1 ,T> 6/1 70L>E 1/1 g!Q III/1
[LSK] -R8/`> 6/2 K`(P3[/`> 7/2 [$Q`> 7/2 Q!S!3 5/2
70L>E is substitute in the place of ,T, 4 which is before the causes of elision of 4 or R.4
24
, by hearing ,-> in 7th case, >r

is understood. However,
Because of 1.1.66
o

Tde >r

is redundant because it prevents >T from 6.3.1 i>T
the mentioning of >r
to come. Thus,
,-> does not have to be in the >T.
273
M
7M 0
4
Since ,T consists
three types of letters, examples are also three types: ,TE, cTE, and TE
followed by 4 or R 4which is the cause of elision of 4 or R.4
M R3Q8 Again, he is delighted.
[LSK] (P!
M 4+ R3Q8
(PR
M 4is R8!N-,m/ word.

(PR
(PM + R3Q8
8.3.14 R` R ~ K`(>
M + R3Q8
(P!
E 70LvrT>, with the help of 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>

6.3.111 K`(8 (%g
[LSK] R0 R> Hari is beautiful.

4 R>
R$ +
4
M
After !Q(7; R, $ M is suffixed. (7$12! is gained by 1.4.14 $}N1
(73 .
R + R>
M > ~ (7g
8.2.66 $$l_`
RR 4+ R>
M
,PK`(>
R+ R>
8.3.14 R` R ~ K`(>
R0 + R>
E 70LvrT>, with the help of 1.1.50 n!Pr8 NRQ3>

6.3.111 K`(8 (%g
[LSK] 9\% R!lQ8 ambhu shines.

Exactly in the same manner as above.
(7;Z B is done for ,T>.

[LSK] ,T> ;3?4 QZ> Z>
4
QZH 1$!/!3 +
3.2.102 Px! ~ U%Q 8 B/ (R !Q`>
QZ 4 + Q
M
,PK`(>
QZ 4 + Q
8.2.31 ` > ~ K
QZ 4 +
8.2.40 _s`vr>
QZ 4 +
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M ~ `>
QZ +
8.3.13 ` 8 K`(>
4 not ,T, 4 hence 6.3.111 K`(8 (%g
E 70LvrT> is not applied.
after Q is
In the same manner, this stra does not apply to Z>, derived from ZH 3P 8 to raise,
with .
274
E >
$:$
M
Now, KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 gives a set-up with stras covered in this section, in order to
introduce the next stra.
4
[LSK] 3P$ Rs>
cQ 0 , 0 8 7/1 ;Z Q8 7/1 9 (6.1.114) cQ 0 8 7/1 R` R (8.3.14) cQ 0 K`(8 7/1
0 !}8 7/1
4
M :), there are two
In the case of 3P$ Rs>,
after making (by 8.2.66 $$l_`
possibilities: for by 6.1.114 9 or K`( for R8 by 8.3.14 R` R .
3P$> Rs> 3P`Rs> (6T)
4 $ +
4 Rs + $ M 2.2.8 _x0 ~ $3!$> Q_>,
M
3P$ +
1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4
4 Rs
3P$ +
M !QM Q(7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
3P + Rs
M : ~ (7g
8.2.66 $$l_`
3P + Rs
4
for by 6.1.114 9 ~ , MQ!Q ,Q>
R`> Q 4
OR
3P + Rs
K`( for R8 by 8.3.14 R` R ~ K`(>
Since there are two stras which are applicable in one place at the same time, we
need (RU!_!$%. The next stra gives a criterion for judgment.
[(RU!_!$%3]4 1.4.2
0 <; G /J

When two stras are applicable in one place at the same time, the one with bigger
number is taken.
4 ;!/E3 1/1
4
Q_8 8 7/1 (R3 1/1
Q_8 8 7/1 When two stras are applicable in one place; in $Q$}30.
(R3 41/1 The latter one; adjective to ;!/E3. 4
;!/E3 4 1/1 The effect.
4 ;!/E3 1/1
4 g!Q III/1
4
M -K-R`8 7/1 (R3 1/1
[LSK] Q
When two stras are applicable in one place at the same time, the change which has
a latter number should be applied.
275
M
7M 0
M KR`, is explained in T0.
The word in the stra Q_8 is told as Q
M KR`> 1/1
[LSK T0 ] ,h 0 ,h 0 K-,;!9/`> 6/2 ($%/`> 6/2) X; 0 /:M (Q 04 !}> 1/1 Q
Applicability in one place at the same time of two stras, which have their own
M KR`>, contradiction or quarrel of two things which
sphere of operation is called Q
have the same strength.
M R3Q8, only 8.3.14 R` R is applicable and 6.1.114 9 has no scope.
In the case of (P!
Similarly, in the case of 9` u>, only 6.1.114 9 is applicable and 8.3.14 R` R has no
scope. This means that they have their own scope of operation, ,;!9.
[LSK] cQ 0 K`(8 7/1 !}8 7/ 1

By this stra 1.4.2 Q_8 8 (R1 ;!/E3,4 because 8.3.14 R` R ~ K`(> has bigger number
than 6.1.114 9 ~ Q, 4 K`( is applicable, but
4
4 3 1/1
4 X 0
[LSK] (%E !$)3 (8.2.1)
cQ 0 R` R (8.3.14) cQ 0 ,g 6/1 ,$)!Q 5/1
4 the stra 8.3.14 R` R is as good as non-existent. Thus
Because of 8.2.1 (%E !$)3 ,
by 6.1.114 9 is to be taken.
[LSK] 3P`Rs>
4 Rs
3P$ +
3P + Rs
M : ~ (7g
8.2.66 $$l_`
By 1.4.2 Q_8 8 (R1 ;!/E3,4 8.3.14 R` R was !}. However, from the stand point of
4
6.1.114 9 , 8.3.14 R` R does not exist by the arrangement taught by 8.2.1 (%E !$)3 .
Thus by 6.1.114 9 takes place.
3P + Rs
4
6.1.114 9 ~ , MQ!Q ,Q>
R`> Q 4
3P`+ Rs
6.1.87 6T>
M ~ X;> (%(E R/`> , $1Q!/!3 4
3P`Rs
More examples of this (RU!_! 1.4.2 Q_8 8 (R1 ;!/E3 4 will be seen in later sections.
276
E >
$:$
Note:
When two stras are applicable in one place, the following (RU!_! explains which
stra is stronger:

J -^--G0
VKV
[(RU!_!] Gf0G
? /
E % , PB to ,PB, ,NR to R, and ,(!7 to :.E Among these four
(R$% to (%$
types of comparison, the latter is the more effective.
Four types of comparison:
1) (%-E (R
This is told by 1.4.2 Q_8 8 (R1 ;!/E3 4

2) PB-,PB
;Z Q!;Z Q-$0 /> > $> PB> A which is applicable both before and after
another is applied.
Both A and B are applicable in one place at the same time. If B is
applicable even after applying A, while A become non-applicable after
applying B, B be is considered to be PB and A is considered to be ,PB.
3) ,NR-R
between !Q M and Q-4 B/ is ,NR, while between ($: E and !Q M is R.
between ($: E and !Q M is ,NR, while between another (7 and ($: E is R.
4) :-E ,(!7
When A has no applicability outside the scope of B, A is said to be
PR;!9 or ,(!7, and has to be taken, while B is called :.E
277
M
7M 0
[$%3]4 6.1.132

& VK KGKK5

.
$ M of X_> and $> is elided when K 4 follows. They should not be X_;>, $;>, ,P_8 >, or
,$>.
4
4
QQ/XQQ
not with ;,
$ M
not in P$3!$
7
K 4
1
K`(
1/1
M
XQ[7`> 6/2 $K`(>
,;`> 6/2 ,P$3!$8 7/1 K 7/1
4 QQ
4 XQ[7O (ID), Q/`>; $8 _x0 to $ M of $K`(>.
M
XQ[7`> 6/2 XQQ
M
M
$K`(>
1/1 This is 6789; $`> K`(> $K`(>
(6T).25
,;`> 6/2 ,3!P> ; 4 //`> QO ,;O (NB), Q/`>; adjective to XQ[7`>.
,P$3!$8 7/1 P P$3!$> ,P$3!$> (NT), QzP;4 in ,;RT8 $}30.
K 7/1 B!!R> K;4 all the consonants; in (R$}30.
[LSK] ,;;!R/`> 6/2 XQ-Q7`> 6/2 /> 1/1 $: M 1/1 Qg 6/1 K`(> 1/1 K 7/1 P 0 Q M 0 P$3!$8 7/1
4
4
K`( is the substitute in the place of $ M of XQQ and
QQ word,
which do not have ,;-4
B/ and not in P$3!$, when K 4 follows.
4
4
When XQQ and
QQ are
to be suffixed by $, M they are naturally in s3! X;P3. 4 Thus
4
4 P($
1 M ;K and 0K are in s3! X;P3, 4 $ M is
their forms are X_> and $>. When XQQ and
QQ in
4 Qg(Z
M
1 M ;!Q4 and 6.1.68 K 4 9!:` 70L!EQ $
elided by 7.1.23 3`P E($
1 K 4 , respectively. Thus
there is no occasion for this stra.
25

T- is connected only to one part of ",->
. This kind of connection is called T6- , and
does not fulfil one of the requirements, ", for qualifying word to be compounded. This can be
exempted by being ", or divide the words into " with bc7 and ,-> .
278
E >
$:$
4
Examples of XQQ and
QQ, 4 respectively.
[LSK] X_ >M
4
X_$
>M
X_ >M
M
6.1.132 XQ[7`> $K`(`r;`RP$3!$8
K
[LSK] $ 9\>M
4
$$ 9\
>M
$ 9\>M
M
6.1.132 XQ[7`> $K`(`r;`RP$3!$8
K
(7;Z Bs for three words in the stra are done.

[LSK] ,;`> ;3?4 X_;` >
4 !s. This ,;-B/
4
There is a Q)Q-B/ called ,; in
comes before of ,. When
4
4
this ,;-B/
is suffixed to XQQ and
QQ, 4 this stra does not apply.
4 ,7 4
4 ,; +
XQ +
4 4 8 > ~ Q)Q!> B/> (R 9!G!Q(7;!Q 4

5.3.71 ,m/$EP!!3; !;
4 ,; + ,7 4
XQ +
1.3.3 K3 4 1.3.9 Qg K`(>
XQ;7 4
M ~ (R'(3 4
6.1.97 ,Q` :T8
Being Q)Q!N word, !Q(7;-$12! is given by 1.2.46 ;Z [)Q$3!$! ~ !Q(7;3 4

XQ;7 4 + $ M + >
4 >
XQ; , + $ +
7.2.102 B7!70P!3> ~ UO
4 >
XQ; + $ +
M ~ (R'(3 4
6.1.97 ,Q` :T8
4 >
X$; + $ +
7.2.106 Q7`> $> $!P/`>
4 >
X_; + $ +
8.3.59 6789B//`>
M
$K`(
does not happen because of the word ,;`>.
X_; + + >
M : ~ (7g
8.2.66 $$l_`
X_; + + >
4
6.1.114 9 ~ , MQ!Q ,Q>
R`> Q 4
X_;` + >
6.1.87 6T>
M
4 added to Q7 4, it would be: $;` >.

In the same manner, when ,; is
279
M
7M 0
[LSK] ,P$3!$8 ;3?4 ,$> 9> 26
P $> ,$>
4 Q7 4 + $ M
P +
4 Q7 4
P +
M !QM !Q;7;/`> ~ ; 4
2.4.71 $(`
, + Q7 4
6.3.73 PK`(` P>
,Q7 4 + $ M + 9>
,Q , + $ 4 + 9>
7.2.102 B7!70P!3> ~ UO
4 9>
,Q + $ +
M ~ (R'(3 4
6.1.97 ,Q` :T8
4 9>
,$ + $ +
7.2.106 Q7`> $> $!P/`>
M
$K`(
does not happen because of the word ,P$3!$.8
,$ + + 9>
M : ~ (7g
8.2.66 $$l_`
,$> + 9>
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ (7g
In the same manner, ,P_8 > 9>.
[LSK] K ;3?4 X_`r

Consonant should follow.
M : and by 6.1.113 ,Q`
When vowel follows, if it is a short ,, by 8.2.66 $$l_`
M : and
R`R MQ!7 MQ8 will take place. If vowel other than short , follows, by 8.2.66 $$l_`
4 9 by 8.3.17 UÙ:`,L`,(%g
4
E /`r9 , and optional /-K`(
/-678
by 8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g, then X_
9>.
26
This is "
bv. If it is taken as >T ", there will be "+, something in the same }
, class, to
"" should be understood. Then T and T should be in any "" other than "". If that is
so, b , or "
6 will not be possible. This is why "" is understood as "
bv.
280
E >
$:$
[$%3]4 6.1.134
9
K, KG ,Gf
~ F,
$ M of $>, which is followed by ,, 4 is elided if the measure of a verse is fulfilled

when the elision is done.
1/1
4 ~ $K`(>
M
$> 6/1 , 7/1 K`(8 7/1 8Q 04 (!7(%RT3 1/1
M
$> 6/1 This is ,P;RT
(mimicking of sound) of Q7 4 in 1/1; }_x0-,N, a word which
M
ends with an elided 6th case suffix; in $8 _x0 to $ M of $K`(>.
, 7/1 B!!R> ,; 4 all the vowels; in (R$}30.
K`(8 7/1 In $Q$}30.
8Q 40 If.
4
(!7(%RT3 4 1/1 (!7!P!1 (%RT3 (6T);
fulfilment of measurement of verse.
M
M
$K`(>
1/1 From 6.1.132 XQ[7`> $K`(`r;`RP$3!$8
K ; this is 6789.
4
[LSK] $> cQ 0 ,g 6/1 $`> 6/1 K`(> 1/1 g!Q III/1
, 7/1 (!7> 1/1 8Q 04 K`(8 7/1 $Q 7/1 X 0 (%OQ III/1
K`( is the substitute of $ M of $> followed by ,, 4 if the measurement of the verse
would fulfilled only when the K`( is there.
[LSK] $83!3w UZQ3 4

This mantra is from 87 2.24, in l:Q0 >. The wording without sandhi $> c3!3 4
, 4 UZQ34 can fit to this measure only if this stra 6.1.134 $`r K`(8 8!7(%RT3 4 ~
M
M
M
$K`(>
is applied. After $K`(,
:T$
is applied.
[LSK] $ _ 7!9Rs0 R!3>
4
4 Z)$
This is in ,P-M (M ->.
$> X_> 7!9Rs> R!3> with 6.1.134 $`r K`( 8 8!7(%RT3 ,
E 70LvrT> are applied for 7!9Rs>.
is applied. Notice that 8.3.14 R` R and 6.3.11 K`(8 (%g
E >
[LSK] cQ $:$
E .
Thus ends the section of $:$
281
M
7M 0
Summary of ,%7>%Q
E is well summarized by the $:$

E chart in Sanskrit Grammar
The topic of $:$
for Vedanta Students Volume 2.
E is about the change of R8. The causes of the change are:

In fact, $:$
1. The preceding letter, which can be only vowels.
2. The following letter, which can be any letter.
3. If the R8 is from or not.
In the chart, the preceding letters are in rows. The following letters are in columns.
In the beginning stage, the whole area of the chart is covered by R8, either of (a.)
or by itself, such as R8-ending ,m/ words (b.).
a. from (7!N-$;!R>
9 + $ M (1/1)
9$ 4
4 1.3.9 Qg K`(>
M
1.3.2 (789r8 lPP!$;
cQ ,
9
M >
8.2.66 $$l_`
9R 4
4 1.3.9 Qg K`(>
M
1.3.2 (789r8 lPP!$;
cQ ,
b. R 4by itself
M 4+ $ M (1/1)
(PR
M 4
(PR
, 4
+3
,
+' I
6/c 4
,m/!7!U(M >
9 4
bR 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
4
/9 4 /_ /$ 4
,
6
R 4(either R 4or )
c 4
282
E >
$:$
A. For both R 4and , when bR 4follows:
Layer 1: Change of R 4to $: E
by 8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/>
, 4
+3
9 4
bR 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
/9 4 /_ 4 /$ 4
6/c 4
+' I
,
R 4(either R 4or $l
) PE 0/>
6
c 4
Note that when ,$!P (absence of letter) follows, the operation stops here, as 9>.
4
E
Layer 2: Change of $: E to $/$:
/
As :,E 8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $> covers the whole area to change $: E to $. 4
, 4
+3
9 4
bR 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
/9 4 /_ 4 /$ 4
6/c 4
+' I
,
R 4(either R 4or ) $ 4
6
c 4
Then comes its ,(!7s:

4
8.3.36 ! 9R gives option for the change of $: E to $, 4 when 9, 4 _, 4 $ follows.
8.3.37 ;Mq`> ; (O gives optional l'!3%K0/ and (&!P0/ when ;M and ( M follows.
, 4
+3
,
+' I
,
6
c 4
6/c 4
9 4
bR 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
/9 4 /_ 4 /$ 4
$4
op.
R 4(either R 4or )
op. $lPE 0/>
M (P>,
M 9!N> 9!N>, (/>$.M
E.g., >b3, 4 (P>
283
op.
M
7M 0
4 9/_
4 4
Layer 3: Change of $ to
4 followed by : E and :.E
M and -
M >
M and 8.4.41 -P
M by 8.4.40 `> P!
M ! ->M when $ is
, 4
+3
,
+' I
,
6
c 4
6/c 4
9 4
bR 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
/9 4 /_ 4 /$ 4
$4
op.
9 4 ) _ 4
R 4(either R 4or
op. $lPE 0/>
E.g., R!3, R!3-0;Q8, 9!N9!N>, R!3Vx>.

The rest remains as $. 4 E.g., R!3RQ.
284
op.
E >
$:$
4
B. Only for , when ,TE precedes and ,9 follows:
Layer 1: Change of to / 4
E /`r9
by 8.3.17 UÙ:`,L`,(%g
, 4
+3
9 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
/9 4 /_ 4 /$ 4
6/c 4
+' I
-> / 4
bR 4
c 4
Layer 2: Elision of / 4
4
By 8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g covers the whole area to elide the / optionally.
, 4
+3
9 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
/9 4 /_ 4 /$ 4
6/c 4
+' I
->K`(>
/4
Op.
bR 4
c 4
4
8.3.22 K $_!3 4 gives PB (compulsory) elision of / when
K 4 follows.
, 4
+3
9 4
6/c 4
+' I
,
6
-> / 4 K`(>
Op.K`(>
bR 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
4
4
4
/9 /_ /$
c 4
M :T8
M _.M
E.g., 78! ,, ,lPEM !, :T!
285
M
7M 0
,(!7 to Layer 1: Change of to
4
When is after ,Q and
followed by ,Q, 4 is replaced by , by 6.3.113 ,Q` R`R MQ!7 MQ8.
4
When is after ,Q and
followed by 9, 4 is replaced by , by 6.3.114 9 .
, 4
+3
9 4
bR 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
/9 4 /_ 4 /$ 4
6/c 4
+' I
rrOp.K`(>
-> / 4 K`(>
c 4
M
With the preceding ,, :T$
by 6.1.87 6T>.
M
4
E ($ by 6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q
When ,Q follows,
(%'
, 4
+3
9 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
/9 4 /_ 4 /$ 4
6/c 4
+' I
bR 4
-> / 4 K`(>
6 rraOp.K`(>
c 4
E.g., 9`r3, 4 9` u>.
M
M
M [
E .
When R8 is not of , none of these changes happen. E.g., (PR(,
(P>,
(Pl
286
E >
$:$
C. For both R 4and , when R 4follows:
Layer 1: elision of R 4
By 8.3.14 R` R ~ K`(>
, 4
+3
9 4
bR 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
6/c 4
/9 4
+' I
,-
/_ 4
/$ 4
R 4(either R 4or )
>
c 4
After the elision, if the preceding letter is ,T, 4 it is elongated by 6.3.111 K`(8
M R3Q8, R0 R>, 9\% R!lQ8.
E /`r9. E.g., (P!
UÙ:`,L`,(%g
If the R8 is of and preceded by ,TE, changes for takes precedence. E.g., 3P`Rs>.
If the R8 is not of , and preceded by ,TE, K`( of R8 by 8.3.14 R` R takes place. E.g.,
M R3Q8.
(P!
4 its (% E and ,9 as

4 its
The area not covered by any of the stras so far, which is c as
M , _UE Q.
(R remains as R.4 E.g., _R, _R!8, :R8
Putting all together:

, 4
+3
9 4
4 4 4/ 4 Q/s
4 4 (/
4 /
4
4 4
;/b
/9 4 /_ 4 /$ 4
6/c 4
+' I
-> / 4 K`(>
6 rraOp.K`(>
c 4
R4
bR 4
,>
op.
94
_4
$4
op. $lPE 0/>
287
op.
M
7M 0
A. (7!N R 4(of both and R)4
1)
4 R 4+ ,9 4
c +
M _UE Q
Ex. :R8
1)-1
c, + R 4+ R 4
Ex. R0 R> 9\% R!lQ8
2)
2)-1
4 R 4+ bR 4
, +
4 : + bR 4
, +
8.3.15 bR$!P/È$lPE 0/> ~ (7g
4 $+
4 bR 4
, +
8.3.34 $lPE 0/g $>
Ex. P38
2)-2
4 + ;M/( M
, +
8.3.37 ;Mq`> ; (O
M P>
M
Ex. b3 4 (P(
2)-3
4 9+
4 /9
M 4
, +
M >M
8.4.40 `> P!
Ex. R!3
2)-4
4 _+
4 M/_ 4
, +
8.4.41 -P
M ! ->M ~ `>
Ex. R!3-0;Q8
288
E >
$:$
4
M :
B. (7!N $ becomes
by 8.2.66 $$l_`
1)
, + + ,
,++,
4
6.1.113 ,Q` R`R MQ!7 MQ8 ~ Q ,Q
6.1.87 6T>,
6.1.109 X> (7!N!7Q ~ (%>E
M
Ex. 9`r>
2)
, + + 9 4
, + + 9 4
+ 9 4
4 Q ,Q
4
6.1.114 9 ~ ,Q> , MQ!Q R`>
6.1.87 6T>
M
Ex. 9` u> , 3P`Rs>
3)
6 + + ,9 4
4 ,9 4
6+/+
3)-1
6+
,9 4
E /`r9 ~ R`>
8.3.17 UÙ:`,L`,(%g
8.3.19 K`(> 9!;g ~ /g (;>)
Ex. 78! 6:N

3)-2
6+
K 4
8.3.22 K $_!3 4 ~ K`(> /g (;>)
M :T8
M _M
Ex. :T!
M ,4 !QR,4 and 5/1 and 6/1 of 7N, such as ;QREM )4

C. (7!N R 4(R8!N-,m/!P such as (PR
1)
, + R 4+ ,
4
M
Ex. (PR(
(in contrast to 9`r3)
2)
, + R 4+ c9 4
M
M [
E (in contrast to 9` u>)
Ex. (P>
(in contrast to ,lPEM !), (Pl
3)
, + R 4+ R 4
,+
R4
8.3.14 R` R ~ K`(>
6+
R4
E 70LvrT>
6.3.111 K`(8 (%g
M R3Q8(in contrast to 3P`Rs>)

Ex. (P!
289
M
7M 0
D. X_> and $>
1)
X_>/$> + ,
X_`r/$`r
Ex. X_`r/3,4 $`r3 4 (same as A. 1))
2)
X_>/$> + 6/c 4
Ex. X_ Q8 $ Q8 (same as A. 3)-1)
3)
X_>/$> + K 4
X_/$ + K 4
M
6.1.132 XQ[7`> $K`(`r;`RP$3!$8
K
Ex. X_ >M $ 9>
290
E >
$:$
4
[LSK] cQ 0 (~$;RT3 1/1
Thus ends the section of five $.
M
Even though there are only three $ sections in KL$)!N;O3
7M 0, $ is known to be
M
five in number in tradition. According to KL$)!N;O3
7M 0 T0;!R, five types of $ are:
1. ,.$>
2. $>
E >
3. $:$
4. !7$>
This is included under $.
M
5. ,P!R$>
This is included under $.
In $)!N;O37M 0, five $s are told to be:

1. ,.$>
2. ,$O ;Z QU!>
3. $>
E >
4. $:$
5. !7$>
Since ;Z QU! is about absence of $, it is not counted as $ by itself.
291
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Sanskrit Grammar for Vedanta Students Series

The Study Guide to

Copyright 2015 by Medh Michika

Electronic version of this book is available at:

a. |VbgV]}\ 6 tK zL: ............................................................................................................... 130

1. 4LgEDFM Who should read this book:

2. Lf<P Subject matter of this book:

3. <5= > Usefulness of studying this book:

The connections are between:

-:.;2 (150 BCE)

KcDL5 9 f<yj b aDn aDLfc LfP

Applicability of stra should be universal in many different occasions. To keep the

3) \noD-cbP (usage of \noD)

Disappearance (4cy5=)> of an existing thing

1.3.9 :q ZKP , 8.3.19 ZKP DEq , etc.

In the original texts of grammar, a nasalized vowel is d:. >

4 words in the \], no 45fw6 L is required.

49 >1/1 VDrDFP 49; > all the vowels; this is \noM.

d: >1/1 This is \noD.

In the texts of grammar, a nasalized vowel is termed d:. >

The following loka tells what are considered to be tKcbP2

 ^._] #] % 1. 2#! c, 2.

> the teaching of CDEFG=. >

d: >1/1 This is \noD.

In the teaching, the last consonant is d:. >

tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are:

> L:,> it is not d:. >

d: >1/1 This is \noD.

[LSK] LfaLDP 1/3 :fs-y \-=DP 1/3 5 0 d:P 1/3

In the original texts of grammar, L, 6, 6 at the beginning of gD: 6 are d:s.>

LcP 1/1 Beginning (of the gD:)6 ; adjective to L-6-fP.

d: >1/1 This is \noD.

tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are found only in gD:s6 :

There are three types of 3! q :

> the beginning of V< is d:. >

P 1/1 A letter ; > 4 is for pronunciation (tDFGDmPy ); this is \noM.

V<q 6/1 Suffix; in \8M to LcP.

LcP 1/1 Beginning (of the V<); adjective to P.

d: >1/1 This is \noD.

tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are found only in V<s:

96 ] 1/2 9P6 9 6P 9 96 ] (ID) 9fs y and fs;y this is \noM.

V<q 6/1 Suffix; in \8M to LcP.

LcP 1/1 Beginning (of the V<); adjective to 96 ] .

d: >1/1 This is \noD.

[LSK] V<Dck 7/1 96 ] 1/2 d:k 1/2 P III/2

tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are found only in V<s:

V<q 6/1 Suffix; in \8M to LcP.

LcP 1/1 Beginning (of the V<); adjective to 96 ] .

d: >1/1 This is \noD.

tcDrFGDL5 (examples) are found only in non-:Li: V<s:

:q 6/1 ZKP 1/1

1.4.23 EDFEb 7/1 up to 1.4.55

3.1.1 V<P 1/1 up to 5.4.160

3.1.2 KF 1/1, 0 up to 5.4.160

3.1.91 gD:P 5/1 up to 3.4.117

4.1.76 :Li:DP 1/3 up to 5.4.160

6.4.1 4q 6/1 up to 7.4.97

6.4 129 aq 6/1 up to 6.4.175

8.2.1 K]fy DL\i= 0,> 1/1 up to 8.4.68

These important 4LgEDF\]s are mapped in the following chart:

4.1.1 72 7 9

8.2.1 2?@A  9

quarter 1.4.23 3F

-:.;2 (150 BCE)

^._] #] % 1. 2#! c, 2.

There are three types of 3! q :

4.1.1 72 7 9

8.2.1 2?@A 9

quarter 1.4.23 3F

What s enjoin are:

(RU!_!-$%s can be categorized into these eight types by the function.

5th case indicates what precedes ((%(E ~30)

B. Interpretations of the words in ./ (123 and 12 2)

Supply 67 to 98_T, 4 when the words are in 7th case,

C. Deciding 7 , when there are many 7 s

Ditto, when the 6789 is Q. 4

F. Extra step when D/E/G/E are replaced by H/

J and KL are enjoined as :2;<

4 , 7/1 ~ $1Q!/!3 7/1

B. Interpretations of the words in %&'

1.1.72 /8P 7Ng

/8P 3/1 By which (adjective); it is understood as /8P 98_T8P; in ;RT8 QZQ0/!.

> 1/1 An injunction, rule, told by stra.

4 98_P3)4 ,N8 /g $> Q7N> (176B) = 9$37M !/> (group of letters), Qg ;

g 6/1 !Q(7; (its own) indicating 98_T; in $_x0, connected to '(g

( !")# %&()

4 words in the !QE;, other words are understood by the context.

> 1/1 An injunction, rule, told by stra.

C. Deciding 0&&, when there are many 0&&s

1.1.53 ~ _x0 ,K> ,g

./ ~

Q 41/1 1/1 ~ _x0 1/1 ,K> 6/1 ,g 6/1

01 ~

678> 6/1 !Q(7; is 67; adjective to ,K>.

,K> 6/1 !Q(7; is ,K,4 any letter; in n!P 8/`:! _x0.

6.1.101 ,;> $T 70L>E

$Eg 6/1 in n!P/8 `:! _x0 (1.1.49 _x0 n!P/8 `:! )

4 0 6789> 1/1 $Eg 6/1 n!P 8 7/1 UQ> III/2

D. Deciding 345, when there are many 345s

4 ) > 1/1 (= ,P78M 9> 1/1) /s!$t3 04 g!Q III/1