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1.

In Operant conditioning procedure, the role of reinforcement is:


(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Strikingly significant
Very insignificant
Negligible
Not necessary

2. According to Skinnerian Operant conditioning theory, a negative reinforcement


is:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Nothing but punishment


A biofeedback
A withdrawing or removal of a positive reinforcer
An instinctive drift

3. In continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF), every appropriate response:


(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Is
Is
Is
Is

reinforced
not reinforced
sometimes reinforced
an instinctive drift

4.Which schedule of reinforcement is a ratio schedule stating a ratio of respons


es to reinforcements?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Variable Ratio Schedule


Fixed Interval Schedule
Variable Interval Schedule
Fixed Ratio Schedule

5. Which schedule of reinforcement does not specify any fixed number, rather sta
tes the requirement in terms of an average?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Variable Ratio Schedule


Fixed Ratio Schedule
Fixed Interval Schedule
Variable Interval Schedule

6.As a rule, variable ratio schedule (VR) arrangements sustain:


(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Low rates of responding


High rates of responding
Zero responding
90% of responding

7.Under conditions of variable ratio schedule, the only sensible way to obtain m
ore reinforcements is through emitting:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

50% responses
90% responses
Less number of responses
Greater number of responses

8.Shifting from right-hand driving in (in U.S.A.) to a left-hand driving (in Ind
ia) is an illustration of:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Negative transfer of training


Positive transfer of training
Neutral transfer of training
Both neutral and positive transfer of training

9.Most human habits are reinforced in a:


(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Variable fashion
Constant fashion
Partial Manner
Particular Time span

10.A high positive transfer results when stimuli are similar and responses are:
(a)
(b)
(b)
(d)

Identical
Not Identical
Haphazard
Equipotential

11.Punishment is effective only when it weakens:


(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Undesirable response
Desirable response
Positive response
Negative response

12.The stage of
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Ages
Ages
Ages
Ages

7
5
3
2

to
to
to
to

concrete operations

continues from:

12
8
9
6

13.Assimilation and accommodation are:


(a) Complimentary to each other
(b) Opposite to each other
(c) Equal and similar terms
(d) Reversible terms
14.Incorporation of a new object or idea into an idea or scheme the child alread
y has is known as:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Accommodation
Assimilation
Centration
Casuality

15.9. The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children d
evelop an attitude of basic trust is:
A) Piaget.
B) Harlow.
C) Vygotsky.
D) Erikson.
16.Whose stage theory of moral development was based on how people reasoned abou
t ethical dilemmas?
A) Erikson
B) Piaget
C) Harlow
D) Kohlberg
17.To which of Kohlberg's levels would moral reasoning based on the existence of
fundamental human rights pertain?
A) preconventional morality

B) conventional morality
C) postconventional morality
D) generative morality
18.Sam, a junior in high school, regularly attends church because his family and
friends think he should. Which stage of moral reasoning is Sam in?
A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) too little information to tell
19. In preconventional morality, the person:
A) obeys out of a sense of social duty.
B) conforms to gain social approval.
C) obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
D) follows the dictates of his or her conscience.
20.According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adol
escence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are:
A) identity formation; intimacy; generativity.
B) intimacy; identity formation; generativity.
C) generativity; intimacy; identity formation.
D) intimacy; generativity; identity formation.
21.After a series of unfulfilling relationships, 30-year-old Carlos tells a frie
nd that he doesn't want to marry because he is afraid of losing his freedom and
independence. Erikson would say that Carlos is having difficulty with the psycho
social task of:
A) trust versus mistrust.
B) autonomy versus doubt.
C) intimacy versus isolation.
D) identity versus role confusion
22.Fourteen-year-old Cassandra feels freer and more open with her friends than w
ith her family. Knowing this is the case, Cassandra's parents should:
A) be concerned, because deteriorating parent-adolescent relationships, such as
this one, are often followed by a range of problem behaviors.
B) encourage Cassandra to find new friends.
C) seek family counseling.
D) not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of growing peer influence an
d diminishing parental influence.
23.Who gives more stress to the philosophy of social constructivism?
A. Piaget
B. Kohlberg
C. Vygotsky
D. Dewey
24.n Freud's theory, the part of the personality that helps the individual adapt
to external reality by making compromises between the id, the superego, and the
environment is the
A)
ego
B)
pleasure principle
C)
reality principle
D)
rationalization
25.Who is the father of genetic epistemology?
A. Piaget
B. Bruner
C. Vygotsky

D. Dewey
26.Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of the mutual interactio
n of environment, person, and
A)
heredity.
B)
learning.
C)
cognition.
D)
behavior.

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