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Successful Agro industrial parks can, therefore, become growth hubs, creating high
growth regions and directing national economic development.
Over the decades, Agro industrial parks have become increasingly flexible and have
expanded the range of facilities and support services provided to firms and individuals they
host. The latest generation of parks promotes new innovative industries and technologies
and seeks to provide attractive environments for employees to work and live in innovative
clusters. Agro-industrial parks should strive for high environmental, economic and social
benefits. They should bring together businesses that cooperate to minimise resource use
and reduce waste. They must function according to a shared goal of maintaining the
economic viability of industry, trade and commerce while sharing the same core principles
of the industrial park of creating business niches, supporting business incubation and
competitiveness.
Potential investors for Agro Industrial Parks
An agro-industrial park can cater to the infrastructural needs of a large variety of
agri-horticultural produce grown in a region. Existing processing activities in the region can
be encouraged to relocate to the park and integrated with new units. This brings in
experience and knowledge from which others in the park may benefit. Industrial units
scattered across a region can pose environmental problems. Relocation into a park brings a
measure of control and security, but this has to be undertaken with the cooperation of the
entrepreneurs involved, that production levels remain firm (with no loss/drop), with similar
(or lower) production costs. There is little point in encouraging (forcing?) successful
enterprises to relocate for the benefit of other industrial units and for environmental well
being, only to penalise what had previously been a successful enterprise. In reality, few
enterprises are willing to relocate simply to provide for a better organised private sector,
The advantages in the medium to long term have to reflect in the balance sheet of the
enterprise, with higher earnings a major opportunity.
Design and Planning Agro-Industrial Parks:
It is essential to study the resources and requirements of the region, and design the
park with facilities based on the needs of the types of agro-processing industries that are
likely to be introduced into the park. Scientific and technical studies of this kind are best
funded by the state. There are considerable indirect benefits to the state with the
establishment of viable agro-industrial parks. These include enhanced productivity of the
agricultural sector, more money circulating in local communities, increased tax revenues
(based on increased production and added value) and, where social welfare may be
concerned, more food and materials available for local people. There is also less in the way
of wasted resources and materials within local production systems. Although not always
easy to define in strictly monetary terms, these benefits normally far outweigh the initial
expenses of promoting, establishing and nurturing the park into being.
methods of production. Increasing purchasing power and health consciousness on the part
of many people in developing countries encourages trends from overseas, with demands for
processed foods that have a fresh-like or dietary-beneficial quality. Suppliers of processed
foods are required to adapt to changing trends as the market may demand.
Agro-industrial Park should support start-ups, new enterprise incubation, and the
development of knowledge-based businesses, and offer an environment where local and
international firms can interact with a particular centre of knowledge creation for mutual
benefit.
A major advantage of Agro industrial parks is that they provide an institutional
framework, modern services and a physical infrastructure that may not be available in the
rest of the country.
Industrial parks must use modern services, such as information and
telecommunications as well as extension services that are critical for innovation,
technological learning and company growth.
A step by step Planning and Development process for a Agro-Food Industrial Park is
shown in Annexure -1.
Major constraints to the development of food processing industries have been:
1. High cost of raw materials (due to low yields) and wide variation in the quality of raw
materials produced by smallholders.
2. Inadequate and/or expensive refrigeration facilities for storage.
3. Inadequate transport and distribution systems.
4. Lack of proper infrastructure.
5. Limited availability and high cost of good quality packaging equipment.
6. Outdated processing technologies, and an inability to keep pace with technical change.
The Government policies together with the infrastructure within the agro-industrial park
should address these issues to the extent feasible.
Demand patterns for processed foods have been changing in most developing
countries in recent times. Reasons for change are many:
Rapid urbanisation and growth of cities have brought new demands on the food
industry. Changing life styles have contributed to a virtual boom in certain types of
processed foods. With improved communications and transport into cities, rural
populations have become better informed and more adaptable (susceptible?) to urban
patterns of consumption.
Increase literacy levels have lead to more people becoming conscious of good nutrition
and the importance of a balanced diet particularly for children. This is resulting in
5
increased demand for special foods for infants, growing children, convalescing patients,
invalids, old folk and others with special dietary needs such as diabetics.
An increase in working women in the labour force has resulted in high demand for
convenience foods, and those that can be prepared with minimum effort in the family
kitchen at the end of the day.
Advertising is having its own impact on the consumption pattern of many people and is
responsible for changing food habits, particularly amongst the young.
Promoters of Agro industrial parks should identify such processed foods and create
adequate infrastructure and other facilities to promote such processed foods capable of
creating domestic market and popularise local specialities in the export market.
An agro-industrial park should have the potential to support a selection of common
infrastructure for use by those on site. This should become fully commercial in approach
that those located on site become responsible for all operational and plant replacement
costs. Much, however, will depend upon local government policies that are put into place
during the start-up phase, and those that may come on-stream later (as demand grows).
Other factors will also apply including the incentives available from the Government,
payment based on volumetric use, payment based on the toxicity of wastes produced, offpark use of facilities, complementary or competitive state-wide (or neighbourhood)
supporting services, etc. Examples of facilities with potential for on-site location for various
agro industries are listed in Table 1
Table 1: Supporting Services and Facilities for an Agro-Industrial Park
Type of Industrial Activity
Category of facility
Industry
commercial
related:
Government
offices
and other
Facility to be provided
Spare part agencies and shops
Seed, pesticide/chemical suppliers
Motor rewinding shop
Business centre
Restaurants and fast food eateries
Supermarkets
Hospital/nursing homes
First aid/emergency services
Banks
Convention centre
Transport operators office
Container terminals, if required.
Petrol bunkers
Fuel depot (coal/furnace oil/diesel)
Schools
Housing colonies
Playgrounds
Clubs
Hotel/guest houses
Bus terminus/car parks
Parks
Religious centers
Residential colonies for key staff
Pollution control board office
District industries centre
Inspection/certification agencies
Industry association
Local body offices
Electricity board
Police station
Post office/telephone exchange
Training centre
Fire fighting services
Single window agency
Weather quality monitoring station
Agro-industrial park office
It is advantageous for a park to have different zones for different types of industrial
and non-industrial activities. Zoning will help by achieving economies of scale, for example,
with the provision of services and the collection and treatment of wastes, recycling of
wastewater, transport networks, public amenities and similar. Normally, industrial zoning is
required to segregate polluting and non-polluting industrial processes, heavy and light
industries, wet processing and dry processing industries and similar. Table 3 provides some
examples of the different types of industries that may be involved.
Table 3 Industries and Industrial Zones in the Park
Classification of industry
Industrial activities
Zero
waste
waste/effluents
or
minimum
All wet solid generating units can be located together so that wet solid wastes can, for
example, be re-directed and treated in a single digester after due treatment in preparation for
digestion. Biogas produced can be utilized by industries located close by, for example, for the
generation of steam or heat energy. Similarly, industrial units producing dry solid wastes can
be grouped together so that all solid wastes can be incinerated for the generation of power or
pelletized for the production of easily transportable fuels. Such fuels can be marketed within
the park for industrial use or sold into the local community as a domestic fuel.
8
Supporting industrial units, such as those involved with ancillary activities for
printing, plastics, packaging and similar, can be located into another part of the park. Separate
enclosures may be provided for common facilities that cater to the needs of individual groups
within a particular zone. Commercial Infrastructure can also be located separately, but within
a convenient distance from each zone. Long travel distances and/or inadequate transport links
will result in services being under-used, and may encourage ad hoc alternatives (such as
street food vendors) establishing in non-zoned areas.
Finally to keep the expenditure on development of infrastructure at reasonable levels
and to ensure the availability of adequate raw materials in the long term, the choice of
location of the park is important. It helps to locate the park where some infrastructure may
already exists such as roads, housing, commercial services and similar. Investment levels
will be lower and this will enable the plots to be sold at lower cost (or limit the levels of
subsidization required), for example, as described in location A in Table 4.
Decisions for a preferred choice of location are not always taken simply on the basis
of the economic factors involved, but costs remain a prime consideration. It helps to have the
entire country or state mapped for resources, infrastructure, and points of consumption and/or
processing and sale to assist with making choices. For most planners in developing countries,
however, data will normally be strictly limited, and a preferred choice of location may not
always be immediately available.
HIGH EXISTING
AND
FUTURE
RAW MATERIAL
DEVELOPMENT
POTENTIAL
MEDIUM
EXISTING AND
HIGH FUTURE
RAW MATERIAL
DEVELOPMENT
POTENTIAL
LOW EXISTING
AND
HIGH
FUTURE
RAW
MATERIAL
DEVELOPMENT
POTENTIAL
HIGH
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
INDEX
MEDIUM
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
INDEX
LOW
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
INDEX
10
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep and ITDP
Areas) subject to a maximum of `40 million for provision of common facilities in Food
Parks.
Table 5: Status of food parks implemented in India during 1992-2007
Grant
Grant
Approved
released
State
No. of Parks
` million
` million
Haryana
1
29.3
29.3
Karnataka
2
80.0
80.0
Kerala
4
128.7
128.7
Madhya Pradesh
6
237.08
233.19
Manipur
1
40.0
40.0
Fully funded and
Maharashtra
5
190.27
190.27
Operational
Mizoram
1
38.2
38.2
Rajasthan
2
40.69
40.69
Tamil Nadu
1
40.0
40.0
Tripura
1
40.0
40.0
Uttara Pradesh
3
120.0
93.8
West Bengal
5
156.62
156.62
Manipur
1
40.0
35.40
Total
33
1180.86
1146.17
Plots
Units
Partially Operational
allotted
Operational
Andhra Pradesh
1
39.81
20.0
12
5
Assam
1
35.0
26.25
22
0
Haryana
1
40.0
30.0
217
212
Jammu & Kashmir
2
80.0
62.83
55
55
Karnataka
2
79.85
49.63
23
2
Maharashtra
2
80.0
60.0
118
19
Nagaland
1
38.71
19.36
0
0
Orissa
1
40.0
30.0
81
28
Rajasthan
2
47.34
28..29
209
99
West Bengal
1
40-0
30-0
0
0
14
520.71
356.36
737
420
To be Closed - Grant refunded
Bihar
1
Chhattisgarh
1
West Bengal
1
Proposed to be closed
Tamil Nadu
1
4
To be Closed - Partial grant released but not implemented
Jammu & Kashmir
1
34.6
25.95
Punjab
1
40.0
20.0
Uttara Pradesh
2
71.81
15.58
Proposed to be closed
West Bengal
1
40.0
7.5
5
186.41
69.03
No New Food Parks were approved during the 11th Plan period and first year of 12th
plan period under the old scheme. Based on the lessons learnt from these food parks, during
12
the 11th plan period a new scheme of Mega food park was being introduced with a subsidy
component of up to `500 million per park. 30 Mega Food Parks were approved during the
period 2008-2013.
Providing for the economic performance of common facilities is also a major
constraint, and these facilities may not become economically self-sustaining. Experience
proves that this is difficult (if not impossible) unless the park facilities are heavily subsidized
by the government. Real costs cannot always be charged at the outset if the state wishes to
attract investors and establish new industries in the park.
Agro-industrial/food Park may have to provide various facilities at subsidized cost to
food processors, farmers, retailers and exporters, thus help in fast growth of food
processing industries. Government subsidies for capital investment or for maintaining such
facilities are justifiable in view of the benefits that accrue to various stake holders and
indirect revenue to the Government. The key benefits expected to these stake-holders are*:
Food Processors
Farmers
Developed plot in the Agro-food Park on
Sell produce to collection centres
lease with Power, Water and ETP
Benefit from higher pricing
facilities
Information regarding best farm practices
Cutting edge processing facilities in CPC
and agro-input supplies
Reap benefits of power cost, common
Improved produce quality
facilities, testing, government support
Retrieval of losses due to better post
Backward and forward linkage benefits
harvest practises, packaging and handling
Increased profitability
Can use primary processing facilities,
cold storages, ripening chambers and
warehouses
Retail Chains
MNC Exporters
Assured good quality produce
Good quality fresh/processed products
Standardised products
Assured product quality and traceability
Benefit of quality assurance facility
throughout the food chain
through testing labs
Benefit of quality assurance and
Transportation facilities including refer
certification through the testing lab
trucks and vans
Assured supply of products through
Can use common labelling and packing
contract
farming
and
contract
facility of the park
manufacturing
Satisfy customers through good product
*Note: As published by the Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Release id:
85271 dated 05.11.2013 justifying the subsidy granted to Food Parks.
The present status of implementation of these food parks is also slow as can be seen from the
table 6. The first Mega food park approved in 2008-09 is nearing completion and is
operational and 13 food [arks are in various stages of implementation.
13
Uttara Pradesh
Sept 2010
1687
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Chhattisgarh
Pondicherry
Chhattisgarh
J&K
Haryana
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Gujarat
HP
Maharashtra
Orissa
Sikkim
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
Sept 2012
1249
1499
1297
810
1471
1131
1191
1430
1083
976
1323
1171
804
1245
1139
14
15
Annexure-1
3. Government Policies
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Industrial Policy
Agriculture Policy
Tourism Policy
Health Policy
Environmental Policy
Factory and Labour Laws
Building Laws
Transport Policy
Subsidies and Incentives available for Industries-Agriculture-Infrastructure
development
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.