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#09818974743
SIDDHARTHA MISHRA
#09818974743
Siddhartha Mishra,
New Delhi: 23-04-2013.
Mobile: 9818974743
siddhartha691@gmail.com
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siddhirbhavati karmaj
(Success is born of action)
, |
, : ||
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AT youtube/siddhartha691
#09818974743
Natural numbers:
These are the numbers (1, 2, 3 etc.) that are used
for counting. In other words, all positive integers are natural numbers.
There are infinite natural numbers and the number 1 is the least
natural number.
Examples of natural numbers: 1, 2, 4, 8, 32, 23, 4321 and so on.
The following numbers are examples of numbers that are not
natural;
-2, -33, 2.37, 0 and so on.
Prime numbers: A natural number, greater than unity, is a prime number
if it does not have other divisors except for itself and unity.
Composite numbers: The natural numbers which are not prime are called
composite numbers.
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TEST OF DIVISIBLITY
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
DIVISIBLITY BY 2:
A number is divisible by 2 if its units digit is
any of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8.
Ex: 58694 is divisible by 2, while 86945 is not divisible by 2.
DIVISIBLITY BY 3:
A number is divisible by 3, when the sum of
its digits is divisible by 3.
Ex:
In the number 695421, the sum of the digits = 27,
which is divisible by 3
DIVISIBILITY BY 9: A number is divisible by 9 only when the sum
of its digits is divisible by 9.
DIVISIBILITY BY 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the sum of its
last two digits is divisible by 4.
DIVISIBILITY BY 8: A number is divisible by 8 if the number
formed by hundreds, tens and units digit of the given number is
divisible by 8.
Example: In the number 9683352 the number formed by last
three digits, namely 352 is divisible by 8, hence 9683352 is
divisible by 8.
DIVISIBLITY BY 11: A number is divisible by 11 if the difference
between the sum of its digits at odd places and the sum of its digits
at even places is either 0 or a number divisible by 11.
Example: consider the number29435417
(sum of its digits at odd places)- (sum of its digits at even places)
(7 + 4 + 3 + 9) (1 + 5 + 4 + 2) = 23 12 = 11,
hence
29435417 is divisible by 11.
DIVISIBILITY BY 7, 11 OR 13: The integer n is divisible by 7, 11
or 13 iff the difference of the number of its thousands and the
remainder of its division by 1000 is divisible by 7, 11 or 13.
Example: consider 40353607
4
0
3
5
3
6
Here, 40353 607 = 39746 is divisible by 7.
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Note: Twin primes are a pair of prime numbers when they differ
by 2. (3, 5) and (11, 13) are twin primes.
Perfect numbers:
A number is said to be a perfect number if the
sum of all the divisors of is equal to .
Example:
METHOD
(A)
LCM means least common multiple. To find LCM of 5, 6 the steps are;
Step1. Find multiples of all,
Step2. Find common in all,
Step3. Find least of all,
Multiples of 5 are: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60
Multiples of 6 are: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60
Common are: 30, 60, 90, 120
Least of all is 30. Hence, LCM of 5 and 6 is 30.
METHOD
(B)
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210 = 5273 = 51 31 21 71
375 = 5553 = 53 31
Step2. Write down all the prime factors which are contained in
the standard form separately at least once in each standard form:
5, 3, 2, and 7.
Step3. Raise each of the prime factors to their highest power.
The LCM = 21 31 53 71 = 42125 = 5250.
METHOD
(C)
(A)
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(B)
(, , )
(, , )
(, , )
(, , )
a. LCM of .
b. HCF of .
, , /=
, , /=
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IMPORTANT RESULTS
Required number = H.C.F. of x, y, and z
(greatest divisor).
Required number =
H.C.F. of (x a), (y b) and (z c).
10 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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Two numbers, both greater than 29, have HCF 29 and LCM 4147.
What is the sum of the numbers?
Solution:
Find the least number which when divided by 16, 18, 20, and 25
leaves 4 as remainder?
Solution:
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Q3.
Solution:
Solution:
As HCF of (x, y) can divide x and y both, hence the
required greatest number will be;
HCF of (107- 5 and 120-1) = 17.
Q5.
Solution:
Here, sum of two numbers prime to each other
means, the numbers are co-prime (no common multiple).
Hence, equations will be
+ = 20,
. = 99,
{LCMof co }
12 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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Solution:
Least number, when only 5 or 6 is 30. To be remainder 3,
it should be 30 + 3 = 33.
Least number, when only 8 or 9 is
72. For, to be remainder 3, it should be 72 + 3 = 75.
But, the least number for 5, 6, 8 or 9 is 360 and for to be 3
remainder, least number of dozens of oranges to be packed is
360+3 =363.
Important Note:
There are n numbers. If the HCF of each pair is x and the LCM of all
the n numbers is y, then:
= ( ) () )
( )
Tool no. 2.
Tool no. 3.
Tool no. 4.
Tool no. 5.
Tool no. 6.
13 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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HOW TO
Transform a word problem into an algebraic equation.
AGE PROBLEMS
Type (A)
Q1.
Present form
Q2.
Q3.
2
3
2
3
14 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
Type (B)
Q5.
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Shyam = 3.
The ages of Ram and Shyam are in the ratio 2:3. Five years ago they
were in the ratio 1:2. What are their ages now?
Solution:
Ram
Shyam
Past(-5)
2x-5
3x-5
present
2x
3x
future
15 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
Q6.
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Five years ago the ages of Ram and Shyam were in the ratio 1: 2.
At present, their ages are in the ratio 2:3. What are their ages
now?
Solution:
Ram
Shyam
Past(-5)
X
2x
Present
x+5
2x+5
Future
Simple equations
An equation is a mathematical statement in which two
statements are equal.
Statements and corresponding equation:
1. Sum of a number and 5 is 11.
: + 5 = 11.
2. 3 subtracted from a number is 8.
16 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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: 3 = 8.
3. A number subtracted from 5 is 9.
: 5 = 9.
4. 16 times a number is 80.
: 16 = 80.
5. 17 times added to 6 gives 85.
: 17 + 6 = 85.
6. 5 subtracted from 2/3 of a number is 7/8.
2
7
: 5 = .
3
8
+
Rule2. Follow BODMAS;
Rule3. Use LCM for fractions.
Please remember (avoid common mistakes):
+ = 2 = 2 ; 3 + = 4 3 = 3 2
Equations and solutions:
1. + = , here we have three terms in all. They are 8, 5 and 7.
8 is the term containing variable . Try to keep this term on the
left hand side and change the sides of other terms.
2
8 + 5 = 7 8 = 7 5 8 = 2 = 8 = 4
2. = 8 7 = 2 + 6 = +4
3. 3 1 = 2 11 3 3 = 2 11 3 2 = 11 + 3
= 8
17 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
2
4
+1
3
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=
=
35
1(7 2) = 6
7 6 = 2
5.
2
x
+ =
7 2 = 6
= 2
4+3
4
3
2
In this type of problems try to make the denominator same by
taking LCM.
LCM of 4 and 3 is 12.
3(35)+4.2
4+3
=
; here 4.2 means 42=8
12
2
915+8
4+3
=
12
2
97
4+3
=
12
2
Now cross multiply
2(97)
12(4+3)
=
2(9 7) = 12(4 + 3)
1
1
18 14 = 48 + 36
18 48 = 36 + 14
30 = 50
=
50
30
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(10 ) = 6
Equations
10 + = 6
+ = 10
2 = 6 + 10
8 + = 10
2 = 16
= 10 8
= 16/2
=
19 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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2. + = =
Solution:
2 + 3 = 12
3 = 12 2
= (12 2)/3
Putting the value of into the second equation
(122)
9 12 + 2 = 24
11x = 24+12
=8
36
20 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
these
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
An equation of the form
2 + + = 0,
2 4
+ 2 4
2
and
2 4
2
2 + + ( )( )
Sample problems
1.
+ + + =, ?
Solution:
Squaring both the sides
+ + + = 2
+ = 2
=
=
2 4
2
.Formula
21 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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=
=
Hence, =
4+1+1
IMPORTANT
And
(21)2 1
IMPORTANT
a.
20 + 20 + 20 + =
b.
56 + 56 + 56 + =
c.
d.
90 + 90 + 90 + =
e.
+ + + =7, then =
f.
+ + + =13, then =
2
456+1+1
2
=5
=8
4132+1+1
2
490+1+1
2
= 12
= 10
(271)2 1
4
= 42
(2131)2 1
4
22 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
= 156
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2.
=, ?
Solution:
Squaring both the sides
= 2
= 2
+ =
=
=
=
2 4
2
.Formula
Hence, =
4+11
IMPORTANT
And
(2+1)2 1
IMPORTANT
20 20 20 =
420+11
2
=4
23 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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456+11
b.
56 56 56 =
c.
d.
90 90 90 =
e.
=7, then =
f.
+ + + =13, then =
=7
4132+11
2
490+11
2
= 11
=9
(271)2 1
4
= 42
(213+1)2 1
4
= 182
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
INDECES
0 = 1;
= 0;(if a<1)
= ;(if a>1)
= + ;
= ;
( ) = ;
7. = ;
8. = ;
9. = ( ) ;
10. . / = ;
11. . /
= ;
24 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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Surds:
1.
= ;
2.
= ;
1
2
= ;
3.
4.
;
1
5.
= = ;
6.
= =
= ;
1. 2 + 2 + 2 = ( + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2
2. 2 2 + 2 = ( )2 = 2 2 + 2
3. ( + )( ) = 2 2 = ( + )( )
4. ( + )3 = 3 + 32 + 3 2 + 3 ;
5. ( )3 = 3 32 + 3 2 3 ;
( + )3 = 3 + 3 + 3 ( + )
And ( )3 = 3 3 3 ( )
Or
25 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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6. 3 + 3 = ( + )3 3 ( + )
7. ( + + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
8. 3 + 3 + 3 3
= ( + + )(2 + 2 + 2 )
9. 3 + 3 + 3 3
1
= ( + + )*( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 +
2
10. When + + = 03 + 3 + 3 = 3
11. When 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 = =
12. When *( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 + = 0
( ) = 0 ( ) = 0 ( ) = 0
= =
13.
4 + 2 2 + 4
= (2 + + 2 )(2 + 2 )
1 2
1 2
1 3
14.
. + / = 2 +
15.
. / = 2 +
16.
. + / = 3 +
= 3 +
2
1
+ 2. = 2 +
2. = 2 +
1
+2
2
+ 3. . + /
1
1
+
3
+
3
26 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
. / = 3
17.
= 3
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3. . /
1
1
2 + 2 = ( + )2 2 = ( )2 + 2
4 + 4 = (2 + 2 )2 22 2
18.
19.
20.
4 +
21.
1
2
1
4
1 2
1 2
= . + / 2 = . / + 2
= . 2 +
1 2
1 2
/ 2 = . 2
2
/ +2
1. Which is greater: 3, 4
Solution:
5.
Here the orders are different and they are 2, 3 and 4. We need
to make them same by taking LCM. Since the LCM is 12, hence
2
3, 4,
12
36 ,
12
729,
12
729 >
12
5 will become
44 ,
12
12
3> 4>
12
34
44 ,
43
53
125
256 >
4
36 ,
53
256,
12
26
12
125
27 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
2. Which is greater:
1 2
.2/
2 3
.3/
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Solution:
Here again orders are different and they are 2 and 3. We need
to make them same by taking LCM which is 6 in this case.
1
1 2
.2/
2 3
.3/
.2/
or
1 3
2 3
or
2 6
.3/
1
8
or
or
1 2
2 3 2
.3 /
1 6
.2/
1
6
will become
1
6
9
1
1 3 6
.2/
4
9
.
1
As 1 9 < 4 8 8 <
1
3. Solve :
or .3/
bases, i.e. 8
1
2
2 2 6
1
3
1+
25
144
4
9
1 6
8
=1+
<
4 6
;
9
12
Solution:
Use BODMAS and proceed
169
144
13
12
= 1+
=1+
4. Solve :
12
1+
12
64
225
=1
=1+
15
Solution:
28 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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289
225
17
15
= 1+
=1+
15
15
=2
a.
b.
4 5 7 = 0
+1
+1
61
30
Solution:
3
a.
4 5 7 = 0
1
4 5 = 7 (4 5)3 = 7 4 5 = 73
4 = 343 + 5
348
4
= 87
b.
+1
+1
2 + +1
+1
2 2 +2+1
2 +
=
=
61
30
2
2
61 + +2+1
30
2 +
61
30
61
30
30(2 2 + 2 + 1) = 61( 2 + )
29 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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60 2 + 60 + 30 = 61 2 + 61
2 + 30 = 0 ( 5)( + 6) = 0 =
6. If = 2 + 3 then find the following:
1
1
1
a.
c. +
e.
2
1
1
b. 2
d.
f. 2 + 2
Solution:
a. Since = 2 + 3
1
1
Hence =
and when we RATIONALISE this we
2+ 3
get
1
1
2 3
( + )( ) = 2 2
=
=2 3
2+ 3 2 3
b. 2 = 2 + 3 2 = 4 + 3 + 4 3 = 7 + 4 3
= +
1
c. + = 2 + 3 + 2 3 = 4
1
d. = 2 + 3 2 3 = 2 3
e.
1
2
f. 2 +
1
2
=74
7 + 4 3 + 7 4 3 = 14
30 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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Please remember
1. If
= ;
1
+
When = 1
1
1
=
+
2. If
= + ;
1
When = 1
1
1
=
3. If
=
1
+
=
When = 1
1
= +
4. If
=
1
+
1
=
When = 1
1
=
5. If
1
= 2;
1
+ = 2
* , ()+
6. If
1
= 2;
1
+ = 2
When alternately ,
are odd and even
+
* , ()+
31 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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3 8
Solution:
1
3 8
1
8 7
1
8 7
1
7 6
1
7 6
1
6 5
1
6 5
1
52
1
52
+
9 8
8 7
7 6
6 5
5 4
For each term = 1 hence;
9+ 8
8+ 7 +
7+ 6
6+ 5 +
5+ 4
3+2 22 2 7+ 7+ 6 6 5+ 5+2
5
8. If
1
1
= 2 35 + 15 = 2;
Solution:
In any case given condition is true for = 1, hence the value of
87 +
1
107
=2
32 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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Hence
1
+ = 2+ 3 + 2 3 =4
1
3 + 3 = (4)3 3(4) = 52
#09818974743
d) 4 + 5 2 + 9
( 4 + 6 2 + 9) 2
( 2 + 3)2 2
( 2 + 3 + )( 2 + 3 )
e) 4 + 4
( 4 + 4 2 + 4) 4 2
( 2 + 2)2 (2 )2
( 2 + 2 + 2)( 2 + 2 2 )
(+1)(+2)
+1
+2
2
1
1
b.
=
(+1)(+3)
+1
+3
3
1
1
c.
=
(+1)(+4)
+1
+4
4
1
1
d.
=
(+1)(+5)
+1
+5
a.
1.
1
12
Solution:
1
1
1
1
1
23
1
34
1
45
+ +
1
99100
99
+ + + +
1
100
99
100
34 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
=
1
100
2.
2
13
Solution:
1
1
1
1
2
35
2
57
2
79
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++
98100
98
+ + + +
1
100
99
100
35 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
1
100
#09818974743
CLOCK PROBLEMS
Important points to remember
1. One hour = 60 minutes
2. One minute= 60 seconds
3. One hour = 6060 sec
Conversion ladder
a. Moving down, multiply 60 for each step
b. Moving up, divide 60 for each step
HOUR
Examples:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
120 min
120 sec
360 sec
2Hr
2min
2Hr
= 12060 Hr
= 12060 min
= 360(6060)Hr
=260 min
=260 sec
=26060sec
=2Hr
=2min
=0.1Hr
=120min
=120sec
=7200sec
60
MINUTE
60
SECOND
Some facts:
1. A clock dial has 12 parts.
2. Each part is equal to five minutes for minutes hand and one hour for
hours hand.
3. Whole circumference is equal to 360, hence each part = 30
4. When minutes hand moves all 12 parts then hours hand can move
only 1 part, this means hours hand lags behind 11 parts for each
time minutes hand moves 12 parts.
5. In 60 minutes, the minutes hand gains 55 minutes on the hour hand.
Examples:
1) What is the angle between H.Hand and M.Hand when it is 12
oclock?
Ans: Zero degree
36 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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Where
time.
11
12
T = T T
11
12
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Some examples:
1.
11
0 = 20 T .12 / T =21
11
Moreover, it will meet at 4:21
11
38 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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15 = 20 T .12 /
It will be at
4:5
5
11
and 4:38 11
%
PERCENTAGE
This topic is very important and it gives us tools, which is used in every
subject.
% =
100
% =
100
% =
100
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Examples:
1. What % of 5 are 2?
Solution:
% 5 = 2
5=2
100
2
= 100 = 40%
5
2. What % of 2 are 5?
Solution:
% 2 = 5
2=5
100
5
= 100 = 250%
2
3. Cost price of an article is Rs.200 and it is sold for Rs.250. What is the
Profit %: (a) w.r.t. cost price, (b) w.r.t. selling price?
Solution:
(a)
100
50
% =
100 = 25%
200
% =
(b)
100
50
% =
100 = 20%
250
% =
40 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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4. Cost price of an article is Rs.250 and it is sold for Rs.200. What is the
loss %: (a) w.r.t. cost price, (b) w.r.t. selling price?
Solution:
(a)
100
50
% =
100 = 20%
250
% =
(b)
100
50
% =
100 = 25%
200
% =
Those were the few examples to show how we should deal with percentage
problems.
Let us see step by step process.
Type A.
1. A quantity, whose initial value is 800, if increased by 10% what will be
the new value?
Solution:
800
10%
800 1 +
10
110
= 800
100
100
= 880
41 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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10%
800 1
10
90
= 800
100
100
= 720
3. A quantity, whose final value is 880, after increased by 10% what will be
the initial value?
Solution:
880
10%
880 1 +
10
100
= 880
100
110
= 800
4. A quantity, whose final value is 720, after decreased by 10% what will
be the initial value?
Solution:
720
10%
720 1
10
100
= 720
100
90
= 800
42 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
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Value
10%=110%
Source%
880
P=?
Q=?
R=?
The above table says if 110% of a quantity is 880 then what would be its
90%, 100% and 120%.
If we see the table it is clear that source is given and various
destinations are to be calculated.
Formula:
=
%
%
90
= 720
110
100
Q = 880
= 800
110
120
R = 880
= 960
110
P = 880
Type b.
If a quantity is increased by
% ,
then
it should be
100+x
X
Destination Difference
100
Destination
100+x
Source
X
Difference
%=
%=
differen ce
source
difference
source
100 =
100 =
43 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
100x
100
100x
100+x
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100-y
Y
Destination Difference
100
Destination
100-y
Source
Y
Difference
%=
%=
difference
source
difference
source
100 =
100 =
100y
100
100y
100y
1. The price of sugar having gone down by 10%, a consumer can buy 5kg
more sugar for Rs.270. What is the difference between the original price
and reduced price per kg?
Solution:
METHOD 1.
Step 1.
p/kg.
: = 270
Step 2.
New price
90% =
90
100
90
( + 5) = 270
100
+ 5 = 270
100
90
= 300
5 = 30
=
6/kg.
44 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
Step 3.
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=
100 100
10 6
100
60paise
METHOD 2 (SHORT-CUT: Thinking algorithm)
When you read the question patiently you will find that:
p q = 270
After reduction of 10% =
1
10
in the price
A = 100
20%
B = 120 B = 120
100
150
25%
C = 150
100
150
150
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#09818974743
550.80 after getting two successive discounts, the first being 10%. What
was the second discount rate?
Solution:
METHOD 1.
90 100
= 550.80
100
100
D = 15%
METHOD 2 (SHORT-CUT: Thinking algorithm)
720
648550.80
648
100= 15%
4. The cost of manufacturing an article was 900. The trader wants to gain
25% profit after giving 10% discount. What should be the MP?
Solution:
Cost
Price(CP)
100
Source
Marked Price(MP)
Destination
100
125
90
900
100
900125 90 100
= 1250
Formula:
=
%
%
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#09818974743
TRIGONOMETRY
For a right triangle Pythagoras theorem is to be used.
H 2 B2
B=
H 2 P2
H=
P2 + B2
Trigonometric ratios:
=
=
=
=
=
=
Identities:
1.
2 + 2 = 1
2.
1 + 2 = 2
3.
1 + 2 = 2
Derived identities:
1.
as,
2 + 2 = 1
Perpendicular
P=
A
Hypotenuse
P2 + B2 = H 2
Where,
P = Perpendicular,
B = Base and H = Hypotenuse (longest side)
Hence,
Base
Figure 001
1 2 = 2
1 2 = 2
2
2
2.
as,
1 + =
1 = 2 2
2 = 2 1
2
2
3.
as,
1 + = 1 = 2 2
4.
= 1 2
and
= 1 2
47 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
TABLE
We can write:
=
=
1
=
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30
45
sin
1/2
1/ 2
cos
3/2
Tan
1/ 3
Cot
sec
2/ 3
cosec
60
3/2
90
1
1/2
1/ 3
2/ 3
1/ 2
(90-) TABLE
Sin(90-)= cos
Cos(90-)=sin
Tan(90- )= cot
Cot(90- )= tan
Sec(90- )= cosec
Cosec(90- )= sec
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3. Solve:
(90 ) 65
+
2
25
Solution:
(90 ) 65
+
2
25
= 1+1-2 = 0
(Hint: Sin (90-) = cos )
tan x
sin x
sec x
cos x
csc x
cot x
Understanding the Trigonometric Identity Hexagon:
1. The two trigonometric functions at the ends of any diameter are
reciprocals of one another.
2. Every trigonometric function is the product of the trigonometric
functions on either side of it.
49 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
#09818974743
For example:
tan x
sin x
sec x
and, also tan x
.
cos x
csc x
50 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N
#09818974743
siddhirbhavati karmaj
(Success is born of action)
51 | T H I S B O O K I S U N D E R P R E P A P R A T I O N