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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Wat
er pollution</h1>
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ass="mw-content-ltr"><div class="thumb tright">
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ntrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.o
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<a href="/wiki/Raw_sewage" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw sewage">Raw sewage</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial waste<
/a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_River_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="New
River (California)">New River</a> as it passes from <a href="/wiki/Mexicali" ti
tle="Mexicali">Mexicali</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calexico,_California" title="Calex
ico, California">Calexico, California</a></div>
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</div>
<p><b>Water pollution</b> is the contamination of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="W
ater">water</a> bodies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a hre
f="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title
="Marine pollution">oceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers
</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>). This
form of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradati
on">environmental degradation</a> occurs when <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="P
ollutant">pollutants</a> are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies
without adequate <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">treatm
ent</a> to remove harmful compounds.</p>
<p>Water pollution affects the entire biosphere plants and organisms living
in these <a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of w
ater">bodies of water</a>. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only t
o individual <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and population,
but also to the natural <a href="/wiki/Biocoenosis" title="Biocoenosis">biologi
cal communities</a>.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Introduction"><span class="tocnumb
er">1</span> <span class="toctext">Introduction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Categories"><span class="tocnumber
">2</span> <span class="toctext">Categories</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Point_sources"><span class="tocnum
ber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Point sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Non-point_sources"><span class="to
cnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Non-point sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Groundwater_pollution"><span class
="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Groundwater pollution</span></a></
li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Causes"><span class="tocnumber">3<
/span> <span class="toctext">Causes</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pathogens"><span class="tocnumber"
>3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pathogens</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Organic.2C_inorganic_and_macroscop
ic_contaminants"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Organi
c, inorganic and macroscopic contaminants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Thermal_pollution"><span class="to
cnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Thermal pollution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Transport_and_chemical_reactions_
of_water_pollutants"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Tran
sport and chemical reactions of water pollutants</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Measurement"><span class="tocnumb
er">5</span> <span class="toctext">Measurement</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sampling"><span class="tocnumber"
>5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sampling</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Physical_testing"><span class="to
cnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Physical testing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Chemical_testing"><span class="to
cnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Chemical testing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Biological_testing"><span class="
tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Biological testing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Control_of_pollution"><span class
="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Control of pollution</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Sewage_treatment"><span class="to
cnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sewage treatment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Industrial_wastewater_treatment">
<span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Industrial wastewater t
reatment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Agricultural_wastewater_treatment
"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Agricultural wastewat
er treatment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Erosion_and_sediment_control_from
_construction_sites"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Er
osion and sediment control from construction sites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Control_of_urban_runoff_.28storm_
water.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Control of ur
ban runoff (storm water)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Water_pollution_by_country"><span
class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Water pollution by country</sp
an></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber"
>8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumbe
r">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocn
umber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Introduction">Introduction</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal-pollution
.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/e/eb/Canal-pollution.jpg/220px-Canal-pollution.jpg" width="220" height="293"
class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/
Canal-pollution.jpg/330px-Canal-pollution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canal-pollution.jpg/440px-Canal-pollution.jpg 2x" data-f
ile-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal-pollution.jpg" class="internal" t
itle="Enlarge"></a></div>
Pollution in the <a href="/wiki/Lachine_Canal" title="Lachine Canal">Lachine Can
al</a>, Canada</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation a
nd revision of <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource polic
y">water resource policy</a> at all levels (international down to individual aqu
ifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worl
dwide cause of deaths and diseases,<sup id="cite_ref-death_1-0" class="reference
"><a href="#cite_note-death-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-death2_2-0" class=
"reference"><a href="#cite_note-death2-2">[2]</a></sup> and that it accounts for
the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.<sup id="cite_ref-death2_2-1" class
="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death2-2">[2]</a></sup> An estimated 580 people
in India die of water pollution related illness every day.<sup id="cite_ref-3"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> About 90 percent of the w
ater in the cities of China is polluted.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><
a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> As of 2007, half a billion Chinese had no ac
cess to safe drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cit
e_note-5">[5]</a></sup> In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in
<a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countri
es</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed
countries">developed countries</a> also continue to struggle with pollution pro
blems. For example, in the most recent national report on <a href="/wiki/Water_q
uality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> in the United States, 44 percent
of assessed stream miles, 64 percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of
assessed <a href="/wiki/Bays" class="mw-redirect" title="Bays">bays</a> and <a h
ref="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> square miles were classified a
s polluted.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>
</sup> The head of China's national development agency said in 2007 that one qua
rter the length of China's seven main rivers were so poisoned the water harmed t
he skin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></s
up></p>
<p>Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by <a href="/w
iki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">ant
hropogenic</a> contaminants and either does not support a human use, such as <a
href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, or underg
oes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities,
such as fish. Natural phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano"
>volcanoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae blo
om">algae blooms</a>, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water
quality and the ecological status of water.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Categories">Categories</span></h2>
<p>Although interrelated, surface water and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="G
roundwater">groundwater</a> have often been studied and managed as separate reso
urces.<sup id="cite_ref-circ1139_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circ
1139-8">[8]</a></sup> Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwat
er. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surf
ace water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their ori
gin.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Point_sources">Point sources</span></h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacuecanga_Angr
a_dos_Reis_Rio_de_Janeiro_Brazil_Brasfels.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jacuecanga_Angra_dos_Reis_Rio_
de_Janeiro_Brazil_Brasfels.JPG/220px-Jacuecanga_Angra_dos_Reis_Rio_de_Janeiro_Br
azil_Brasfels.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jacuecanga_Angra_dos_Reis_Rio_de_Jane
iro_Brazil_Brasfels.JPG/330px-Jacuecanga_Angra_dos_Reis_Rio_de_Janeiro_Brazil_Br
asfels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jacuecanga_
Angra_dos_Reis_Rio_de_Janeiro_Brazil_Brasfels.JPG/440px-Jacuecanga_Angra_dos_Rei
s_Rio_de_Janeiro_Brazil_Brasfels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height
="1200" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacuecanga_Angra_dos_Reis_Rio_de_Janeir

o_Brazil_Brasfels.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Point source pollution
<a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">Shipyard</a>
<a
href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Point_source_water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Point
source water pollution">Point source water pollution</a> refers to contaminants
that enter a waterway from a single, identifiable source, such as a <a href="/w
iki/Water_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pipe">pipe</a> or <a href="/wik
i/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditch</a>. Examples of sources in this category include d
ischarges from a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewag
e treatment</a> plant, a factory, or a city <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="S
torm drain">storm drain</a>. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Cle
an Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (CWA) defines point source for <a href="/wiki/
Regulation" title="Regulation">regulatory</a> enforcement purposes.<sup id="cite
_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The CWA definitio
n of point source was amended in 1987 to include municipal storm sewer systems,
as well as industrial storm water, such as from construction sites.<sup id="cite
_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-point_sources">Non-point sources</span></h
3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">N
onpoint source pollution</a> refers to diffuse contamination that does not origi
nate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect
of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A common example i
s the leaching out of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> com
pounds from fertilized agricultural lands.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference
"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Nutrient <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff"
title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwat
er">storm water</a> from "sheet flow" over an <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_field"
class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural field">agricultural field</a> or a fore
st are also cited as examples of NPS pollution.</p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_Fish.jpg
" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
4/42/Yellow_Fish.jpg/220px-Yellow_Fish.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thum
bimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Yellow_Fish.
jpg/330px-Yellow_Fish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4
/42/Yellow_Fish.jpg/440px-Yellow_Fish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-h
eight="1944" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_Fish.jpg" class="internal" title
="Enlarge"></a></div>
Blue drain and yellow fish symbol used by the UK Environment Agency to raise awa
reness of the ecological impacts of contaminating surface drainage</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Contaminated storm water washed off of <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Par
king lot">parking lots</a>, roads and highways, called <a href="/wiki/Urban_runo
ff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a>, is sometimes included under the categ
ory of NPS pollution. However, because this runoff is typically channeled into s
torm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters, it beco
mes a point source.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Groundwater_pollution">Groundwater pollution</
span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollut
ion" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater pollution</a></div>
<p>Interactions between <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwa
ter</a> and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, also
referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surfac

e water pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-circ1139_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#ci
te_note-circ1139-8">[8]</a></sup> By its very nature, groundwater <a href="/wiki
/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> are susceptible to contamination from sou
rces that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of p
oint vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemi
cal or <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclide</a> contam
inants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point o
r non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a t
oxic <a href="/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plume (hyd
rodynamics)">plume</a>. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be
analyzed through a <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrologi
cal transport model">hydrological transport model</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groundwa
ter_model" title="Groundwater model">groundwater model</a>. Analysis of groundwa
ter contamination may focus on <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> charac
teristics and site geology, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">hy
drogeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, and t
he nature of the contaminants.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Causes">Causes</span></h2>
<p>The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include a wide spectr
um of <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a
>, <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, and physical changes
such as elevated temperature and discoloration. While many of the chemicals and
substances that are regulated may be naturally occurring (<a href="/wiki/Calciu
m" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>
, iron, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, etc.) the <a
href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> is often the
key in determining what is a natural component of water and what is a contaminan
t. High concentrations of naturally occurring substances can have negative impac
ts on aquatic flora and fauna.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a>-depleting substances may be
natural materials such as plant matter (e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man-ma
de chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenic substances may cause <a href="/wik
i/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> (cloudiness) which blocks light and
disrupts plant growth, and clogs the <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a
> of some fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-AGFact_12-0" class="reference"><a h
ref="#cite_note-EPA-AGFact-12">[12]</a></sup></p>
<p>Many of the chemical substances are <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect"
title="Toxic">toxic</a>. Pathogens can produce <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseas
es" title="Waterborne diseases">waterborne diseases</a> in either human or anima
l hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoga
n-13">[13]</a></sup> Alteration of water's physical chemistry includes acidity (
change in <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>), <a href="/wiki/Electrical_condu
ctivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conducti
vity</a>, temperature, and <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication"
>eutrophication</a>. Eutrophication is an increase in the concentration of chemi
cal nutrients in an ecosystem to an extent that increases in the <a href="/wiki/
Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary productivity</a> of the e
cosystem. Depending on the degree of eutrophication, subsequent negative environ
mental effects such as <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxi
a</a> (oxygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality may occur, affec
ting fish and other animal populations.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pathogens">Pathogens</span></h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_Post
er_03.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/0/09/South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg/220px-South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg" width="22
0" height="285" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/0/09/South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg/330px-South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg 1.5x, //u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg/440px-
South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1980" /></

a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_Poster_03.jpg" class="intern
al" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Poster to teach people in South Asia about human activities leading to the pollu
tion of water sources</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sewer_overflow_
RI_EPA.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/f/f0/Sewer_overflow_RI_EPA.jpg/220px-Sewer_overflow_RI_EPA.jpg" width=
"220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
ommons/f/f0/Sewer_overflow_RI_EPA.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-heig
ht="202" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sewer_overflow_RI_EPA.jpg" class="inter
nal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A <a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">manhole</a> cover unable to contain a
<a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflow" title="Sanitary sewer overflow">sanitary
sewer overflow</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumping_of_faec
al_sludge_into_the_river.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg/250
px-Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg" width="250" height="188" class="
thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dumping_
of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg/375px-Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_rive
r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dumping_of_faeca
l_sludge_into_the_river.jpg/500px-Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg 2x
" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river
.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Septage" title="Septage">Fecal sludge</a> collected from pit latr
ines is dumped into a river at the Korogocho slum in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" tit
le="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Disease-causing <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorga
nisms</a> are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens
</a>. Although the vast majority of bacteria are either harmless or beneficial,
a few pathogenic bacteria can cause disease. <a href="/wiki/Coliform_bacteria" t
itle="Coliform bacteria">Coliform bacteria</a>, which are not an actual cause of
disease, are commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Indicator_bacteria" title="Indic
ator bacteria">bacterial indicator</a> of water pollution. Other microorganisms
sometimes found in surface waters that have caused human health problems include
:</p>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei" title="Burkholderia pseudomalle
i">Burkholderia pseudomallei</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvum" title="Cryptosporidium parvum">Cry
ptosporidium parvum</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</
a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></i> and other v
iruses</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Helminths" title="Helminths">Parasitic worms</a> including
the <a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma">Schistosoma</a> type <sup i
d="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id=
"cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></i></li>
</ul>
<p>High levels of pathogens may result from on-site <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" t
itle="Sanitation">sanitation</a> systems (<a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Sep
tic tank">septic tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit
latrines</a>) or inadequately treated <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewa
ge</a> discharges.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16
">[16]</a></sup> This can be caused by a sewage plant designed with less than <a
href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">secondary treatmen
t</a> (more typical in less-developed countries). In developed countries, older
cities with aging infrastructure may have leaky sewage collection systems (pipes
, pumps, valves), which can cause <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflow" title=
"Sanitary sewer overflow">sanitary sewer overflows</a>. Some cities also have <a
href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewers</a>, which m
ay discharge untreated sewage during rain storms.<sup id="cite_ref-EPARTC_17-0"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPARTC-17">[17]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muddy_USGS.jpg"
class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0
/00/Muddy_USGS.jpg/220px-Muddy_USGS.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbim
age" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Muddy_USGS.jpg/
330px-Muddy_USGS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/M
uddy_USGS.jpg/440px-Muddy_USGS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="4
88" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Muddy_USGS.jpg" class="internal" title=
"Enlarge"></a></div>
Muddy river polluted by sediment.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Pathogen discharges may also be caused by poorly managed livestock operations
.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Organic.2C_inorganic_and_macroscopic_contamina
nts">Organic, inorganic and macroscopic contaminants</span></h3>
<p>Contaminants may include <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic comp
ound">organic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorg
anic">inorganic</a> substances.</p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Garbage_Collect
or_In_Oakley_Creek.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Garbage_Collector_In_Oakley_Creek.jpg/220px-Garbage_C
ollector_In_Oakley_Creek.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset
="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Garbage_Collector_In_Oakle
y_Creek.jpg/330px-Garbage_Collector_In_Oakley_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia
.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Garbage_Collector_In_Oakley_Creek.jpg/440px-Ga
rbage_Collector_In_Oakley_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height=
"1200" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Garbage_Collector_In_Oakley_Creek.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A garbage collection boom in an urban-area stream in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" ti
tle="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Organic water pollutants include:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Detergents" class="mw-redirect" title="Detergents">Detergents

</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disinfection_by-product" title="Disinfection by-product">Disi
nfection by-products</a> found in chemically <a href="/wiki/Disinfection" class=
"mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">disinfected</a> <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water
" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chloroform"
title="Chloroform">chloroform</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a>
waste, which can include oxygen-demanding substances, fats and grease</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticides</a> and <a href
="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>, a huge range of <a href="/w
iki/Organohalide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organohalide">organohalides</a> and
other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical co
mpounds">chemical compounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> hydrocarbons, incl
uding fuels (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/w
iki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, jet fuels, and <a href="/w
iki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>) and lubricants (motor oil), and fue
l <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> byproducts, from
<a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">storm water</a> <a href="/wiki/Sur
face_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burton_.26_Pitt_
18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton_.26_Pitt-18">[18]</a></sup></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volati
le organic compounds">Volatile organic compounds</a>, such as industrial <a href
="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, from improper storage.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorinated s
olvent">Chlorinated solvents</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Dense_non-aqueous_pha
se_liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Dense non-aqueous phase liquids">dense no
n-aqueous phase liquids</a>, may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since they do
n't mix well with water and are denser.
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">Po
lychlorinated biphenyl</a> (PCBs)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylen
e</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">Perchlorate</a></li>
<li>Various chemical compounds found in personal <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="
Hygiene">hygiene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a
> products</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drug_pollution" title="Drug pollution">Drug pollution</a> inv
olving <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceu
tical drugs</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title=
"Metabolites">metabolites</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
<div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopay
load="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:294px">
<video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe
dia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pollution.ogg/293px--Pollution.ogg.jpg" controls=&qu
ot;" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:294px
;height:240px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="71.1711&quot
; data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Pollution.ogg" data-mwp
rovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Pollution.ogg/Pollution.ogg.160p.ogv"
type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-titl
e="Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)" data-shorttitle="Ogg 160P&quot
; data-transcodekey="160p.ogv" data-width="196" data-height=

"160" data-bandwidth="168696" data-framerate="15"/
><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Pollution
.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-ti
tle="Original Ogg file, 293 240 (544 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg
source" data-width="293" data-height="240" data-bandwid
th="544056" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/></video&g
t;</div>"><img alt="File:Pollution.ogg" style="width:220px;height:180px" s
rc="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pollution.ogg/220px--Pol
lution.ogg.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Polluti
on.ogg" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class
="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollution.ogg" class="internal" title="
Enlarge"></a></div>
Macroscopic Pollution in Parks <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwa
ukee</a>, WI</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Inorganic water pollutants include:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">Acidity</a> caus
ed by industrial discharges (especially <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Su
lfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> from <a href="/wiki/Power_plants" class="mw-red
irect" title="Power plants">power plants</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> from food processing was
te</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a> as
industrial by-products</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizers</a> containing nut
rients--<a href="/wiki/Nitrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrates">nitrates</
a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a> which are found
in storm water runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential us
e<sup id="cite_ref-Burton_.26_Pitt_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B
urton_.26_Pitt-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy
metals</a> from <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicl
es</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban storm water
runoff</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Burton_.26_Pitt_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#c
ite_note-Burton_.26_Pitt-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="referenc
e"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage"
title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="
Sediment">sediment</a>) in runoff from construction sites, logging, <a href="/wi
ki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a>
practices or land clearing sites.</li>
</ul>
<p>Macroscopic pollution large visible items polluting the water may b
e termed "floatables" in an urban storm water context, or <a href="/wiki/Marine_
debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a> when found on the open seas, and
can include such items as:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trash_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trash (material)
">Trash</a> or garbage (e.g. paper, plastic, or <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" title
="Food waste">food waste</a>) discarded by people on the ground, along with acci
dental or intentional dumping of rubbish, that are washed by rainfall into <a hr
ef="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a> and eventually disch
arged into surface waters</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Nurdles</a>, small ubiquitous waterb
orne <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> pellets</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">Shipwrecks</a>, large derelict s

hips.</li>
</ul>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brayton_Point_P
ower_Station.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/3/39/Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG/220px-Brayton_Point_Power_S
tation.JPG" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimed
ia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG/330px-Brayto
n_Point_Power_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3
/39/Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG/440px-Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG 2x" da
ta-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG" class=
"internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="/wiki/Brayton_Point_Power_Station" title="Brayton Point Power Stati
on">Brayton Point Power Station</a> in Massachusetts discharges heated water to
<a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Bay" title="Mount Hope Bay">Mount Hope Bay</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Thermal_pollution">Thermal pollution</span></h
3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution"
title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></div>
<p>Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body of
water caused by human influence. Thermal pollution, unlike chemical pollution,
results in a change in the physical properties of water. A common cause of therm
al pollution is the use of water as a <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">co
olant</a> by <a href="/wiki/Power_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant
s">power plants</a> and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures de
crease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" t
itle="Food chain">food chain</a> composition, reduce species <a href="/wiki/Biod
iversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and foster invasion by new <a h
ref="/wiki/Thermophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophilic">thermophilic</
a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Goel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go
el-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kennish_21-0" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-Kennish-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laws_22-0" class="referen
ce"><a href="#cite_note-Laws-22">[22]</a></sup> Urban runoff may also elevate te
mperature in surface waters.</p>
<p>Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water from t
he base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport_and_chemical_reactions_of_water_poll
utants">Transport and chemical reactions of water pollutants</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" titl
e="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></div>
<p>Most water pollutants are eventually carried by rivers into the oceans. In so
me areas of the world the influence can be traced one hundred miles from the mou
th by studies using <a href="/wiki/Hydrology_transport_model" class="mw-redirect
" title="Hydrology transport model">hydrology transport models</a>. Advanced <a
href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">computer
models</a> such as <a href="/wiki/SWMM" class="mw-redirect" title="SWMM">SWMM</a
> or the <a href="/wiki/DSSAM_Model" title="DSSAM Model">DSSAM Model</a> have be
en used in many locations worldwide to examine the fate of pollutants in aquatic
systems. Indicator <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Fi
lter feeding">filter feeding</a> species such as <a href="/wiki/Copepods" class=
"mw-redirect" title="Copepods">copepods</a> have also been used to study polluta
nt fates in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Bight" title="New York Bight">New York B
ight</a>, for example. The highest <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a>
loads are not directly at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="
Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, but 100 km (62 mi) south, since severa
l days are required for incorporation into <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plank

ton">planktonic</a> tissue. The Hudson discharge flows south along the coast due
to the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">coriolis force</a>
. Further south are areas of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypo
xia (environmental)">oxygen depletion</a> caused by chemicals using up oxygen an
d by <a href="/wiki/Algae_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae bloom">algae b
looms</a>, caused by excess <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients<
/a> from algal cell death and decomposition. Fish and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish"
title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> kills have been reported, because toxins climb t
he food chain after small fish consume <a href="/wiki/Copepods" class="mw-redire
ct" title="Copepods">copepods</a>, then large fish eat smaller fish, etc. Each s
uccessive step up the food chain causes a cumulative concentration of pollutants
such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">h
eavy metals</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)
">mercury</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutants" class="mw-redir
ect" title="Persistent organic pollutants">persistent organic pollutants</a> suc
h as <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>. This is known as bio-magnification
, which is occasionally used interchangeably with bio-accumulation.</p>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AngleseyCopperS
tream.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/170px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg" width="17
0" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/255px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg 1.5x, //u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/340pxAngleseyCopperStream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="656" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AngleseyCopperStream.jpg" class="intern
al" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A polluted river draining an abandoned <a href="/wiki/Copper_mine" class="mw-red
irect" title="Copper mine">copper mine</a> on Anglesey</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Large <a href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">gyres</a> (<a hre
f="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortexes</a>) in the oceans trap floating <a hre
f="/wiki/Plastic_debris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic debris">plastic debr
is</a>. The <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North
Pacific Gyre</a>, for example, has collected the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Great
_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">
Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a>", which is now estimated to be one hundred times
the size of Texas. Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean polluti
on, potentially poisoning any creature that eats it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class=
"reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> Many of these long-lasting pi
eces wind up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstru
ction of digestive pathways, which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation.
</p>
<p>Many chemicals undergo reactive decay or chemical change, especially over lon
g periods of time in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater
</a> reservoirs. A noteworthy class of such chemicals is the <a href="/wiki/Chlo
rinated_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorinated hydrocarbons">chlor
inated hydrocarbons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichlo
roethylene">trichloroethylene</a> (used in industrial metal degreasing and elect
ronics manufacturing) and <a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloro
ethylene">tetrachloroethylene</a> used in the dry cleaning industry. Both of the
se chemicals, which are <a href="/wiki/Carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="C
arcinogens">carcinogens</a> themselves, undergo partial decomposition reactions,
leading to new hazardous chemicals (including <a href="/wiki/Dichloroethylene"
class="mw-redirect" title="Dichloroethylene">dichloroethylene</a> and <a href="/
wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a>).</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <a href="/wik
i/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> is much more difficult to abate tha

n surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen
<a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>. Non-porous aquifers such a
s <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a> partially purify water of bacteria
by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases,
<a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions<
/a> and biological activity; however, in some cases, the pollutants merely trans
form to <a href="/wiki/Soil_contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil contami
nant">soil contaminants</a>. Groundwater that moves through open <a href="/wiki/
Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">fractures</a> and <a href="/wiki/
Caverns" class="mw-redirect" title="Caverns">caverns</a> is not filtered and can
be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by t
he human tendency to use natural <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkh
oles</a> as dumps in areas of <a href="/wiki/Karst_topography" class="mw-redirec
t" title="Karst topography">karst topography</a>.</p>
<p>There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollu
tant, but a derivative condition. An example is <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt
">silt</a>-bearing <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface
runoff</a>, which can inhibit the penetration of sunlight through the water col
umn, hampering <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthe
sis</a> in aquatic plants.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Measurement">Measurement</span></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Research-_water
_sampling_equipment.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/w
ikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg/220px-Researc
h-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" src
set="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Research-_water_samplin
g_equipment.jpg/330px-Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg/44
0px-Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-fileheight="1200" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg"
<a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmenta
l scientists</a> preparing water autosamplers.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods:
physical, chemical and biological. Most involve collection of samples, followed
by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted <i><a href="/wiki
/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>, without sampling, such as temperature
. Government agencies and research organizations have published standardized, va
lidated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability of results from
disparate testing events.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_
note-24">[24]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sampling">Sampling</span></h3>
<p>Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several met
hods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminan
t. Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in as
sociation with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate
for fully quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data
often employ auto-sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time
or <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharge
</a> intervals.</p>
<p>Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals
from the surface water body. Depending on the type of assessment, the organisms
may be identified for <a href="/wiki/Biosurvey" title="Biosurvey">biosurveys</a>
(population counts) and returned to the water body, or they may be dissected fo
r <a href="/wiki/Bioassay" title="Bioassay">bioassays</a> to determine <a href="

/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>.</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_quali
ty#Sampling_and_measurement" title="Water quality">Water quality Sampling a
nd measurement</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Physical_testing">Physical testing</span></h3>
<p>Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentrations (e.
g., <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">total
suspended solids</a> (TSS)) and turbidity.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemical_testing">Chemical testing</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_chemistry_analys
is" class="mw-redirect" title="Water chemistry analysis">water chemistry analysi
s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry
">environmental chemistry</a></div>
<p>Water samples may be examined using the principles of <a href="/wiki/Analytic
al_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a>. Many publis
hed test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequen
tly used methods include <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bi
ochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biochemical oxygen de
mand</a> (BOD),<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_n
ote-Newton-25">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">
:102</sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand"
>chemical oxygen demand</a> (COD),<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_25-1" class="referenc
e"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-25">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="wh
ite-space:nowrap;">:104</sup> nutrients (<a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate"
>nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> co
mpounds), metals (including copper, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, lead and <a href="/wiki/Mer
cury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>), oil and grease, total <a
href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> hydrocarbons (TPH), and
<a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biological_testing">Biological testing</span><
/h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" titl
e="Bioindicator">Bioindicator</a></div>
<p>Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial indica
tors to monitor the health of an <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquati
c ecosystem">aquatic ecosystem</a>. They are any <a href="/wiki/Indicator_specie
s" title="Indicator species">biological species</a> or group of species whose fu
nction, population, or status can reveal what degree of ecosystem or environment
al integrity is present.<sup id="cite_ref-Karr_26-0" class="reference"><a href="
#cite_note-Karr-26">[26]</a></sup> One example of a group of bio-indicators are
the <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a> and other small water <
a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> that are present in
many water bodies. Such organisms can be monitored for changes (biochemical, ph
ysiological, or behavioral) that may indicate a problem within their ecosystem.<
/p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">For microbial testing of drinking water, see <a
href="/wiki/Bacteriological_water_analysis" title="Bacteriological water analys
is">Bacteriological water analysis</a>.</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Control_of_pollution">Control of pollution</sp
an></h2>
<p>Decisions on the type and degree of treatment and control of wastes, and the
disposal and use of adequately treated <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewa
ter">wastewater</a>, must be based on a consideration all the technical factors
of each drainage basin, in order to prevent any further contamination or harm to
the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"
>[27]</a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sewage_treatment">Sewage treatment</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment"
title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></div>

<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_Island_MA.
JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/e/ef/Deer_Island_MA.JPG/220px-Deer_Island_MA.JPG" width="220" height="146" cl
ass="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Dee
r_Island_MA.JPG/330px-Deer_Island_MA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/e/ef/Deer_Island_MA.JPG/440px-Deer_Island_MA.JPG 2x" data-file-wid
th="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_Island_MA.JPG" class="internal" ti
tle="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Deer_Island_Waste_Water_Treatment_Plant" title="Deer Island Waste
Water Treatment Plant">Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant</a> serving Bosto
n, Massachusetts and vicinity.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In urban areas of developed countries, domestic sewage is typically treated b
y centralized sewage treatment plants. Well-designed and operated systems (i.e.,
secondary treatment or better) can remove 90 percent or more of the pollutant l
oad in sewage. Some plants have additional systems to remove nutrients and patho
gens.</p>
<p>Cities with <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflow" title="Sanitary sewer ove
rflow">sanitary sewer overflows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Com
bined sewer">combined sewer overflows</a> employ one or more <a href="/wiki/Envi
ronmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">engineering</a> approac
hes to reduce discharges of untreated sewage, including:</p>
<ul>
<li>utilizing a <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure
">green infrastructure</a> approach to improve storm water management capacity t
hroughout the system, and reduce the <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirec
t" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> overloading of the treatment plant<sup id="ci
te_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup></li>
<li>repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning equipment<sup id="cite_
ref-EPARTC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPARTC-17">[17]</a></sup>
</li>
<li>increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage collection system (often
a very expensive option).</li>
</ul>
<p>A household or business not served by a municipal treatment plant may have an
individual <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tank</a>, whi
ch pre-treats the wastewater on site and infiltrates it into the soil.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Industrial_wastewater_treatment">Industrial wa
stewater treatment</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewa
ter_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater tre
atment</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:REDOX_DAF_unit_
225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg/220px-REDOX_DAF_u
nit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="/
/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_
GPM.jpg/330px-REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/6/6c/REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg 2x" data-file-width=
"389" data-file-height="220" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:REDOX_DAF_unit_225_m3-h-1000_GPM.jpg" c
lass="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">Dissolve
d air flotation</a> system for treating industrial wastewater.</div>

</div>
</div>
<p>Some industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that can be trea
ted by municipal facilities. Industries that generate wastewater with high conce
ntrations of conventional pollutants (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.
g. heavy metals, volatile organic compounds) or other non-conventional pollutant
s such as ammonia, need specialized treatment systems. Some of these facilities
can install a pre-treatment system to remove the toxic components, and then send
the partially treated <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater<
/a> to the municipal system. Industries generating large volumes of wastewater t
ypically operate their own complete on-site treatment systems. Some industries h
ave been successful at redesigning their manufacturing processes to reduce or el
iminate pollutants, through a process called pollution prevention.</p>
<p>Heated water generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may be control
led with:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_pond" title="Cooling pond">cooling ponds</a>, man-mad
e bodies of water designed for cooling by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Eva
poration">evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convect
ion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a>, whic
h transfer waste heat to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmos
phere</a> through <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a
> and/or <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a>, a proces
s where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial heating purposes.<
sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup></l
i>
</ul>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Riparian_buffer
_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County,_Iowa.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//uploa
d.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_St
ory_County%2C_Iowa.JPG/170px-Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County%2C_Io
wa.JPG" width="170" height="238" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County%2C
_Iowa.JPG/255px-Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County%2C_Iowa.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Cree
k_in_Story_County%2C_Iowa.JPG/340px-Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_Count
y%2C_Iowa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_
County,_Iowa.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Riparian_buffer" title="Riparian buffer">Riparian buffer</a> lini
ng a creek in <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Agricultural_wastewater_treatment">Agricultura
l wastewater treatment</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_waste
water_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewat
er treatment</a></div>
<p><b>Non point source controls</b><br />
<a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediment</a> (loose <a href="/wiki/Soi
l" title="Soil">soil</a>) washed off fields is the largest source of <a href="/w
iki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> pollution in the United St
ates.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-AGFact_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP
A-AGFact-12">[12]</a></sup> Farmers may utilize <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control"
title="Erosion control">erosion controls</a> to reduce runoff flows and retain s

oil on their fields. Common techniques include <a href="/wiki/Contour_plowing" t
itle="Contour plowing">contour plowing</a>, crop <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mu
lch">mulching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rota
tion</a>, planting <a href="/wiki/Perennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennia
l">perennial</a> crops and installing <a href="/wiki/Riparian_buffer" title="Rip
arian buffer">riparian buffers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS-NCPS_30-0" class="refe
rence"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS-NCPS-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPA-agm
m_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-agmm-31">[31]</a></sup><sup cl
ass="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:pp. 4-95 4-96</sup></p>
<p>Nutrients (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href
="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>) are typically applied to
farmland as commercial <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer<
/a>, animal <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, or spraying of mun
icipal or industrial wastewater (effluent) or sludge. Nutrients may also enter r
unoff from <a href="/wiki/Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">crop residues</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water, <a href="/wi
ki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(Aeros
ol_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (Aerosol physics)">atmospheri
c deposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-agmm_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#ci
te_note-EPA-agmm-31">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:now
rap;">:p. 2 9</sup> Farmers can develop and implement <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_mana
gement" title="Nutrient management">nutrient management</a> plans to reduce exce
ss application of nutrients<sup id="cite_ref-NRCS-NCPS_30-1" class="reference"><
a href="#cite_note-NRCS-NCPS-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPA-agmm_31-2"
class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-agmm-31">[31]</a></sup><sup class="ref
erence" style="white-space:nowrap;">:pp. 4-37 4-38</sup> and reduce the potential
for <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollu
tion</a>.</p>
<p>To minimize pesticide impacts, farmers may use <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Pest
_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Pest Management">Integrated P
est Management</a> (IPM) techniques (which can include <a href="/wiki/Biological
_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a>) to m
aintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides, and protect
water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[3
2]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Confined-animal
-feeding-operation.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Confined-animal-feeding-operation.jpg/220px-Confinedanimal-feeding-operation.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset
="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Confined-animal-feeding-op
eration.jpg/330px-Confined-animal-feeding-operation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia
.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Confined-animal-feeding-operation.jpg 2x" data-filewidth="350" data-file-height="250" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Confined-animal-feeding-operation.jpg"
Feedlot in the United States</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b>Point source wastewater treatment</b><br />
Farms with large livestock and poultry operations, such as <a href="/wiki/Factor
y_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farm">factory farms</a>, are called <
i>concentrated animal feeding operations</i> or <i>feedlots</i> in the US and ar
e being subject to increasing government regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class=
"reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="r
eference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> Animal <a href="/wiki/Slurry" t
itle="Slurry">slurries</a> are usually treated by containment in <a href="/wiki/
Anaerobic_lagoon" title="Anaerobic lagoon">anaerobic lagoons</a> before disposal
by spray or trickle application to grassland. <a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetlan

d" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetlands</a> are sometimes used to fa
cilitate treatment of animal wastes. Some animal slurries are treated by mixing
with <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composting
" class="mw-redirect" title="Composting">composted</a> at high temperature to pr
oduce a bacteriologically sterile and friable manure for soil improvement.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Erosion_and_sediment_control_from_construction
_sites">Erosion and sediment control from construction sites</span></h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silt_fence_EPA.
jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/9/9a/Silt_fence_EPA.jpg/220px-Silt_fence_EPA.jpg" width="220" height="147" cl
ass="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sil
t_fence_EPA.jpg/330px-Silt_fence_EPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/9/9a/Silt_fence_EPA.jpg/440px-Silt_fence_EPA.jpg 2x" data-file-wid
th="2448" data-file-height="1632" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Silt_fence_EPA.jpg" class="internal" ti
tle="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Silt_fence" title="Silt fence">Silt fence</a> installed on a cons
truction site.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Sediment from construction sites is managed by installation of:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion controls</a>
, such as <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hy
droseeding" title="Hydroseeding">hydroseeding</a>, and</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_control" title="Sediment control">sediment controls<
/a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sediment_basin" title="Sediment basin">sediment basi
ns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silt_fence" title="Silt fence">silt fences</a>.<sup id
="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<p>Discharge of toxic chemicals such as motor fuels and concrete washout is prev
ented by use of:</p>
<ul>
<li>spill prevention and control plans, and</li>
<li>specially designed containers (e.g. for concrete washout) and structures suc
h as overflow controls and diversion berms.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="referenc
e"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Control_of_urban_runoff_.28storm_water.29">Con
trol of urban runoff (storm water)</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" titl
e="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure"
title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trounce_Pond.jp
g" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
/5/52/Trounce_Pond.jpg/220px-Trounce_Pond.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="t
humbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Trounce_P
ond.jpg/330px-Trounce_Pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/5/52/Trounce_Pond.jpg/440px-Trounce_Pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data
-file-height="960" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Trounce_Pond.jpg" class="internal" titl
e="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a> for
controlling <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a></
div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow of
storm water, as well as reducing pollutant discharges. Local governments use a v
ariety of storm water management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runof
f. These techniques, called <a href="/wiki/Best_management_practice_for_water_po
llution" title="Best management practice for water pollution">best management pr
actices</a> (BMPs) in the U.S., may focus on water quantity control, while other
s focus on improving water quality, and some perform both functions.<sup id="cit
e_ref-EPA-PDS_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-PDS-37">[37]</a></
sup></p>
<p>Pollution prevention practices include <a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_
(Canada/US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-impact development (Canada/US)">lowimpact development</a> techniques, installation of <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" ti
tle="Green roof">green roofs</a> and improved chemical handling (e.g. management
of motor fuels & oil, fertilizers and pesticides).<sup id="cite_ref-38" cla
ss="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Runoff mitigation systems
include <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">infiltrati
on basins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">bioretention</a
> systems, constructed <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">retention basins</a> and si
milar devices.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[3
9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]
</a></sup></p>
<p>Thermal pollution from runoff can be controlled by storm water management fac
ilities that absorb the runoff or direct it into <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" tit
le="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, such as bioretention systems and infiltration
basins. Retention basins tend to be less effective at reducing temperature, as t
he water may be heated by the sun before being discharged to a receiving stream.
<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-PDS_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-PDS-37
">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:p. 5 58</sup><
/p>
<div style="clear:right;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_pollution_by_country">Water pollution by
country</span></h2>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water_pollution_by_countr
y" style="padding:3px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-s
pacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World t
opic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;bord
er:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template ta
lk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none tra
nsparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.ph
p?title=Template:World_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" s
tyle=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Water_pollution_by_country" style="font-size:114%">Water pollution by c
ountry</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0
px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Water
pollution in Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wate
r pollution in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Brazil" title="Water pollution in Brazil">
Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Water p
ollution in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Water po
llution in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Water po
llution in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_India" title="Water pollution in India">In
dia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wate
r pollution in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pol
lution in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Water po
llution in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_New_Zealand" title="Water pollution in New
Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pol
lution in Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title
="Water pollution in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Water p
ollution in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water
pollution in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Water p
ollution in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Water pollution
in the United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Wate
r pollution in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Water
pollution in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist trig
ht" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;bac
kground:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bol
d">
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vert
ical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" cla
ss="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a
/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" width="18" height="28" class="no

viewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_wat
er.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" da
ta-file-height="450" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em
0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Por
tal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li>
ical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_development
.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/common
s/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/32px-Sustainable_development.svg.png" w
idth="32" height="20" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/48px-Sustainable_development.svg.
png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_develo
pment.svg/64px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-fi
le-height="510" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em
0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sustainable_developmen
t" title="Portal:Sustainable development">Sustainable development portal</a></sp
an></li>
ical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_
ies.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.j
pg" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagrari
a1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_
podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800
" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.
2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment"
title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<table class="metadata mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color
:#f9f9f9">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="Book icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" width="30" height
="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.sv
g/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file
-height="48" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">
<ul style="font-weight: bold">
<li><a href="/wiki/Book:Pollution" title="Book:Pollution">Book: Pollution</a></l
i>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides#Water" title="Environmenta
l impact of pesticides">Environmental impact of pesticides#Water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxico
logy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_eutrophication" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural
eutrophication">Cultural eutrophication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollu
tion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic stat
e index</a> (water quality indicator for lakes)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Central" title="Watershed Central">Watershed Centra

l</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Streeter-Phelps_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Streeter
-Phelps equation">Streeter-Phelps equation</a> (water quality modeling tool)</li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/SWAT_model" title="SWAT model">SWAT model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_Empirical_Loading_and_Dilution_Model" title="Stoch
astic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model">Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dil
ution Model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management M
odel">Storm Water Management Model</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 3
0em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
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9.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution&rft.ati
tle=Water+Pollution+by+Agriculture&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.aulast=Moss&amp
;rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.n
et%2Fprofile%2FBrian_Moss2%2Fpublication%2F6173580_Water_Pollution_by_Agricultur
e%2Flinks%2F53d607050cf220632f3d6bf2.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.
2007.2176&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+Royal+Society+B&rft.pages=659-666&
rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=363" class="Z3
988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-Burton_.26_Pitt-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="
#cite_ref-Burton_.26_Pitt_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_re
f-Burton_.26_Pitt_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burton
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s/BooksandReports/Stormwater%20Effects%20Handbook%20by%20%20Burton%20and%20Pitt%
20book/MainEDFS_Book.html"><i>Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watersh

ed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers</i></a>. New York: CRC/Lewis Publishers.
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x_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution&amp
;rft.btitle=Stormwater+Effects+Handbook%3A+A+Toolbox+for+Watershed+Managers%2C+S
cientists%2C+and+Engineers&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%
3A%2F%2Funix.eng.ua.edu%2F~rpitt%2FPublications%2FBooksandReports%2FStormwater%2
520Effects%2520Handbook%2520by%2520%2520Burton%2520and%2520Pitt%2520book%2FMainE
DFS_Book.html&rft.isbn=0-87371-924-7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=CRC%
2FLewis+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z
3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-com
ment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<a
href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 main
t: Uses authors parameter">link</a>)</span> Chapter 2.</span></li>
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a> 2000. Center for Watershed Protection. Ellicott City, MD.</span></li>
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="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1839-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81
-224-1839-2">978-81-224-1839-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&r
fr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution&rft.aufirst=P.K.&r
ft.aulast=Goel&rft.btitle=Water+Pollution+-+Causes%2C+Effects+and+Control&am
p;rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1839-2&rft.pages=
179&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft_val_fmt=in
fo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#1
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d=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&
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mp;rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
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</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tennessee Department of Environment
and Conservation. Nashville, TN (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://tnepsc.org/handbook.asp">"Tennessee Erosion and Sediment Control H
andbook."</a></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report"><a re
l="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/npdes/national-menu
-best-management-practices-bmps-stormwater-documents">Concrete Washout</a> (Repo
rt). Stormwater Best Management Practice. EPA. February 2012. EPA 833-F-11-006.<
/cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%
3AWater+pollution&rft.btitle=Concrete+Washout&rft.date=2012-02&rft.g
enre=report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fnpdes%2Fnational-menu-best-ma
nagement-practices-bmps-stormwater-documents&rft.pub=EPA&rft.series=Stor
mwater+Best+Management+Practice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ab
ook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EPA-PDS-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_re
f-EPA-PDS_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA-PDS_37-1">
<sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="
citation report">"Ch. 5: Description and Performance of Storm Water Best Managem
ent Practices". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.go
v/eg/industrial-wastewater-studies-miscellaneous">Preliminary Data Summary of Ur
ban Storm Water Best Management Practices</a> (Report). EPA. August 1999. EPA-82
1-R-99-012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wi
kipedia.org%3AWater+pollution&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Data+Summary+of+Urban+S
torm+Water+Best+Management+Practices&rft.date=1999-08&rft.genre=report&a
mp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Feg%2Findustrial-wastewater-studies-miscell
aneous&rft.pub=EPA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" clas
s="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219220712

/http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Low-Impact-Development-LID-and-OtherGreen-Design-Strategies.cfm">"Low Impact Development and Other Green Design Stra
tegies"</a>. <i>National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System</i>. EPA. 2014.
Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov
/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Low-Impact-Development-LID-and-Other-Green-Design-Strategi
es.cfm">the original</a> on 2015-02-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&a
mp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+pollution&rft.atitle=Low+Imp
act+Development+and+Other+Green+Design+Strategies&rft.date=2014&rft.genr
e=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Fpolwaste%2Fnpdes%2Fswbmp%2FLow
-Impact-Development-LID-and-Other-Green-Design-Strategies.cfm&rft.jtitle=Nat
ional+Pollutant+Discharge+Elimination+System&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3A
kev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></sp
an></span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">California Stormwater Quality Assoc
iation. Menlo Park, CA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww
w.casqa.org/resources/bmp-handbooks/municipal-bmp-handbook">"Municipal BMP Handb
ook."</a> 2003.</span></li>
</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Jersey Department of Environmen
tal Protection. Trenton, NJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http:
//www.njstormwater.org/bmp_manual2.htm">"New Jersey Stormwater Best Management P
ractices Manual."</a> April 2004.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;
background-color:#f9f9f9">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img
alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px
-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Comm
ons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Water_pollution" class="
extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Water pollution">Water pollution</a></b></i
>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks infobox" style="float:right;clear:righ
t;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;pad
ding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:
88%">
<tr>
<td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LIBRARY
" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LIBRARY">Library resources</a> about<br /
>
<b>Water pollution</b>
<hr /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;">
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp
;su=Water+pollution">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp
;su=Water+pollution&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Overview Information</b></p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/strangedays
/episodes/troubledwaters/">"Troubled Waters"</a> - video from "Strange Days on P
lanet Earth" by National Geographic & PBS (US)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrdc.org/water/poll
ution/default.asp">"Issues: Water"</a>
Guides, news and reports from US Natural
Resources Defense Council</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Analytical Tools and Other Specialized Resources</b></p>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eugris.info">EUGRIS
</a> portal for Soil and Water Management in Europe</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cfpub.epa.gov/caddis/">
Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System (CADDIS)</a> - EPA guide f
or identifying pollution problems; stressor identification</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecotoxmodels.org">E
cotoxicology and Models</a> - Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science
& Technology</li>
</ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution" style="padding
:3px">
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<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution
"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:n
one;">v</abbr></a></li>
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:Pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transpa
rent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
p?title=Template:Pollution&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" sty
le=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Pollution" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Poll
ution">Pollution</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air po
llution">Air pollution</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-widt
h:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality inde
x</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersio

n modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluoroca
rbon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air qua
lity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global disti
llation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="At
mospheric particulate matter">Atmospheric particulate matter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><strong class="selflink">Water pollution</s
trong></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-wid
th:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_pro
ducts" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
">Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact
of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">En
vironmental monitoring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwate
r environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters<
/a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwa
ter pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypo
xia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidif
ication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollutio
n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Water stagnation</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne d
iseases</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="S
oil contamination">Soil contamination</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating_remediation" title="Electrical
resistance heating remediation">Electrical resistance heating</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Guideline_Values_(SGVs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil
Guideline Values (SGVs)">Soil Guideline Values (SGVs)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" t
itle="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environ
ment">Actinides in the environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of
radioactive waste">Bioremediation of radioactive waste</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivi
ty">Environmental radioactivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">
Fission product</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environ
ment">Plutonium in the environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poi
soning">Radiation poisoning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radium_in_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium

in the environment">Radium in the environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment
">Uranium in the environment</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other types of pollution</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nanotechnology#Nanopollution" class="
mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of nanotechnology">Nanopollution</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Ra
dio spectrum pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat islan
d</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual pollution</
a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Inter-government treaties</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Long-Range_Transboundary_Air_Pollution" title="
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution">CLRTAP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protoco
l</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Marine_Environment_of_th
e_North-East_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention for the Protection
of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic">OSPAR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title=
"Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_organi
zations" title="List of environmental organizations">Major organizations</a></th
>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Action_Network" title="Basel Action Network">Basel Acti
on Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pollution_Control_Board" title="Central Pollution Con
trol Board">Central Pollution Control Board (India)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="De
partment for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">DEFRA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Ag
ency (England and Wales)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency" title="Scottish Envir
onment Protection Agency">Scottish Environment Protection Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United
States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. EPA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agen
cy">European Environment Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marine_pollution" style="
padding:3px">
<tr>
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_pollution" title="Template:Ma
rine pollution"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transp
arent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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te talk:Marine pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;backgroun
d:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
p?title=Template:Marine_pollution&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this templa
te" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Marine_pollution" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollutio
n" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0
px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxico
logy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_eutrophication" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural
eutrophication">Cultural eutrophication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact
of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasit
es">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_Floatees" title="Friendly Floatees">Friendly Floatee
s</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_garbage_patch" title="Great Pacific garbage pat
ch">Great Pacific garbage patch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypo
xia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_garbage_patch" title="Indian Ocean garbage patch
">Indian Ocean garbage patch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">
Nonpoint source pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage p
atch">North Atlantic garbage patch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollu
tion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidif
ication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxyg
enation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_particle_water_pollution" title="Plastic particle wat
er pollution">Plastic particle water pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point
source pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" title="Shutdown of ther
mohaline circulation">Shutdown of thermohaline circulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Water pollution</strong></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water" style="padding:3px
">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="bo
rder-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water" title="Template:Water"><abbr
title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v<
/abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water" title="Template talk:Wat
er"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;bor
der:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
p?title=Template:Water&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="
;;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Water" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water
</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Overviews</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;
border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</
a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div>
<div class="floatright"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_droplet.jpg" class="image" tit
le="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/e/ec/Water_droplet.jpg/70px-Water_droplet.jpg" width="70" height
="43" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Water_droplet.
jpg/105px-Water_droplet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
/e/ec/Water_droplet.jpg/140px-Water_droplet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-f
ile-height="492" /></a></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="Stat
e of matter">States</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px
;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Liquid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Forms</th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Eart
h</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Ear
th">Distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Or
igin</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Pollution</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" title="Water resource management">
management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;">
<div>
<ul>
<li> <img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/
Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="
14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24p
x-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Por
tal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-hei
ght="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Portal</a></li>
<li> <img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4
8/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category"
width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/F
older_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikim
edia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal
_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/C
ategory:Water" title="Category:Water">Category</a></li>
<li> <img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb
/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12
" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-log
o.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/
4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" datafile-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water
" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water">Commons</a></li>
<li> <img alt="Wiktionary page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" title="Wiktionar
y page" width="16" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikim
edia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.s
vg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="https://en.w
iktionary.org/wiki/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:water">Wiktionary</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style=
"padding:3px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="bo
rder-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:N
atural resources"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none tran
sparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Templ
ate talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;backgro

und:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
p?title=Template:Natural_resources&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this templ
ate" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resour
ce" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="
Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th>
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></t
h>
border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambie
nt Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:90%;">(USA)</
span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_pollution_in_developing_nations" title="Indoor air
pollution in developing nations">developing nations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United S
tates)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:90%;">(USA)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a><
/li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emi
ssions</th>
;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation"
title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestat
ion (REDD)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" class="image" title="Carso
n Falls on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo"><img alt="Carson Falls on Mount Kinabalu, Bor
neo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kin
abalu.jpg/100px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" width="100" height="133" srcset="//
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/15
0px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t
humb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/200px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 2x" data
-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energ
y</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources
">Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a hr
ef="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a><
/th>

<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">Arable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat co
nservation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></l
i>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a><
/th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></
li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management
</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">ge
netic resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest law">law</a></l
i>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></
li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">Gene bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used
in herbalism">Herbalist plants</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine conser
vation">Marine conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">
Non-timber forest products</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conserva
tion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</
a></th>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Typ
es / location</th>
;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and reco
very">storage and recovery</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollutio
n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</
a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">reme
diation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting
</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Asp
ects</th>

<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leachi
ng</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</
a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Pollution</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatizatio
n</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" title="Water resource management">
management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related</th>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">common-poo
l</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">traged
y theory</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics
">Economics</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological
</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem serv
ices</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of nat
ural resources">Exploitation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</
a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource manageme
nt">Management</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting
">accounting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a></li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a
href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span s
tyle="font-size:90%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a><
/li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extr
action">Extraction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalis
m</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a>&
#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non
-renewable</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="
Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb
/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-fi
le-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="W
ikipedia:Portal">Portals</a></th>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" title="Portal:Agriculture an
d Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a
></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fishing" title="Portal:Fishing">Fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Forestry" title="Portal:Forestry">Forestry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mining" title="Portal:Mining">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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