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ISSN: 2455-5703
P. D. Ramteke
Department of Civil Engineering
Kavikulguru Institute Of Technology and science,Ramtek441106, Nagpur University
Abstract
This paper describes three tests on small scale, transversely stiffened plate girder. The objective of the test was to observe
collapse mechanism and to study post buckling behavior i.e.in particular to investigate the behavior of the transverse web
stiffeners. A problem was selected to choose the dimensions and loads of the plate girder and design can be solved according to
clauses of Indian Standers 800-2007. Model analysis technique was used to reduce the dimensions and loads of actual structure.
Accordingly three small scale plate girder models were constructed with varying number of stiffeners and with constant
dimensions of web, flange and stiffeners. The main objective of this experimental study was to study post buckling behavior. The
observation given should facilitate future development of improved method of stiffeners.
Keywords- Longitudinal deflection, lateral deflection, web buckling, web crippling, tension field stress
I. INTRODUCTION
Plate girder is basically an Ishape beam constructed from plates using riveting or welding. It is a deep flexural member used to
carry loads that cannot be economically carried by rolled beams. Generally rolled beams are used for general structure but in
situation where the load is heavier and span is large the plate girder is generally used. The designer has choice to choose
component of convenient sizes therefore plate girder offer unique flexibility in fabrication and the cross- section can be uniform
or non-uniform along the section. Plate girder provides maximum flexibility and economy in the design of plate girder. For the
short span (< 10 m) plate girder are uneconomical due to higher connection cost and hence rolled I-section is generally preferred
but the span (> 10 m) and up to the span of 35 m plate girder are economical and used in the railway bridges of span 15 to 40 m
and in highway bridges of span 24 to 46 m and also used in building when it is required to support heavy concentrated load exlarge hall.
Plate girder are generally composed of compact flanges, slender webs, transverse and longitudinal stiffeners. For
efficiency, most plate-girder cross sections are built geometrically similar to wide-flange steel beams, i.e., with top and bottom
flanges to resist normal stresses associated with bending moment and a deep web plate to resist resulting shearing forces. The
transverse stiffeners are provided vertically and closed to support to increase the bearing resistance and to improve shear
capacity. The longitudinal stiffeners provided in horizontal direction to increases the buckling resistance of the web against
bending.
Rode [1916] developed the first physical explanation for very high shearing capacities of slender plate girder webs.
Wagner [1931] developed the theory of uniform diagonal tension field. Basler [1950] was the first to develop a successful plate
girder model for tension field action of the type used in civil engineering structure. Wilson [1986] was the first to discover the
post buckling behavior of plate girder web panels by studying the slender aluminium shear panels with rigid boundary elements
utilized in aircraft structures. Galmbos [1998] developed many theories for the ultimate shear capacity of plate girder. Porter et al
introduced Cardiff model in which collapse of girders was related with the emergence of plastic hinges in flanges. Cardiff model
was later adopted into the British Standards. Hoglund proposed a simplified rotating stress field theory to simulate stiffened and
unstiffened web plates and his theory later introduced into the Eurocode 3.
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A.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Selection of Section
Approximate depth of girder = 80 mm
Required flange area = 54.91 mm2
Required flange width = 27.5 mm
Required thickness of flange =2 mm
Section of the flange model is 27.5 2 mm
Thickness of web = 1 mm
B.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Factored Load
Udl / m = 0.107 kN/m
1st concentrated load = 0.472 kN
2 nd concentrated load = 0.472 kN
Maximum moment = 0.839 kN/m
Maximum shear force = 2.07 kN
5)
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A. Model 1st
Fig. 2: Plate girder model with intermediate transverse stiffeners at spacing 250 mm
B. Model 2nd-
Fig. 3: Plate girder model with alternate intermediate stiffeners at spacing c=d (80 mm)
C. Model 3rd
Fig. 4: Plate girder model with intermediate stiffeners at spacing c=d (80 mm) on both side of web
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B. Lateral Deflection
1) Flange Displacement
It was assumed compression flange moving laterally. In this case load was applied centrally. 25 mm dial gauge was placed at a
distance of L /2 and attached to center of upper flange plate thickness. One 10 mm dial gauge was placed at a distance of 650
mm and attached to the center of flange plate thickness and second 10 mm dial gauge was attached exactly opposite of first 10
mm dial gauge.
C. Web crippling
It was assumed that compression flange moving laterally. In this case load was applied centrally and 25 mm dial gauge was
placed at a distance L/2 and attached at distance of 30 mm from the upper end of web plate. One 10 mm dial gauge was attached
at a distance of 15 mm from upper end of web plate and placed just left to center. Second 10 mm dial gauge was attached at a
distance of 40 mm from bottom end of web plate and placed just right to the center.
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D. Web buckling
It was assumed that compression flange moving laterally. In this case load was applied centrally and 25 mm dial gauge was
placed at a distance of L/2 and attached to center of web plate. One 10 mm dial gauge was placed at one end and attached at a
distance of 46 mm from the upper end of web plate. Second 10 mm dial gauge was placed at other end and attached at a distance
of 46 mm from lower end of web plate.
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When 2nd plate girder model i.e. alternate intermediate transverse stiffeners at spacing c=d (80 mm) was subjected to
transverse loading the failure of all intermediate stiffeners was observed except the stiffeners at support. Also the failure of
compression flange was observed at the load of 75 kg (0.75 kN).This failure of stiffeners and compression flange was due to the
tension field stresses developed in the web panel. This tensile membrane stresses exert the pull on the tension and compression
flange and causes failure of flange plate.
Due to this failure of compression flange the plastic moment capacity of the flanges would be reduced and all the
tensional field stress was supported entirely by intermediate stiffeners. This is the post- buckling stage. In which horizontal
component of tensional field stress act directly on top and bottom portion of stiffeners. The horizontal component which act on
top pull the stiffener one side and component act bottom pull the stiffeners another side. Due to this horizontal component of
tensional field stresses the intermediate transverse stiffeners losses its rigidity and hence failure of stiffeners in each panel was
observed.
Also during the transverse loading it can be observed that as the intermediate stiffeners was fail but the end bearing
stiffeners still remain straight. This is due to mechanism that tension field in panel CD was balanced by tension field in panel
BC. Therefore the interior panels are anchored by the neighboring panels. The end panels have no anchorage and hence tensional
field stress was not developed in the end panel and end bearing stiffeners remain straight.
When 3rd plate girder model i.e. with intermediate transverse stiffeners at c=d (80 mm) on both side of web was
subjected to transverse loading it was observed that as load was continuously increases up to 82 kg (0.82 kN) this stiffeners still
remain straight i.e. this newly attached stiffeners not losses its rigidity. Therefore failure not takes places. This means that newly
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37
provided stiffeners plays a very critical role in achieving the ultimate load capacity of girder and it increases the web buckling
stresses, support tension field in the web in the post buckling stages and finally prevent the flanges from failure.
Graph was plotted from the obtained dial gauge reading which showing comparison of longitudinal deflection, lateral
deflection, web crippling and web buckling shown below. From the graph it was observed that as no of stiffeners increases the
deflection, lateral movement, crippling and buckling in girder was reduced. Also from the dial gauge reading it was observed that
the web crippling was takes place girder at a distance of 30 mm from bottom of web plate and this crippling dial gauge values
were compared with the web buckling values from that it was observed that web crippling was more critical as compared to web
buckling.
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VII. CONCLUSION
The results obtained from these three tests on small- scale girder enables the following conclusion to be drawn
1) Under the transverse load bending takes places in the plane of the loading.
2) Under transverse load lateral torsional buckling occur which reduce the bending capacity of the girder.
3) Under transverse load compressive stresses are formed which reduced the shear capacity of the web.
4) Under the transverse load bending stresses are formed which reduced plastic moment resistance of flange.
5) Under transverse load diagonal compressive stresses are formed which cause buckling of web panel at support and under
transverse load.
6) Under transverse load tension field stresses are formed in web panel to cause failure of flange which reduced plastic moment
resistance.
7) Under transverse load tension field stress act directly on the stiffeners which cause reduce the rigidity of stiffeners.
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