Foma NDT System PDF

FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX
X-RAY FILMS
FOMA BOHEMIA spol. s r.o., Jana Kruinky 1604, 501 04 Hradec Krlov, Czech Republic
Tel.: +420 495 733 288, Fax: +420 495 733 376
foma@foma.cz, www.foma.eu
FOMA 2008
elongated/worm
hole porosity
shrinkage
mark CD4
longitudinal crack
transversal crack in the weld
(cluster) porosity
external undercut
lack of side wall
(ASTM E 446, volume II)
SHRINKAGE
mark CB4
SHRINKAGE
mark CD4
SHRINKAGE
mark CB3
SHRINKAGE
mark CD3
HOT TEAR
mark E
SHRINKAGE
mark CC3
SHRINKAGE
mark CA3
mark F
INSERT
SHRINKAGE
mark CC4
SHRINKAGE
mark CA4
a range of radiographic films: INDUX, FOMADUX ROLLFILM, FOMATEST THIO and FOMATEST SC 981 and also chemicals for both manual and automatic
processing of these films
l automatic processors, viewers, densitometers, safelamps and other accessories
FOMA NDT SYSTEM programme for industrial radiography
SAND AND SLAG INCLUSIONS

mark B4
SAND AND SLAG INCLUSIONS
mark B3
REFERENCE RADIOGRAPHS FOR STEEL CASTINGS UP TO 2 in (51 mm) IN THICKNESS 1 MV X-RAY TUBE OR IRIDIUM-192.
PICTURES OF THE DEFECTS WERE MADE USING THE INDUX OR FOMADUX FILMS.
EXAMPLES OF SELECTED DEFECTS
a range of radiographic films: INDUX, FOMADUX ROLLFILM, FOMATEST THIO and FOMATEST SC 981 and also chemicals for both manual and automatic processing
of these films
automatic processors, viewers, densitometers, safelamps and other accessories
incomplete root
elongated slag
worm hole porosity in the
in the heat area; in the weld
excessive root
line slag inclusion
elongated/worm hole
surface unevenness
root concavity
slag inclusions
root porosity
EXAMPLES OF SELECTED WELD DEFECTS
Pressure roller tension.
Unconsidered mechanical manipulation

mechanical pinch.
a range of radiographic films: INDUX, FOMADUX ROLLFILM,

FOMATEST THIO and FOMATEST SC 981 and also
chemicals for both manual and automatic processing of these
films
automatic processors, viewers, densitometers, safelamps and
other accessories
l
The examples E, G and H are characteristic of automatic

processing.
The examples A, B, C, D, E, F and H are characteristic

of manual processing of industrial X-ray films.
H
G
Dry water drops.
Film manipulation with polluted

fingers.
Developing without film motion in bath.
Film washed insufficiently
dry water drops.
Unconsidered mechanical manipulation

Electrostatic discharges.
Film sheets stucked together
in the developer.
D
C
EXAMPLES OF SELECTED PROCESSING ARTEFACTS
FOMA BOHEMIA, Czech Republic

FOMA BOHEMIA spol. s r.o. (Ltd.) is the producer of photographic materials with a long tradition. The Company
has been established in 1995 by the privatization of the state enterprise FOMA (the enterprise worked under the name
Fotochema till the year 1990). The Company has two subsidiary offices in the Slovak Republic and Romania.
The establishment of the Company dates from 1921, when the company with the name FOTOCHEMA was
established in Hradec Kralove. The products were manufactured under the trade name FOMA. The Company began
with the production of photographic plates and processing chemicals. The production of black-and-white
photographic papers was started after ten years of the operation of the Company. The production of the black-andwhite roll films was started one year later.
The product assortment was extended by X-ray films, black-and-white films for positive copies, technical black-andwhite paper, black-and-white reversal films, colour papers and colour negative films from 1949.
Fundamental changes were introduced after 1990 the production of black-and-white photographic materials,
imaging and specialised recording materials for non-destructive testing, health service and other special applications
have became the principal programmes of the Company.
FOMA Ltd. has introduced the quality system according to ISO 9001 from 1997. This is certified annually by the
independent audit that proves that all activities of the Company are in compliance with the international standard of
the quality system ISO 9001.
The continuously increasing sales prove the ability of the Company to react flexibly and promptly even to nontraditional orders of customers. FOMA Ltd. exports its products to more than 50 countries all around the world.
FOMA'S manufacturing programme
Black-and-white negative and reversal films, black-and-white photographic papers, colour negative films.
X-ray medical films, dental X-ray films intra-oral as well as extra-oral / panoramic.
Technical radiographic films from the INDUX and FOMADUX range.
Films for personal dosimetry, black-and-white films for aerial photography and cameras for monitoring of
buildings as well as traffic operations, ECG and tachographic papers, foils for criminological and technical
applications.
Processing baths for all types of photographic materials.
Equipment for health services and non-destructive testing.
Photographic materials for exposure units, scanners, cameras, contact materials, etc., service and consultancy.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
SIMPLE MONITORING DENSITOMETER SD01

Features
The instrument is designed for measuring optical density of all processed
black-and-white films, typically in quality control of film processing in
industrial (NDT) and medical radiography. Though generally any negative
picture may be used for this purpose, if exposed under standard
conditions, a more convenient way is to evaluate pre-exposed Fomatest
SC 981 strips or to make own sensitometric strips if a sensitometer is at
the disposal. Readings are directed to a computer and readily used for
archiving and/or subsequent data processing.
Technical description
The densitometer does not contain a light source. A measured radiograph
or a test strip is placed on a light table (film viewer). The densitometer is
connected to a computer that provides both for power supply and for data
processing. The device consists of a handy plastic case with a reading
sensor and incorporated microprocessor, with functional and auxiliary
circuits performing signal reading, power supply and data matching and
processing. Geometry of the sensor element assures for the desired
perpendicularity between the sensor axis and film plane, as well as for
precise focusing at the measured spot. A single bifunctional push button
activates either data transfer to the computer (short depression) or zero
setting (long depression). A beep indicates successful data transfer.
On the computer side, an active programme module provides for proper
port setting, densitometer power feed, data reading and processing in a
way common for classical densitometers i.e. automatic zero setting,
calibration slope adjustment and density readings display. Acquired
density values are further used as input data for subsequent calculations
in programmes for sensitometric curve plotting, sensitometric
parameters evaluation, analysis and diagnostics of processing procedure,
data acquisition and archiving.
The computer used should be a common PC standard device with a free
serial port.
Package contents
SD-01 Densitometer complete incl. a cable
with CANNON DB 9 connector
Setup standard strip (transparent, D @ 2.5)
Basic programme software
Operation instructions
Special accessories
9/25 pin reduction for connection to 25-pin port
Extension 1.5m cable with CANNON DB 9
connectors
Software for quality control of film processing
in medical or industrial radiography
Technical parameters
Range of measured densities
Accuracy
Reading aperture (measured spot diameter)
Brightness of a viewer screen (film illuminance)
Zero compensation
Dimensions (without cables)
Weight (without cables)
Voltage
Serial communication
Connector needed
Cable length
Metering cycle (1 reading time)
Operation system
Disc space requirements (basic software)
04D
0,02 (0 2,5 D)
0,04 (2,5 4,0 D)
3 mm
1000 30000 Lx
automatic
approx. 150x40x22 mm
approx. 100 g
none (power supply through a computer port)
COM1 COM4
Cannon DB9 (or DB 25 through 9/25 reduction)
approx. 1,5 m
approx. 1 s
WIN 3.1, WIN 95/98
approx. 650 kB
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
PP-97480
FILM VIEWER FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY
Characteristics
PP-97480 film viewer is an innovative successor of a good-selling
PP-9748 film viewer. The PP-97480 film viewer is intended for
visual checking of developed radiographs of high densities range,
especially of films for industrial radiography the sizes of which are
100x480 mm and similar ones. The viewed radiographs are laid on
opaque glass screen and they are lit through with an intensive light
source.
Film viewer using size-reduction masks with magnetic holding is
also suitable for films of 60mm width or other small film sizes.
The mains cable and the foot-switch cable are removable for easy
transport. The innovative construction of the light reflector
increases available brightness of the screen. A new shape of air
vents increases the air-cooling and reduces a noise. Also total
weight is reduced.
PP-97480 film viewer consists of a solid steel sheet case with powder-painted surface. In both sides of the viewer case cooling fans
are built in, providing forced cooling of the internal space of viewer. Air intake and air deflectors arrangement inside the viewer case
provide a contra flow cooling of optical elements. Hot air is taken out through the perforation holes in both the case sides. This
arrangement provides a maximum cooling of viewer screen with good impact on the elimination of heat deformation of the viewed
films. The viewer is equipped with a flexible handle for enabling easy carrying.
The light power of the used iodide bulbs is increased by a light reflector, which also decreases the negative impact of thermal
radiation on the viewer case. The light source arrangement in combination with the used opaque glasses provide a low disturbance
of the luminance of the viewing screen and a high brightness level necessary for the viewing of films with high densities. The heat
stress of radiographs is minimized by the dethermal glass filter.
The light source is powered from mains with a triac phase-controlled regulation unit. After switching on the film viewer with a main
switch, a dimmed luminance of the screen is set. After pressing the foot-switch a setting knob on the front panel can be used for
regulating of the screen brightness within the whole range (0-100%). Setting the above mentioned dimmed background luminance
decreases the exhaustion of the operators eyes during the manipulating with developed radiographs in dark environment. The
advantages of the foot-switch control are especially decreasing of electricity consumption, and a heat stress of the viewer, and doing
away with a thermal curling of the radiographs.
Technical parameters
Maximum film size
Voltage requirement
Power consumption
Used bulbs
Regulation range
Luminance range
Dimensions (w x h xl)
Weight
Screen size
Maximum density
10x48 cm
220240 V/5060 Hz
appr. 1400 W
10xHPS 150 W/24 V or equivalent
0100%
appr. 0120 000 lx
570x200x170 mm
appr. 7.0 kg
460x85 mm
max. 3.7 D (EN 25580)
Note: Also PP-97240 film viewer, dedicated for 10x24 cm and similar film sizes is available.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMADUX LP-D, FOMA LP-DS, FOMAFIX and FOMAFIX H
FILMS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY
LIQUID CHEMICALS FOR AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILMS
Tradition and present

In 1986, FOMA BOHEMIA spol. s r.o. (Ltd. )began the manufacture of new generation films for nondestructive material testing (NDT) of INDUX trade mark. By implementing changes in the production
formula of the original NDT film, which had been manufactured since the sixties, the manufacture of film in
two speed classes, R4 and R7, began.
In 1995, a radical modification of the technological process took place. The utilization of controlled
precipitation resulted in uniform cubic crystals (grains) of silver halides with a narrow distribution of sizes.
The composition of emulsion microcrystals and their narrow size-distribution curve has become
prerequisite for high speed and contrast of the film, its high resolving power and low graininess.
Simultaneously the processing in the processing chemicals has been speeded up. The controlled
precipitation has become the basic precondition for the stable quality of INDUX line films.
Originally manufactured films of R4 and R7 speed class were completed by R2, R3, R5 and R8 speed
classes to become an integral line.
1mm
frequency
1mm
size
b
a
a) silver halide microcrystals

in the previous emulsion
b) silver halide microcrystals

in the new-type emulsion
c) comparison of size-distribution
of microcrystals frequency size
Programme of industrial radiography (FOMA NDT SYSTEM)

The FOMA NDT SYSTEM includes complete speed series of INDUX line films for industrial radiography,
FOMADUX line processing chemicals for manual and automatic processing, automatic processors and
additional assortment. The wide range of speed classes makes it possible for the user to find a film suitable
for practically any type of radiographic work, using X-ray appliances and radionuclides.
Specification and use of INDUX line films
INDUX R2
Extremely fine-grain, high-contrast, low-speed film with

excellent sharpness. Designed for the detection of critical
small-sized defects
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
Thin-walled steel parts/products, light metal

parts/products of usual thickness, plastics and
composite materials in machine, electrical and aircraft
industries, etc.
Applications requiring exact resolution in details like
inspection electronical components, ceramical
particles, castings, nuclear components, in cosmic
research, aircraft and shipping industry.
INDUX R3
Extremely fine-grain, high-contrast, a low-speed film with

excellent sharpness suitable for radiography with or without
lead screens.
INDUX R4
A very fine-grain, high-contrast, medium-speed film

designed for the detection of small critical defects.
Light metal and and steel castings, aircraft industry,

nuclear energetics.
INDUX R5
A fine-grain, high-contrast, standard-speed film. A standard

film for most applications.
Inspection of welds and castings, general

engineering, ship building industry.
INDUX R7
A fine-grain, high-contrast, high-speed film for most

standard applications.
Inspection of welds and castings, general

engineering, building industry.
INDUX R8
A medium-grain, high-contrast, very high-speed film,

designed for general use; an additional shortening of
exposure times can be reached in combination with
fluorometallic screens.
Inspection of thick-walled castings, building industry,

inspection of concrete and heavy structures.
General
The liquid concentrate of chemicals are intended for automatic
processing of industrial X-ray films in processing machines
using 8 12 minutes cycle. The processing solutions are
prepared by diluting concentrated chemicals with water,
preferably distilled or reverse osmotic. The liquid chemistry is
especially suitable for processing of FOMA X-ray INDUX films
as well as for comparable materials of other producers.
The chemicals are labeled as follows:
FOMADUX LP-D Developer-Replenisher
FOMA LP-DS Starter
FOMAFIX Fixer and FOMAFIX H Hardener
Features
FOMADUX LP-D Developer-Replenisher provides high image
quality with particularly fine grain and well balanced contrast,
making full use of the film speed.
Its formula quarantees the product long-lasting stability,
prevents deposits formation even with hard water.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer provides high fixing and buffering action,
strong hardening power and long-term stability.
FOMAFIX H Hardener increases hardening power of the fixer,
resulting in high mechanical resistance of the film and short
processing time.
Packing
liquid concentrate for the final volume of 20 litres:
Part A 1 container of 5 litres
Part B 1 bottle of 0.25 litre
Part C 1 bottle of 0.5 litre
FOMA LP-DS Starter
1 bottle of 0.5 litre
FOMAFIX Fixer and FOMAFIX H Hardener
Set for 21 l of solution
Preparation of working solutions
The developer solution is made using FOMADUX LP-D
Developer-Replenisher and FOMA LP-DS Starter (25 ml of
starter per 1 litre of developer). As replenisher the solution of
FOMADUX LP-D Developer-Replenisher without starter is
used.
For preparation of working solution of replenisher 5 litres of
liquid concentrate Part A is mixed with 10 litres of water.
Continuosly mixing this solution the Part B and Part C is
succesively added. After that water is filled up to the final
volume of 20 litres. The reservoir with the working solution of
replenisher must be safely closed by a cover. Using one
packing 20 litres of replenisher can be made.
For preparation of working solution of fixing bath into 15

litres of water 5 litres of liquid concentrate FOMAFIX (fixer)
and 1 litre of FOMAFIX H (hardener) is sucesively added,
continuously mixing the solution. Using one packing 21
litres of hardening fixing bath can be made.
Processing
Recommended development conditions:
temperature
developing time
processing time
28C
2 min.
8 min.
Recommended replenishment doses are 600 to 800 ml/m2.

Recommended standard fixing conditions:
temperature
time
28C
2 min.
Minimum fixing time = 100 sec.

Recommended replenishment doses of ready-made
fixing bath (i.c. with hardener) are 1000 to 1200 ml/m2.
Replenishment values being for reference, the exact
values are to be determined by trial processing involving
the processing machine and film used, the daily
processing capacity and processing time.
In case of any need do not hesitate to ask special
technical help of FOMA service.
Storage
The chemicals should be stored in the original packing in
a dry place at temperatures +5 to +25 C, for a period not
exceeding 24 months.
A possible crystalline fraction in parts A and C is not a
defect, it will dissolve again after heating to 40 C and
agitation the solution.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
General
The liquid concentrate of chemicals intended for manual
processing of industrial X-ray films. The liquid chemicals are
especially suitable for processing of FOMA industrial X-ray
films INDUX as well as for equivalent materials of other
producers.
The chemicals are labeled as follows:
FOMADUX LP-T Developer
FOMADUX FIX Rapid Fixer
Features
FOMADUX LP-T Developer
is one-compound concentrate for manual processing of
industrial X-ray films. The developer provides high image
quality with particularly fine grain and well balanced contrast,
making full use of the film speed. Its formula quarantees the
product long-lasting stability, prevents deposits formation even
with hard water.
is a concentrate of fixing bath on basis of ammonia thiosulphate
providing high fixing and buffering action, strong hardening
power and long-term stability.
Wetting agent FOTONAL
FOTONAL is a liquid concentrate containing surface-active
substances and additives which ensure uniform dewatering of
the film surface, acceleration of drying and elimination of spot
occurrence.
Packing
FOMADUX LP-T Developer concentrate
1 container of 5 litres
1 container of 5 litres
FOTONAL Wetting agent
1 bottle of 250 ml
Preparation of processing baths
FOMADUX LP-T Developer is diluted with water at 1+3 (to
1+4), from one 5 litre packing 20 to 25 litres of processing
solution can be made. The processing tank should be closed
with cover.
temperature
time
20C
5 min.
As replenisher the concentrate FOMADUX LP-T diluted

with water at 1+2(3) is used.
Recommended replenishment for industrial X-ray films is
800 ml/m2. Optimum replenishment conditions are
dependent on the way of processing, size of processing
tank, the daily processing capacity etc.
FOMADUX FIX concentrate is intended for preparation of
20 25 litres of fixing bath.
Recommended standard fixing conditions:
temperature
time
28C
3 min.
Minimum fixing time = 2 min.

For replenishment the same basic bath is used.
Recommended replenishment is 10001200 ml/m2,
necessary to set with more precision by trial processing.
Apply Fotonal wetting agent into the last water scouring
bath before drying.
Solution is prepared by adding 1020 ml of the
concentrate into 1 litre of water.
In case of any need do not hesitate to ask special
technical help of FOMA service.
Storage
The chemicals should be stored in the original packing in
a dry place at temperatures 5 to 25 C.
A possible crystalline fraction is not a defect, it will
dissolve again after heating to 40 C and agitation the
solution.
Expiration time is 24 months from the date of production.
Applicability time for one processing solution setting
when regularly replenished is 4 8 weeks.
Image quality and classification of film system

NDT films suitable for a specific type of application/work are subdivided by the EN 584-1 Standard
according to minimally guaranteed parameters into six groups, denominated C1 to C6. To include a film
into a group, four parameters specifying ability of the film to differenciate details in the radiograph are
relevant:
- local gradient at optical density Dmin +2
- local gradient at optical density Dmin +4
- film granularity at optical density Dmin +2
- system parameter G/s, which is defined as the ratio of gradient and granularity at optical density Dmin +2,
and represents the useful-to-disturbing ratio.
Requirements of the EN 584-1 Standard on a radiographic film system
Class according
to EN 584-1
C1
C3
C4
C5
C6
G Dmin.+2
G Dmin.+4
G/s
4,5
4,1
4,1
3,8
3,5
7,5
6,8
6,8
6,4
5,0
0,018
0,023
0,028
0,032
0,039
300
180
150
120
100
Guaranteed parameters of INDUX line films according to EN 584-1 and other corresponding
Standards
Film type
INDUX R2
INDUX R3
INDUX R4
INDUX R5
INDUX R7
INDUX R8
C1
special
C2
I.
C3
I.
C4
I.
C5
II.
C6
III.
Characteristic
EN 584-1class
ASTM E1815 class
Characteristics curves of INDUX line films

Exposure parameters
X-rays 200 kV
Cu 8 mm
Pb screens 0,025 mm
Processing parameters
FOMADUX LP-D developer
developer immersion time 2 minutes at 28C
VSF 350 Processors
3.5
INDUX R2
INDUXR3
INDUX R4
INDUX R5
INDUX R7
INDUX R8
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Log relative exposure
Optical density
FOMADUX LP-T, FOMADUX FIX and FOTONAL

LIQUID CHEMICALS FOR MANUAL PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILMS
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMASTEP 30
Film composition
INDUX line films are manufactured by coating of a light-sensitive
silver bromo-iodide emulsion on both sides of a bluish polyester
base 0,175 mm thick. The emulsion layers are protected against
mechanical impacts by effective protective gelatine layers
featuring anti-static properties. The sensitivity of film to visible light
is reduced by means of a desensitization dye being added to the
emulsion layers.
ETALON OF OPTICAL DENSITIES WITH THE PROTOCOL OF CALIBRATION

protective layer
emulsion layer
polyester base
Relation between the speed of INDUX

line films and the radiograph
quality achieved
Characteristics of the product

FOMASTEP 30 is etalon of optical densities for calibration of densitometers, intended for evaluating of processed NDT x-ray films.
There are 16 fields of 10x15mm size with graduated optical densities on the etalon, which fully cover
the range of optical densities D = 0 ~ 4,2.
FOMASTEP 30
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
R2
Speed
lower higher
R3
R4
Images quality
higher
lower
Optimum image quality

In general, there is applicable to photographic materials that the
lower is the film speed, the lower is granularity, and the higher is
resolving power. The same app lies to films for industrial
radiography. Therefore, the correct choice of film is important in
view of exposure time, size of the inspected part , and required
resolution of defects presented.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
R5
R7
R8
Packaging forms INDUX line films are manufactured

in the following packaging forms:
Daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) a single-sheet vacuum-sealed packaging with lead screens 0,025 mm
thick, sizes: 6x10, 6x12, 6x16, 6x20, 6x24, 6x30, 6x40, 6x 48, 10x10, 10x12, 10x16, 10x20, 10x24,
10x30, 10x40 and 10x48 cm in a box of 50 sheets; format 30x40 cm in boxes of 25 sheets. The
FOMAPAK vacuum-sealed packaging ensures optimum contact of film surface with lead screens, simple
handling, being light-tight, air-tight and waterproof.
Darkroom packaging (KB) sizes: 6x24, 6x40, 6x48, 10x12, 10x24, 10x40, 10x48 and 10x72 cm in a box
of 100 sheets; sizes: 10x20, 18 x 24, 24 x 30, 30 x 40 and 35x43 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in a box of 50
sheets. Other sizes are subject to an agreement with the manufacturer.
FOMADUX ROLLFILM a daylight roll film packaging sized 70 mm x 90 m or 100 mm x 90 m with lead
screens 0,025 mm thick or without lead screens (DW) and bare rollfilm (BLR), wound on a paper core
and packed in a cardboard dispenser box.
Packaging forms with lead screens are suitable for use with voltages above 100 kV.
Packaging forms without lead screens are suitable for use with voltages below 100 kV.
Sensitivity to safelight illumination
General sensitivity to visible light has been reduced in INDUX line films by adding a filter dye into the
emulsion layers. The reduction of sensitivity to visible light does not influence the sensitivity to ionizing
radiation. Therefore the INDUX line films may be processed under brighter safelight illumination in
darkroom. The danger of unwanted film fog is lower and the operators fatigue is limited. The INDUX line
films can be processed under indirect safelighting with a wavelength higher than 590 nm, as rendered by a
dark-red or olive-green safelight filter. A diode illumination with a wavelength over 590 nm is a convenient
alternative. It is advisable to test real working conditions in advance.
Processing chemicals
INDUX line films are designed for both manual and automatic processing using FOMADUX line chemicals
supplied as liquid concentrates. For manual processing and automatic processing/replenishment
FOMADUX LP-T Developer and FOMADUX LP-D Developer/Replenisher should be used respectively.
FOMAFIX is a concentrated rapid fixer to which FOMAFIX H hardener should be added for automatic
processing.The processing stability as rendered by EN 584-2 may be checked and dokumented by means
of preexposed FOMATEST SC 981 tests. The tests enable to discover any deviation in processing quality
against standard conditions, to decide in time whether chemicals should be changed and improve the
economy of film processing procedure.
Calibration and protocol of calibration

The parts of the etalon are practically measured data of optical density, which have been measured with the calibrated
densitometer of proved connection to state etalon MI. These data are mentioned in the attached protocol
of calibration, which confirms the connection of calibrating measuring instrument, the practically measured data and
measurement uncertainty.
Application
FOMASTEP 30 is being used for checking and calibration of working measuring instruments operating densitometers.
Packaging form
FOMASTEP 30 is made out from polyester base and exposed using the light method. Etalon is in covering envelope from
polyester and together with relevant protocol of calibration is inserted in labelled envelope (name of the producer, product name,
and date of production).
Storage
Both opened and unopened product must be stored in a dry and air place at the temperature of 5 to 20C and at a relative humidity
of 30 to 50 %.
Warranty
Recommended time for recalibration of etalon is determined to 6 months from the date of measurement, stated
in protocol. Maximal usable life of etalon is 12 month from the date of measurement.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMATEST THIO
THE KIT FOR CHECKING STABILITY OF PROCESSED X-RAY FILMS
Rating of the product
FOMATEST THIO is a kit for a simple check of stability of processed X-ray films INDUX in terms of their ability to be archived. By
means of the test kit inadequate fixing and washing processing of the film, whick makes the stability of the exposed image and the
service life of the film shorter may be determined immediately.
The FOMATEST THIO kit is supplied in a box containing a small bottle with 30 ml of FOMATEST THIO, a dropper, an etalon strip,
application instructions, and a package of paper filters.
Testing
Selection of the test area
The test is done on a completely processed and dry radiogram, where an absolutely clear and unexposed spot of about 1 square
cm is selected (which is not part of the image, because the chemicals leave yellowish coloration). If there is no such spot on the
film, the test may be performed on an unexposed film that was processed under identical conditions as the tested radiogram.
The basic test
The dropper is held about 1 to 2 cm above the tested zone of the film and one drop of FOMATEST THIO is released without the
dropper touching the surface. The chemical reacts within 2 minutes plus minus 15 sec. Using a small piece of the filter paper the
drop is absorbed carefully, again without touching the tested area of the film at all. The remaining fluid is removed by pressing
finger lightly on the filter paper. The emulsion must not be damaged by the filter paper. The tested zone is dried by airflow. The
described procedure is repeated on the reverse side of the film on the same place.
Test evaluation
The film must be protected against the effects of direct sunlight or other intense light sources. The film must be evaluated as soon
as possible, not later than 30 minutes after the test. Delay in evaluation may result in incorrect evaluation, because the yellow spot
on the tested area darkens gradually. The tested area is placed over a standard white background and compared visually with the
enclosed etalon strip positioned next to the test spot. The etalon colour that is closest to the colour of the spot identifies the
expected life of the radiograph.
Colour grades of the etalon correspond to values in the following table:
Color grade
Content of thio-sulphate (S2O3)2total

on both sides of the film (g/m2)
1. darkest
more than 0.35
not capable of being archived, find and correct

error,requires additional processing2/
2. dark
max. 0.20
up to 10 years, average archivability LE = 10
3. light
max. 0.10
up to 100 years, long-term archivability, LE = 100
4. lightest
max. 0.04
permanent, archivability film, LE = 500
Archivability in years
Life expectancy (LE)1/
1/ LE according to ISO 10602, for permanent archives LE is 500 years

2/ If the color of the test spot is more saturated than the darkest grade of the etalon, the quality of the fixer (pH and silver content) and the rinse water (amount of through-flow)
must be checked and corrected for the application. Thereafter, the film must be fixed again in the fresh solution and rinsed again in running water. Older processed films may
be fixed and rinsed again. For automatic processing the films may be placed in the fixing cell and drawn through the fixer and rinse, and dried. In manual processing the films
are fixed for 2 minutes in a fresh fixer and rinsed for 10 to 15 minutes in running water. Finally, the FOMATEST THIO test is repeated.
Storage
The solution must be stored in a dry and cool, preferably dark place. The bottle must be closed tight after use. The color chips
should be protected against contact with chemical solutions (alcohol, acetone, ethers, etc.).
Safety precautions
Avoid contact of FOMATEST THIO solution with the skin, clothing, and photographic materials. Should the skin or eyes come into
contact with FOMATEST THIO, the affected spot should be rinsed with clear water immediately. The solution stains and the spots
are difficult to remove.
Stability of the processed radiographs

The stability of processed radiographs depends on perfect fixing and washing of film. On following
prescribed processing conditions, a minimum archiving time of 10 years is quaranteed. To ensure even a
longer archiving time, it is recommended to check the processing using the FOMATEST THIO test kit.
Correctly processed films have a theoretical life expectancy of up to 500 years.
Storage
Unexposed INDUX line films should be stored in original intact light-tight packagings, in a dry
environment, out of reach of aggressive vapours and gases, at the lowest temperature possible. An ideal
storage temperature should be between 5 to 21 oC and relative humidity from 40 to 60%. Long time
storage at higher temperatures accelerates unwanted physical and chemical changes in the emulsion
layers. Films should be stored out of reach of ionizing radiation with an intensity exceeding 100 nGy per
hour.
Films stored in a refrigerator and a freezer should be acclimatized to room temperature for approx. 2 and
approx. 6 hours respectively.
Exposed films should be processed as soon as possible.
Services, consultancy, additional assortment
FOMA BOHEMIA spol. s r.o. (Ltd.) provides for a wide range of technical assistance concerning methods
of applying and correctly processing of INDUX line NDT films.The manufacturer also offers additional
assortment for the NDT sphere, such as gauges, film viewers, darkroom safelightning, densitometers, and
the like.
Quality assurance programme
The INDUX line films have been subject to continuous improvements. The objective quality checking is
quaranteed by an automatic laser checking and grouping inspection equipment. Film speed parameters
are tested by a special X-ray equipment and evaluated by an automatic apparatus.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMATEST SC 981
INDUX R2
INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILM
Features
FOMATEST SC 981 is a pre-exposed test film strip designed for
monitoring the quality of processing of INDUX radiographic
films, in accordance with the requirements for
classified film systems to EN 584-2 standard. It helps to
monitor and optimize the processing system, to indicate the
proper time for baths exchange or processor adjustment.
Exposure charts for steel

For optical density D=2, front and back lead
screens 0,025 mm thick, FOMADUX LP-T
Developer 5 minutes at 20 C).
X-rays (FDD = 100 cm)
100
kV
180
140
260
220
300
100
mA.min
Packaging
Boxes of 25 sheets of daylight packaging: test strips are
exposed on INDUX R5 or INDUX R7 film, size 6 x 24cm, and
supplied as one-sheet, vacuum sealed, lead screen containing
FOMAPAK packages.
10
Test film exposure

To make a FOMATEST SC 981 test strips, a control pattern
is X-ray exposed at Indux R5 or Indux R7 film. The test
pattern consists of 10 fields with stepwise increasing
exposure, completed by an area for minimum density
reading and a space for sample identification data.
1
10
20
30
40
50
mm Fe
Gamma rays (Iridium 192)
Dx
m
0c
Ci.h
F
SD
2
=1 m
c
10
cm
80
4000
cm
2000
100
1000
20
FOMA
EN 584-2
10000
cm
60
40
Dx+4
GBq.h
1000
cm
4 fields
field for reading minimal
density
field No X+4
field with density

of about D=2 (field No X)
400
10
200
100
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
mm Fe
Gamma rays (Cobalt 60)

GBq.h
1000
cm
12 0
cm
10 0
cm
80
Ci.h
General information
INDUX R2 is an industrial radiographic film intended for non-destructive
material testing using X- or gamma radiation.
INDUX R2 is a low-speed, high-contrast, extremely fine-grain film with
excellent sharpness suitable for radiography with or without lead
screens.
INDUX R2 corresponds with the class C1 classification according to
EN 584-1 standard and according to ASTM E 1815 standard with class
special.
Applications
INDUX R2 is suitable for applications where extraordinary demands on
the quality of radiographs are made, e.g. for the detection of critical
small-sized defects in thin-walled steel parts/products, for the
radiography of light metal parts/products of usual thickness, plastics and
composite materials in machine, electrical and aircraft industries, etc.
For the radiography of thick-walled parts/products, exposures should be
prolonged accordingly.
Packaging forms
daylight packaging (FOMAPAK) one-sheet vacuum-sealed packaging
with lead screens of 0,025 mm thickness
Sizes: 6x10, 6x12, 6x16, 6x20, 6x24, 6x30, 6x40, 6x48, 10x10, 10x12,
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40 and 10x48 cm
in boxes of 50 sheets.
Sizes: 30x40 cm in boxes of 25 sheets.
The vacuum-sealed packaging FOMAPAK ensures optimum contact of
film surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, airtight and waterproof.
darkroom packaging (KB)
Sizes: 6x24, 6x40, 6x48, 10x12, 10x24, 10x40, 10x48 and 10x72 cm in
boxes of 100 sheets.
Sizes: 10x20, 18x24, 24x30, 30x40 and 35x43 cm interleaved (IF, FW)
Other sizes are subject to be agreed with the manufacturer.
Film base
INDUX R2 is manufactured on a dimensionally stable bluish polyester
base of 0,175 mm thickness.
Screens
Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 mm
thick, backed by a paper of 70 - 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both film
sides.
Darkroom illumination
INDUX R2 should be handled and processed under indirect safelight
illumination with a wavelength over 520 nm. Recommended are
safelight filters Agfa R1 filter (dark red) or Agfa G7 filter (olive-green) in a
safelight lamp with a 25 watt bulb and placed in a distance of minimum
75 cm between the reflective surface and the film, or LED light sources
with a wavelength of 660 nm or 590 nm.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
10000
cm
60
100
40
4000
cm
2000
1000
20
cm
400
10
200
100
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
mm Fe
140
Application
1. Proof of standard processing according to EN 584-2
Classification of a film system into C1C6 classes according
to EN 584-2 anticipates a standard processing quality. If a
proof should be presented to a customer that a given film
series has been classified correctly according to EN 584-1 by
an NDT workstation, it is necessary to check the processing
quality by Fomatest SC 981 before and after the series. This
test allows for measuring and evaluation of minimum density
Dmin, speed index Sx and contrast index Cx. If these
sensitometric characteristics before and after processing of
the series keep within the tolerated limits, the whole series is
considered as satisfactory. The procedure of proofing is
specified by EN 584-2 .
2. Control and diagnostics of processing .

FOMATEST SC 981 test strips are processed in
regular intervals in a given processing system.
Values of minimum density, speed index and
gradient index are evaluated from the test strip by
means of a densitometer. As reference data, the test
results are used that were measured and recorded at
the beginning of the whole series, usually in fresh
processing solutions. During regular monitoring of
the process, the measured test strip speed and
contrast index should not exceed the tolerable
deviations from the reference data. In a chart,
monitored values are plotted against time. If all
parameters are within the tolerated limits, the
process is considered satisfactory. More detailed
instructions for use are attached.
SC 981 test strips are handled and processed in the
same way as other films of INDUX series, i.e. under
indirect safelighting with a wavelength over 520 nm.
Agfa R1safelight filter (dark red) or Agfa G7 (olive
green) should be used with 25W bulb or LED
sources (590 or 660 nm), at a minimum distance of
75 cm.
Processing
Test strips are designed for monitoring and control of
any process used by a customer. Processing
parameters are those commonly used by a
customer, usually as recommended by the
processing baths manufacturer. Processing based
on other than FOMADUX baths may be also
monitored by SC 981 test strips.
Storage
Unprocessed tests should be stored in the original
packaging at the temperature not exceeding 20 C,
out of reach of harmful fumes and ionizing radiation.
Life time of unprocessed tests is 6 months.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMADUX NDT ROLLFILM

a) When machine processing it is necessary to ensure precise
leading (by a suitable jig) of the film into the axis of the
developing machine.
b) In manual processing of ROLLFILM, prior to processing it is
necessary to wind the film into a special wire coil that
facilitates contact of the film with baths. It is also possible to
split the film and to process it in parts in ordinary frames used
for cell processing.
Recommended chemicals for the manual processing:
FOMADUX LP-T Developer and Developer-Replenisher
(5 minutes of developing time at 20 C, 1 + 3)
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer.
Recommended chemicals for the automatic processing:
(2 minutes of developer immersion time at 28 C)
FOMA LP-DS Developer Starter
FOMAFIX + FOMAFIX H Hardening Rapid Fixer.
FOMADUX NDT ROLLFILM can also be processed in
corresponding processing chemicals of other manufacturers,
for example developer Agfa G135 for automatic processing
2 minutes of developer immersion time at 28 C or for manual
processing 5 minutes of developing time at 20 C.
Archiving of processed films
The manufacturer guarantees the archival permanence of minimum 50 years when complying with conditions following:
films must be perfectly fixed and washed
films must be stored at a relative humidity of 30 to 60% out of
reach of harmful gases.
Storage of unexposed films
Unexposed films should be stored in the original packaging in a
cool, dry place (temperature ranging from 5 to 21 C, relative
humidity from 40 to 60 %), out of reach of harmful vapours,
gases and ionizing radiations. Films stored in a refrigerator and
a freezer should be acclimatized to room temperature for
approx. 2 and approx. 6 hours respectively.
Packaging
Rollfilm with Pb
lightproof, humidity and greasy resistant
sandwiched between two lead screens (thickness 0,025 mm)
width 70 mm or 100 mm in length up to 90 m.
Rollfilm DW
lightproof, humidity and greasy resistant without lead screens
especially intended for works using low to very low radiation
(<100 kV)
width 70 mm or 100 mm in length up to 90 m.
Rollfilm BLR
bare rollfilm
intended for using in cassettes
Processing
INDUX R2 is intended both for the manual and automatic
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer
(120 seconds of developer immersion time at 28 C)
INDUX R2 can also be processed in corresponding processing
chemicals of other manufacturers.
Sensitometric characteristic
Source ISO 2 (220 kV/10 mA/8 mm Cu), automatic processing, FOMADUX LP-D
Developer, 8 minutes of processing time at 28 C (corresponds with 120 seconds
developer immersion time)
optical density
TECHNICAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS

FOMADUX NDT ROLLFILM is a special confectioning form of
technical radiographic film with designed for non-destructive
material testing with use of X- or gamma radiation. The special
form of the packaging ensures the films resistance to light,
humidity and greasy impurities.
The film is placed between two lead screens (thickness 0,025
mm) of the same dimensions; the screens are in perfect contact
with the film; the film is packed in a light- and moisture-proof
package using the edge to edge system.
Usage
This kind of film is ideal solution for testing of long welds, e.g.
welds of pipelines, pressure vessels or large parts in the
aerospace industry, as the length can be chosen so that all the
radiogram can be exposed to a single piece of film.
Packed film is wound onto a cardboard core and inserted in a
transport box from which required length can be simply wound
out. There is a print in the package axis on the side with folded
edges; the print helps determine the film center and the film
length. Contact of the film with a wet or impure object has no
effect on the quality of the final radiograph.
How to remove the film from the package before processing: In
a dark room hold the non-printed part of the package together
with lead screen and the film with one hand and strip off the
printed part of the package and the second lead screen with the
other hand. Thus the film will be easily and quickly removed
from the package.
Advantages of the rollfilm
The full length of the weld can be radiographed onto a single
piece of film, i.e. we avoid using several film sheets for one
weld. Required film length is determined according to the weld
length. Further advantages:
Using without cassettes
Lightproof package is resistant to humidity and greasy
impurities
By single usage films we avoid faults caused by their
repeated usage
Perfect contact between the film, lead screens and checked
object ensures optimal quality of the image
The edge to edge packing system allows optimal use of the
film surface where there is not sufficient space for placing the
film
Processing
FOMADUX is intended both for the manual and automatic
processing.
Processing technology
Long films must be processed carefully. Generally it is possible
to split the film after marking it and then to process it in the
ordinary way or to fully exploit the advantages of the ROLLFILM
package and to process it in full length.
3
log. rel. exposure

The manufacturer guarantees the archival permanence of
minimum 50 years when complying with conditions following:
films must be stored at a relative humidity of 30 to 60% out of reach
of harmful gases.
Unexposed films should be stored in the vertical position in the
original packaging in a dry and cool place at a temperature
of 5 to 21 C and at a relative humidity of 40 to 60 %, out of reach of
harmful gases and any ionizing radiation.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R3
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer

100
kV
180
140
260
220
mA.min
100
300
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Ci.h
GBq.h
1000
cm
20
=1
m
SFD 00 c
=1
SFD
cm
0
=8
SFD
m
0c
=6
SFD
cm
40
=
SFD
100
10000
4000
2000
1000
400
m
0c
=2
SFD
10
optical density
mm Fe
200
100
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
mm Fe

GBq.h
1000
Ci.h
General information
INDUX R3 is a low-speed, high-contrast, extremely fine-grain film with
excellent sharpness suitable for radiography with or without lead
screens.
EN 584-1 standard and according to ASTM E 1815 standard with class I.
Applications
INDUX R3 is suitable for applications requiring exact resolution in
details like inspection electronical components, ceramical particles,
castings, nuclear components, in cosmic research, aircraft and shipping
industry.
Packaging forms
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40 and 10x48 cm
film surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, airtight and waterproof.
Sizes: 10x20, 18x24, 24x30, 30x40 and 35x43 cm interleaved (IF, FW)
Film base
Screens
sides.
illumination with a wavelength over 520 nm. Recommended are
safelight filters Agfa R1 filter (dark red) or Agfa G7 filter (olive-green) in a
safelight lamp with a 25 watt bulb and placed in a distance of minimum
75 cm between the reflective surface and the film, or LED light sources
with a wavelength of 660 nm or 590 nm.
10000
cm
20
=1
SFD
cm
00
=1 cm
SFD 80
=
SFD
m
0c
=6
SFD
100
4000
2000
1000
m
0c
=4
SFD
400
10
0c
=2
SFD
200
100
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
mm Fe
140
3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R8
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer

140
180
mA.min
220
260
10
300
1
20
10
30
40
50
mm Fe

Ci.h
GBq.h
1000
10000
4000
100
cm
102
D=
SF 00 cm
1
m
c
80
60
10
40
2000
1000
cm
400
cm
200
optical density
100
kV
100
100
m
0c
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
mm Fe

GBq.h
1000
Ci.h
General informationINDUX R8 is an industrial radiographic film intended

for non-destructive material testing using X- or gamma radiation.
INDUX R8 is a very high-speed, high-contrast, medium-grain film suitable
for radiography with or without lead screens.
EN 584-1 standard and according to ASTM E 1815 standard with class III.
Applications
INDUX R8 should be used for applications where the high film speed is an
advantage, e.g. in the radiography of thick-walled parts/products and
materials, engineering structures, etc. or when exposure times should be
minimized. The usage of film in combination with fluorometalic screens
results in further shortening of exposure times.
Packaging forms
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40 and 10x48 cm
film surface with lead screens, simple handling, and is light-tight, air-tight
and waterproof.
Sizes: 10x20, 18x24, 24x30, 30x40 and 35x43 cm interleaved (IF, FW) in
boxes of 50 sheets.
Film base
Screens
Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 mm thick,
backed by a paper of 70 - 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both film sides.
illumination with a wavelength over 520 nm. Recommended are safelight
filters Agfa R1 filter (dark red) or Agfa G7 filter (olive-green) in a safelight
lamp with a 25 watt bulb and placed in a distance of minimum 75 cm
between the reflective surface and the film, or LED light sources with a
wavelength of 660 nm or 590 nm.
10000
4000
100
m
0c
2000
cm
100
cm
80
1000
12
60
cm
400
10
40
cm
200
100
c
20
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
mm Fe
140
3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R4
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer

100
kV
140
180
220
100
mA.min
260
300
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
mm Fe

1000
Ci.h
m
0c
12
D=
SF
m
0c
10
m
c
80
100
10000
4000
optical density
cm
60
2000
cm
40
1000
20
10
400
cm
200
100
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
mm Fe

1000
Ci.h
General information
INDUX R4 is a medium-speed, high-contrast, extremely fine-grain film
suitable for radiography with or without lead screens. It is an ideal film for
most standard applications.
Applications
INDUX R4 should be used at low voltages for the radiography of thin-tomedium thick-walled light metal parts/ products. At higher voltages the
film is suitable for the testing of thick-walled light metal or thin-walled
steel parts/products. With high-energy gamma rays the film is suitable for
the radiography of thick-walled dense metal parts/products.
Packaging forms
10x16, 10x20, 10x24, 10x30, 10x40 and 10x48 cm in boxes
of 50 sheets.
and waterproof.
boxes of 50 sheets.
Rollfilm packaging
rollfilm with lead screen
rollfilm without lead screen (DW)
bare rollfilm (BLR)
for more details see the technical data sheet of ROLLFILM
Film base
Screens
sides.
10000
cm
120
cm
100
100
1
4000
cm
80
cm
60
2000
1000
cm
40
400
10
cm
20
200
100
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
mm Fe
140
3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R7
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer

Developer 5 minutes at 20 oC).
180
140
220
mA.min
260
300
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
mm Fe

Ci.h
GBq.h
1000
10000
m
0c
12
D=
m
SF
0c
10
cm
80
100
4000
3
2000
cm
60
40
optical density
100
kV
100
1000
cm
400
10
200
c
20
100
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
mm Fe

GBq.h
1000
Ci.h
General informationINDUX R7 is an industrial radiographic film

intended for non-destructive material testing using X- or gamma
radiation.
INDUX R7 is a high-speed, high-contrast, fine-grain film suitable for
radiography with or without lead screens.
EN 584-1 standard and according to ASTM E 1815 standard with class II.
Applications
INDUX R7 should be used at low voltages for the radiography of mediumwalled light metal or thin-walled steel parts/products. At higher voltages
the film is suitable for the testing of thick-walled light metal or mediumwalled steel parts/products. With high-energy gamma rays the film is
suitable for the radiography of thicker-to-thickest dense metal
parts/products.
Packaging forms
of 50 sheets.
and waterproof.
boxes of 50 sheets.
Rollfilm packaging
bare rollfilm (BLR)
Film base
Screens
Screens-packed kinds (FOMAPAK) content lead screens 0,025 mm thick,
backed by a paper of 70 - 90 g/sq. m of basis weight, on both film sides.
10000
4000
100
cm
102
cm
100
80
60
2000
1000
cm
cm
400
10
40
cm
200
100
20
cm
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
mm Fe
140
3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
FOMA NDT SYSTEM
INDUX R5
Processing
processing.
FOMAFIX Rapid Fixer

X-rays
(FDD
= 100
cm)
140
kV
100
220
180
mA.min
100
260
300
10
1
10
30
20
40
50
optical density
mm Fe

Ci.h
GBq.h
1000
10000
m
0c
12
m
D=
SF 0 c
1
100
4000
2000
60
cm
c
40
cm
80
1000
400
10
20
200
cm
100
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
mm Fe

GBq.h
1000
Ci.h
General information
INDUX R5 is a standard-speed, high-contrast, very fine-grain film
suitable for radiography with or without lead screens. It is an ideal film for
most standard applications.
Applications
INDUX R5 is suitable for the radiography of welds and medium-walled
steel or thick-walled light metal parts/ products.
Packaging forms
of 50 sheets.
and waterproof.
boxes of 50 sheets.
Rollfilm packaging
bare rollfilm (BLR)
Film base
Screens
sides.
10000
100
4000
cm
1 20
cm
100
cm
80
60
10
1
2000
1000
cm
400
m
0c
200
20
100
cm
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
mm Fe
140
3
log. rel. exposure

of harmful gases.

Foma NDT System PDF

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FOMA NDT SYSTEM

transversal crack in the weld

lack of side wall

(ASTM E 446, volume II)

FOMA NDT SYSTEM programme for industrial radiography

SAND AND SLAG INCLUSIONS

EXAMPLES OF SELECTED DEFECTS

FOMA NDT SYSTEM programme for industrial radiography

worm hole porosity in the

in the heat area; in the weld

line slag inclusion

EXAMPLES OF SELECTED WELD DEFECTS

Pressure roller tension.

Unconsidered mechanical manipulation

a range of radiographic films: INDUX, FOMADUX ROLLFILM,

FOMA NDT SYSTEM programme for industrial radiography

The examples E, G and H are characteristic of automatic

The examples A, B, C, D, E, F and H are characteristic

Dry water drops.

Film manipulation with polluted

Unconsidered mechanical manipulation

EXAMPLES OF SELECTED PROCESSING ARTEFACTS

FOMA BOHEMIA, Czech Republic

FOMA NDT SYSTEM

SIMPLE MONITORING DENSITOMETER SD01

FOMA NDT SYSTEM

FOMA NDT SYSTEM

FOMADUX LP-D, FOMA LP-DS, FOMAFIX and FOMAFIX H

FILMS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY

LIQUID CHEMICALS FOR AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FILMS

Tradition and present

a) silver halide microcrystals

b) silver halide microcrystals

Programme of industrial radiography (FOMA NDT SYSTEM)

Extremely fine-grain, high-contrast, low-speed film with

FOMA NDT SYSTEM

Thin-walled steel parts/products, light metal

Extremely fine-grain, high-contrast, a low-speed film with

A very fine-grain, high-contrast, medium-speed film

Light metal and and steel castings, aircraft industry,

A fine-grain, high-contrast, standard-speed film. A standard

Inspection of welds and castings, general

A fine-grain, high-contrast, high-speed film for most

Inspection of welds and castings, general

A medium-grain, high-contrast, very high-speed film,

Inspection of thick-walled castings, building industry,

For preparation of working solution of fixing bath into 15

Recommended replenishment doses are 600 to 800 ml/m2.

Minimum fixing time = 100 sec.

FOMA NDT SYSTEM

As replenisher the concentrate FOMADUX LP-T diluted

Minimum fixing time = 2 min.

Image quality and classification of film system

Characteristics curves of INDUX line films

Log relative exposure

FOMADUX LP-T, FOMADUX FIX and FOTONAL

FOMA NDT SYSTEM

FOMA NDT SYSTEM

ETALON OF OPTICAL DENSITIES WITH THE PROTOCOL OF CALIBRATION

Relation between the speed of INDUX

Characteristics of the product

Optimum image quality

FOMA NDT SYSTEM