Project Financing and Sustainable

Development of Railway Infrastructure

Korea railway development for alternative
non-fare revenue TOD and Taxation
Bangkok, 10th August, 2016
Adjunct Professor, lkwon Chae
Woosong Graduate Railway School
The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian
Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent.
ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use.
Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

Economics of Transport MENA region

How can we solve transportation problem?

2/112

CURRENT CONDITION OF
TRANSPORTATION Asian region

3/112

Must to launch new urban railway system!

Wait for Trans-Jakarta BRT bus in Indonesia

4/112

Situation (Long Queue)

Less Supply <<Huge Demand, Queue, even though rainy day?

Now :
What we needs to action!
5/112

One Asian Country MRT Situation

from 5.30am to 22pm

Entire day

Why, Number coding?

6/112

MRT Passengers Queue

1. Long queue outside and inside (before

platform)

Waiting Time: 45 min.

2. Quezon Stans Passengers cant anymore enter
the train since they are already full at the first station
(North Ave. Station)

Waiting Time at the platform : 40 min

7/112

Jinky Joy Ledesma dela Cruz(2015), Land-based Transport Governance:

Focus on Manila , 9

8/112

To commute work place !!

Year of 1970
: Congestion of this city center !!

9/112

Launched planning for 1st line

subway system in this city (1970)
Private car dramatically increased

10/112

The 1st Subway Project

Seoul Station

Cheongnyangni Station
(Connected with Subway)

Gyeongwon Line

71.4~74.8

Subway Line No. 1

Cheongnyangni Station
Seoul Station

Gyeong-in Line
Gyeongbu Line

11/112

Status of 1974 in Seoul city

Extremely Congestion!!
12/112

Completed 1,2,3,4 lines 135km(1970-80)

Subway Line No. 3

135Km

Down
town

70-80s

Subway Line No. 2

YeongDeungpo

Subway Line No. 1

YeongDong,
Jamsil

Subway Line No. 4

13/112

Completed 5,6,7,8 lines 1112km (19902000)

Subway Line No. 7

1112 Km

NorthEast
Area
North-Subway Line
East
Area No. 6

80 - 2000
Subway Line No. 5
Gangseo

Only 1st record

: 300 Km
construction by 30
years

Northwest
Area

Yeoeuido
Southwest
Area

Down
town

Gangdong

GangJamsil
nam

Subway Line No. 8

Seongnam
14/112

Subway Line No. 9 - ( PPP )

Phase 1 (25.5km)

Phase 2 (12.5km)

2001.12 ~ 2008.12

Post-construction

Gimpo
Airport
Yeoeuido
Express
Terminal

COEX

Bang-idong

2 Challenges : Speed + Operation cost

( Passing Track + PPP on Upper part )
Take Transit, Enjoy more time for your Life

Track Layout

Expected Speed

Express :
45 - 50k/h
(30min)
All Stop Train :
32 - 112k/h
(50min)
16/112

Urban Railway Network Expansion

1st Phase (~1985)

2nd Phase (~2001)

3rd Phase (~2012)

4 Lines,

8 Lines,

13 Lines,

115 Stations

263 Stations

521 Stations

(1112.9km)

(286.9km)

(Mega-Seoul; 19 lines,
871.1km,

2015)
Take Transit, Enjoy more time for your 17
Life

Seoul Metropolitan area 784Km plus

Gyeongwon Line
urban railway networks(2012)
Seoul
Metropolitan
Subway Line
No. 8

Ilsan Line

12Central
Government
Metropolitan
Lines

Gyeong-in Line

Gyeongbu Line

Gwacheon Line
Total Length
784M

Bundang Line
Ansan Line
18/112

- Urban Rail System map (1,380km, 2015)

19/112

Contents
1. Introduction of Korea & Seoul Metropolitan Area
2. History of Railway Development in Korea

3. Railway Financing methods (Non-Revenue)

- TOD, Taxation and other methods
4. Other railway development facing issues
- Strong Authority, Institutional capacity building
5. Recommended Asian countries

20/112

Overview of South Korea(1)

Information of Korea (South)

Population (2014):
50.1 million persons
Annual Increase Rate: 0.5%
Elderly people over 65 years old:
5.4 million persons (11.3%)
Seoul metropolitan area
(Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi):
23.8 million persons (49%)
Foreigners: about 1.5 million
persons
* Including North Korea: 75 million
persons
Density (2012): 486
persons/km2

The 3rd highest in the world

1

22/112

Overview of South Korea(2)

Information of Korea (South)

Cars (2015): 20.1 million

vehicles

2.8 vehicle per person

* Japan, UK, Franc: 1.7 vehicles per
persons/ Germany: 1.9
Private passenger cars: 13.1 million
vehicles (73.2%)
Bus: 1.05 million vehicles (5.9%)
Truck: 3.2 million vehicles (17.9%)

Cars of Seoul Metropolitan

Area (2015): 10 million
vehicles
Private passenger cars: 6.2
million vehicles

GDP(2014) : $ 28,730
1

23/112

1.1 Background Korea & Seoul

Seoul
(Area=605, 10mill, 20.7%)

Capital Region
(Area=11,730, 25mill. 49.3%)

1970
Pop.
Vehicles

1988

2010

5,536,169 10,286,503 10,575,447

60,442

778,940

2,981,400

Increase
2 times
50 times

24

25/112

History of Korean Railway

Gyeongin Line opened in 1899, connecting Seoul and Incheon which was 31km.

26/112
26/112

Korean War (1950-1953)

27/112

History of Korean Railway Endless depression

After 5 years of the World War , half of infrastructure was destroyed

Wonsan station was destroyed by bomb attack

28/112

Operation Speed around 20-30 km/h ( 1953 )

Destruction

29/112

History of Korean Transportation 1 St Modernization

Rehabilitation of Transportation infrastructure from 1953 to 1960

History of Korean Railway -- 2 nd Modernization

Development of railway industry from 1970s to 1990s
- After oil crisis, invest to electrification lines, EMU
(Reduced O&M cost, more efficient by railroad operation)
- Railway CTC system, Modernization of old tracks, Electric Locomotive

31/112

History of Korean Railway -- 2 nd Modernization(2)

However, Korean Railroad Technology were

1. Lack of systematic standards and design criteria;
vehicles, infrastructure, signal
2. Few researchers in railway and lack of efforts for technology
3. Absence of designing and operating HSR system

1972, Start of Electrified

Railway Era

32/112

However, Korea was insufficient

railway supply infrastructure !!

33/112

To buy a train ticket!!

One day in 1970

Rapid Motorization period problems

Rapid motorization (Traffic jams)

1980 :

527,729 vehicles

2010 : 21,449,302 vehicles

(40 times increase)
Rapid increase of road accident
fatalities rapid with motorization
1980 : 5,608 fatalities
1991 : 13,1129 fatalities (2.4 times)

Rapid reduction of road accident

fatalities with safety policies
1991 : 13,1129 fatalities (at peak)
2010 : 5,505 fatalities (60% reduction)
35/112

Decision making process of high-speed train project

1. Korea government started to introduce

EMU trains with electrification line.
2. Review high-speed project F/S in 1982
( just GDP $2,075, World Bank)

Korean government decided to feasibility

study to Gyeong-bu high-speed railway
projects with World bank...
However, World Bank rejected the F/S
Korea high-speed railway project!
36/112

Decision making process of high-speed train project

3. Korea government (MOT) started F/S with

France and Japan government sides to
make high-speed railway project team in
1986.
Korea government decided this projects to be
National SOC project during the President
important election policy in 1987

37/112

Rail Innovation (1987)

The Saemaeul diesel locomotive
Push-pull diesel train operated at 150 km/h
from July 6, 1987

38/112

History of
of Korean
Korean Railway
Railway --3rd
3 rd Modernization(2)
History
Modernization

High Speed Rail Construction

Backgrounds
Transport in the late 80s

Congestion Increase on Gyeongbu Corridor

Increase in traffic volume in Gyeongbu corridor

during 1980s

Gyeongbu Expressway : 53thous./day(80)

645thous./day(95)

Vehicle/day

2,000,000
1,600,000

1,200,000
800,000

400,000
0
1970

1975

1980

Gyeongbu Expressway

1985
Total

<Traffic Volume in Expressway>

1990

1995

<Expressways and Railways(1988)>

39/112

High Speed Rail

Korea Train eXpress(KTX)
Concept and Goal
Daejoen

Integrate the territory into one city

through KTX network

Seoul

Daegu
Mokpo

One Nation One City

Realization of Network-City
Regional
Economy plan

KTX economic
development

(industry oriented)

(station area oriented)

Role of KTX Economic Zone

- Win-win between capital region
and local area

Need Center
(Hub)

Need Network
(Spoke)

- Harmonization between regional

economy and KTX economic zone

Hub & Spoke

40/112

New era of high speed railway in 2004

- Worlds 5th High Speed Railway Operation Country (300 Km/h)

KTX operation in 2004

41/112

New development of Korea model

New development of Korean high-speed trains and technologies
Status Operation
Quantity 190 vehicles
Velocity 300 km/h
Korean HSR-350x

2013
KTX-II (5yrs)

2010
HEMU-400x(6yrs)
Status
Operation
Quantity 920 vehicles
Velocity 300 km/h
Push-Pull Type

2007

Status Development
Quantity 1 Proto-Train(6Cars)
Velocity 400 km/h
EMU Type with R&D Project

2006
KTX (10yrs)

2003
1997
1994

HSR-350x
(G711yrs)

Status Development
Quantity 1 Test-Train (7 Cars)
Velocity 350 km/h
Push-Pull Type with R&D Project

42/112 42

Investment of electrification to
increase capacity and efficiency

Electrification rate(%)

Years

43/112

High Speed Rail

Korea Train eXpress(KTX)
Master Plan for National Rail Network

Expansion of HSR Network

High Speed Rail Network :

406km (10) 743km (20)

City areas of Daejeon and Daegu: 45km

Honam HSR: 231km

Seoul Metropolitan: 61km (Suseo-Pyeongtaek)

Maximum Speed Increase :

150km/h 230~250km/h
High speed rail fastest

Conventional
rail faster

High speed necessary for

Air faster
rail to be fastest

Door-to-door journey time

(hours)

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

High speed rail

Conventional rail
Air

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Distance(km)

44/112

KTX Economic Development Model

Development strategy
contents

strategies

Transport
hub

Improvement of transport connectivity and transfer

Establishing Hub-Spoke structure

Creation of local-based service industry

Regional
Link to nearby industry and administrative complex
specialization Brand making for KTX station area

Link to urban
development

Green growth transit-oriented development

Station area development accord with long-term
comprehensive strategy

45/112

KTX Economic Development Model

Transport hub

Delineation of accessible zone for KTX station

- Set-up of transferable area considering
transport link, traffic condition

Creation of KTX station oriented Hub-Spoke

network
- Access time to KTX station
: within 30 min. (radius 20km)
within 60 min. (radius 50km)

30
60

<East-Daegu KTX station transport hub>

<Influence area of KTX station>
Source: Survey on KTX trips and effects on regional economy, KOTI (2010)

46

KTX Economic Development Model

Transport hub

Building multi-purpose intermodal transport center

- Building intermodal transport center for every KTX stations
Increasing station area development potential
- Realization of TOD as a hub of transport
- Combining commercial, residential, business function with intermodal
transport center

47

KTX Economic Development Model

Regional specialization

Drawing common functions to support surrounding area

Developing specialized and competitive business

Development of business model utilizing

local resources and potential

- Adopting marketing strategy

- Making KTX related Urban-Brand
- Attracting knowledge based service, high tech,
educational service, head office

Link to 5+2 Mega-Regional plan

- Fostering as a hub of regional economy

<5+2 mega-regional plan>

48

KTX Economic Development Model

Link to urban development

Win-win development

Fostering differentiated urban function from exiting CBD

Performing a role as a regional growth hub

Rail transit-oriented development (TOD)

Differential development density and land use according to zone

Primary station area

secondary station area : low-medium density development

: high density development,

1km

Indirect station
area

Secondary
station area

Primary station
area

500m

KTX station

KTX
<Station area zone>

49

Effects of HSR
Social, Economic & Environmental Effects
Profitability Improvement
Gyeongbu Line: revenue to cost ratios are 1.39 (KTX) and 0.69 (Conventional)
Honam Line: revenue to cost ratios are 0.82 (KTX) and 0.42 (Conventional)

Change of life style: long-distance commutes, business meetings, cultural

activities, healthcare etc.
Straw effects (not clear)

Energy Reduction: 247 mil. USD/year (206 mil. liter)

CO2 Emission Reduction: 8 mil. USD/year(315 Thous. tons/year)
Facilitation of Regional development: tourism, station area development
Change in land price: KTX station area shows higher land price changes
-

Two times higher than other areas in the related cities

50

Seoul Station

Yongsan Station

Gwangmyung Station

Choenan-Asan Station

Integration: KTX+Metro+Bus+Taxi

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

53/112

Sustainable Financing Measures

0. Railway & Metro Fare Reform
( O&M, Flat Must to change Distance )
1. Fuel Tax : Ear-marked for Transport
2. Park Space Levy (Commercial bld based)
Traffic Induction Fee (TIF, in Korea)
4. Infra-Bond : $250 if car buy, Auction
5. ERP : Congestion Charge
6. Fine by CCTV
7. PPP : Generation Share
8. Advertisement . . . etc.
* Many options, We must to do actions

56/112

(Model 1) Korea Gasoline Tax in Seoul

1.8
1.6
VAT

1.4

US $/Liter

1.2

Education Tax

1.0
Mileage Tax

0.8
0.6

Fuel Tax

0.4

Production
Cost

0.2
0.0
Gasoline

Diesel

Source: Korea National Oil Corporation(2012), http://www.opinet.co.kr/chart.do?cmd=oilknow.saleprice.list

Developing country- Asian countries

We have no budget? Do you have infra investment budget plan ?

MoLIT(Korea government)Budget (2014)

MOLIT Budget status
Social welfare,
Environments
0.268 Billion, (1.28%)

Transport & Logistics

16.56 Billion, (79.21%)

Land & regional

development
4.08 Billion, (19.51%)
Total 80% of Transport, Energy,
Environment Tax
10.78 Billion, (51.57%)
Basic law : Ear-mark for Transport

Source : 2014 year budget, MOLIT

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time58/112
of your Life)

(Model 2) TOD development

(CASE STUDY) Youngsan Station By KORAIL

Planning of Masterplan, step by

step
Department Store and R&D facilities
High-speed train, convention train,
metro and BRT etc.
To link the airport railway
59/112

(CASE STUDY 2) Gwang-myeong Station by KORAIL

To cooperate Local government and central government working together.

Convention center and Business meeting facilities, famous wedding places,

To connect high-speed train, metro and Park and Ride Buildings

(8,000 Car parks)
60/112

(Model 3) Public Transport Bond for MTA

Buy Public Transport Bond $250 , $50 if buy Car, Motor Cycle

1. Start in 1998 for financing of urban rail

construction, now Public Transport Bond
2. Bond return period : 5-7 years

3. Fee : Depend on Vehicle Engine Size.

( USD 200-350)
4. TDM Effect with Vehicle Registration Tax
(Annual)
61/112

Why,

MoLIT model Integrated Agency

1. Institutional issues
Land Use planning

Infrastructure Dev.

Housing / Arch -Reg

Road/ Rail/ Water

/Sanitation,

Funding:
Value Capture
House development without commuter rail,
without Bus network --- ( Non-sense )
Extra Cost : band-aid mass-transport
Who take the land value ?(Social controversial)

Integration

of Agency
(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Integrated Master Plan

Transport + Land Use

http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.
php?id=20110406015018
(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

64/112

Rail Development Agency

Railway Policy Planning
Investment Program
Safety Regulations

65/112

KRNA: Korea Rail Network Authority

Company Overview

Date of foundation : Jan 7. 2004

Formation : Quasi-Government
Agency (no change since founding)
Number of employees: 1,396

Mission
Establishment of the fast, safe
and user-friendly Rail network

Vision
Realization to make Korea the
best country in the global rail
industry through the nationwide
rail network

Major History
2004

2005

2009

2010

Opening the 1st

phase of the
Gyengbu HSR

Winning the
Chinese railway
contract

Groundbreaking
Opening the 2nd
of the Honam high phase of the
speed railway
Gyengbu HSR

2011/12
40 conventional
rail modernization
projects

66/112

KORAIL
ORG. : Staffs: 27,0112( HQ: 953, Local : 26,081)
The Date of Foundation : 1st Jan 2005
Governance : Korea government 100% own Enterprise
- Mission : Establishment efficient and expertise of Korea
railway operation
Main Role : Railway Operation Business
- High speed passenger / Long distance& intercity / Logistics/
/ Urban Railway (Metropolitan Metro) / Station development
/ Railway Facility O&M

Subsidiary
(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

KRRI
ORG. : Staffs: 303 ( Researcher: 259, Admin : 44)
The Date of Foundation : 1st March 1996

Governance : Korea government 100% invest R&D institute

- Mission : Develop the Korean Railway Industry through R&D on
Railway Technology, Operation, Policy, and Applications

Main Role : Railway Research & Development Center

R&D on Core Technology, Policy, Safety, & Logistics
Development & Application of HSR, LRT, TTX
Rail Network Expansion & Continental Connections
System Standardization, Assessment, & Certification
(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

(Case study) LRT derail (System Failure)

Why, Whos responsibility?, How?

Lower Fare Subsidy increase

Social controversial Cut subsidy
But (Over loaded) maintenance cost increase
No more spare part Dismantlement of Car
69/112

Urban Sprawl: M-Manila

(from Province 8 hours/day)

Ref : earthzine.org/ Figure showing urban growth of Manila, Philippines

70/112

Governance for Investment, O&M

National
Railway

Country
(MTA) Metropolitan Transport Authority

Suburban
Rail

City
BUS+BRT line

Urban Rail
LRT Line

Suburban
Rail

National
Railway
Metropolitan

71/112

Integrated Strong Agency in NCR

2. Institutional issues : NCR Gov. Establishment

Reform of NCR Governance

Establish Integrated Strong
(MTA) Metropolitan Transport Authority

Which Model ?
SMG, Tokyo, LTA, PTA, TfL, MPO, .
Who can do this study?
(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

The
Lessons
Korea:
Capacity Building
Koreafrom
Transport
Institute

Railway institutions Relationship with the Korean

Government
President
Office

Construction &
Operation

MOLIT

KORAIL
KNRA
KRRI

Integrated
Transport

Local
Government

Urban Railway
capacity building
Support

74/112

Summary - 1

1. Railway Institution development

- General Railway Policy Central Gov
(Master plan/FS : National Gov)
- Construction Authority, Operation
company & Research Institute (3 Pillars)
- Coordinated Local government urban
railway Project
- Infra : Gov O&M by Users

76/112

Summary - 2

2. Sustainable Finance Development

- Ear-mark system is essentials.
- Station areas development
- Railway Fare reforms by distance
basis(Market Price)
- (Local Gov) Parking space levy
- Infra-bond (One car, 250 USD in Korea)

77/112

Summary 3

3. Capacity Building for railway sector

- R&D Investment Railway sector to

Green Growth.
- Strengthen Railway Research
Institute.
- Constructed Global Conference
(Technical, Policy & Management)

78/112

Miracle of Han River

19112, After Korean war

Extreme Poverty

2012, Seoul,
GangNam

Thanks to UN+16, WB, USAetc

- To developing countries Can-Do spirit
- Korea did, Why not other Asia countries?
- I am always ready to share Korea experience
79/112

Reference
[1] Y.C. Jung (2011) A 2012 year Training of Public Company's
International Business Employee, International Financial Sources of
Overseas Investment, KOTRA
[2] J.H. S (2011) Introduction of EDCF, K-EXIM.
[3] G.Y. Choi (2010) Overseas Railway Financial Expert Course,
Overseas Business Project Fiancing, KORASS
[4] K.R. Kim (2010) Role of ECA and Applied to Overseas Railway
Business, K-EXIM.
[5] J.H. Kim (2010) Usage of Global Infra-fund in Korean Government
on Overseas Railway Business, KORASS.
[6] K.Y. Oh (2010) Introduction of KOICA Infrastructure Business Unit
and Applied to Overseas Railway Business, KORASS.
[7] K.S. Lee (2011) Investment Activity of Overseas Railway in KOICA,
KORASS.
[8] D.Y. Lee (2011) Case study - Philippines South-metro Railway
Business, KORASS.
[9] Youngkook, Kim(2015) Transport infrastructure development in
Korea
80/112

Thank you !
Prof. Chae ilkwon
smile192@hanmail.net , smile192@naver.com
Korea Phone: +82-10-2909-3973
Facebook:www.facebook.com/ilkwon.Chae

Speaker
Name: Ilkwon Chae, (MBA & P.E.)
Department: Adj Prof. Woosong Railway School
Contact: +82- 010-2909-3973
E-mail: smile192@hanmail.net
Facebook : http://www.facebook.com/ilkwon.Chae
<Education Background>
-Seoul National University, Transport Policy, Korea. Ph.D. Candidate
-Manchester Business School, UK, MBA
-Korea University, Korea, Master of Economics
-Hanyang University, Korea, Master of Construction Management
-Korea Technical University, Korea, Master of Industry Design

<Work Experience 20 years>

-Deputy director of Korea government official 8 years
-Professor of UIC-Asia railway Institution 2 years
-General Manager of KORAIL(Korea high-speed train operator)
-Director of Korea Railway Association 2 years
-Chief Researcher, Seoul National University
-ADB, Afghanistan Railway Authority, Senior Advisor & Team leader
82/112

Appendix 1

Korea government Policy

1. 3rd railway master plan(2016-2025)

Basic Direction
- 2nd railway master plan support and connect
each cities
* 2nd Master Plan
- To connect KTX Korea Megacities
- Support Seoul Metropolitan Government, expand urban
railway network

84/112

2. Megacities Railway & urban network connection

Basic Direction
- Mega cities can access and commute by urban railway,
other transport mode within 30 mins
GTX Construction : 200 km/h speed up, underground train
Urban railway safety improvement
- Installment PSD(Platform Screen Door) support to Central
government

85/112

3. Development TOD and PPP stations

Background
- Need for Urban development and Integrate transport (TOD)
- New Revenue source for Railway operator & Entity
- Supported New PPP station law and regulation
Development of TOD
- Suseo High speed train project & Suseo station
- Start up 11 Station TOD

Revised PPP station and regulation

- Finshed first PPP station contracts, 3 stations.
- Prepare Next PPP station Plan

86/112

Appendix 2

How can we decide to urban railway

right investment time?

Modern Motorization and urban railway

Booming private car because of rapid growth
economics in most Asian countries.
*Tokyo, Taipei, Bangkok, Seoul, Jakarta so on.

88/112

Timing to investment for urban railway service

Income level, Population, Timing is important
* Research for Shigeru Morichi by Japan

89/112

Properly investment timing for urban railway

Public transportation ratio is very important!

90/112

Appendix 3

Urban transport development

of Seoul

Crowdedness (Seoul in 60s)

Bus

and Tram Station : Insufficient capacity

Government owned transport company.

92/112

Seoul in 1970s

Extreme traffic congestion

Hustle and bustle to get on/off the bus
Traffic flow disruption
Passengers exiting buses three lanes away
(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

93/112

Overloaded buses

Bus,
Overloaded
in 1960s-70s
More than 100Px

94/112

Urban Public
Transport (60-70)
Problems
Family based business
No fixed bus-stops
No standard regulations
(fares, headway, routes,
timetable)
No service evaluations
Poor maintenance
No safety guidelines
No education or assessment
95/112

Poor quality service of bus in 80-90s

Public Bus OP Com Privatization

Take Transit, Enjoy more time for your Life

CARS, CARS, CARS ? (1980-1990)

Registered vehicles: 50

times

1970: 60 thousand 2010 : 2.98 million

[Registered Vehicles in Seoul]

3,500,000
3,000,000

Seouls challenges?

2,500,000
2,000,000

- Vehicles : Up by 50x

1,500,000

1,000,000

- Road : 4 %/y only

500,000
0
1970

1975

1980
Year

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

No. of Registered Vehicles

97/112

Reduction : # of Circuits

(1970-1980)
- 7-8 times/day/bus
- 1,069 p/day/bus
- Golden Goose

(1990-2000)
- 3-4 times/day/bus
- 506 p/day/bus
- Black Swan
Triple Loss (P-G-O)

98

Gridlock in Seoul in the 90s

Air Pollution and Cancer
Occurrence
Energy Consumption Increase
Traffic Accidents
Discomfort
Government subsidy increase

Decision by Election Manifesto

July 2002
Restructuring of
Urban Policy
from CAR to People, Eco.,

Urban Space Reform :

Cheon-Gye-Cheon Restoration
Pedestrianization
Transport Reform

PUSH & PULL Policy

100/112

Master Plan : Median Bus Lane

(2010, 191.2km for 16 routes)
Think rail, Use buses

Recommendation

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

Open BRT : Priority Median Bus Lane

Introduced in 2004 by the Seoul Metropolitan Government

Provides faster and reliable travel

Before

After the Priority Bus Lane

100 T/F

Video

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Integration: Railway+Metro+Bus+Taxi

(Take Transit, Enjoy more time of your Life)

History of Urban Transport Policies

SOC Investment
1960

1970

TSM
1980

TDM
1990

Multimodal &
Public Transit
2000

2006

Road Traffic
Act (1961)
Road Management
Promotion Act (1967)
National Expressway Act
(1970)

Transport System Efficiency

Act(1999)
Urban Transport Management
Promotion Act (1986)

Public Transit Promotion

Act(2005)

Special Act on Managing Regional-Wide

Transport for Metro Areas(1997)

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105

Appendix 3

Each cities choose

transportation mode

Public Traffic Capacity for each connected cities

How to increase the transport
capacity in the limited surface?

107

SOURCE :
http://www.alstom.com/

(CASE STUDY 3)

Busan LRT 4 line (Urban Transport)

Project : Busan Line 4, Korea
Length : 12.7 km (Underground : 7.2 km, Elevated : 5.5 km)
Station : 14 (Underground : 9, Elevated : 5)
Maintenance workshop : 1 + 1 stable yard
Rolling stock : 6-car 17trains (102cars)
Main contractor (Woojin)
SE, Vehicle, Maintenance facility, PSD, Power rail
Consortium partner (Samsung SDS)
Signaling, Communication
Inauguration : Mar. 2011

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(CASE STUDY 4)
AGT (Urban Transport)

Project : Sillim line in Seoul, Korea by PPP model

Length : 7.82 km (All underground)
Station : 10 (All underground)

Maintenance workshop : 1
Rolling stock : 3-car 12trains (36cars)
Inauguration : 2017 (expected)

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(CASE STUDY 5)
AGT (Urban Transport)
Project : North-East line in Seoul, Korea by PPP Model
Length : 12.3 km (All underground)
Station : 14 (All underground)
Maintenance workshop : 1
Rolling stock : 3-car 18trains (54cars)
Inauguration : 2017 (expected)

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Planning of Battery Tram, Suwon City (2017)

1
1

111

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Planning of Battery Tram, Changwon City (2017)

112