TP ON DU KH VIT NAM

TRNG I HC DU KH VIT NAM

AN TON, SC KHE LAO NG &
BO V MI TRNG TRONG
CNG NGHIP DU KH
(Occupational health, safety and environmental protection
in petroleum industry)
TS V Cng Thng
thangvc@pvu.edu.vn; t: 0908159616

Gio vin chnh:

S tn ch: 2
Ln lp: 24 tit l thuyt, 12 tit tho lun (theo ch , chia nhm)
T nghin cu
nh gi:
im qu trnh 25% (12,5% chuyn cn, 12,5% tho lun)
Gia k: 25% (tun th 8; 11-16/04/2016)
Kt thc 50% (trc nghim - 60)
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Phn 1
BO V MI TRNG TRONG
CNG NGHIP DU KH
(Environmental protection in
petroleum industry)

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Ti liu tham kho

ng Kim Chi (2010), Ha hc mi trng, NXB KH&KT, H Ni
L Huy B (1997), Mi trng, T1, NXB KH&KT, H Ni
Phm Ngc H v nk (2001), nh gi tc ng mi trng,
NXBDHQGHN, H Ni
Lut mi trng (2014) (ww.chinhphu.vn)
L Trnh (1997), Quan trc v kim sot nhim mi trng nc,
NXB KH&KT, H Ni
Nguyn Vn Kit v nk (2006), Quan trc nc thi cng nghip,
NXB KH&KT, H Ni
Cc thng t ca b TNMT hng dn lut mi trng, quan trc
mi trng khng kh, nc mt, nc ngm, nc bin, nc ma,
t (www.monre.gov.vn)

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MI TRNG &
CC MI TRNG THNH PHN
(Environment and compositional enviroments)

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MI TRNG & CC MI TRNG THNH PHN

1.1. nh ngha
Mi trng l tt c nhng g ngoi ti ra (Einstein).
Mi trng l nhng g bao quanh hay cc iu kin m con ngi,
ng thc vt sng v hot ng trong (T in Oxford)
Mi trng bao gm tt c cc yu t trong mi quan h qua li phc
tp hnh thnh nn iu kin, khung cnh v khun kh sng cho loi
ngi thng qua s hin hu hay tc ng ca chng (y ban Cng
ng Chu u).

Nhn xt
Mi trng l mt khi nim rng c th thay i t vi m n v m
Mi trng lun gn lin vi mt ch th sng nht nh no (C th
hay c mt cng ng)
i vi con ngi, mi trng bao gm c yu t vt cht v phi vt
cht, t nhin v nhn to.
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MI TRNG & CC MI TRNG THNH PHN

Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v yu t vt

cht nhn to quan h mt thit vi nhau, bao quanh con
ngi, c nh hng ti i sng, sn xut, s tn ti,
pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin (Lut bo v mi
trng 1993 Vit Nam).
Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v vt cht nhn
to bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng n i sng, sn
xut, s tn ti, pht trin ca con ngi v sinh vt
(Lut bo v mi trng 2005 Vit Nam).
Mi trng bao gm cc yu t vt cht t nhin v nhn
to c tc ng qua li i vi s tn ti v pht trin ca
con ngi (Lut bo v mi trng 2014 Vit Nam)
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MI TRNG & CC MI TRNG THNH PHN

Trong phm vi rng, tri t l mi trng ca loi

ngi
Trong qu trnh pht trin, hnh thnh cc mi trng
thnh phn:
- Kh quyn
- Thy quyn
- a quyn
- Sinh quyn

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1.2 KH QUYN
1.2.1 Cc tng kh quyn

in ly

Nhit
Trung lu
Bnh lu

i lu

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1.2 KH QUYN
Tng i lu (Trosposphere)

cao: 0-10 km,

Nhit : Gim ti -50oC
p sut: Gim ti 0,1 atm
Thnh phn: N2 (79%), O2 (21%), H2O (1%), Ar (0,9%), CO2
(0,04%).
ng hc: Cc lung khng kh, my di chuyn theo c chiu
ng v chiu ngang.
My: Hi, git, vi tinh th
Quyt nh trc tip kh hu ca tri t.

Tng bnh lu (stratosphere)

cao: 11-50 km
p sut: gim ti 10-3 atm
Nhit : tng ti -2oC.
Thnh phn: O3, N2 v O2.
ng hc: S xo trn din ra chm chp
Lc tia cc tm
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MT TRI

O2 + h 2O
CHM

O +O2 + hv O3
NHANH

O
Phn ng
chuyn ha gia
O, O2 v O3 hp
thu hv to nhit
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1.2 KH QUYN
Tng trung lu (mesosphere)

cao: 50-85 km,

p sut: gim xung 2.10-4 atm,
Nhit : gim t -2oC xung -92oC.
Thnh phn: O2+, NO+, O+ v N2.

Tng nhit (thermosphere)

cao: 85-100 km,

p sut: 10-11 atm,
Nhit : T -92oC ln 1200 oC.
Thnh phn: O2+, O+, NO+, e-, CO3--, NO2-, NO3- (ion ha)

Tng in ly (exosphere)

cao: 100 800 km,

p sut: Gn nh chn khng tuyt i
Nhit : Tng nhanh n 1700 oC.
Thnh phn: O+, He+, H+
Hydro (vi nghn tn/nm) thot ra v tr, cc dng plasma xut pht
t mt tri v bi v tr (2 g/km3) cng i vo kh quyn tri t.
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1.2 KH QUYN
1.2.2 Cc cht nhim trong kh quyn
Bi

Bi l cc ht rn phn tn trong khng

kh, c kch thc trong khong 0,01
100 m.
D < 1m (cn gi l aerosol - sol kh):
kh lng, tc nhn ngng t my,
ma.
1 <D<3 m: Chuyn ng theo qui
lut Brawn
3 m <D: Bi th, tng i d lng.
Ngun gc t nhin (ni la, thc vt,
bin) hay nhn to (sn xut cng
nghip, sinh hot).
Gy ra nhim kh quyn, hin tng
sng m, tch t tc nhn gy c (kim
loi nng, hydrocarbon thm) trn b
mt thc vt, n mn da, mt, c quan
h hp (tro bi c tnh kim, hay axit),
gy cc bnh v phi (amiang, silic).
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1.2 KH QUYN
Cc hp cht ca lu hunh (SO2, H2S)

SO2 :
Nhn to: Kh thi cc nh my in than, ch bin du m, luyn
kim, kh thi ng c.
T nhin: Pht tn t ni la, sui nc nng, m than nu
C th b oxy ha bi ozone di tc ng ca tia cc tm
chuyn thnh SO3.
Gy cc bnh v h hp, gy co tht ph qun, sng nim mc,
nng cao c th gy cht ngi. Ma axit (cha SO2) gy thit
hi ma mng, h hi cc cng trnh xy dng.
H2S:
Nhn to: C nhiu trong kh thi qu trnh ch bin du m, ch
bin rc, nc thi cng rnh.
T nhin: Phn hy cc cht hu c.
H2S gy nhc u, tn thng c quan h hp, b nhim nng
cao c th t vong.
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1.2 KH QUYN
Cc hp cht ca carbon

CO:
Ch yu do cc hot ng ca con ngi (nh my in than,
in du, phng tin giao thng) trong iu kin t thiu kh
(oxy).
To hp cht bn vi hng cu, lm mt kh nng ti oxy ca
hng cu, c th t vong trong vi pht.
CO2:
Nhn to: t nhin liu
T nhin: Phn hy cc cht hu c.
Nng cao c th gy hi cho ngi ng vt, gy ln hiu
ng nh knh.

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1.2 KH QUYN
Cc hp cht ca nit

Bao gm NO, NO2, NH3.

Nhn to: Cc qu trnh sn xut ha hc c s dng cc hp
cht nit.
T nhin: Phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c, st, ni la
Lm mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca mu, bnh nguy him
cho tim, gan, phi

Hydrocarbon

Nhn to: Chy khng ht ca cc ng c, pht tn trong qu

trnh vn chuyn, ch bin ha lc du, sn xut sn nhum
T nhin: R r cc ngun hydrocarbon t nhin.
Tn ti di dng hi hay cc ht bi lng, rn
Cc hydrocarbon thm 1 vng, 2 vng v 3 vng rt c vi
ngi, ng vt, l cc tc nhn gy ung th.

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1.2 KH QUYN

Do hot ng
Ngun t
Thi gian tn
ca con
Nng nn
Cht nhim
nhin
ti trong kh
(ppb)
ngi
(tr. tn/nm)
quyn
(tr. tn/nm)
63-72
16-60
0,2
4 ngy
SO2
H 2S

100

0,2

< 1 ngy

CO

304

33

100

< 3 nm

NO/NO2

53

658

0,5-4

5 ngy

Hydrocarbon

88

200

<1

CH4

1600

1500

4 nm

CO2

14.000

1.000.000

340.000

2-4 nm

Bi

3900

3700

Phn b Carbon: CaCO3: 55%; Thy quyn (h m): 35%; Hu c : 11%; Sinh quyn: 0,003%
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1.2 KH QUYN
1.2.3 Cc qui chun cht lng mi trng khng kh
QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT: Cht lng khng kh xung quanh (a)
QCVN 05:2009/BGTVT: Kh thi xe t
QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT: Cht c hi trong khng kh xung quanh
QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT: Kh thi cng nghip i vi bi v cht
v c
QCVN 20:2009/BTNMT: Kh thi cng nghip i vi mt s cht
hu c
QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT: Ting n
QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT: rung
QCVN 34:2010/BTNMT: Kh thi cng nghip ha du i vi bi
v cht v c
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1.2 KH QUYN
1.2.4 Mt s hin tng nh hng khu vc v ton cu
ca nhim kh quyn

Ma axit
Cc kh SOx, NOx, HCl
ha tan vo cc ht nc
to thnh cc axit. pH c
th gim ti 4, thm ch
ti 2.
Di chuyn rt ra ngun
thi, do vy, ma axit
mang tnh khu vc, thm
ch ton cu.

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1.2 KH QUYN

Hin tng chy rng, ni la Indonesia v nh hng

ti cc nc xung quanh

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1.2 KH QUYN

Tch cc : Qu trnh t lm
sch quan trng nht ca
kh quyn.
Tiu cc : Tng axit ca
t, ha tan cc kim loi
nng trong t, gy nhim
hoa mu, lng thc, tri
cy, gy nguy hi i vi cc
sinh vt di nc, lm h
hng cc cng trnh xy
dng.

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1.2 KH QUYN

Hiu ng nh knh (Greenhouse effect)

70% bc x mt tri b hp th bi mt
t, kh quyn v thy quyn chuyn
thnh nhit v pht tn khi tri t
di dng cc bc x nhit (hng
ngoi).

Khng c kh quyn: Cn bng nng

lng gia nhn v pht tn, nhit
b mt tri t trung bnh -18oC.

C lp kh quyn: Ging nh mt tm
chn, gi cc bc x nhit, Nhit
trung bnh +15oC (Tng 33oC).

Tc nhn hp th nhit: Hi nc
(62%), CO2 (22%), O3 (7%), N2O (4%),
CH4 (2%), phn cn li l cc kh CFC.

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1.2 KH QUYN
Hiu ng c tnh dy
chuyn: Hm lng cc
kh nh knh tng ln,
hiu ng nh knh tng,
tri t tr nn m ln,
hi nc bc hi mnh,
kh nng gi CO2 trong
i dng gim, cht hu
c phn hy to CO2 v
H2O, lm tng hiu ng
nh knh.
Tc m ln ca tri
t: 0,02 0,05oC/nm.

CMCN 1

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CMCN 2

CMCN 3 (Digitisation)

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1.2 KH QUYN

Nc bin dng cao

do tan bng 2 cc,
nh ni. Nhiu vng
b ngp nc v mn
ha (3,4 mm/nm).
Cc hin tng cc
oan bo lt s din
ra vi bin v tn
sut ln hn.

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1.2 KH QUYN

Thng tng ozone

Ozone tp trung ch yu tng
bnh lu, cao 25 km vi nng
5-10 ppm, hnh thnh lp
bo v cho tri t khi cc bc
x cc tm.
Tia cc tm c hi cho mt, tng
kh nng ung th da, thc y
cc phn ng ha hc trong kh
quyn tng thp hn.
Cc dn xut halogen ca
methane, ethane: CFC-Freon
(tc nhn lnh), Cl2 hoc HCl
sinh ra t ni la pht tn vo
kh quyn.
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MT TRI

O2 + h
2O CHM

O +O2 + hv O3
NHANH

O
Ozone gim 10%,
bc x cc tm
xung mt t tng
20%.

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CFCl3 + h CFCl2+ Cl
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O3 Cl + 2O2
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1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.1 c trng ca nc
tri t b bao ph bi nc.
Din tch cc i dng l
361.106 km2.
Khng mu, trong sut, cho nh
sng v cc sng di i qua.
T trng cao nht 4oC (bng
ni, cc hot ng sng vn
din ra pha).
Tn ti th rn, lng v hi

Dung mi c kh nng ha tan nhiu cht rn

Mi trng cho cc phn ng sinh ha din ra
Nhit ha hi ln, dng rng ri lm cht ti nhit
Nhit dung ring ln (n nh kh hu)
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1.3 THY QUYN

Phn b tr lng nc trn tri t

Loi

Tr lng (tr. km3)

Nc bin (cc i dng, bin, vnh)

1370

97.3

Bng tuyt vnh cu 2 cc

29

2.1

Nc ngm

9.5

0.7

Nc b mt

0.13

0.0

0.013

0.0

0.0006

0.0

1409

100.0

Nc trong kh quyn
Nc trong sinh quyn
Tng

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1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.2 Vng tun hon ca nc trn tri t

Chu k ca mt vng tun hon khong 1000 nm

(i dng tri qua 500.000 chu k trong 500.106 nm).
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1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.3 Nc bin
Sn phm phn ng gia cc axit v cc base ngay t
giai on u hnh thnh tri t.
Gm cc cu t a lng Cl-, SO4--, CO3-- , SiO3-- Na+,
Ca++ v cc cu t vi lng Si, F, N, P, Mo
dn in ph thuc vo hm lng cc ion
Tnh kim nh (pH=8,1) v kh n nh (do tn ti h
m H2CO3, HCO3- v CO3-- .)
Do tnh kim nh, nhiu kim loi ha tan trong nc
sng nh Fe, Si b kt ta v lng ng vng ca
sng.
Tng i ng nht
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1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.4 Nc b mt v nc ngm
Nc b mt bao gm nc sng,
h. Nc ngm l nc tn ti di
lng t.
Thnh phn ph thuc vo c
trng kh hu, a cht v a hnh
khu vc m n chy qua (Nhiu
cht hu c, v c b ha tan hay
ra tri cng nh b thanh lc, lu
gi)
Khng ng nht gia cc lu vc
v gia cc v tr trong tng lu vc,
hm lng cc cht tan thp hn
nc bin hng nghn ln.
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1.3 THY QUYN

Thnh phn v c ca nc bin v nc mt

Thnh phn
Cl
Na
SO4
Mg
Ca
K
HCO3
Br
Sr
B
Si
F
N
P
Mo
Zn
Fe
Cu
Mn
Ni
Al

Nc bin (mg/l)
19340
10770
2712
1294
412
399
140
65
9
5,5
5
1,4
0,25
0,035
0,011
0,005
0,003
0,003
0,002
0,002
0,001

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Nc sng h (mg/l)
8
6
11
4
15
2
58
0,01
13
0,1
0,23
0,02
0,001
0,02
0,67
0,007
0,007
0,4

30

1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.5 Hi lu
L dng chuyn ng trc tip, lin tc v tng i n nh ca
nc bin v lu thng mt trong cc i dng, c th di
hng ngn kilmt.
Cc hi lu b mt: Gy bi gi v c xu hng chy theo cc
xon c cng chiu kim ng h bc bn cu v ngc chiu
kim ng h nam bn cu do hiu ng Coriolis. Trong cc hi
lu chuyn ng bi gi th hiu ng xon Ekman lm cho dng
chy to ra mt gc no so vi hng gi.
Cc hi lu su: Do cc chnh lch nhit , mui, chy di
y cc i Dng, c gi l cc con sng ngm di y
bin.
iu ha nc bin, to iu kin cho qu trnh di c v phn
tn ca cc sinh vt.
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1.3 THY QUYN

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1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.5 Mt s khi nim v sinh hc bin
S sng trn tri t

Xut hin cch y 3,5 t nm, bt u l nhng c th n bo.

Bt u t i dng
Qu trnh tin ha to nn s a dng sinh hc ngy nay trong
mi mi trng (di nc, trn cn, trong t)
500.000 loi thc vt
1.300.000 loi ng vt

Phn b sinh hc bin

Vng ven b, vng xa b, vng triu

Theo mn: L, mn
Theo su: Vng nc ni (< 400 m, nh sng c th
truyn ti), vng nc su, y
Vng theo v (vng cc, hn i, n i, nhit i)

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1.3 THY QUYN

Dinh dng
T dng: Phc v qu trnh quang tng hp: O, C, N, P,
K
D dng: S dng cc cht hu c tng hp bi cc loi t
dng hoc cc loi d dng khc
Chui thc n: Mi lin kt cc loi, cc c th vi nhau
bng thc n ca cc sinh vt .
Li thc n: a s cc loi n nhiu kiu thc n v vy
chng thuc nhiu chui thc n. Nhiu chui thc n kt
ni vi nhau to thnh li thc n.

Nhp sinh hc bin

Nhp ngy m
Nhp ma v
Nhp tun trng v thy triu
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1.3 THY QUYN

Loi

Nhm cc c th c nhng c im sinh hc tng i

ging nhau v c kh nng giao phi vi nhau v sinh sn
ra th h tng lai.
n v thp nht trong mt h sinh thi (loi, chi, h, b,
lp, ngnh, gii, vc, s sng)

Qun th

Nhm c th ca cng mt loi, khc nhau v kch thc,

v tui v gii tnh, phn b trong nhng vng nht nh,
c kh nng ti sn xut s lng c th.
Kch thc, mt : Ph hp vi khng gian sng.
Tng tc ni b: m (cnh tranh, n tht nhau), dng:
chm sc, phi hp
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1.3 THY QUYN

Qun x:

Tp hp cc qun th cng sng trong mt vng a l hay

sinh cnh nht nh, l phn sng ca h sinh thi.
a dng: Mc phong ph v s lng loi.
Loi u th: C mt cao hi loi khc.
Cu trc: Xc nh bi phn b loi v mt c th, kch
thc, dinh dng

Nng sut sinh hc

Lng hu c c to ra bi cc h sinh thi

Nng sut sinh hc s cp: To bi cc sinh hc t dng
(sn xut)
Nng sut sinh hc th cp: Nng sut ca sinh vt tiu
th.

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1.3 THY QUYN

H sinh thi:

Bao gm qun x sinh vt

v mi trng v sinh.

Cn bng sinh thi

S n nh v s lng c
th trng thi n nh,
hng ti s thch nghi cao
nht vi iu kin mi
trng.
Cc h sinh thi t nhin
u c c ch t iu
chnh t ti trng thi
cn bng.
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1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.6 Ch quyn bin (Cng c bin 1982)

ng c s

Ngn nc triu thp nht

dc theo b bin

Vng ni thy

Vng nc nm bn trong
ng c s

Lnh hi

Rng 12 hi l tnh t
ng c s
Tu mun vo phi c
php

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1.3 THY QUYN

Vng tip gip (m)

12 hi l tnh t lnh hi
Quc gia ch quyn thi hnh
cc kim sot cn thit v
hi quan, thu, y t)
Vng c quyn kinh t
200 hi l tnh t ng c
s
Nc ch nh c quyn
khai thc.
Tu thuyn c i qua
nhng khng c gy hi

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1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.7 Cc ngun gy nhim nc
Nc thi

Nc thi c th l nc thi sinh hot, dch v, ch bin thc

phm, v cng nghip.

Cc ha cht bo v thc vt (pesticides)

Thuc tr su, dit c, dit nm mc, dit cn trng, dit loi

gm nhm, phn loi t t c n rt c, d phn hy (trong
1-2 tun) hay kh phn hy (hn 2 nm).

Cc cht ty ra

L cc cht hot ng b mt
Gm cc mui kim (K, Na) ca cc axit bo (x phng c
in), cc dn xut sunfonat
Phn loi thnh cc nhm anion, cation v khng ion.
C cc ph gia nh cht to bt, cht n nh, cht chng
n mn, cht st khun
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1.3 THY QUYN

Du m v sn phm du m

Hn hp hng trm cu t
khc nhau: hydrocarbon
no, khng no, vng trong
c nhng loi rt c
vi ngi v sinh vt
Pht tn vo mi trng
nc trong qu trnh khai
thc, ch bin, vn chuyn
v s dng
Cc r r t nhin
T kh quyn
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1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.8 Kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng nc
Cc vc nc nh i dng, sng, h, nc ngm u c kh
nng t lm sch vi mc khc nhau.
Kh nng t lm sch ny thng qua cc qu trnh ha l sau:
Pha long
Phn tn
Lng ng
Lc
Hp ph
Kt ta
Oxy ha
Trao i cht ca ng thc vt
Phn hy sinh hc
Ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng (ch thy lc, T, pH, oxy, nh
sng, dinh dng )
C gii hn
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1.3 THY QUYN

1.3.8 Qui chun cht lng nc
QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT:
QCVN 09: 2008/BTNMT:
QCVN 10: 2008/BTNMT:
QCVN 14: 2008/BTNMT:
QCVN 35: 2010/BTNMT:
du kh trn bin
QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT:
QCVN 44: 2012/BTNMT:

Cht lng nc mt (a)

Cht lung nc ngm
Cht lng nc bin ven b
Cht lng nc thi sinh hot
Nc khai thc thi t cc cng trnh

Nc thi cng nghip

Cht lng nc bin xa b

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