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Pumps:
General
1.what is pump?
It is an equipment used to move a fluid from one point to another. By adding energy to it.
2.what are the three different types of pumps?
centrifugal pumps, b)reciprocating pumps, c)rotary pumps.
3.what is the principle of a centrifugal pump?
Centrifugal force is produced by rotating vanes or impeller. Liquid entering the center of the impeller
is picked up by the vane. Accelerated to a high velocity and thrown out by centrifugal force at a higher
pressure.
4.How does a reciprocating pump work?
By the reciprocating movement of a piston or plunger in a cylinder the liquid is displaced from suction
to discharge.
5.How does rotary pump work?
In this pump a rotator displaces liquid from suction to discharge by a circular motion.
6.In what way the centrifugal pump differ from the other two?
Rotary and reciprocating pumps are called positive displacement pumps because they positively
displace a volume of liquid with every stroke or revolution. But centrifugal pumps are not positive
displacement pumps. They only impart centrifugal force to the liquid.
7.which is the most widely used pump and why?
Centrifugal pumps.
They are 1)Simple design and construction. 2)Cheaper than the other types. 3)Has a wide range of
pressure and flows. 4)Needs very little attention. 5)Easy for maintenance and low repair cost.
6)Adapted to different types of drivers.
Centrifugal pumps
Parts and functions:
8.what are the principle elements of a centrifugal pump?
1)Rotary elements
1.shaft 2.impeller 3.coupling 4.oil rings.
2)Stationary elements
1.casing 2.stuffing box.
3)Auxiliary parts
1.foundation 2.foundation bolts 3.bed plate 4.shims for alignment.
4)Driver
1.electric motor/steam turbine
9.How are centrifugal pumps classified?
1. with respect to the stages of operation.
a) single stage b)multi stage
2. with respect to impeller.
a) single or double suction
b) straight or curved vanes.
c) open, semi open or closed.
3. with respect to axis of rotation.
a) horizontal
b) vertical
Characteristics
29. What are the main characteristics of the centrifugal pump?
1.Speed, 2.Heads (suction and discharge), 3.Capacity, 4.Power, 5.Friction and losses, 6.Efficiency.
30.What is the speed of a pump?
Revolutions per minute - rpm.
for motor driven pump the speed is fixed.(normally 3000 rpm).
for turbine driven pumps speed can be varied. but normally not done.
where g = flow gallons per minute. H= head in feet. D = density pounds per gallon
43.What are factors affecting the power requirement of a centrifugal pump?
1.Specific gravity of the liquid
2.Viscoscity of the liquid
3. Speed and 4. Flow rate.
44.What are the losses in a centrifugal pump?
1. Hydraulic: caused by shocks, eddy currents and friction fluid in its path through the impeller and
casing.
2.Disk friction loss: the power required to rotate the impeller in the surrounding liquid. This friction
increases with viscosity of the liquid.
3.Short circuit losses: circulation from discharge to suction due to clearance between casing and
impeller wear rings
4.Mechanical loss: due to friction in stuffing box and bearing.
45.How does an increase in viscosity of liquid affect the pump performance?
1.Increases load
2.Reduces the flow rate and head
3.Efficiebncy decrease due to the increase of friction.
46.What part of the pump decides the capacity if the speed is fixed?
The impeller.
47.How does change in impeller diameter affect the pump performance?
The peripheral speed of the impeller changes directly as the diameter
Capacity varies directly as the diameter q x D.
Head varies as d2
BHP varies as d3.
48.What is formula to calculate the approximate head of a pump at maximum efficiency?
H = [D/N1900]2
H = foot of liquid
D =diameter of impeller in inches.
N = speed in rpm.
49.If a pump run back wards what effect does it have on the pump performance?
1.Capacity drops considerably.
2. Head decrease.
3. Efficiency decrease.
4.Horse-power increase steeply.
Centrifugal pumps
50.What is the function of a stuffing box and packing?
To prevent leak through the clearance between the shaft and casing.
51.What is the packing used for normal duties?
Sift cotton or asbestos soaked in oil and in personated with graphite. Hard packing erodes the shaft
sleeve.
52.What is the disadvantage of a packed stuffing box?
A small leak has to be permitted through the gland for lubrication and removal of frictional heat.
53.what modifications are done to prevent liquid leaking out through a gland packing or to
prevent air entering the pump?
A provision of a lantern ring in the stuffing box and a special seal oil system. A suitable sealing fluid
will be circulated under a pressure higher than the stuffing box. The oil will slowly leak into the pump
and will the internal liquid.
54.What is a mechanical seal?
It is a mechanical device which serve the same purpose as a gland packing. The sealing surfaces made
of dissimilar materials are held in continual contact by springs. One surface is connected to the shaft
and rotating while the other is stationary and connected to the frame. It is more dependable efficient
and leak free than the conventional stuffing box.
55.Why are mechanical seals used?
For many services a conventional stuffing box with packing is unsuitable where a leak is unsafe and
undesirable. Mechanical seals provide a leak free operation of the pump.
56.What does a mechanical seal consist of?
The assembly consists mainly of two sections.
1. Stationary (the seat)
2. Rotating (the face)
Stationary parts:
a) seat, b)seat ring, c)flange, d)steam cooling as an additional fitting.
Rotating parts:
a) retainer, b) springs, c)thrust ring, d)wedge, e)carbon, f)snap ring.
57.Why the rubbing faces wear each other out quickly?
The materials used are selected for their ability to run together with little friction.
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58.What is material used for seal?
Tungsten carbide or cast iron or ceramic.
59.What is the material used for wedge and seat ring?
Teflon or glass filled teflon or asbestos filled teflon on the basis of the operating temperatures.
60.How are the rubbing faces kept cool and lubricated?
By providing a liquid line from the discharge piping , if necessary through a cooler.
61.what are the main causes of a mechanical seal failure?
1.Due to overheating if the pump runs dry.
2.Foreign material getting lodged between the carbon and seat.
3.Damage to any part due to wear, corrosion etc
4. Excessive vibration.
Lubrication
62.What is friction?
When two surfaces are rubbed together a force is generated which tends to oppose this motion. This is
friction.
63.Can there be friction between two smooth metallic surfaces?
No matter how smoothly metals are machined the surface shows tiny ridges and crevices under a
microscope.
64.What is the result of friction?
Over heating and wear out of metals.
65.How is friction overcome?
By lubrication.
66.What is the principle of lubrication?
The surfaces are separated by a thin film of the lubricant.
67.What are the two types of lubricants used?
Lubricating oil and grease.
68.What is the advantage of oil over grease?
1.oil is in liquid form whereas grease is semi solid.
2.Becaause of its fluidity oil is particularly useful in high speed machines.
3.Oil removes heat from the bearings oil can be cooled and re circulated to maintain bearing
temperature.
4.Circulating oil removes dirt and metallic fillings from the bearings.
5.it is easy to check and change.
69.Is any type of oil good for every machine?
No. depending on the type and location of services the oil should possess certain specific properties to
ensure good lubrication. The grades of lubricants are decided by specialists and they should not be
changed.
70.What are the major properties of lube oil? What is the function of each property?
1.Viscosity - for fluidity and film thickness. Decided by the load of bearings and the speed of the
machine.
2.Viscosity index - for maintaining viscosity at varying temperatures.
3.Pour point - for ability to flow at colder places of service.( in cold machines or for storage and
transportation in cold climates)
4.Flash - for safety against ignition.
5.Oxidation ability - to prevent decomposition in prolonged use or storage.
6.Detergent qualities - to keep the lubricated areas clean at all times.
71.What are the generally used systems of lubrication?
1.Forced feed system where a separate pump is used to force the lube oil through the bearings
2.Splash rings. The rings rotate along with the shaft and lift the oil from the oil chamber with every
rotation.
3.direct lubrication of the bearings where the bottom row of balls is submerged in the oil level.
72.Is over greasing a disadvantage?
Yes. The bearing will get over heated due to churning and expansion of the grease. The bearing
housing should not be more than half full when the pump is idle.
73.What is the disadvantage of over filling a bearing housing with lube oil?
Over heating and bearing failure, besides waste and loss of valuable lubricating oils.
74.How does a constant level oiler (popularly known as the chicken feed oiler) work?
1.The oil level in the bottle is higher than the actual level in the housing. It is held high due to the
lower pressure than atmosphere in the air space above the bottle.
2.When the housing level comes down the seal between the bottle and oil- lead-line breaks and air gets
into the bottle.
3.This air pushes the oil down until the seal is restored.
75.Can the oil level in the bottle be fully depended up on?
No. some times the lead line can be plugged. Periodical check of the actual level is necessary.
Centrifugal pump Operations
76.What is the start up procedure of a centrifugal pump?
1.Check a) general readiness, b)lubrication, c)Cooling water.
2.Rotate the shaft for free movement.
3. Check discharge valve closed.
4. Prime the pump and open suction valve wide.
5. Start the pump and bring to normal speed-check direction of rotation.
r6.Check the pressure gauge to ensure that the pump has developed pressure. i.e. it has picked up
suction.
7.Open the discharge valve gradually.
77.Why should the pump be primed?
Centrifugal pumps work well when the casing is full of liquid. Therefore all gases must be vented out.
a) Properly secured,
b) Touching the shaft.
a) In working condition,
b) Body screws loose or not,
c) Inlet valve need only be crack open.
6.Check bearings
a)Temperature by feel,
b) Abnormal noise,
c)Vibration.
a)Temperature by feel,
b)Quantity.