UiTM Pahang

Faculty of Civil
Engineering
ECW 351 WATER AND WASTE WATER
LAB
: 4
LAB
: Water Jar Test
DATE
: 1st June 2016
NO.
TITLE
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
: Level 0
GROUP LEADER: Muhammad Izz Mirza Bin Mohd Isa
STUDENT NO: 2014886638
CLASS
: EC 110 5F
GROUP MEMBERS
NO.
NAME
STUDENT NO. SIGNATURE REMARK
1.
Mohamad Qaid Haziq Bin Izhar
2014468582
2.
Muhammad Izz Mirza Bin Mohd Isa
2014886638
3.
Muhammad Syafwan Hafiz Bin Noor Shiam
2014672364
4.
Nurin Adlina Binti Mohd Roslan
2014686014
ASSESSMENT OF THE LAB ACTIVITIES
NO. ELEMENT TO ASSESS
STUDENT
1
2
3
4
INDIVIDUAL IN-LAB ACTIVITIES
1
PUNCTUALITIY
2
DISCIPLINE
(DRESS
CODE,SAFETY
SHOES,SAFETY
REGULATIONS)
3
KNOWLEDGE ON OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
GROUP IN-LAB ACTIVITIES
4
LEADERSHIP SKILL
5
COMMUNICATION
6
ORGANISATION/TEAMWORK
LAB REPORT
7
INTRODUCTION
8
BASIC CONCEPTS
9
SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES/ METHODS
10
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
11
DISCUSSION OF RESULT
12
CONCLUSION
LECTURERS
SIGNATURE:

REMARKS:

THE REPORT MUST BE SUBMITTED 1 WEEK AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE LAB.

INTRODUCTION
In this lab , students will be exposed on how to carry out a jar test in order to determine the
optimum coagulant dose in the flocculation tank.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effectiveness of chemical coagulation of water or wastewater.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:
i. Carry out and determine the optimum dose of alum in flocculation process.
ii. Analyse data and present in technical format.

THEORY
Jar test is a method of stimulating a full scale water treatment process , providing system
operators a reasonable idea of the way a treatment chemical will behave and operate with a
particular type of raw water. It entails adjusting the amount of treatment chemicals and the
sequence in which they are added to samples of raw water held in jars. The sample is then
stirred so that the formation, development and settlement of floc can be watched just as it
would be in full scale treatment plant. The tests are therefore used to determine the most
effective doses of coagulant for a specific water in the control of coagulation and flocculation
at a water treatment plant, especially when water quality fluctuates rapidly.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Each group is required to test and determine the correct amount of coagulant (alum) dose
(mg/l) for removing the solid contents from three (3) raw water sources such as river , pond
and lake or any other sources.

APPARATUS
Jar test beaker, river water.

PROCEDURES
i. Using 1 liter graduated cylinder , add 1 liter of raw water to each jar test beakers. The pH
and turbidity were recorded
ii. A stock solution by dissolving 10.0 grams of alum into 1,000 mL distilled
water was prepared. Each 1.0 mL of this stock solution is equivalent to 10 mg/L (ppm) .
iii. Dose each beaker with increased amounts of the stock solution, see table below for an
example of increment.

Jar
mL Alum Stock Added
Mg/L Alum Dosage
1
0
15.0
2
2
20.0
3
3
25.0
4
4
30.0
5
5
35.0
6
6
40.0
iv. Lower the stirring paddles , started the stirrer and operate it for 1 min at a speed of 80 rpm
and reduce to 30 rpm for 15 min.
v. The stirrer was stoped and recorded how long it takes for the floc to settle to the bottom of
the beaker.
vi. Allow the flocs to settle for 20 min. The turbidity of the supernatant was determined.
DATA ACQUISITION

Turbidity
Test

Average

Initial Turbidity (NTU)

432

421

406

420

pH value
Test

Average

Initial pH

6.45

6.46

6.48

6.46

Jar

Chemicals
Alum
Final pH

Turbidity
Alum

Final

mg /L
0

6.25

mg /L
0

Turbidity
257

6.30

115

6.24

65.0

6.34

32.6

6.04

65.3

6.04

145

Graph of Turbidity Against Coalgulant Dosage

300

250

200
Graph of Turbidity Against
Alum Dosage

Turbidity (NTU) 150

100

50

0
0

Alum Dosage (mg/L)

DISCUSSION
Jar tests have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of various coagulants and
flocculants under a variety of operating conditions for water treatment and it is also used to
determine the optimum dose combination of coagulant aid (when used) which will produce
the highest removal of turbid water sample. Turbidity is essentially a measure of the
cloudiness of the water which indicates the presence of colloidal particles. The particles
should be making sure removed from the water before for the publics use. However these
colloids are suspended in solution and cannot be removed by sedimentation or filtration
because of its small size. Its also possess a negative charge that repel other colloidal particles
before they collide with one another to form large masses called flocs.
To assists in the removal of colloidal particles form suspension, chemical coagulations
and flocculation are required. These processes, usually done in sequence, are a combination of
physical and chemical procedures. Chemicals are mixed with wastewater to promote the
aggregation of the suspended solids into particles large enough to settle or be removed.
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by neutralizing the forces that keep them apart.
Cationic coagulants such as lime, aluminum sulfate(alum), ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate and
ferric chloride provide positive electric charges to reduce the negative charge of the colloids.
As a result, the particles collide to form larger particles. Coagulant aids are often added to
help stimulate the production of floc. They include sodium aluminate, sodium silicate and
various synthetic organic water soluble polyelectrolytes or polymers. Rapid mixing is
required to disperse the coagulant throughout the liquid.
In flocculation process, the flocculating agent is added by slow and gentle mixing to
allow for contact between the small flocs and to agglomerate them into larger particles Once
suspended particles are flocculated into larger particles, they can usually be removed from the
liquid by sedimentation, provided that a sufficient density difference exists between the
suspended matter and liquid. A 20 minute wait is needed before sedimentation to prevent flocs
that escape the sediment process from escaping the flocs settlement. When a filtering process
is used, the addition of a flocculants may not be required since the particles formed by the
coagulation reaction may be of sufficient size to allow removal. The flocculation reaction not
only increases the size of the floc particles to settle them faster, but also affects the physicals
nature of the floc, making these particles less gelatinous and thereby easier to dewater.

Based on this experiment, the first jar is serving as a control and no coagulant which in
this case aluminum sulfate(alum) was added. The coagulant doses increased in the containers
from no 2 to no 6. For this water, as the dose of coagulant increased the residual turbidity
improved. From the data recorded, graph of turbidity versus coagulant was plotted to
determine the most effective dose of coagulant which is 4mg/L. However, it is important to
note that the optimum coagulant dose is the dose which meets the specified turbidity required
on the regulatory permit. The addition of excess coagulant may reduce turbidity beyond what
is required but also could lead to the production of more sludge and a milky water appearance
in which would require disposal.

CONCLUSION
As conclusion, this experiment is successfully been done and it is because the
objective of this experiment which to conduct various experiments on chemical coagulation
and flocculation and to determine the optimum dose combination of coagulant aid (when
used) which will produce the highest removal of turbid water sample has achieved.
We have also understand on how to conduct jar test. This experiment is important to
show the effectiveness of chemical treatment in a water treatment facility. We can evaluate
coagulation efficiency. This experiment is important to selects the best chemical or best
dosage to feed on the basis of clarifies of effluent and minimum cost of chemical and lastly
we can gain a hands on understanding of the treatment process for removing suspended
solids from water.

6.0 REFERENCE
1. Jar Test. Retrieved June 23,2016 from Lab Manual of ECW 351
2. http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/pdf/dw/publications/ontap/2009_tb/jar_testing_dwfsom73.p
df
3. http://nmrwa.org/trainings/SWTJarTesting.pdf
4. Jar Test. Retrieved June 24,2016 from the Google
https://www.google.com/search?q=vacuum+pump+for+jar+suspended+solids&biw
5. Jar Test. Retrieved June 25,2016 from the Norweco Laboratory (google)
https://www.norweco.com/html/lab/test_methods/2540efp.htm