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Fitoterapia
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / f i t o t e
Review
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 10 September 2010
Accepted in revised form 20 October 2010
Available online 6 November 2010
Keywords:
Eryngium foetidum
Traditional uses
Essential oil
Anthelmintic
Anti-inammatory
Eryngial
a b s t r a c t
Eryngium foetidum L. is a biennial herb which is used extensively as a medicinal plant in most
tropical regions. It is of increasing importance as a spice plant cultivated in India, Vietnam,
Australia and elsewhere with well documented procedures for maximum yield. It also possesses a
wide range of ethnomedicinal uses including treatment for burns, earache, fevers, hypertension,
constipation, ts, asthma, stomach ache, worms, infertility complications, snake bites, diarrhea
and malaria. Chemical evaluation of the leaves indicated the presence of avonoids, tannins, a
saponin and several triterpenoids; but no alkaloids were reported. A signicant constituent of the
essential oil of the plant is E-2-dodecenal ("eryngial"), with isomers of trimethylbenzaldehyde
being present in lesser proportions. Variability in the composition of essential oil was clearly
dependent on the geographic location of the growing plant. Pharmacological studies of the aerial
plant parts have demonstrated anthelmintic activity due to eryngial, anti-inammatory action due
to the phytosterol fractions, anti-convulsant activity in the respective models, and selective
antibacterial activity against Salmonella species and the Erwinia genus of bacteria. A fraction of the
essential oil rich in eryngial is the subject of a US patent application for its effectiveness against
parasitic trypanosomes, nematodes, fungi and bacteria in humans and other mammals. These
ndings suggest the need for further research of this herb and its products.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Traditional uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cultivation, propagation, harvesting and storage
Phytochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bioactivity and pharmacological properties. . .
5.1.
Anthelmintic activity . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.
Anti-convulsant activity . . . . . . . .
5.3.
Anti-inammatory and analgesic activity
5.4.
Antibacterial activity . . . . . . . . . .
5.5.
Antimalarial activity . . . . . . . . . .
5.6.
Anti-diabetes activity . . . . . . . . .
5.7.
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Corresponding author. Tel.: + 868 673 2654, + 868 673 0029, + 868 642 8888x32100; fax: + 868 673 0373.
E-mail addresses: jennifer.paul@utt.edu.tt (J.H.A. Paul), compton.seaforth@utt.edu.tt (C.E. Seaforth), tikkimaria@yahoo.com (T. Tikasingh).
0367-326X/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tote.2010.11.010
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303
303
303
303
305
305
305
305
306
306
306
306
306
307
1. Introduction
Eryngium foetidum L. (UmbelliferaeApiaceae) is known
by several local, common names, such as Mexican coriander, spirit weed, t weed, cilantro, bhandhania and
shado beni [1].
The plant is indigenous to Tropical America and the West
Indies where it is used as medicine and food [1]. It has
become naturalized and often is cultivated across South
Asia, the Pacic islands, Tropical Africa and the warmer
southern parts of Europe [16]. The indigenous people of
Northeast India use the plant for food [7] some having
domesticated the plant in their kitchen gardens and orchards [8,9].
E. foetidum is a biennial, pungently smelling, tropical
herb which grows best in wet or moist conditions on open
banks or in pastures. The roots are eshy, the stems solitary
and frequently branched. The whole plant is glabrous and
strongly scented. The oblanceolate leaves have toothed
margins, a yellowish spine, are 820 cm long, and grow in a
basal rosette pattern. Whitish inorescences are borne on
long shoots (3050 cm) as a conspicuous apical turf. The
fruit is globose to ovoid and is covered with rounded
protrusions of 12 mm long [1,10,11].
The herb was introduced around the 1880s into SouthEast Asia by the Chinese, as a substitute condiment for the
coriander (Coriandum sativum L.), no doubt because of its
similar pungent smell [1214]. It is sometimes substituted
and adulterated in the spice trade by other species of the
genus Eryngium, as such "culantro" has been recommended
as the standardized common name for E. foetidum [1]. Beside
its use for culinary purposes, it is an important item in the
perfumery and cosmetic industries [15]. The essential oil is
of high economical value in international trade markets [16].
Despite the widespread use of this herb for food and as an
ethnomedicinal agent, only recently has there been a
proliferation of phytochemical investigations on the plant.
Most of these investigations were on the volatile essential
oils where close to forty compounds have been identied.
There remains a lack of information on the more polar
constituents which are likely to be extracted in the traditional teas used as medicine. Similarly only a few of the purported pharmacological properties of the plant extract
have been investigated and these were either in vitro or in
animal models.
303
2. Traditional uses
4. Phytochemistry
The traditional uses recorded for this herb, are numerous
and mainly medicinal [1]. In Tropical America and the West
Indies where the plant is indigenous, the prevailing use of
the plant is to treat fevers, colds, the u and as food [1]. In
Surinam a treatment for colds is even prescribed for babies.
Here a decoction of the leaves is used to bathe the child and a
small amount of the mixture is given to drink. For fever the
leaves and roots are mixed with coconut oil (Cocos nucifera)
and the child is rubbed [1,17]. As a food, the leaves of E.
foetidum are added to curries, chutneys, stews and soups as a
avouring agent [7,9,18]. It is cultivated in the urban gardens
of Belm, Brazil for food [19].
304
Table 1
Ethnomedicinal uses for E. foetidum.
Plant part
Method of preparation
Use
References
Leaf
Infusion
Fever, u, diabetes,
hypertension, constipation
diuretic, anti-convulsant
Colds, heat, muscular pain
Diarrhea, stomach ache, cold,
Fever, u, gas, nausea, malaria,
leishmaniasis
Snake bite, aire, abdominal pain,
postpartum abdominal pain
fever, digestive ailments,
vaginal infections
Hypertension, colds, fevers
Stomach ache, asthma
Rheumatism, emmenagogue
Indigestion
[34,35]
Anti-convulsant
Abscess, boils
Geniturinary disturbances
Colds, u, diarrhea, childbirth
complications, infertility,
menstrual pain, unspecied
female complications,
poisoning, gastritis, fever,
snakebites
Eye disease
[45]
[46]
[47]
[1,26,27,32,39]
Biliousness, constipation, ts
yellow fever
Fever, u, chills, gout,
condiment, ease delivery, VD
Remove parasites, infection,
itching
Earache, chest pains, fevers
hypertension, ts, convulsions
gastrointestinal problems
Headache
Abortion induction, sexual
dysfunction, diarrhea, fever,
headaches
Vermifuge
Worm infections
Headache
Headaches, cure madness
Aphrodisiac, emmenagogue,
abortifacient, convulsions,
ts
Febrifuge, sudoric
[1]
Bath
Decoction or tincture
sometimes with lemon
Decoctions or infusions
Whole plant
Decoction
Concoction mixed with milk
Tincture rub
Leaves, roots and fruits are
crushed and taken
Juice
Plaster
Unspecied
Unspecied
Boiled or toasted
and massaged
Boiled with castor oil
Decoctions
Juice
Aerial parts
Decoction
Roots
Seeds
Unspecied
Infusion
Infusion in rum or wine tincture
Topical application of paste
Topical application of paste
Unspecied
Drink or massage
[3436]
[1,37,41]
[23,38,42,43]
[1,28]
[20,21]
[22,44]
[25]
[31]
[17,33,44,46]
[48]
[22,49]
[50]
[51]
[34,35]
[1,26,27]
[52,53]
[24,53]
[1]
[1]
2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (27.7%), carotol (8.8%), 3-dodecenal (5.2%) and -terpinene (3.8%) [80]. Some of the nonaldehydic constituents found in the essential oils are dodecanoic acid (10.69%), trans-2-dodecenoic acid (9.73%), durylic
acid (2.27%), limonene (2.00%), -pinene (2.4%), -terpinene
(3.8%) and hexadecanoic acid (12.05%) [3,80,84].
In all cases, the aldehydes are very signicant constituents of the volatile oil of E. foetidum, and they include
mesitaldehyde and dodecenal (in Indian plants), 2,4,5trimethylbenzaldehyde and dodecenal (in Venezuelian
plants), and E-2-tetradecenal and 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (in Sao Tome e Principe plants) [3].
When a comparison was made between the essential oil
of the leaves of E. foetidum and coriander (C. sativum)
grown in Fiji as well on samples of the plants taken from
305
Table 2
Compounds identied from E. foetidum.
Leaves
Triterpenoids
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Carbonyls
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Alcohols
25.
Acids
26.
27.
28.
Terpenes
29.
30.
31.
Aerial parts
Saponins
32.
Roots
Alcohols
33.
Carbonyl
34.
Seeds
Alcohols
35.
Terpenes
36.
37.
38.
Compound Name
References
-Cholesterol
Campesterol
Stigmasterol
-5-24-Stigmastadienol
-Sitosterol
Brassicasterol
Clerosterol
-5-Avenasterol
-7-Avenasterol
[89]
[89]
[89]
[89]
[89]
[89]
[89]
[89]
[89]
2,4,5-Trimethylbenzaldehyde
2,3,4-Trimethylbenzaldehyde
2,3,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde
(E)-2-Dodecenal
3-Dodecenal
(E)-2-Decenal
(E)-4-Decenal
(E)-2-Undecenal
Dodecenal
7-Octadecanal
(E)-2-Tetradecenal
(E)-2-Tridecenal
4-Hydroxy-3,5dimethylacetophenone
Duraldehyde
5-Undecanone
[3,80,84,85,93,94]
[85]
[82,83]
[3,80,82,85,93,94]
[3,80,84,85,93,94]
[86]
[82]
[86]
[82,86]
[80]
[83]
[80,82]
[83]
Carotol
[3,80,84,85,93,94]
Hexadecanoic acid
(E)-2-Dodecenoic acid
Dodecanoic acid
[84]
[80,93]
[3]
-Pinene
-Terpinene
Limonene
[80]
[83]
[3]
[82]
[83]
[91]
O-(3)-{-D-glucopyranosyl(1 2 rham)--D-fucopyranosyl(1 3 rham)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 4 glu)--D-glucopyranosyl}olean-12-en-23,28-diol.
2-Formyl-1,1,5-trimethyl
cyclohexa-2,4-dien-6-ol
[94]
2,3,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde
[94]
Carotol
[95]
(E)--Farnesene
(E)-Anethole
-Pinene
[95]
[95]
[95]
306
307
308
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