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on
Vin
low
off
Vout
high
Vin
high
Vout
low
off
on
ground voltage
(negative, VSS)
p-channel MOSFET
circle for
inversion
drain
gate
source
source
p-MOSFET
turned on
on
Vin
low
Vout
high
Vin
low
Vout
high
off
n-MOSFET
turned off
ground voltage
(negative, VSS)
Remember:
In the opposite case Vin is high, the n-MOSFET turns on and the
p-MOSFET turns off pulling Vout low, just as we expect for an inverter.
A simple CMOS inverter needs only two transistors!
NAND gate
The basic CMOS gates are the inverter, NAND and NOR.
VDD
P2
P1
Vout
Vin1
N1
Vin2
N2
VDD
Vin1
P1
Vin2
P2
Vout
N1
VSS
NAND
N2
VSS
NOR
You should be able to work out how these operate from the analogy with
switches. AND is made from NAND + inverter and so on. NAND is more
common because it works better than NOR for technical reasons.
The MOSFET
(metaloxidesilicon field-effect transistor)
source (S)
channel
(where current
may flow from
source to drain)
drain (D)
gate oxide
silicon dioxide (silica)
silicon substrate insulator
G
symbol:
S
oxide = dielectric
Operation of n-MOSFET
Initially there is no charge on the capacitor, the channel is empty, there is
nothing to carry current from source to drain and the transistor is off.
When a positive voltage is applied to the gate, one plate of the
capacitor, it attracts negative charge on to the other plate, the channel in
the silicon.
This negative charge is supplied by electrons, which are mobile.
The electrons carry current along the channel from the source to the drain,
so the transistor has turned on.
Thus a positive voltage turns on a n-MOSFET. The only complication is
that the capacitor has a sort of built-in voltage so that it doesnt turn on as
soon as the voltage on the gate becomes positive. Instead it must exceed
a value called the threshold voltage.
p-MOSFETs are more complicated to explain see Electronic Devices 2.
You can make your own MOSFETs in future courses!
Vout
high
n-MOSFET turned off
Vout
falling
n-MOSFET turning on
What should we do about the spikes in the current when the circuit
switches?
Decoupling capacitors
If an inverter is driven
by a square wave, the
current looks like this:
Vin(t)
t
supply
14
<http://www.research.ibm.com/0.1um/>
Review exercises
How is an inverter constructed from controlled switches?
Why are two types of transistor needed to make an inverter?
How does a CMOS inverter work when the input is 1 (and the output is 0)?
Can you explain how the CMOS NAND gate works?
When does a CMOS gate draw current (and dissipate power)?
What features of CMOS have permitted todays enormous integrated
circuits?
What must you do to all CMOS inputs? and outputs?
What should be connected across the power pins of digital integrated
circuits?
What is Moores law?