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f itjiif rcHcsifygbl;?

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- aemufydik f;rSm OD;ode;f az (jrifh) csKHuif;a&mufawmhvnf; rulnDyg?
wdk@Armtpnf;tkH; vuf,m *k%
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ppf+yD;wmr=umao;vd@k ajymif;awG/ ukd,fxnfoHawG aumif;ygao;w,f )
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1945 rS 1948 xd Armjynftajctae
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD[m w&m;0if (Oya'wGif;) ygwD jzpfae+yD? vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; ukd ausmkd;ywJh zqyv tzJG}uD;
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v,form;ukd 'k&H if;twkdif; &Sdapygw,f?
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t& w&m;0if&aSd eygw,f? 'D ukr`%Dudk EkdkifiHydik fvkyfa&;ay:vpDrmS PVO eJ@ (Auy) ruJGyg? (OD;bazu Akdv
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tJ'Dt,ltqukd vlrsKd;pktzJG@ wkdif;avmufu vufrcHyg? olwkd@rSm vlrsKd;yJ &Sdw,f? vlwef;pm;r&Sb
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&Srf;trsKd;om;a&;0g'/ ucsifu ucsif trsKd;om;a&;0g' 'gyJvkdw,fvkd@ ,lq=u ygw,f? &efolu ArmvlrsKd;yJvk@d owfrSwf ygw,f?
(aemufawmh Armppftpk;d &vkd@ jyifygw,f?)
KIO acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ wyf aygif;pkaqG;aEG;yJw
G ckrSm 'DudpPay:ygw,f? olwdk@u (-ism ) (0g') awGa=umifh cufae wmvdk@
ajymygw,f? olajymcsifwmu (Communism. Socialism) uGefjrLepf0g'/ qkd&,
S fvpf0g' tJ'D0g'awGudk qkdvdw
k myg? cifAsm;wkd@vnf; ism &SdwmyJqkad wmh r&Sdbl; jiif;ygw,f? Nationalism avvkd@ajymrS [kwfw,fvkd@ ajymygw,f?
'gawGa=umifh Armjynf awmfvSef a&;rSm jynfol@'rD u
dk a&pD vkd@ uGefjrLepf awGuajym/ olw@dk utrsKd;om;'Dru
dk a&pD vkd@
ajym rvkdtyfyJ jiif;ae=u&ygw,f?
NDF qkdwm ArmrygyJ zJG@=u ygw,f? olwdk@taeeJ@ (Auy) u ArmxJrSm vlwef;pm;a&;vkyfwmawmh uufygw,f?
Armcsif;wkdufyJGrmS tjrwfxkwfEdik fvkd@yg? olwkd@uawmh trsKd;om;a&;yJ vkkyfr,fv@kd qkdygw,f? Armu BIA vkyfcJhovkd olwkd@vnf; - IA
awG zJG@=uygw,f? (SSIA. KIA pojzifh)
tckawmh rsKd;qufopfwcsKdu Armryga&;om ruawmhyg? Armpum; rajyma&;/ t*Fvdyfbmomukd bkHbmom
vkyfa&;txdajymoH =um;&ygw,f? pdwful; ,OfwmygyJ? pdwful;,OfcGifh vlwdkif;rSm&Sdvk@d aAGr,lEkdifyg?
wcgwke;f u (KNUP) zJG@ygw,f? olwkd@u vlwef;pm;eJ@ vlwef;pm;wkdufyJG oabmw&m;ukd vufcHygw,f? (Auy) eJ@
tawmfuav; eD;pyfcJhzl;ygw,f?
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todrJhpmG jzpfap vkyfae=uwmcsnf; ygyJ? ay:vpDwikd f;[mvnf; vlwef;pm; wckckukd ukd,fpm;ywm tvkyftau|;ywm csn;f ygyJ?
wrsKd;om;vkH;ukd ukd,pf m;y w,fvdk@ ajymaumif;ajymygvdrfhr,f? r[kwfyg? ppftpkd;&u trsKd;om;a&; wm0ef trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;
vdk@ ajymae wmrsKd;ygyJ?
&efukeftpkd;& jzpfae+yD ywfus zk@d wJwJuav;vkw
d ,f? bma=umifh tJ'D wke;f u (Auy)/ RBA. PVO. KNU aygif;+yD;
&efukefrodrf;ovJvk@d rsKd;qufopf wcsKdu jypfwifcsif=uygw,f?
ajymoavmufrvG,fyg? pOf;pm; Ekdik fatmif tJ'Dwke;f u tajctae vkdo avmuf wifjyygr,f?
48 ckEpS f wESpfvH;k ygwDu xkd;ppf awG }uHh}uHhcHae&ygw,f? xd;kd wJhwyfawGu u&if/ ucsif/ csif;/ a*:&cg; wyfawGyg? olwkd@yJ
zqyv tpk;d &trdef@emcHygw,f? ArmwyfawGu wcsKdawmckd/ wcsKduysuf/ Akv
d fwcsKdu okH@yef;jzpf/ Akv
d fwcsKdu ppf qkd&if
a&awmifppfraomufcsifbl; vkd@ ajym+yD; bke;f }uD;0wfygw,f?

49 rSm u&ifwyfawG awmckdrS (Auy) toufLS acsmifygw,f? u&ifwyf awG rEWav;wufvmygw,f? rEWav; a&mufcgeD;
jrpfi,fwHwm;a&mufawmh wef@oGm;ygw,f? tpk;d &wyf/ PVO eJ@ qdk&,
S fvpfwyfawGu jrpfi,fwzufurff;u cHaeygw,f?
OD;pD;vmwJh u&ifwyfrSL;awGqD ygwDu ppfa&;wyfaygif;pk ,m,DzJG@zkd@ urf;vSrf;ygw,f? wcsed fwnf;rSm tpk;d & bufu
wkdufaewJh PVO wyfukd (Auy/ PVO / u&if) ppfa&;yl;aygif;+yD; rEWav; t&,lz@dk urf;vSrf;ygw,f? PVO u qdk&,
S f vpfukd
rkef;wD;aevkd@ yxrawmh vufcHovkd jyefpmay;ygw,f?
w&m;0if okH;zJG@ vufrSwfx;kd a=unmcsufxkwfr,fvkyaf wmh PVO u vdyfjymroef@v@kd aemufqw
k foGm;ygw,f? (Auy) eJ@
u&ifwyfyJ vufrSwfx;kd xkwfjyef vkduf&ygw,f? wckaumif;oGm;wmu PVO u rEWav;ppfrsufESmuae ol@ oabmeJ@ol
qkwfoGm;ygw,f? uGefjrLepfeJ@ u&ifwyfukd cHrwdkuyf g? usefcJhwJh tpk;d &wyf (csif;wyf ) eJ@ qdk&,
S fvpfwyfu rEWav;u rcH0Hhygbl;?
'ga=umifh vG,fv,
G fyJ rEWav; odrf;rdygw,f?
KNU xlaxmifr,fh aumfol; avjynfxJrSm rEWav;rygyg? u&ifu rEWav;udk =um&Sno
f drf;xm;zkd@ vmwm vnf; r[kwfyg?
arr@rSm vufeufzwf tzrf;cHxm;&wJh u&ifawGukd u,fxkwfzd@k yJ vmwmyg? olwdk&J ppfa&;wm0ef+yD;awmh jyefygw,f?
(Auy) uvnf; tmCmw rxm;bJ vufwJGzkd@ OD;atmifurf;vSrf; ygw,f? &efukeftpkd;& b0 a&mufoGm; &wm rEWav;
usoGm;vkd@ygyJ?
aemufawmh tpk;d &u rEWav; jyefodrf;ygw,f? rEWav;r@odrf;&mrSm PVO awG ygvmygw,f? tJ'Dtcg 'kwd,t}udrf
rEWav;ukd awmfvSefa&;wyfu wcgxyf odrf;ygw,f? tpk;d &wyfxJu AkdvfvSazwdk@ tiftm;awG&,f (Akv
d fvSazqkdwm &Jabmf
cspaf umif;/ &Jabmftkef;armif/ ref;0if;armif wkd@&J@ tdEd,
N c&D;rSmygwJh AkdvfvSazyg?) PVO &,f/ (Auy) &,f okH;zJG@aygif;+yD; odrf;wmyg? 'gu
Ekid fiHa&;wyfaygif;pkyg? rEWav;rSm =um=umraeEkdkifyg? jyefqkwcf Jh&ygw,f?
ppfa&;oabmwlnDcsuf ,m,D ,l+yD; rEWav;odrf;ovkd &efukefodrf;vkd@ rjzpfyg? tedrfhq;kH Ekid fiHa&;vkyfief;pOf &SdrS jzpfygr,f?
&efukefu r@awmfyg? t*Fvdyf ppfrpf&Sifvnf; &Sdygw,f? oHkH;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f? &efukefodrf;rdcJhaomf qkdwmeJ@ pOfpm;=unfyh g?
(Auy) u toHv$ifhkHord f;+yD; Ek tufwvDpmcsKyf y,fzsufvkduw
f ,f? +Adwdo# ppfrpf&Sifxu
G foGm;yg? BOC Ekid fiH
ydik fodrf;vku
d f+yD? ajr&Sifpepf zsufodrf;vkduf+yD? v,fvkyfolawGv,fyikd f=u vdk@ a=unm w,f qkdygawmh KNU oabmwlyg@rvm;?
aemufwrsKd; KNU u toHv$ifh ko
H drf;+yD; aumfol;avjynf xlaxmif a=umif;a=unm/ +Adwdo# "eo[m,xJ
jyef0ifr,fvdk@ajym/ aumfol;avjynfxJ b,fa'oawGygw,fvdk@ a=unm&if (Auy) ua&m/ wjcm;tzJG@awG/ ygwDawG uyg vufcHEkdifrmS
r[kwfyg? aumfol;av jynf&J@ t0ef;t0kid f;ukd KNU awGu ajym xm;+yD;om;yg? v#Kd0Sufcsuf r[kwfyg?
'gu 1949 ukd Oyrmay;wmyg? 1969 OD;Ekwd@k awmcdkawmh wkwfjynfu qif;vmwJh teDv_dif; ta&S@awmiftm&S rjyef@atmif
xkdif;Arme,fpyfrSm wmd;k }uD; wnfaqmuf+yD; umuG,fzdk@ vkyf=uw,f? (Auy) u teDv_dif;pD;aew,f? OD;Ekwdk@u teDv_dif;wm;aew,f?
'gvnf; tedrfhq;kH vkyfief;pOf r&Sdwma=umifh jzpfwmyJ? ppfat;acwfrmS tJ'Dvkd tedrfhq;kH vkyfief;pOf &Sdzkd@uvnf; rvG,fygbl;?
aemuf OD;Ekwdk@/ Adv
k fvusfmwdk@ tcuftcJawG@w,fqkdwm =um;ygw,f? olw@kd rSef;csufeJ@ ESrf;xGufrudkuf jzpfae+yD? KNU eJ@
ydyuQawGjzpfae+yDqkdwm =um;yg w,f? 'gvnf; tedrfhqkH;vkyif ef;pOf olwdk@xJ r&Sd=uvkd@ygyJ?
vufeufuikd f wkdufaeolrsm;rSm bkHvkyfief;pOfr&Sd&if jynfwGif;ppfu wm&Snf ygvdrfhr,f? Oya'wGif;u t=urf;rzufa&; vrf;
vkdufaeolrsm;rSm bkHvkyfief;pOfr&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pD a&pkeaf rsmygr,f? 1988 u om"uukdyJ =unfhyg? (,m,D) (=um;jzwf) tpkd;& rzJG@Ekdifyg?
'Drdkua&pD zcif}uD;uwrsKd;/ &moufyef 0ef}uD;csKyfuwzkH jzpf+yD; ppf tkypf kuyJ pm;oGm;ygw,f?
Armjynf jynfwGif;ppftay: urBmhpepf. tusKd;oufa&mufr_
Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf[m jynf wGif;jzpfppfppf jzpfygw,f? jynfwGif; yuwdtajctaeeJ@ jynfwGif;yuwd tcsuf
tvufawGa=umifh jzpfcJhwJh jynfwGif;ppfyg? b,fol@ya,m*rS rygygbl;? 'gayrJh urBmh pepf&J@ tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdwefoavmuf
&Sdygw,f?
Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf&J@ orkdif;ukd jyef=unfh&if urBmhpepfokH;rsKd;&J tusKd; oufa&mufr_ &SdwmawG@Eikd fygw,f?
yxrqkH;pepfu e,fcsJurBmh pepfyg? 'gayrJh ae0ifcsdefpepfjzpfvdk@ odyf =um=um rjzwfoef;&ygbl;? csmcsDw@dk a':refprpfwkd@u
tod&dpS mG jzpfap/ tod rJhpmG jzpfap vufeufawGawmh jzef@ay;cJh ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppfudk vufeuf&o
Sd lrS wkdufEkdifygw,f?
'kwd,pepfu ppfat;acwf urBmhpepfyg? tp tv,f tqkH; jzwfoef; cJh&ygw,f? ppfat;acwfukd jzwfoef;=u wmrSm
wkdif;jynfwckeJ@wck rwlygbl;? xkdif; u wrsKd;yg? tar&duefbuf jywfjywf&yf+yD; jzwfoef;cJhw,f? aemufusrS wjznf;jznf; cGmw,f?
'gayrJh b,fwkef;urS =um;ae*kd%f; xJrygcJhyg? tck ykpH HopftmqD,H (ASEAN) acwfrSmawmif tar&duefeJ@yJ eD;pyfygw,f?
Armjynfuawmh wrsKd;? tdEd,
N eJ@ wkwf=um; ae&wJhwkdif;jynfqdkawmh xkdif; vkyo
f vkdvkyfvkd@ r&ygbl;? 1948 uae 1950
ckESpfawG&J@ tpykdif;txd tar&duefeJ@ &if;ESD;vkyd gw,f? 'gayrJh jywfjywfvnf; r&yf&Jyg? tdEd,
N (ael;) eJ@ wkwf (csKdtifvikd f;) wkd@

ESpfbuf!y f+yD; qJGaqmifv@dk bufrvkdu=f um;ae jzpfvmygw,f? +idr;f csrf; pGm ,SOfwJGaea&; rl}uD; (5) csuu
f dk urux yolxJ
ygvmygw,f?
'Dvdkjzpfwm wkdif;jynfeJ@ jynfol twGufawmh tusKd;&Sdygw,f? tar&duef a&m qkdAD,ufyg =um;aewmukd ESpfouf=u wm
r[kwfygbl;? txl;ojzifh tar&duefu rESpo
f ufygbl;? =um;aew,fqw
kd m oduQm rJhwmyJv@kd oluxifygw,f? urBm}uD;rSm
tar&duef*d%
k ;f / qdkAD,uf*d%
k ;f eJ@ =um;ae *dk%f;}uD; &Sdaewm aumif;ygw,f? urBmh +idr;f csrf;a&;ukd wpkw
H &m xdef;odrf;Edkifwm jzpfv@dk ygyJ?
Armjynftpkd;&awGrSm jynfwGif; ppfwdkufzd@k vufeufa&aomufjrpf rcufcJ ygbl;? &efukeftpkd;&acwfuyJ ,m,DcufcJ cJhygw,f?
'gvnf; tdEd,
N u 0ifajz&Sif;ay; cJhygw,f? aemufawmh vkH;0rcufawmhygbl;? aiG&zSd @kd yJvkdygw,f?
(Auy) twGufuawmh ppfvuf usef *syefvufeufawG a[mif;jrif;ysufpD; awmh/ usnfqHr&Sdawmh =umavcufav ygyJ?
vufeufwvuf/ usnfwawmifh/ aiG wusyf jynfy b,fqDurS r&cJhzl;ygbl;? Z'g;aemhAf ajrmufay;wmqkd&if olwdk@udk qkdAD,ufu
ul&rSmayg@? rulygbl;? (Auy) ukd ulwm toufqufay;wm[m zqyv tpk;d &ygyJ? jynfol@&Jabmfw@dk / RBA wdk@ ay:vmvkd@/ KNU
ay:vmvkd@ *syefaoewf awG tem;ay;+yD; t*Fvdyv
f ufeufeJ@ toufqufcJhwmygyJ? vufeufwvuf/ usnfwawmifh/ aiGwusyfukd
ukd,ftm; ukd,fu;dk &SmcJhwmjzpfygw,f? b,fol@qDurS r&ygbl;?
uGefjrLepfcsif; usdwf+yD;ay;r,f rxifygeJ@? wD;wkd;uqk&d if wyfr[m wckpmvufeuf zqyvtpkd;&ukdyJ ay;yg
w,f? ,l*kdqvAfped fajymif;ukd tawmf =um=um olw@dk ppfwyf okH;cJhwmygyJ?
ul;&SufAfuvnf; tawG;tac: t&/ EkdifiHa&;t& zqyvtpkd;&ukdyJ axmufcHygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; ul;&SufAf ukd
OD;ausmf+idr;f u tr$r;f wif+yD; OD;ode;f az (jrifh) u ukd;uG,fygw,f?
wD;wdk;jzpfjzpf/ ul;&SufAfjzpfjzpf zqyvtpk;d &ukd ulwmu olwdk&J Ekid fiHa&; tusKd;=unfh+yD; ulwmyg? qdk&,
S fvpf*kd%f;
twGif;u ydyuQrmS Armjynfukd tokH;cs wmygyJ?
bmyJjzpfjzpf rl}uD; (5) csuf csrw
S f wmukd uufygw,f? wkdif;jynfeJ@jynfoludk tusKd;ywmjzpfv@dk vkdvm;ESpfoufygw,f?
rl}uD; (5) csuf aus;Zl;a=umifh tdEdN,eJ@wkwf c%x+yD; ppfwu
kd f=u awmhawmif Armjynfukd b,folurS ,rf;;acs;ryef;cJhygbl;?
=um;nyfrcH&vkd@ rl}uD; (5) csufukd aus;Zl;wifp&mygyJ?
'gayrJh ordkif;&JvSnfhuGuf ajym& rvm;/ &,f&w,f ajym&rvm; (Auy) vufeufawG 'va[m&atmif vkyfay; wmu
Adv
k fae0if; jzpfygw,f? ppfwu
kd fae olwkdif; vufeuf&csifwm "rRwmyg? &&if b,folr,lbJaervJ? ,llwmayg@? Adkvf ae0if;
wGufudef;rSm;vdk@ (Auy) vufeuf awG ruHz;l atmif &ygw,f?
Akv
d fae0if;[m wGufudef;orm; yg? Adv
k fatmif}uD;ajymovdk 1967 ckEpS fu uGefjrLepfwkwfjynf qefusifa&;/ wkwf vlrsKd;
qefusifa&; vkyw
f m[m ae0if;&J cyfvG,fvG,f cyfayg@ayg@ rSwfcsufay; vkdufwJhpum;udk atmufajcu ay:vpD vkyfvu
kd fv@dk qkdwm
vkH;0r[kwfygbl;? tr_ ayg@atmif ajymwmyg? "m;pmcH&Sm+yD; ae0if; vGwfatmif vkyfay;wmyg?
Apdef xGef;tkyf *k%
d f;om;uae qdk&S,fvpfjzpfwm/ OD;baz/ OD;odef;az (jrifh) wdk@ tm%modrf;zkd@ tcgay;wmukd jiif;y,f wm/
1958 rSm c%yJ tm%modr;f +yD; a&G;aumufyJGvkyfay; ppfwef;vsm;jyefwm/ 1962 rSmusrS t+yD;tykdif rv$wfwrf; tm%modrf;wm/
'gawGvkyw
f m[m wGuf udef;orm;rS vkyw
f wfygw,f? tcsdefaumif; a&G;wwfwmjywJo
h m"uawGygyJ?
1967 ckEpS fu udpP[m qefudpPeJ@ tiwfab;a=umifh xGufayguf&mS wmyJv@kd ajym=uwm[m ae0if;udk umuG,f=u wmyg? tJ'D
qefudpPu t"dur[kwfygbl;? qefudpPu vlxkygatmif v_H@aqmfzd@k okH;wJh y&d,m,fyg? ae0if;u wGufcsuf+yD; xvkyf vkdufwmyg?
aoe*FAsL[m bufajymif;r_}uD; vkyfvdu
k fwmygyJ?
ae0if;&JwGufudef; (aoe*F AsL[mt& wGufcsufru
_ )
(1) rl}uD; (5) csuf zsuf+yD; tar &duefbuf jywfjywfom;om; uyfzk@d tcsdef a&muf+yD? 1960 ckEpS fup+yD; AD,uferf
jy\emrSm tar&duefu ygaew,f? ppft&Sdefvnf; jrifh+yD;&if;jrifhaew,f? tar&duef Ekid frSmyJ? olu b,fwkef;urS ppf_;H zl;wm
r[kwfbl;? Ekid fwJhbuf0ifaygif;rS tjrwfxGufr,f?
(2) tif'dek ;D &Sm;eJ@ rav;rSm wkwfqefusifa&;/ uGejf rLepfqefusifa&; vkyfcJh=uvd@k tar&duefu qkcscH&w,f? tar&duefu
olaX;qkdawmh bDvsHvu
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aps;uGux
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oabmxm;rSef=urS jynfwGif;ppf &yfEdik fvdrhrf ,f?

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ay:vpD tvkyfrjzpfcJhbJ jynfwGif;ppfu toufig;q,fausmfyg+yD?
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tJ'Dpum;ajymyJyG sufawmh jynf wGif;ppf wu,f&yfcsif&if &yfEdik fr,fh enf;vrf;udk (Auy) u &Smygw,f?
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oabmxm;rrSe=f u&if b,f bufurSm;rSm; jynfwGif;ppf r&yfEikd fyg? tH;_ tEkid fjywfatmif wkduf=u&rSmygyJ?
ed*H;k
tckwifjycJhwm[m (Auy) xJ u wa,muf&J@ yk*v
~ dutjrifyg? rsKd;quf opfawGacwfrmS jynfwGif;ppf jy\em
ajyvnfvdrhrf ,fv@kd ar#mfvifhygw,f?
rsKd;qufa[mif;/ rsKd;qufopf wJG+yD; (13) ESpfc&D; jzwfoef;cJhyg+yD? a&S@rSm rsKd;qufopfrsm;csnf; csDwuf=u&ygr,f?
urBmhpepfopfvnf; r&Sdao;/ jynfwGif;EkdifiHa&;vnf; rwnf+idraf o;wJh tcsdefrmS tajctaeawG _yf _yfaxG;axG; &Sdygvdrfhr,f?
1938 uae 1948 q,fESpf umv[mvnf; _yfaxG;cJhygw,f? t_yfxJ uae jynfwGif;ppf aygufuJGcJhygw,f? 'gukdvnf;
oifcef;pm,loifhwm,l/ tawG tuH qufcHoifhwm qufcH=uvdrfhr,fvkd@ ,kH=unfygw,f? ?

2?jynfaxmifpkjy\em
(rsKd;qufa[mif;r&Sif;EkdifcJhwJh rsK;d qufopf&Si;f &r,fh 'kwd,jy\emu jynfaxmifpjk y\emyJ? &Sif;&wm
ykad wmifcufygvdrrfh ,f)
(1) jy\emrdwfquf?
19881990 rwkdifrDu jy\em ESifh xkdESprf sm;aemufydik f;jy\em rwlyg?
1988 vlxktkHur_}uD; rjzpfrDu jynfaxmifppk epf vkdvm;olbufESifh wjynfaxmifpepf vkdvm;olbuf[I
l
jyufjyufxifxif &SdcJhygonf? ydyuQrsm; vnf; w+cdrf;+cdrf;jzpfcJhygonf?
1990 a&G;aumufyJG +yD;onfh aemufwGifum; txufygydyuQa[mif; rsm; r&Sdawmhyg? ydyuQtopfrsm; jzpfvm ygonf?
topfrmS ta&cHjynfaxmifpb
k uf ESifh jynfaxmifppk pfppfbuf. ydyuQ jzpfygonf? ta&cHjynfaxmifpb
k ufwGif ppftkyfpku&yfcH+yD;
ppfreS fonfhjynfaxmifpk bufwGif ppftkyfpkqefusifa&; t"du tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vkH;u &yfcHygonf?
ta&cH jynfaxmifpak vm - jynfaxmifppk pfppfavm jy\emonf ,ae@tzkd@ uGif;quftusqkH; jy\em jzpfvmygonf?
Tjy\emrajyvnfor# jynfaxmifpk jy\em ajyvnfrnf r[kwfyg?
u&iftrsKd;om; tpnf;tkH; (KNU) u oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf xlaxmifa&; twGuf v_yf&Sm;cJhonfrSm 1947 uwnf;u jzpfonf?
1949 usrS vufeufuikd fwdkufyJG wkducf Jhonf? ,cktxd wkdufaeqJ jzpfonf?
cJGxGufa&; udk &Sr;f jynf vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ( SSIA), ucsif vGwfvyfa&;tzJG@ (KIO) wdk@u 1960 ckEpS f
w0kduu
f vkyfcJhonf? 'Drdkua&pDacwf r[kwfI vufeufuikd fwkduyf JGukd wef;+yD; vkyfcJh&onf? olwdk@,ck +idrf;tzJG@ rsm; jzpfae+yD?
oD;jcm;wkdif;jynf au;a=umfoHrSm vGwfvyfa&;r&rDumv jynfaxmifpk rzJG@rDu au;a=umfoHjzpfI/ cJGxGufa&;
au;a=umfoHrSm jynfaxmifpzk JG@+yD;umv au;a=umfoH jzpfonf? umvcsif;rwlI au;a=umfoHrwljcif; jzpfonf? tESpfom& rSm
twlwljzpfonf?
oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf ESifh cJGxGuf a&; ukd au;a=umfv#if rkcsvlrsKd;a&;tvH xl&onf? 1949 wGif KNU u u&if
vlrsKd;a&;tvH xlonf? 1960 ckEpS frsm;wGif
SSIA u &Srf;vlrsKd;a&;tvH/ KIO u ucsifvlrsKd;a&;tvH xlcJh=uonf? u&ifh awmfvSefa&;/ &Srf;awmfvSefa&;/ ucsif
awmfvSefa&; [kajym=uonf?
ae0if; atmif}uD; ppftkyfpku ArmvlrsKd;a&;tvHxl+yD; jynfaxmifpk ryuJGa&; au;a=umfonf? xkdokd@jzifh zqyv u
wzuf/ Auy/ jynfol@&Jabmf/ awmfvSefonfhArmhwyfrawmf wdk@u wzuf jzpfaeonfh vlwef;pm;a&;jynfwGif;ppfwGif
vlrsKd;a&;jynfwGif;ppfyg a&mpGufvmcJhonf? TwGif zqyvOD;Ektpkd;&u a&mifpHk aomif;usef;ol[k ajymonf? uGefjrLepf ysuf
OD;ode;f az(jrifh) u tm;vkH;u tm;vkH; ukd wkduaf eonfh _yfy_ faxG;axG;jynfwGif;ppf [k ,lqonf?
(2) vlrsKd;a&;tvHxlv#if
vlrsKd;}uD;vnf;jzpf/ Ekid fiHa&; tm%mvnf; &Sdou
l wyef;omrnf? u|efawmfw@dk wkdif;jynfwGif vlOD;a&pkpak ygif;. 68 u
ArmvlrsKd;jzpfonf[k qkdonf? &Srf;u 9 / u&ifu 7 / &ckdif 4 / wkwf 3/ rGef 2 / ukvm; 2 ESifh tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm; 5 [k
qdkonf? (tar&duefxkwf ESpfcsKyf Time Almanac 2000 rS)

jynfwGif;ppf pjzpfpOfu zqyv tpd;k &. wyftiftm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf?

pOf

wyftrSwf

vlrsdK;tvdkufyg0ifr_

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trSwf (1) bm;rm;dkifz,f

trSwf (2)
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trSwf (3)
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trSwf (4)
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trSwf (5)
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trSwf (6)
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trSwf (2)
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trSwf (3)
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trSwf (1) ucsifkid fz,f
trSwf (2)
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trSwf (1) csif;dkifz,f
trSwf (2)
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trSwf (4) bm;rm;&,f*sDrifh
csif;awmifwyf&if;

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ppfwyfukd OD;pD;aeolrsm;rSm
ppfOD;pD;csKyf
prpf'Ge;f
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apm=um'k;d
avwyfOD;pD;csKyf
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ajrmufydik f;wkdif;
ae0if;
awmifydik f;wkdif;
atmifoif;
trSwf(1) wyfr[m apmcspcf if
a&;csKyf
ausmf0if;
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txufygpm&if;ukd=unfhv#if trsm;pk}uD;u ocif}uD;wyf (t*Fvdyw
f yfudk e,fcsJ@qefusifa&;orm;rsm;uac:wJh
emrnfajymif ) rSvmolrsm; jzpfonfukd awG@&rnf?
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;uawmh Akv
d fvufsmjzpfonf?
1948 rwfvwGif zq - qkd&,
S ftpkd;&u uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&; qkH;jzwfcsufcsonf? vufawG@ppfqifa&;vkyfolu txufyg
ppfOD;pD;tzJG@ESifhwyfrsm; jzpfonf?
wyf&if;tm;vkH;ukd rokH;Ekdifyg? rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrv
S maomwyfrsm;wGif uGefjrLepfbufyg+yD; awmckdocl kdonf? qdk&,
S fvpf
wyfrLS ;rsm;u uGefjrLepfacsre_ f;a&;vkyf&ef wufuaomfvnf; wyfom;wyf=uyftrsm;pkukd trdef@ay;Ir&? epfEiS fhvpf ydyuQwGif
=um;aeolu trsm;pk}uD; jzpfonf? (owif;pmrsm;u uGefjrLepfudk epf qdk&S,fvpfukd vpf [k a&;=uonf?)
ajraus;&Sif;wGifvl}uD;vkyf&if; um;arSmufuG,fvGefoGm;aom yJcl;jynfol@&Jabmftrwfa[mif; wyf&if;rSL; Adv
k fwifatmifu
epf 0g'ukd ruufbl;? vpfukdawmh rke;f w,f/ awmrckdbl; - jynfwGif;ppfvnf; rufufbl; [k ajymonf? xkdoabmxm; &Sdol
rsm;onf?

ppfOD;pD;tzJG@u ykid fykdifEdik fEdkif cdkif;Ekdif okH;Ekdifaom wyfrsm;rSm ocif}uD;wyf rS vmolrsm; jzpfonf? olwkd@u t&if uwnf;u
txufatmufqufqaH &; tqifajy+yD;om; jzpfonf? trdef@emcHonfh a=u;pm; pdwf&Sd+yD; jzpfonf? xkdpdwfxuf yk+d yD;jyif;xefwmu
vufpm;acsa&; pdwf"mwf jzpfonf?
vufpm;acsa&; pdwfrSm t*Fvdyfxm;cJhonfh ordkif;tarG jzpfonf? tjynfhtpkaH jymrS &Sif;rnf?
1942 ckEpS fu *syefxkd;ppfa=umifh t*Fvdyzf JG@ay;xm;onfhwyfrsm; wyfysuf onf? tenf;pk Akv
d f t=uyfwyfom;rsm;
tdEd,
N ygoGm;onf? trsm;pk}uD;u vufeuf ,l+yD; wyfajy;rsm; jzpfoGm;onf? rdrdw@dk . Zmwd&yf&Gm jyef=uonf? wyfajy;rsm;rSm u&if/
ucsif/ csif;rsm;jzpfonf? (t*Fvdyfu &ckdif/ rGef/ Armrsm;udkr,kHI aoewfay;rukdif 0H/h ppfom;vkyfcGifhray;? 6 vufr toGm; &Sdonfh
"m;ajrmifuydk if udkifcGifhray;? ykeu
f ef vGe;f Ijzpfonf? u&if/ ucsif/ csif;rsm;rSm omoemtppftrSef c&pf,mefbmom wGif;
oGwfoGif;+yD;vnf; jzpfHkru a&S;acwf a[mif;wrf;w+yD; rif;avmif; olykef vkyfp&mvnf; ta=umif;r&Sd? xkd@a=umifh ,kHonf?
aoewfay;udkif0Hhonf?)
t*Fvdyt
f kypf ;dk r_ wnf+idraf ev#if jy\emrjzpfEkdifyg? okd@aomf *syefx;dk ppf a=umifh t*Fvdyt
f kypf ;kd r_ r_rvS usqkH;onf?
*syefuvnf; Ak'<bmomukd ckwkH;vkyfonf?
TwGif t*Fvdyf ocif}uD; . c&pf,mefbmomESifh *syef rmpwm . Ak'<bmom ydyuQuxonf? Ak'<bmom
udk;uG,fol Arm/ rGef/ &ckdifw@dk . bDtdkifat (BIA) ESifh vufeufuidk fppfajy; xdyfwu
dk f awG@=uonf? *syefuvnf; ajrmufay; onf?
xkd@a=umifh u&if Arm t"duk%f; jrpf0u|ef;ay:wGif jzpfonf? taemufzsm; &ckdifbufwiG f &cdkif ukvm; t"duk%f; jzpfonf?
ajrmufzsm;wGif &Srf;eD ucsif ydyuQjzpfonf? &Srf;jynfwGif yavmif ucsif ydyuQjzpfonf? u&if Arm t"d uk%;f avmufawmh
r}uD;=uyg?
u&ifArmt"duk%f;u vlae pdyaf om u&ifArma&maESmaexkdif=uaom jrpf0u|ef;ay:wGifjzpfonf? ppfajy; rsm;ovkd
bDtkdifat rsm;onf? bDtdkifatwGif vufpm;acsa&;pdwf"mwf jyif;jyonf? odk@jzifh tvGeftu|HawG vkyfonf? *syefuvnf;
t*Fvdyw
f yfajy; acsre_ f;a&;ukd twif; tusyf vkycf kdif;onf? a'G;a&mOy'fa&m 0ifar$ojzifh t"duk%f;}uD; jzpfcJh&onf? u&ifArm
Ekid fiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;r_a=umifhom c%ESifh +yD;oGm;onf? bD'Dat (BDA), (PBF) rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfwGif
apm=um'kd;ukd &mxl;}uD; ay;onf? (Armppftkypf ku apm=um'dk;ukd aemifwGifvnf;ae&may; onfukd owdyyg?)
u&ifArm vlrsKd;a&; t"d uk%f;rSm *syef rmpwm acwfuwnf; u +yD;+yD;aysmufaysmuf jzpfcJh+yD; jzpfonf?
vufpm;acsa&;pdwf"mwf jyefvnfEd;k uvmonfrSm t*Fvdyf ocif }uD; acwf jyefa&mufvmIjzpfonf?
ppfajy;b0 tdEd,
N wGif aepOf uyif vufpm;acsa&;pdwf"mwfudk ppfajy;bk&ifcHtpkd;&u arG;jrLay;aeonf?
bDtdkifata=umifh acG;ajy;0ufajy; touf vk ajy;cJh&onfudk tcJraus?
bkHabbm;rm; opfukr`%/D bDtdkpDa&eHukr`%/D pwD;b&m;om;ukr`%/D {&m0wDa&a=umif;ukr`%pD onfh e,fcsJ@ ukr`%rD sm;rS
Armpum;wwf t*Fvdyf ocif}uD;rsm; tdEd,
N a&mufrS ppfAkv
d frsm; jzpfae=uonf? Armhta&;u|rf;usifolrsm; vkyfae=uonf?
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f zJG@aom ucsif vJAD;wyf/ tar&duefuzJG@aom ucsif &drf;*sm;wyfwdk@.Adkvfrsm; vkyfae=uonf? ppfawmh rwdkuw
f wf=uyg?
odk@aomf axmufvSrf;a&;/ pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;/ odr;f ydu
k fe,fajrtkycf sKyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif wm0efcHrsm; jzpfae=uonf? Armjynf
jyefa&mufv#if wdk@ArmocifawGeJ@ e,fcsJ@ qefusifa&;orm;awGukd vSvS}uD; vufpm;acs=updk@[k aoG;xd;k ay;onf?
jrpf}uD;em;odrf;aomtcg ocif ocif owf owf [k au;a=umf+yD; 0if vmonf? wu,fvnf; vufpm;acsonf?
a'ocHocifrsm; tzrf;cH&onf?
rEWav;/ a&$bdk/ rkH&mG a&mufonf txd xdktwkdif; vkyo
f nf? zufqpf awmfvSefa&;wGif bmrSrvkyfcJha om aemif tcg
zqyvjynfxJa&;0ef}uD;/ zqyv wJGbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; vkyfaom ocifomcifonf vufpm;acsrcH&&ef a&$bdk uajy;+yD;
rEWav;/ ppfuikd f; uGefjrLepfygwD wGif cdkv_aH e&onf?
vlxkOD;vS. twKy`wWdwiG f vnf;aumif;/ vif;,kefarmifarmif. aqmif;yg;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; ppfajrjyif tcsKyfpcef;rsm;wGif
csKyfaESmifcH&aom ta=umif; a&;xm;onfudk awG@Eikd fonf? vufeufudkif+yD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&; vkyfaeolrsm;uvJGv#if
bDtdkifattm;vkH; ppfuacwf e,fcsJ@qefusifa&;orm; trsm; tjym; ppftcsKyfwGif tzrf;cH&onf? ppfaq;olrsm;rSm Akv
d fjzpfaeaom
ukr`%D 0efxrf;rsm; jzpfonf?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;om r&Sd v#if vufpm;acsy}JG uD; wjynfv;kH wGif ay:rnfrmS aocsmonf?
Akv
d fatmifqef;ukd ta&;,lz@kd vkyfcJhao;onf? awmifilwGif e,fcsJ@ awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif u&ifev
D lrsKd; apmoef;wif
tzrf;cH&onf? vlxktkHu vmrS jyefv$wfay;onf?
ykpH Ha[mif;twdkif; tkypf ;kd &ef jyef0ifvmaom t*FvdyfrmS 19 &mpk t*Fvdyf r[kwfawmhyg? r[kwfEkdifawmhyg? xdk@a=umifh
vGwfvyfa&;ay;&onf? zqyv ukd tm%mtyf&onf? vufpm;acscGifhr&cJh? vufpm;acsa&;pdwf"mwf oGif;ay;xm; cH&aomolrsm;
qwfwiHhiHhjzpf usef&pfonf?
jynfwGif;ppf jzpfvmaomtcg vufpm;acscGifh &oGm;ygonf? Armwyf&if; rsm;u rwufrujzpfaeaomtcg u&if ucsif
wyf&if;rsm;u zqyvtpkd;&cdkif;wdkif; vkyf=uonf?

olwkd@wdkuo
f nfrSm jynfaxmifpk ryuJGa&;twGuf r[kwfyg? rqifEJv
$ kduf &aom vufpm;acsyJGukd vkyf=ujcif; jzpf onf?
vufpm;acsyu
JG kd uGefjrLepfrsm; tay:om oJ}uD;rJ}uD; vkyf=uygonf? zqyv (bDtkdifat/ yDbDtufzf ) wckvkH;udk
rvkyEf ikd fv#if uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: vkyf& enf;ovm;qdk+yD; vkyf=uygonf?
ppfqifa&; trde@f ay;ykHuvnf; jzpfuwwfqef;ay;jcif; jzpfonf? zqyv tpk;d &u qdk&,
S fvpfrsm;ay;onfhowif;ukd
tajccHum uGejf rLepf&Gmrsm; [k owfrSwfxm;aom awmifolv,form; or*~&Sd&m &Gmrsm;pm&if;ukd ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf odk@ ay;onf?
ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfu xdk&Gmrsm;udk cJeDwHjzifh0dkif;jyxm;aom ajrykHtyfum u&if/ ucsif/ csif;/ a*:&cg; wyfrsm;udk ppfqifa&; vkycf dkif;jcif;
jzpfonf?
vkyfcsif&mvkycf Gifhay;vkdufaom ppfqifa&;trde@f jzpfonf? vufpm;acsa&; pdwf"mwf jyif;jyaomwyfrsm;u rD;ukef ,rf;ukef
=urf;onf? csif;wyfrsm;u (bDtkdif atacwf &efif;r&SdI) 0wfauswrf;aus vkyfonf? a*:&cg;wyfrsm;uawmh ppf
pnf;urf;twdkif;vkyo
f nf? a*:&cg;wyf/ csif;wyfEiS fh &ifqkdif&aom&Gmrsm; oufom onf? u&ifucsifwyfrsm;ESifhawG@aom &Gmrsm;
jymusonf? vlawGtowfcH&onf? tv,fArmjynfrS&Gmrsm;/ txufArmjynfrS &Gmrsm; roufom=uyg?
tukefd@_ tukefowf ppfqifa&; a=umifh {&m0wDwa=umwGif [dkwajymuf 'Dwajymuf rD;cdk;zkH;um aoG;!De@H v$rf;cJhonf?
rdef;rrsm; ysKdysKdtdktdk rk'ed f;usifhcH&onf?
tedXmkHrsm;udk tus,frcsJ@ csifawmhyg? &Jabmfaemfqidk f;. rdrdu,
dk fudk qef;ppfcsufjzifh ed*kH;csKyfygrnf? (uGefjrLepf ygwD
0ifvo
dk lwidk f; rdrdwGif&dcS Jhaom rSm;,Gif; onfh tawG;tac:rsm;ukd ygwDodk@ ykt
H yf &ygonf? qef;ppfcsuf wif&ygonf? Adv
k faemfqikd f;rS
r[kwfyg?)
&Jabmfaemfqidk f;u ArmawG tay: vufpm;acscsifaewmeJ@tawmfyJ/ Armtpd;k &u ArmawGowfcdkif;/ Arm&GmawG rD;d_@cdkif;awmh
xifwkdif;}uJ vufpm; acscJhygw,fwJh?
xdkpOfu +Adwdo#ppfrpf&Sif&do
S nf? EktufwvDpmcsKyft& &Sdaejcif; jzpfonf? vufpm;acsyJG wGif ol@ajc&mvuf&m
rnfr#ygrnfukd u|efawmfrodyg? ae0if; - atmif}uD;odygvdrfhrnf? olwdk@u bmr# rajym=u/ ra&;=uyg?
ajymolwOD;awmh &Sdygonf? ppf rpf&Sifta=umif; r[kwfyg? tm;vkH;owf tm;vkH;_d@ ay:vpD &SdcJhonfqkdonfudk 0efcHjcif;
jzpfygonf?
=opa=w;vswGif tajccsaeaom armifatmifrsKd;qkdolu pmwrf;wck ypkonf? xdktxJwGif tar&dueftajccs
Adv
k fcspfrif.ajymqkdcsufrsm; ygonf?
Adv
k fcspfrifu Adv
k fvufsmudk wyf rawmfwckv;kH ukd u&ifawG tkypf D;ae+yD/ u&ifwyfawGu Arm&GmawGukd rD;avmif
wkdufoGif;ae+yD/ tm;vkH;owf/ tm;vkH;d_@ vkyfae+yD[kwdkifa=umif;/ Adkvfvufsmu u&if awGbufu umuG,fa=umif; a&;xm;yg onf?
Adv
k fcspfriftajymt&qkv
d #if - uGefjrLepfawGxHrS odrf;qnf;&rdonf[k qdkaomvufeufrsm;rSm uGefjrLepfwdk@.
vufeuftppftrSefrsm;r[kwf/ vlowf rD;d_@ vkyfcsifwikd f;vky+f yD; oufaojyonfh taeESifh tjcm;rSvufeufrsm;ukd oufaocH
ypPnf;tjzpf wifjyae=uwm jzpfonf[k qkdonf?
vlawGowf/ rD;awG_@d wmawmh awmifolv,form;awGu oufaocHvdrfh rnf?
ae0if;ae&m&vmjcif;
Adv
k fvufsmu xkdta&;wGif Arm wyfrLS ;wyfom;rsm;t=um; emrnfysuf oGm;onf? ae0if;uemrnfaumif;,lonf?
^m%frsm;+yD; aumufuspfaom OD;ausmf+idr;f pDrHa&;qJGum t+rJwrf;cdk;xkycf kd;xnfESifh rdavh&o
Sd l rvnf_yf OD;ode;f az (jrifh) dkuful; onfh
vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; Zmwfvrf;wGif ae0if;onf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; acgif;aqmif }uD; jzpfomG ;onf?
vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; wyfrawmf 9 OD;aumfrwD wGif
1? ae0if;
2? Adv
k faZ,s
3? Adkv&f JxG f
4? Adkvcf spf rif
5? Adv
k fwifOD;
6? Adkvw
f ifarmif
7? Adv
k fxGef;pdef
8? Adv
k faomif;=unf
9? Adkvaf pmxGef;pdefwdk@ yg=uonf[k qdkonf?

xdk (9) OD;udk owdy=unfhap csifonf? olwdk@aemufa=umif;awGa&;v#if &Snaf evdrhrf nf? qdk&,
S fvpfemrnf xGufae ol
wa,mufr#ryg/ ,ckwavm vlajymrsm; onfh (vljzLrsm;u ydak jymonfh ) wyf&if; (4) uvl wa,mufr# ryg? olwdk@u
qdk&,
S fvpfawGjzpfaeI rygjcif; jzpfonf?
ae0if;u ajrmufydik f;wdkif;rSL; taeESifhygjcif; jzpfonff/ wyf&if; (4) udk,pf m;vS,fr[kwfyg? Adv
k faZ,su ppfOD;pD; (y) tjzpf
ygaejcif; jzpfonf? usefvlrsm;u wyf&if; (3) rS 3 a,muf/ wyf&if; (6) rS 2 a,muf/ wyf&if; (5) ESifh wyf&if;(1) rS 1 a,mufpD
jzpfonf? wyf&if; (4) ryg?
OD;ausmf+idr;f u yg;onf? vnf onf? ae0if;ukyd J ygaeaponf? epf ukd oHa,mZOfwG,faeolrsm;/ =um;aersm;ukdyJ vuf0JxJ
xnfhay;onf? twdkcsKyfv#if
Adv
k faZ,s/ Adv
k f&JxGfwkd@ awmcdk &onf? =um;aersm; Adkvcf spf rif/ Adv
k fwifOD; (NLD Adv
k fwifOD;r[kwf)/ Adv
k fwifarmif
(jrwfxef)/ Adv
k faomif;=unf (wcgu uGefjrLepf)/ Adv
k fapmxGef;pdefwkd@ukd (Adv
k f aZ,su aemufaz;aygufuae umuG,f a&;0ef}uD;ae&m
awmif;onfqdkaom vkyfZmwfjzifh) ae0if;bufom; jzpfoGm; aponf?
Akv
d fatmifqef;/ Adv
k fvufsm/ Akv
d faZ,spolrsm;rSm Auo (ausmif;om; or*~) A[kdrSvmolrsm; jzpfonf? wyfwGif;
=oZm&S=d uonf? ae0if;vkd r[kwf? ae0if;udk wifcsifv#if Adv
k faZ,sudk z,f&rnf?
BIA. BDA. PBF twGif;rS wyfrLS ;trsm;pkonfvnf; e,f Auo rsm; rSjzpf=uonf? Adv
k fxGe;f pdef (tdraf pmifhacwf
&efukefr@awmf0ef) vdk or*~ qefusifa&; orm; tenf;tusOf;om ygonf?
ae0if;ukd umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ae&m tpdrf;vdu
k fay;v#if atmufajcu =unf=unfjzLjzL &Sdrnfr[kwf? xdk@a=umifh yg;aom/
vnfaom OD;ausmf+idr;f u OD;Ekukd t&ifqkH;pnf;kH;onf? OD;Eku ae0if;ukd umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;ae&may;&ef aocsm oGm;rS (OD;Ek.
wmawpaeom;=unfh) oli,fcsif; uGejf rLepfysuf odef;az (jrifh) ukd tokH;csonf?
ae0if;ukd umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ae&m ay;csifv#if Auoa[mif; Akv
d faZ,s udk t&ifz,f&rnf? Adv
k fvufsmukdawmh z,f+yD;+yD?
xdk@a=umifh vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; Zmwfvrf;qifonf? ae0if;ukd xdyfwif onf? wyfrawmf (9) OD;aumfrwDwGif ygolrsm;rSm
Adv
k fxGe;f pdefuvJGv#if Auo a[mif;rsm;csnf;[k qdkEkdifonf? ae0if;xuf Adv
k faZ,sESifh ydI
k eD;pyf=uonf?
Adv
k faZ,su Auoa[mif; wOD;vnf;jzpf/ ocifu,
dk fawmfr_id f; tzJG@u wOD;vnf;jzpfonfh OD;Ekukd,kH,kH=unf=unf
oGm;+yD;ajymrdonf? ae0if;uku
d muG,fa&; 0ef}uD; ae&may;v#if atmufajcu auseyf rnfr[kwf[k ajymrdonf? OD;Ekudk OD;
ausmf+idr;f em;oGif;+yD;[kodv#if ajymrdrnf rxif?
OD;ausmf+idr;f uwqifh ae0if; odoGm;aomtcg ol@tuGufxJ 0ifoGm; +yDqkdonfukd ae0if;odonf? xkd@a=umifh Adv
k faZ,sESifh
ESpfu,
kd f=um;&Sif;Ekdifygvsuf r&Sif;bJ (9) OD;aumfrwDrsm;a&S@wGif Adv
k f aZ,sukd umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;ae&m aemufaz;aygufu
oGm;awmif;ol jzpfatmif tykyfcsonf? vuf0JnD!Gwf a&; Zmwfvrf;udk qufrubJ &yfypfvu
dk f onf?
Akv
d fcspfrif.pmrsm;/ jrwfxef. pmrsm;udk=unfhv#if Adv
k faZ,s umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;ae&mawmif;I (9) OD;aumfrwD
ysuf&onf[k tcdkiftrma&;=uonf? Akv
d f aZ,sudky,f+yD; ae0if;ukdolwdk@ opPmcH =ua=umif; a&;onf?
Tae&mwGif ae0if;. vkyfenf; ukd wifjyrS jynfhpkHrnf? ol@woufwm vkyfcJhonfeh nf; jzpfonf? ol@enf;ukd
olckd;aoazmf!ed nf;[k ac:Ekdifonf? xdkenf;udk ae0if;b,fvkdvyk fcJhovJ qkdwmukd vufqkyv
f ufukdifjyEkdifonfh oufaocHypPnf;
rqvXmecsKyf v#Kd@0Suf zkid fwJGrsm;wGif &Sdaeonf? (wpn u orkdif;0ifzdkifwJGrsm;ukd &SmazGvufpazsmuf jcif; ry&ef awmif;yefygonf?)
jzpfyHrk mS - 1970 pkEpS frsm;twGif; ac&Hoif;yif;tpkHtnD uawmfr,m;rsm;yg yk*Ho@kd ae0if;xGufawmfro
l nf? wnwGif
oD&yd pP,m[dkw,fY uawmfrsm; twif; tzsif; 0dik f;zJG@pum;ajymae&mrS ol@ ta=umif;ajymaeoH wpGe;f wp ae0if;
=um;vkdu&f Iqufem;axmif&m (uawmf wcsKd@rSm wcgu wuUov
kd fausmif;ol wuo0ifrsm; jzpfonf) 7 &ufZv
l dkifupd P ukd
Akv
d fcsKyf}uD; rl;rl;eJ@trdef@ay;wm [k ajym=uonf? ae0if;wkev
f _yfoGm;onf? 'Dudpv
P $wfxm;Ir&/ E_wfyw
d frS jzpfrnf[k odvmcJhonf?
&efukefjyefa&mufaomtcg 7 &ufZv
l kdif ta&;tcif;wGif wm0ef,l ESyd fuGycf Jhaom (toHv$ifhkHcef;rrSm ae+yD;
trdef@ay;cJh=uaom) Akv
d frSL;}uD;tm;vkH;ukd qifhac:onf? wuo taqmuftODudk zcsckdif;wmigvm; - Adv
k fatmif}uD;vm; rif;wd@k odor# pmeJ@a&;wif=u/ tck odyfr=umao;bl;? aemif arhoGm;r,f/ rif;wk@d ruG,fr0Sufa&;=u [k trdef@ay; onf?
ae0if;utm%m&Sdol atmif}uD; uab;a&mufaeol eD;&m"m;yJ a=umuf=u rnfukd ae0if;odonf? b,fvakd &;=urvJ
qkdwmyif uwGuf+yD; jzpfonf? Adv
k fapmjrifh/ Adkvv
f S[ef/ Akv
d fausmfpkd; pojzifh tm;vkH;u a&;wifonf? trdef@ay;ol atmif}uD;[k
a&;=uonf? ppfAkv
d frsm;tm;vkH;ukd csn+f yD; wkwf+yD; jzpfaomtcg rqvXmecsKyfwGif oD;oef@zdkifziG fh+yD; odrf;xm;cdkif;onf?
xdkowif;udk atmif}uD;u ol@ enf;ESifhol odoGm;onf? ajz&Sif;csufpmwrf; t&Sn}f uD;xkwfonf? tawmfudk jynfhpkH onf?
ordkif;ESifh csD+yD;a&;onf? xkdpmwrf;ukd atmif}uD;u v#Kd@0Su+f yD;jzef@onf? ol@ pmwrf;. oabmtcsKyfrSm ae0if;onf pdwfvu
dk frmefyg
rqifrjciftrdef@ay;avh &Sdonf? olut+rJzmzmax;ax; vky&f onf? ae0if;ua'goESifh trdef@ay;v#if atmufajcu
tcsdefqJGxm;&onf? pdwf ajyoGm;v#ifvnf; ajymvk@d qdkvd@k aumif; onf? ol@trde@f udk jyefzsufavh&do
S nf? ,cifujzpfcJhonfh
Oyrmrsm;vnf; a&;jyonf?

,ckudpPwGif ae0if;.trdef@udk Akv

d fausmfpkd;u csucf sif;vkdufvkyfrdI ordkif;0iftaqmuftOD}uD; aysmufysuf oGm;&onf[k
qkdonf? ae0if;udk tjypf rwifbJ Akv
d fausmfpdk;ukd w&m;cHvkyfonf? atmif}uD;&Sif;wrf; ed*kH;csKyfwGif a[mpmwrf; wck a&;vdkuo
f nf?
ausmif;om;rsm;. td;k wGefvdrfhrnf [k qkdonf?
atmif}uD;. a[mpmwrf; aoG;xGufatmifreS fonf? 1988 tkHur_ onf td;k wGefjcif; jzpfonf? tdk;wGefjcif; onf
wcsED Sifhr+yD; qufIwGefaevdrfhrnf? ae0if;/ atmif}uD;aovdk@ tdk;aqG; aomfvnf; TudpaP ysmufysufoGm;rnf r[kwf? wuo
taqmuftODopfukd jynfol@aiGESifh wnfaqmufEdik faomtcg ur`nf;ausmufjym;wckjzifh wuo taqmuftODa[mif;. ordkif;ukd
armfueG f; wif xm;&rnf?
wuo taqmuftOD b,fol zsufovJupd Ponf ae0if;.aemufqHk; rdef@cGe;f wGifyif ygaeonf? atmif}uD;u rnfo@kd yif
,kH=unfr_wnfaqmufapOD; ae0if;uawmh tcJrausa=umif; Trdef@cGe;f u oufaocHonf? q&mawmf}uD;wyg;. pum;ukd,lum
atmufa&mufrS qufjiif; =u [k ajym&awmhrnf?
umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;cef@a&; Zmwfvrf;u _yfonf? OD;Ekuol. wmaw paeom;wGif a&;om;csuft& ae0if;ukd cef@rnf[k
qkH;jzwfxm;+yD; jzpfonf? odk@aomf jy'g;vdktajymif;tvJjrefaom OD;Ekonf pdwfajymif;oGm;onf? ppfAkv
d fwa,muf. cg;rS
aoewfukdjrif+yD; ighukdvufeufeJ@ tusyfudkifwmyJ[k xifaeqJ odef;az (jrifh) . Akv
d fae0if;cef@rvm;/ Adkvaf Z,s cef@ rvm; udk}uD;Ek
okH;&ufpOf;pm;yg [laom pum;=um;aomtcg a'gotdk;}uD; aygufuJG oGm;onf[k qdkonf? okH;&ufrvkdbl; tckyJajymr,f/ b,fol@rS
rcef@bl;[k jzpfoGm;onf? OD;ausmf+idr;f o,fxm;or# oJxJa&oGef jzpf&onf?
OD;Ekonf wmawpaeom; tzGifhwiG fyif ol@twGufuwkwfusif; wl;xm;+yD;a&;jcif; jzpfonf? pae aewuf zGm;rdk@ pdwfwo
kd nf?
aemufrSwEkH@EkH@ aemifw &wwfonf[k a&;xm;onf? trSm;t,Gif; ajymrdvkyfrv
d #if pdwfww
dk wfvdk@ [k xkajcEkid fatmif a&;xm;onf?
armifarmif/ atmif}uD;/ wifaz wkd@ tajrmufEiS fhcsde+f yD; tm%mawmif;wkef; uawmh pae aewufom;}uD; Zmwdrjy ygvm;?
OD;EkZmwdu jywcsuf rjywcsuf[k qkd&rnf?
Auocsif;rd@k Adv
k faZ,su ,kH,kH =unf=unfvmajymonfudk opPmazmuf rdaom OD;Ekonf vdyfjymrvkHcJhyg? xkd@a=umifh
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; wm0efukd qdk&S,fvpf awGtm; ray;bJxm;cJhonf?
rEWav;/ ppfuidk f; ppfqifa&;udk oludk,fwidk fOD;pD;onf? ol@pmtkyw
f Gif ol@pGef@pm;cef;rsm;ukd Zmwfqefqef a&;xm; onf?
OD;0if;u tazmftjzpfom ygcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
rnfo@dk qkdap ae0if;onf u&if wyfrsm; awmcdkaomtcg wyfwckv;kH ol@vufo@l ajc vkyEf ikd foGm;onf? ppfwyf.
eHygwfwpfae&mokd@ a&mufonf? oJ}uD; rJ}uD;ppfwu
dk fae&aom umvjzpfI eHygwf wpfonf tm%modyf}uD;onf? ,ae@vkd
ppfodyfrwkduf&aomacwfESifh rwlyg? wyf &if; (4) rS vlrsm; ae0if;eHygwfwpfjzpfrS ae&m& wGifus,fvmjcif;jzpfonf? Adv
k f ausmfxif/
Adv
k fat;ukd ponfrsm; wyf=uyfrS AkdvfawG jzpfvmonf? wyfrsm;t}uD; tus,f wkd;csJ@aecsdejf zpfI &mxl;wkd;wm jrefonf?
(wvufuidk fwyfudk ae0if;enf; vkyf&a=umif;odaeI e0w - etz wyfawGw&=urf; wdk;aejcif; jzpfonf)
Armjynfta&; u|rf;usifol[k trnfcHae=uaom vljzLrsm; (tar&duef/ t*Fvdy/f qGD'if pojzifh a&;ae&v#if&SnfI
vG,fatmif vljzLrsm;[kyJokH;vdkufonf) olwkd@u 1958 zqyv tuJGa=umifh ae0if; vlwGifus,f jzpfvmonf[k a&;=uonf?
u|efawmfw@dk 'Drku
d a&pDbufom;wcsKd@u ,kH=uonf? oHa,mifvu
kd f=uonf? r[kwf yg? 1948 uwnf;u OD;ausmf+idr;f wifay;I
wGifus,fae+yD?
OD;ausmf+idr;f rSm OD;AaqGESifhrwl/ ol@udkyk*K~ dvft& =unf!dkaom aemufvu
kd f ppfAkv
d fr&Sd? ol@orkid f;uvnf; &Sdzdk@rvG,f?
olutvkyfxuf tuGufudk tav;xm; onf? ae0if;ukd wifonfrmS vnf; qdk&,
S f vpfAdv
k frsm;. axmufcHcsufjzifh wifjcif; jzpfonf?
ae0if;rSrwifv#if wjcm;wifp&m vnf; r&Sd?
ae0if;wGifus,fvmykHudk=unfh? OD;odef;az(jrifh) u vuf0Jacgif;aqmif}uD; tjzpfEiS fh tm%modr;f cdkif;onf? OD;baz (}uD;)u
vuf,macgif;aqmif}uD;tjzpf wdkif;jynfukd u,fwif ckdif;onf? OD;ausmf+idr;f u OD;Ekudkt,kHoGif;+yD; ae0if;ukd
Adv
k fvufsmae&m&atmif vkyaf y;onf?
0J - ,m omru OD;ausmf+idr;f vkd vluyif tm;xm;&aomol jzpfvmaom tcg ae0if;rmewuf Zmwdjyvmwm rqef;?
wyfrawmfudk cifAsm;wdk@0ef}uD;awG umuG,fzdk@ zJG@xm;wmr[kwfbl;[k ajym0Hh vmonf? 0ef}uD;rsm;ukd
vla&S@ola&S@ra&Smif }udr;f armif;0Hhvmonf?
1948 wkef;u trsKd;om; vkHcHa&;aumifpD (National Security Council) NSC zJG@xm;onf? xdk NSC udk
u;ukdifjc,fvS,faeolrsm;rSm prpf'Gef;/ OD;xGef;vSatmif (olu tdEd,
N jyefr[kwf uifaywkdifaxmifjyefjzpfonf? uGefjrLepf ygwDu
uifaywdkif xJoGif;xm;ol ,l*sD &Jabmf. aus;Zl;a=umifh touf&Sifvsuf vGwfvmjcif; jzpfonf? olykvdyfrif;}uD; jzpfaomtcg
xd,
k l*sD&Jabmfudk aus;Zl; qyfyg&ap t}udr}f udrfajymaeo l jzpfonf) tjcm;olrsm;rSm apm&S;D _;d / apm=um'd;k ESifh OD;wifxGfwdk@ jzpfonf?
OD;wifxGfrSm ppfwu
kd fonfh tawGtuHr&Sd/ odk@aomf a*:&cg;wyfudk udkifxm;ol jzpfonf?

xdk NSC u rsKd;cspfArmh wyfrawmfa[mif;rsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;aom wyf&if;tm;vkH;ukd vufeufzwf&ef qkH;jzwfonf[k

armifatmifrsKd;pmwrf;u qkdonf? Adv
k faZ,s/ Akv
d f&JxGfwdk@u odoGm;onf? OD;odef;az(jrifh)udk csOf;uyf onf? aemufrS
ae0if;ukdodrf;oGif;onf[k qkdonf?
wyfrawmforkid f;jywdu
k fwckvkH; ar$aESmufum v#Kd@0Supf mwrf;rsm;zwf+yD; pmwrf;ypkEkdifaom =opa=w;vs trsKd;om;
wuUodkvfrS ynm&SifarmifatmifrsKd;. a&;om;csuf jzpfonf? ,kHoifhrS,kH&ef jzpfonf? armifatmifrsKd;onf =opa=w;vs ESifh
eD;pyf[ef&Sdaom r[mAsL[m avhvma&;XmerS Adkvrf SL;}uD;odrf;aqG 1998 wGifa&;onfh pmwrf;ukyd if udk;um;Ekid fonf udk awG@&onf?
vlrsKd;a&;tvHudkif=uv#if Arm vlrsKd;}uD;tvHudkifolu pm;oGm;rnf qkdonfukd ordkif;ESifh,SOf+yD;a&;rS vdyfywf vnfrnfjzpfI
&Snf&Snfarsmarsm wifjy aejcif; jzpfonf?
u&ifwyfrsm;tm;vkH; awmckd aomtcg ae0if;.uHZmwm twufqkH; umvjzpfonf? ae0if;ESifhatmif}uD; xkdpOf
uwnf;up+yD; wyfwckv;kH ukd csKyfudkif cJhonf? armifarmifu okH@yef;jzpfaeonf? wyfrawmfudk pdwfeJ@awmifrjypfrmS ;eJ@[k ajym0Hhol/
tar&duefxGuf+yD; tm%m [lor# ae0if;vuftyf [k au;a=umf&Jol atmif}uD;onfvnf; ae0if;ESifhtwl uHZmwmwufcJhonf?
armifarmif vGwfvmawmh ae&maumif;&onf? CIA .vlvnf; vkH;vkH;jzpfoGm;onf? ae0if;ukd wae@tefwkvmEdkifrnfhol jzpfvmI
ae0if;u jrefjrefzwfypfjcif; jzpfonf?
atmif}uD;onf qdk&,
S fvpf ygwD. wJGbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; vkyfae&mrS umuG,fa&;XmetwGif;0ef/
aemufppfwyfxJ0ifum ae0if;vufaxmuf vkyo
f nf? ae0if;tay: atmif}uD; oHa,mZOfb,fwke;f urS rjywfcJhyg?
zqyv tpk;d &u ae0if;/ atmif}uD;wkd@udk 1949 ZEM0g&Dtukef aemufqH;k xm;+yD; wyf&if;topfrsm; zJG@ap onf? xdkwyfrsm;ukd
BTF (Burma Territorial Force ) [k emrnfay;zJG@&onf? +Adwdo#ppfrpf&Sif . uef@uGufr_ukd ausmfv$m;&ef jzpfykH&onf?
u&ifwyfrsm; awmckd+yD;rS zJG@jcif; jzpfonf? t*Fvdyfu vufeufra&mif;bJ ydwfonf? t*Fvdyu
f ydwfojzifh tar&duef uvnf;
ra&mif;/ 'kuQawG@aepOf tdEd,
N ael;tpkd;&u ulnDonf?
ukvm;vufeuf vkdoavmuf &I BTF wyf&if; trsm;tjym;zJ@G Edkifonf? ar*smatmif}uD; vJAD;AdkvfcsKyf jzpfae
onfuawmh cyfapmapmu jzpfonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;vufatmufwGif vJAD; wyf&if; (18) &if;zJ@G onfrmS 1948 {+yDwGif jzpfonf?
jynfol@&Jabmfyif awmrckdao;? jynfol@&Jabmfu ZlvkdifusrS awmcdk&jcif; jzpfonf?
vJAD;wyfukd a'otajccHum zJG@jcif; jzpfonf? yJcl;/ tif;pdef/ zsmykH/ ajrmif;jr/ rtlyif/ [Hom0wD/ om,m0wD/ jynf/ o&uf/
yckuUL/ ppfuidk f;/ a&$bdk/ rkH&mG / xm;0,f/ [oFmw/ rif;bl;/ rdwv
D m/ awmifil pkpkaygif; (18) cdkiftajccHum zJG@onf? uGefjrLepf
acsre_ f;a&;twGufz@JG onfh qdk&,
S fvpfwyfppfppfjzpfonf? olwdk@ uvnf; vlwef;pm;&efi;jzifh &uf&uf pufpuf rD;d_@/ vlowf vkyfonf?
1949 umvu rdwDvm/ rEWav;/ ppfuikd f; ponfrsm;wGif olwdk@yJ acgif;rmrmckcHwkdufonf? csif;wyf&if;u
0wfauswef;ausom ckcHonf? (pum;csyf? ordkif;ukcd g;jzwfajymaeaom wwfa,mif um; taemufwkdif;om;rsm;a=umifhom
qdk&S,fvpfygwDta=umif; wifjyaejcif; jzpfonf? Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwD (Aqy) ukd ae0if; (rqv) u ajrmif;xJqGaJ c: oGm;+yD;
jzpfonf? olwkd@ r&Sdawmhyg?)
u&ifu vlrsKd;a&;tvHxl+yD; wdkufaomtcg ae0if;/ atmif}uD;wkd@u jynfaxmifpk ryuJGa&; au;a=umfum
ArmvlrsKd;a&;tvHv$ifh+yD; vlpkonf? BTF wyf&if;rsm; tvG,fwulz@JG Ekdifonf?
u&ifu u&ifvlrsKd;uko
d m pnf;kH;Ekdifonf? u&ifEiS fhtdraf xmifusol tjcm;vlrsKd;udyk g pnf;k;H Ekid fOD;awmh odyfrrsm; Ekid f/
vGefa&mu|Ha&m Armjynfvuf&v
Sd lOD;a& oef; 50 ESifhwGufv#if (tar&duef ESpfcsKyfpm&if;t& u&if 7 &Sdonfxm;+yD; wGufv#if) 3
oef;cJG &Sdrnf? u&ifEiS fh tdraf xmifusolrsm;ukd xnfhwGufOD;awmh 5 oef;xuf rykdEkdif? u&ifwdkif;uvnf; u&ifhawmfvSefa&;
axmufcH=uonf r[kwf?
ArmvlrsKd;u oef; 30 ausmf onf? ,ck etzu 4 odef;cJG wyfom; pkxm;Ekdifonfudk =unfhyg? dik fz,fay;Ekfid fv#if
ay;Ekdifoavmuf xyfpI
k &ao;onf? tm%mukdifxm;oljzpfI vcray;EkdifrmS ryl&/ 0gZD&Sdaeoa&G@ ay;Ekdifonf? xrif; rau|;Ekid frSm
ryl&/ v,form;awG v,fpu
kd f aeoa&G@au|;Ekdifonf? omrefvlawGom iwfrnf/ ppfom;riwf?
vlrsKd;a&;tvHudkxl+yD; tyif tqkdif wkduf=uv#if Armppftkypf ku tompD;&rnf? etz.ArmvlrsKd;a&;pdwfu KNU xuf
jyif;xefonf? vlrsKd;jcm;ESifh tdraf xmifyv#if ArmxJu i,fpm&if; y,fonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukdyJ=unfh?
&if;ES;D aomrdwfaqG}uD; r&ef b&efqkdif; (uG,fvGe)f u u|efawmfw@dk ukd wcguwGufcsufjyzl;I vlenf;pk trsKd;om; wkd@.
pOf;pm;yku
H kd uGefjrLepfrsm;owdyrdjcif; jzpfonf?
1979 ckESpfu jzpfonf?
KIO - rqvtpd;k & usdwf0dkif; aqG;aEG;yJGvkyfonf? tay;t,lwnfhonf? oabmwlnDcsuf (17) csuf (xifonf) &onf?
tESpfom&u vufeufcsa&; jzpfonf? KIO u rqv tajccHOya'ukd vufcH&rnf? KIA zsuf+yD; vufeufrsm; tyf&rnf?
aemufrSppd pf+yD; tpk;d &vkHxdef; wyftjzpf zJG@ay;rnf? vufeufopf wyfqif ay;rnf? rqv tajccHOya't& Ekid fiHa&; tzJGtpnf;
&yfwnfcGifh r&Sdojzifh KIO ukd zsufay;&rnf? ucsifjynfe,f jynfol@ aumifpD wGif acgif;aqmifwcsKd@udk ae&may;rnf ponfhtcsurf sm;
ygonf[k rSwfrdonf? rnfr#txd tao;pdwfoenf; qdkv#if KIO wGif;rS awmcdkausmif;om;rsm; twGufyif ygonf? awmcdkroGm;rDu

aecJh onfh twef;xuf 2 qifhausmf+yD; tatmif ay;rnf[k ygonf? (8) wef;u awmcdkomG ; olonf (10) wef;atmif+yD;ol jzpfrnf?
wuUokdvfaemufqkH;ESpf wufaeolqkdv#if bJG@&+yD;jzpfkHru bJG@vGefyxrESpf atmif+yD; jzpfaernf? TudpPrsKd;wGif ppftkyfpku
tvGefvu
dk favsmwwfygonf?
Tod@k tay;t,lwnfhae a=umif;ukd (Auy) =um;ygonf? ae0if;ESifh yDuif;wGif awG@aomtcg aocsmoGm;onf?
ae0if;u OD;b&efqdkif;rsufESm jrifvdkufwmeJ@ 'Dvlk;d om;w,f/ tvkyfjzpf Ekid fr,fqdw
k m wef;+yD;olov
d dkufa=umif;/ 'ga=umifh
ol@vlawGudk tay;t,lr#=uzdk@ !ef=um;&a=umif;/ yDuif;ujyefv#if vufrSwfxkd;yJG vkyfo
kH musefa=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yJG atmifjrifwJhtaeeJ@
rqv xdyfoD;awGtm;vkH;wufwJh xrif;pm;yJG}uD; vkyf+yD; rSwfwrf;wifxm;a=umif; u&m; a&v$wfum;onf? (Auy) u bmrSwfcsuf rS
ray;vkduyf g?
yDuif;ujyefvmrS OD;b&efqdkif;/ OD;aZmfrkid f;wdk@udk awG@vdka=umif; (Auy) u zdwfonf? olwkd@yefqef;vm=uonf?
twdkcsKH;v#if (17) csu[
f m vufeufcsa&;jzpfwmudk olwdk@oda=umif;/ a&&Snfwdu
k fv#if Armuusef&pf+yD; olwdk@ ucsifvlrsKd;
rsKd;ywfrnfjzpfI vufeuf cs&a=umif; ajymygonf? olw@dk .pOf;pm;csuf rSm - Armu vlOD;a&oef;aygif; 30 ausmf &Sd+yD; ucsifu
woef;yif r&Sda=umif;/ ppfwu
dk f&mwGif Arm 10 a,muf - ucsif 1 a,mufE_e;f ao=uv#ifyif Armu oef; 20 ausmf usef&pf+yD;
olwdk@ucsif rsKd;ywfrSm jzpfa=umif; &Sif;jyygonf? xdk@a=umifh a&&SnfppfyJG rwdu
k fcsifawmha=umif; ajym ygonf?
KIO .&Sif;jycsufudk Auy u em;vnfr_&ySd gonf? quf+yD;awmifhxm;um wdkufv#if tajctaeaumif; rkcsay:rnf? Auy u
qufwkduEf ikd f&ef ulnDrnf[k ajymcJhonf?
olwdk@vufcHoGm;ygonf? wquf wnf; olwdk@ r'wxJ jyef0ifrnf[k ajym onf? t*Fvef/ tar&duef oGm;csifonf[k
ajymonf? Auy.xifjrifcsuf awmif; onf?
r'wxJ0ifwm aumif;onf? t*Fvef/ tar&duef oGm;csifwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; em;vnfr_EiS fh oabmaygufr_ &Sdygonf/ KIO rSm
vGwfvyfonfh tzJG tpnf;jzpfI vGwfvyfpmG qkH;jzwfyg[k ajymcJhonf?
tqrweftm;enf;aom vlrsKd; u tm;}uD;aomvlrsKd;ukd wkduaf e&v#if tm;ukd;wckckukd &Smp+rJjzpfonf? cJGxGufa&;
au;a=umfpOfu tar&duef qD;wd;k (SEATO) udk tm;udk;zl;onf? t*Fvdyf awmifwef;om;rdwfaqGrsm; ukd quf oG,fcJhonf?
xdkqufoG,frr_ Sm AuyESifh r[mrdwfzJG@aepOfyif tqufrjywfcJhyg? olwdk@u rajymaomfvnf; u|efawmfw@dk odaeonf? bmawGa&;onf
qdkonfuykd if odonf? Armhatmufypfrxm;cJhbl;qkd+yD; ckawmhArmukd vGwfvyfa&;ay;+yD; Armh atmufypfxm;w,f[k pum;emxdk;jcif;
jzpfygonf? (Armjynfta=umif; a&;=u aom vljzLu|rf;usifol rsm;vnf; xdkpm rsm;ukd zwfz;l [ef &Sdonf?)
TudpPukd rSwfcsufwcka&;+yD; &yfygrnf?
(rSwfcsuf) KIO u 1979 wGif qufwdkuf ojzifh tusKd;r,kwfyg? 1990 ckEpS frsm;wGif AuycJGxGufrsm; azmufcJhaomvrf;ukd olwdk@
vdkufonf? (17) csufxufomaom tcGifh ta&; &cJhonf? vufeufrcs&? KIO. KIA rzsuf&/ Ekid fiHa&;vkyfcGifh &Sdaeonf?
rdrdw@dk twGif;rSyif AuycJGxGuf +idr;f tzJG@rsm;ay:ae&m KIO +idr;f tzJG@ vkyfonfudk tjypfrajymyg? wkwfe,fpyf wGif tm;vkH;
+idr;f jzpfaecsdef olu xD;xD;}uD; qufwdkuaf eI rjzpfyg? odyfem oGm;vdrfhrnf?
AuycJGxGuf +idr;f tzJG@rsm;ukd olwdk@.rlvae&modk@ jyefoGm;aom &Jabmf rS r[mrdwjf zpfoGm;ol [k oabmxm; ovdk KIO
udkvnf; r[mrdwfrsm;tjzpfyif oabmxm;qJ jzpfygonf?
SSPP. KIO wdk@onf cJGxGufa&; rS jynfaxmifppk pfppfrlukd ajymif;+yD;yxrqkH; vufcHolrsm;jzpfI Auy u oHa,mZOf}uD;
ygonf?
txufwGifa&;cJhonfrsm;rSm xdyfwef;v#Kd@0Sufcsufrsm; r[kwfawmhI a&;ygonf? e0w/ etz rodcsiftqkH; jzpfaeaom
udpPrsm; jzpfonf?
(3) bkHvkyif ef;pOfr&Sdv#if
bkH&efol &Sdygonf? odk@aomf bm a=umifh&efoljzpfovJ qkdonfhudpPwGifum; rwl=uyg? (Auy) u ppftkyfpk/ ppftpdk;&ukd
ppftm%m&Sifpepf usifhoH;k aom ppfAsLdk u&uf t&if;&Sifrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh &efol [k owfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf?
oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf cJGxGuf a&; au;a=umfolrsm;u Arm e,fcsJ@ rsm;jzpfI &efol[kowfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf? tajccHcsif;yif
rwl=uyg?
uGefjrLepfrsm;u wESpaf pm+yD; awmckdonf? KNU uyg awmckdvmaom tcg awmxJwGif ydyuQjzpf&onf? odk@ aomf
awmuus,fonf? ol@pnf;udk,hpf nf; aevdk@&onf? 1958 txd xkdodk@ &SOf@ av#mufom ysm;pJGom ay:vpD vkyfv@kd &onf?
wyfaygif;pkpum;vnf; trsm; tm;jzifh jynfol@&Jabmf/ tvHew
D dk@EiS fh ajym& onf? jynfol@&JabmfEiS fh Auy eD;pyfonf?
olwkd@vnf; jynfaxmifpb
k ufom;/ Auy vnf; jynfaxmifpb
k ufom;? 1947 jynfaxmifpt
k ajccHOya'rSm Akv
d f atmifqef;
OD;aqmifa&;qJGjcif; jzpfonf? (Auy) u axmufcHcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh jynfaxmifpk jy\emwGif ruJG=uyg?

tvHeDu vlrsKd;wrsKd; wdkif;jynf wjynfpepfudk vkdvm;onf? jynfaxmifpk rvdkcsif/ olu uJGtufa&; cJGxGufa&;orm;?
tvHeDbmajymaeae udprP &Sdyg? oluvlxk tajccHr&Sd? Auy jzLv#if olrnf;rnf?
(Auy) u jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idr;f csrf;a&;ajymawmh olu u|ef yJGpm;}uD;ocifoef;xGef; [k ajymonf?
oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf cJGxGuf a&; orm;wdk@uawmh jynfaxmifppk um; r=um;csif/ em;cg;onf? jynfaxmifpk[k ajymrdv#if
ArmeDESifh Arm!dk woHwnf;yJ[k pGyfpJGonf?
1958 - 60 tdraf pmifhacwfu armifarmif/ atmif}uD;wdk@ KNU ESifh wdwfwdwf 3 }udrfwdwd aqG;aEG;onf? Auy udk
OD;wnfwu
kd f&ef KNU udk pnf;kH;onf? 1958 - 60 onf Auy twGuf temqkH; umvjzpfonf? (Auy u KNU tay:
b,fwkef;urS taumufr}uHcJh[k KNU acgif;aqmifudk r=umrDuyif ajymvku
d f ao;onf?)
1958 - 60 rSm Auywdk@ arG;&m ZmwdESifhatmifajrukd vufvGwf&aom umvjzpfonf? Auy.arG;&mZmwdonf
rif;0Hawmifa=um yJcl;dk;rjzpfonf? atmifajronf {&m0wDjrpf0rS f; jzpfonf? (armifarmif/ atmif}uD;wkd@EiS fh KNU bmawGusdwf+yD;
em;vnfr_ &cJhonf qdkonfukd olwdk@ajymrS aumif;rnfjzpfI rwifjyawmhyg?)
&Srf;rsm;u SSIA zJG@ vufeuf ukdifwdkufyw
JG dkufawmh ArmeD e,fcsJ@awG jyefoGm; [k &mZoHay;onf? oD;jcm; &Sr;f jynf.
e,ferd dwfonf rEWav;vGifjyif txd[k ajymonf? teD;pcef;atmufbuf txd qkwf&rnf? rqkwfv#if wdkurf nf[k pma&;onf? (Auy)
u &Srf;jynfa&mufae onfrSm 1949 uwnf;u jzpfonf? zqyv tpd;k &&Sdonfhae&mrSm wdkufrnf/ wdkufaeonfrSm =um+yD?
olwdk@olykex
f rS (Auy) udk armif;xkwfonf? ajcmufwikd f; a=umuf+yD; zdwdkif;ydv#if awmfvSefa&;orm; r[kwf/ xdk@a=umifh xGufroGm;yg?
olwdk@u e,ferd dwfuo
dk uf!mpGm owfrSwfwm[k qkdonf? rEWav;/ yif;,/ tif;0txd ,lvdk@&onf/ ordik f;&Sdonf[k qdkonf?
Auy aep&mr&Srd Smpdk;I ouf!m wm[ kajymonf?
uHaumif;axmufrpGm Auy &Srf;jynfrSrqkwf&? wdkufvnf;rwdkuf vdkuf&yg?
wdkuf&onfu KIO ESifh jzpfonf? apmapmu rwdku&f / 1968 ta&S@ajrmufykdif;ay:+yD;rS wdkuf&jcif; jzpfonf?
wdkuf&onfrSmvnf; EkdifiHjcm; ya,m* ygonf?
jzpfpOfrSm
ae0if;wuGufrSm;I wkwf tpdk;& a'gyGonf? tif'ked ;D &Sm;/ rav;wkd@ rSmvkd ae0if;u uGefjrLepfqefusifa&;/ wkwfqefusifa&;
vkyfro
d nf? wkwf qef@usifa&;ukd ,leDazmif;c|wf ppfom; rsm;ESifh vkyfcJhonf? ppfom;rsm;ukd ppfum; jzifh o,fvm/ ,leDazmif;c|wf
vkHcsnf0wf ap+yD; t&ufwkdufum t"duk%f; zefwD; apjcif; jzpfonf?
wkwfu tar&dueftEW&m,f owdxm;csde/f tar&duefu AD,uferfppf &Sdefjrifhcsde/f EsLuvD,mAkH;tao;pm; okH;rokH;
csdefqaecsde/f ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;a=umifh wkwrf sm; tuJqwfaecsdeEf Sifh oGm;wdk; onf?
ruHpzl; Auy vufeuf azmjcif; aomjcif; &onf? r[mrdwrf sm;udk waomif;*%ef; a&mufvkeD;eD; ulnDEkdif cJhonf?
(tultnD vufcHcJholrsm;tm;vkH; +idr;f tzJG@ rsm; jzpfaejcif;/ ESpaf ygif; 20 ausmf 30 eD;yg; &Sd+yDjzpfjcif;a=umifh wcgu xdyw
f ef;v#Kd@0Suu
f dk
zGifhajymjcif; jzpfonf?)
yxrqkH;&onfh r[mrdwfxJrSm KIO ygonf? xkdtcgu KIO udk aZmf nDtpfudkawG acgif;aqmifonf? aZmfwl;u AuyxHrS
vufeuftultnD ,lonf? xdkif;wGifaeaomtpfuu
dk uGefjrLepfay;wJh vufeuf xrf;&aumif;vm; vufeufeD
rxrf;eJ@[k !ef=um;onf? (cJGxGufoD;jcm; wkdif;jynf xlaxmifcsifolwdkif; xdkif;tajccH =uonfcsnf; jzpfonf? [kwfwmr[kwfwm
tyxm; uGefjrLepfwkwf qefusifv#if vufeufay;rvdkvdk avoHay;aeI wae@ &Edk;Edk; apmifhae=uonf? &onf[kawmh r=um;zl;yg?
a&$ikH;rif;t+rD;ar#mf&if;ESifh tcsdeaf wGom ukefcJh=uonf?)
aZmfqdkif;trde@f jzifh aZmfwl;u ESpfbufoabmwlnDcsufukd wzufowf zsufonf? &xm;aomvufeufawmh ,lxm;+yD;
armfpDwkef;=o0g' ppfa&; 6 apmifw@dk ukd zsufqD;ypfonf?
ArmeDe,fcsJ@orm;[k ajymonf? tuGufacsmif;aeaom rqv ppftkyfpku 0if+yD; tjrwfxkwfonf? Auy wdkufa&; twGuf
tm;ay;onf? &duQm/ usnf tenf;tusOf; ay;onf? rv$Jra&Smifom ppfwu
dk f&awmhonf? ,cif 1968 rwdkifru
D rwdkucf Jh&yg?
aZmfnDtpfukdrsm; wa,mufu AuyESifhwu
dk f&if; usqkH;onf? t}uD; ESpaf ,mufu olwdk@csif;vkyf}uHwm cH& onf? KIO
wckvkH; ajcrudkifrd vufrudkifrd jzpfonf? Auy u r&efb&efqdkif;/ aZmfrdik f;wdk@udk vufeufukdifwdkufyJG quf wkduf&ef tm;ay;onf?
tultnDay;onf?
ucsifu xdkif;ESifhta0;}uD;? EkdifiHjcm;trS&D Smv#if ukvm;/ wkwfyJ rSv
D kd@ &onf? olrsm;ESifh rwlyg? ukvm;u ol@kuQ ESifho/l
ta&S@ajrmufa'owGif ppfwu
kd fae &onf? KIO udk vufeufay;vdk@ rjzpfyg? xdk@a=umifh AuyxHrS wkwfvufeuf ,l&onf? KIO rSm
xdkif;wGif vkyf}uHcH&+yD; xkdif;ukdrDI
S rjzpf? xdk@a=umifh AuyESifh jyef+yD; r[mrdwzf JG@onf? jynfol@'rD u
dk a&pD vrf;a=umif; vufcHonf[k
qdkonf?
vufeufwGif tjzLteD r&Sd/ xrf;rnfhoo
l m tjzLteD&Sdonfukd KIO acgif;aqmifrt
_ zJG@opfu odygonf? olwdk@ rSm
xkdif;wGifaeolrsm; r[kwf=uI ,l&J onf? xdkif;wGifaev#if vufeuftultnD ,lvkd@rjzpf? ,lrdv#if urBmrD;avmifrnf?

Tok@d jzifh vufeuftultnD axmifcsD+yD; (Auy) u ay;onf? vufeuf wdk@.oabmrSm usnfqef&&Sd onf? vl
xrif;pm;ovkd aoewfu usnfqefpm; onf? rpm;&v#if wkwfavmufyif tokH; rus? ESppf Of (Auy) u jznfhusnf axmufyHh &onf?
vufeufudk ray;cif (Auy) u oifwef;ay;onf? olwdk@A[dkuvnf; oGm;oifwef;wuf=u/ ajymor# em;axmifcJh=u/
jyefapm'u rwuf=ueJ@/ vufeufxrf; jyefcJh=u [k !e=f um; vkdufonf? trsm;uawmh emcHonf? wa,mufuawmh
olwkd@A[kd !ef=um;csuf ukd azmufzsufonf? wcsw
D armif; wkduf xm;=u&I rcHcsdrcHom jzpfaeykH&onf? ratmifhEkdif?
Auyukd tpOftquf acgif; aqmifcJholrsm;ta=umif; oifwef;ay; t+yD;wGif tjyeftvSeaf qG;aEG;yJGY avmu rSm
ocifa,_wa,mufyJ =um;zl;onf? ocifatmifqef;/ ocifpdk;/ ocifodef;az/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifZif/ ocifAode;f wif r=um;zl;bl;
[k cGwkduo
f nf?
olr=um;zl;wm [kwfaumif; [kwfrnf/ ol@taz ol@tzdk;acwfuawmh ArmjynfrSm vltajrmuftjrm;[m
rsufESmjzLbdkwikd f;ukd ocifac:cJhz;l onf qkdonfukd oifwef;q&mu jyefrajym vkduyf g? r[mrdwf y ae=uonfyJ?
r'w/ Auy yefqef;pnf;a0;yJG
txufwGif b&efqdik f;u r'w xJ jyef0ifrnf/ t*Fvef/ tar&duef oGm;rnfqdkaomudpP wifjy+yD;+yD?
b&efqkid f; xdkif;qif;onf? r'w xJ jyef0ifonf? t*FvefoGm;jzpfonf? wcgu rufv;kH ay; tvGeo
f efaom awmifwef;om;
rdwfaqG}uD;rsm; ESifh oGm;awG@onf? olw@dk xJu trsm;pku uG,fvGef+yD? q&m}uD;csmcsD/ bk&ifcHa[mif; a':refprpfwkd@ r&Sd=uawmh?
usef&pfolrsm;u (Lord) avmhbJG@cH+yD; txufv$wfawmf trwfrsm; vkyfaeonf? olwkd@ESifh awG@onf? olw@dk acgif;xJ Armjynf
r&Sdawmh? awmifwef;om;rsm;ukdvnf; pdwfr0ifpm; =uawmh? b&efqkid f; pdwfysuf&onf?
tar&duefoGm;&ef u;pm;onf? uGefjrLepfESifhr[mrdwf yxm;oljzpfI t0if rcH vSnfhjyefcJh&onf? pdwftysuf}uD;
ysufvmonf?
Ttcsufrsm;rSm b&efqkid f;. jyefvnfajymjycsufudk csKyf+yD;wifjyjcif; jzpfonf?
Ekid fiHjcm;tm;ukd rSDcdkv@dk r&&if udk,fhjynfwGif;yJ tm;udk;awmhrnf[k qkH;jzwf+yD;/ r'w ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJG@}uD;ukd ac:um KIO
XmecsKyfodk@ jyefvmonf? XmecsKyfa&mufv#if wzufu r'wtzJG@ukd AuyESifhawG@z@dk em;csonf? wzufuvnf; Auyukd r'wESifhawG@&ef
wkdufwGef;aeonf?
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vlrsKd;pkau'grsm;uvnf; A[dkok@d tjynfhtpkH uejzifh tpD&ifcHonf? A[kdu rwk@H jyefeJ@
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jy\emay:p&m r&Sdyg? Auy. jynfaxmifprk lukd &Sif;jy&ef awmif;qkdwm awmh &Sdonf? AuywGif v#Kd@0Su+f yD; jynfaxmifpt
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uGefjrLepfrsm; vkyfrnfr[kwf/ vdyfjymroef@?
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vkyfIrjzpf? cJGxGufa&;orm;uawmh oD;jcm;tajccHOya'a&;&ef 0efrav;ovdk/ zsufzdk@vnf; 0efrav;yg?
wdkif;jynftpdwfpw
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tjzpfo@dk a&mufrnfhudpw
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ukd,fhukd,fukd o&zlaqmif;ay;aeI jzpfonf?
vufawG@tm%m r&Sdaomfvnf; vlxku tm%mtyfxm;aom NLD u a&;qJGvmv#if a0zefp&m&Sd a0zefrnf?
uufv#ifaxmufcHrnf? ruufv#if uef@uGufrnf? 1947 uvnf; xkdodk@vkyfcJh onf?
Auy/ r'w pnf;a0;yJG qkH;jzwf csuf vufrSwfx;dk awmhrnfhtcg w}udrfESifh/ toHv$ifhawmhrnfhtcg w}udrf aocsm atmif
KNU udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@ acgif;aqmifukd vufrSwfx;dk I jzpfrjzpf/ toHv$ifhIjzpfrjzpf (2) }udrfar;cJhonf?
KIO. SSPP wdk@rSm t"du acgif;aqmifawG udk,fwidk fygaeI ar;p&m rvdkyg? NMSP uvnf; Ekid fa&$usif udk,fwidk f
pma&;xm;+yD; jzpfonf? touf}uD;aeI olu,
kd fwkdif vdkufrvm Edik fa=umif;/ v$wfvdkuo
f lukd tm%mukef v$Jvdkuaf =umif; a&;xm;+yD;
jzpfonf?
KNU u xkdodk@ r[kwfyg? acgif;aqmifvmoluvnf; u&iftrsKd;om; r[kwf/ &ckdiftrsKd;om; jzpfaeonf? tm;ememESifh
ck_yfraS emif&Sif; ar;&onf? jzpfygw,f/ &ygw,f[k qkdI toHv$ifh onf? KNU OuUXu oloabmrwl[k a=u;eef;ydk@onf/
ol@vludk }udrf;onf? KIO aZmfqdkif;u ol@nDud}k udrf;wmrsKd; jzpfonf?
w&m;Oya'a=umif;t& ajym v#if u|efawmfw@dk wGif wm0efr&Sdaomfvnf; tae&txdkif& usyfygonf? KNU udk,f
pm;vS,facgif;aqmifrsm;ukdawmh tm;ay; cJhonf? pdwfawmh raumif;vSa=umif;/ }uD;}uD;rm;rm; tjypfay;cH&rnf[k rxif a=umif;
ajymcJhonf?
aemuf KNU wGif; bmjzpfonf rodyg? trsKd;rsKd; =um;&ygonf? r'w/ Auy pnf;a0;yJGt+yD; odyfr=umvS/ AuywGif;
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AuyrS cJGxGufonfrSm tm%m &r& raocsmaomtzJG@wcko@kd v$Jay;csifI r[kwf/ tm%m&Sdaeaomtpdk;&atmuf v$Jay;&ef
jzpfonf? rnfonfhtpd;k & wufaeae xdktpdk;&atmuf a&muf=urnf? e0w ppftpdk;&wufaeIom ol@atmuf a&mufjcif; jzpfonf?
rqv/ e0w/ wpn/ 'DcsKyf rnfonfhtzJ@G jzpfap tm%m&aev#if xkdtm%matmuf a&mufygvdrfhrnf?
xdk@a=umifh Auy. xkwfjyefcsuf/ a&;om;csufrsm;wGif oHwref tokH;tE_ef; jzifh ppfat;acwf ukefqkH;jcif;. tusKd; aus;Zl;
[k okH;cJhygonf?
zwfpma[mif;rsm;wGifygonfh ykjH yifvkd jzpfygonf?
EGm;csKday:em;rdonfh ,ifaumif. txif}uD;r_rsKd; e0w/ etz txif}uD; aejcif; jzpfygonf? ykjH yifrmS Tod@k jzpfonf?
EGm;waumif jrufpm;aeonf? jrufpm;&efikH@vdkufcdkuf ,ifwaumifu EGm;csKday:em;ckduf uHonf? ol@tav;csed f a=umifh
EGm;acgif;idkupf u
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pOf;pm;um ysHxGufoGm; onf? xdktcdkuf EGm;uvnf; jrufpm;+yD;I acgif;jyefarmhonfhtcdkuf uHrdjyefonf?
,ifaumifu ol@0dwfudk tvGet
f xif}uD;oGm;onf? aus;Zl;wif vnf; cHcsifI igoem;vdk@ysHxGufay;wm[k ajymonf?
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k fonf[k ykjH yifu qdkonf?
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pma&;csOf;uyfvdkcJhonf? a':atmifqef; pk=unfxH t*Fvdyv
f dka&;rS &rnfxifojzifh t*Fvdyv
f dka&;ay;&ef tyluyfcJhzl;onf?
cJGxGufolrsm;rSm wufonfhtpdk;& wkd@tpd;k & vkyfrnfqkdonfukd oufaojyjcif;r#om jzpfonf?
Ekid fiHa&;t& bkHvyk fief;pOfr&Sdv#if cdkif+rJaomwyfaygif;pk r&SdEkdifyg? wyfaygif;pk ,m,DzJG@&efyif rvG,fyg? jynfwGif;a&;
ay:vpDwGifvnf; oabmwlr_r&Sd/ jynfya&; ay:vpDwGifvnf;r&Sd jzpfaev#if bkH vkyfief;pOf (rnfr#yif tedrfhq;kH jzpfapOD;) r&SdEkdifyg?
Armjynf'Drku
d a&pD awmfvSefa&; ratmifjrifonfrSm xkdudpt
P "du jzpfyg onf? a&&Snfppf wkdufEdik fonfrSm olu ol@enf;/
udk,fuukd,fhenf;jzifh 0dkif;wkduf ae=uI (bkH&efol) &SdaeI jzpfygonf? PVO om awmrcdkv#if/ RBA omray:v#if/ KNDO om
rykeu
f efv#if Auy tawmf tusOf;tusyf usygrnf?
aemufwGifvnf; SSIA. KIA. PSLO (yavmifjynf vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG@) ay:ygonf? 1988 aemufykdif;wGif ykrd sm; ygonf?
csif;uyg ykefuefvmygonf? odk@ aomf ukd,fhvyk fief;pOfEiS fhukd,f jzpfaeygonf? jynfwGif;jynfyay:vpDawG oD;jcm;jzpfae ygonf?
bkH&efol&dS HkESifhr+yD;/ bkHvkyfief;pOf &Sd&ygrnf?
tajrmftjrif&Sd=uv#if ppfat; vGefumvwGif bkHvyk fief;pOf &SdEkdifonf[k xifygonf?

(4) awmifwef;om;rdwfaqGrsm;t=umif;
1948 wGif rv$Jra&Smifom vGwfvyfa&;ay;&awmhrnfh tajctaewGif awmifwef;om; rdwfaqGrsm;tzJG@ t*Fvdyftkyfpdk;ol
todkif;t0dkif;wGif ay:onf? emrnfausmf csmcsDukd trSL;y+yD; bk&ifcHa[mif;a':refprpf acgif;aqmifonf? t*FvdyAf sLdu
k &uf}uD;rsm;
yg=uonf?
rdwfaqGrsm;u awmifwef; om;rsm;udk tultnDay;awmhrvkdvkd ajymonf? awmifwef;om;rsm;uvnf; tultnD
&awmhrvdkvkd xifa,mifrmS ;=u onf?
odk@aomf acwf}uD;u ajymif;cJh+yD? e,fcsJ@urBmhtcif;tusif; ukeq
f kH;oGm;+yD? e,fcsJ@rsm; aemufqkwaf e&+yD? t*FvefwGif
csmcsDtpdk;& jyefwufawmhvnf; Armjynf buf vSnrfh =unfhtm;yg? t*Fvdyef ,fcsJ@u pl;tufw;l ajrmif;ta&S@buf ajcrcs0aHh wmh?
t*Fvdyf awmifwef;om; rdwfaqGrsm; wZmwfodrf;cJh+yD? ,ae@ ay: aeonfu Armjynfta&; u|rf;usifol yg&*l rsm;.
awmifwef;om; rdwfaqGrsm; topfjzpfonf? olwdk@u tm%mydkifrsm; r[kwf/ Ekid fiHa&;yJGpm;/ vufopf pDtdkifat/ Ekid fiHa&;a'gufwm
&rf;ukrsm; jzpfonf? xdktxJwGif bmwD; vifhwemqkdol ygonf?
bmwD;vifhwemonf tjcm; yg&*l rsm;xuf wvkH;ydkLS Ekid fonf? olu yefqef;jyef ? olyefqef;a&muf&onfrSm
rdwfaqG}uD; b&efqkid f;.awmif;yefcsut
f & a&mufjcif; jzpfonf? pmtkyw
f tkyf ESpf tkyaf &;+yD; Armjynfta=umif; u|rf;usif olyg&*l
vkyfaeolrmS olwa,mufwnf; r[kwf/ rsm;onf? olwkd@u pmtkyaf &;=u onf?
olwdk@a&;or#u awmifwef; om;ukd csD;usK;p&m &SmcsD;usL;onf? Armqkdv#if eDaomjzLaomra&G; qefusif onf?
bmwD;vifhwem &efukefa&muf+yD; jyefvmawmh Akv
d fcif!Gef@u ol@ukd t*Fvdyf vdk usKyfwkd@awG@=u+yD [k ajyma=umif;/ xkd
t*Fvdypf um;ukd tvGwfusuf+yD;ajym[ef wla=umif; u|efawmfw@dk xH pma&;zl;onf? Armqdkv#if ESrd fp&mr&Sd &Sm+yD;ESrd fonf?
awmifwef;om;vnf;jzpf/ c&pf ,mefvnf;jzpfv#if olwdk@twGuf csD;usL; p&mcsnf;? t*Fvdyfppfom;a[mif;}uD;u
paumhwvef csKdif;!yfavoGif;ykavG r_wfwmudyk if csD;rGr;f cef;zGifhonf? e,fcsJ@ vufusefukd xdef;odrf;ojzifh auseyfonf?
ppfat;vGefacwf awmifwef; om; rdwfaqGrsm; ta=umif;udk t"du a&;csifonfrmS TudpPrsm; r[kwfyg? olwkd@
vkyfaygufukd rdwfqufay;vkdjcif;om jzpf onf?
olwkd@ aq;+rD;wdak y;cJhonf/ ay; aeonf?
t=urf;rzufa&; aq;+rD;wkd a=umifh ajrmhajrmhusefawmhonfh vlemudk ,ck &wJhaps;eJ@xkwaf &mif; acs;rsm;raeeJ@ [k
aq;+rD;wkd ay;ae=ujyef+yD? &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm; owd&Sd=uapcsifonf?
u|efawmfw@dk wGif tm;enf;csuf &Sdonf? jynfwGif;EkdifiHa&;owif;ukd xdk yg&*lrsm;xHrS ,lae&onf? jynfwGif;&Sd
Ekid fiHa&;yk*dK~ vfrsm;uvnf; vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdka&;om;cGifh r&SdI vlodrsm;apcsif onfh Ekid fiHa&;owif;/ toHv$ifhay;apcsif onfh
owif;udk olwdk@ukd ay;ae&onf?
awmifwef;om; rdwfaqG ta[mif;jzpfap/ topfjzpfap jynfaxmif pk jy\em ukd ulnDajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifolrsm; r[kwf=u?
odk@aomf olw@kd wGifus,faeonf? ajc_yfaeonf? ajc_yw
f muae ajcxdk;vdrfh rnf?
1988 onf tvSnfhtajymif;ESpf jzpfonf? tvSnfhtajymif;wckrmS cJGxGuf a&; oD;jcm;wkdif;jynf xlaxmifa&; ukd
t"duvlrsKd;pk tiftm;pkrsm;u twd tvif;pGef@y,f+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh jynfaxmifpk bufom;rsm; jzpfoGm;=uonf? cJGxGufa&;/
oD;jcm;wdkif;jynf xlaxmifa&;udk u&ifeD wkd;wufa&;ygwDuyif odyfrajymawmh? aemfa0;jynf atmfpvdk (OSLO) wGif
ajymwmzwf&onf? jynfaxmifpb
k ufom; jzpfvmolwdkif;ukd uqk&d rnf?
vufopf awmifwef;om;rdwfaqGrsm;
olwdk@u ta[mif;ESifh vkH;0 rwlyg? ta[mif;rsm;u AsLku
d &uf}uD;rsm; oyfoyf jzpfonf? &Sif;onf? topfu *sme,fvpf/
NGO / vl@tcGifhta&;orm; ta&cHxm;=uonf? tppftrSefrsm; =um;wGif a&maeonf? EkdifiHa&;yJGpm; EkdifiHa&;&rf;uk rsm;
vkyfonf? olwkd@ ta=umif;a&;&if; _yfaewmrsm;vnf; &Sif;csifonf?
Auy ,l*sD 4828 udk zrf;rdawmh Akv
d fcif!Gef@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm; uref; uwef; vkyfonf? vkyfonfh&nf&G,cf suu
f
&Sif;onf? olvnf; ajymxm;+yD;jzpfI a&;p&mr&Sdyg? ol.zk;H uG,x
f m;aom &nf&G,cf suu
f dkom a&;rnf?
uGefjrLepf qefusifa&;onf tar&duef. onf;ajcuufjzpfonf? 'gudk Adv
k fcif!Gef@odonf? xdk@a=umifh xdktcsuu
f kd
aumufuikd fvdkuo
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- xdkif;e,fpyfa&muf ausmif;om;vli,f rsm;ukd r,kHESifh/ uGefjrLepftquftoG,fawG jzpfonf? vufeufrulnDESifh[k jzpfonf?
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGpmtkyrf sm;udk =unfhv#if awG@Eikd fonf?

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vlxktkHur_}uD; t&SdefwufaepOf u wufuonfhvli,frsm; (&[ef;oHCm awmfrsm;yif ygonf) twGif;Y &v#if& r&v#ifcs pdwf"mwf&Sdonf? csv#if vufeuf vdkrnf? vufeuf xdidk f;e,fpyfwGif *dak 'gif ESifh tjynfhxnfh+yD; apmifhaeonf? tar
&duefu ay;vdrrfh nf? tdEd,
N uvnf; wyfr[m (2) ckpm vufeufulnD&ef jyifxm;onf? csif;wGif;jrpftxd yd@k ay;rvdkvdk
owif;awGjzpfaeonf? (Adkvcf if!Gef@wdk@ vnf; =um;vdrhrf nf? a[majymyJGwGif xnfha[maeonfyJ?)
xdkxifa,mifrmS ;r_jzifh xdkif;buf txGufrsm;onf? tdEd,
N buf tawmf toifh oGm;onf?
Auy.oabmxm;rSm 'Drdk ua&pDawmfvSefa&;/ ppftpdk;&wdkufa&; twGufqdkv#if b,fu&& ,lloifhonf? ray;v#if
awmif;&rnf? yg;pyfeJ@csnf; rulyg eJ@ vufeufulyg ajym&rnf? vufeuf [lonf tjzL - teD r&Sd/ vufeufxrf; olom tjzL teD &Sdonf[k oabm xm;+yD; oGm;=uwmukd tm;ay;cJhonf?
rSef;csuEf SifhESrf;xGuf ygpifatmif vJGonf? xdktcg Auy EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmif tzJG@ (EkdifOD;) ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0; xkdifonf?
wnDw!Gwfwnf; qkH;jzwfonf rSm
- ausmif;om;rsm; tar&duefqDu r&v#if Auy u ay;&rnf? vufeuf&v#if olwdk@ {&m0wDjrpf0rS f;tajccH&ef oGm;=u vdrhrf nf?
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- vufeufwaomif;wdwd ulnD&ef/ ausmif;om;wyfukd emrnfay;csif&may;? 'Drku
d a&pD jynfcspfwyfrawmf (DPA)
qdkv#ifaumif;onf? ausmif;om;rsm; touf}uD;oGm;vnf; 'DemrnfESifh vdkufonf? jzef@cJGxm;aom *kda'gifrsm; xJu xkwf,l+yD;
tvG,fwulvm+yD; xkwf,lEkdifaomae&mrsm;wGif pkpnf;xm; &ef?
- zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wkef;uvkd ygwDu Ekid fiHa&;rSL;rsm; wJGay;vdkuf&ef jyifqif onfhtaejzifh DPA Ekid fiHa&;oifwef; wck
tjrefziG fh&ef?
ta&;}uD;aomqkH;jzwfcsufjzpfI A[dk aumfrwDpHn
k Dtpnf;ta0;okd@ Ekid fOD; tzJG@u wifjyonf?
trsm;pk}uD;u vufcHonf? okd@aomf (aemiftcg cJGxGuf=urnfh) A[dk aumfrwDtenf;pkuav;u r&Jw&J apm'uwufonf?
Ekid fOD; tzJG@.=oZmukd vef@I ajAmifawmhruef@uGuf&J? ygwD&J@ jynfol@wyfrawmf &Sdae+yDyJ - ausmif;om; wyf zJG@p&mvkdao;ovm;
[k apm'u wufjcif; jzpfonf? (cJGxGufawmh Armtdk}uD; awGu Armausmif;om;awGudk vufeuf ay;rvdk@ vkyw
f ma=umifh
qef@usif&wm[k ol@atmufajcodk@ ajymonf )
[kwfonf? jynfol@wyfrawmf &Sd+yD; jzpfonf? odk@aomf olwkd@u {&m0wD jrpf0rS f;okd@ rqif;Ekid f/ 1968 rS 1988 xd
t}udrf}udrfqif;zd@k u;pm;zl;onf? jrpfzsm; bufokd@qif;&ef vkyfpOfu KIO cHaeonf/ ppfwu
dk f&onf? aemufr[mrdwf jzpf=u awmh
olwkd@ukdrSDcdk+yD; qif;onf? owif; aygufaeonf? tajctaer&ifhrSnafh o;I tustqkH;rsm;um ratmifjrifcJh/ au'g aumif;trsm;tjym;
usqkH;cJh&onf? 1989 rSm u|efawmfw@dk atmufbufukq
d if;vdkI vrf;jyay;&ef olwdk@udkajymawmh olwdk@ESifh e0w
usdwfaqG;aEG;aeonfukd rajymjybJ u|efawmfw@dk awmif;qdkwmudk y,fcscJhonf?
t"duqif;csifonfrSm ygwDA[kd &Sd&m yJcl;dk;rawmifydkif;ESifh {&m0wDjzpf0 u|ef;ay: jzpfonf? tif;av; aygif;avmif; txd
qif;oGm;zkd@rSmvG,fonf? jy\emr&Sd? awmifil - ausmuf}uD;vG,faumfvrf;. ajrmufbuftxdvnf; jy\emr&Sd? (ae0if;qD
atmif}uD;pma&;pOfu okH;E_e;f onfh [dkcsDrif;vrf; azmufjcif; jzpfonf?)
&efolu xkdt}uHtpnfudk odonf? tjyif;txef rD;uke,
f rf;ukef zsufonf? ocifwifxGef;/ Adv
k fpkd;armif/ &JabmfvSarmif
(awmifil)/ &Jabmfbarmif (rkH&mG ) wdk@ &Srf;jynftv,fydik f;wGif usqkH; jcif;/ 1975 ckEpS fwGif ocifZif/ ocifcspf polw@dk usq;kH jcif;rSm Auy.
pDrHudef;ukd zsuf&efvkyfonfh &efol@xkd;ppfrsm;wGif usqkH;jcif; jzpfonf?
jrpf0u|ef;ay: jyefvnfazmfxw
k f a&;pDru
H def;ukd ,l*sDenf;ESifh p+yD;vkyfonf? opPmazmufa=umifh wyHvH;k &efol@vuff
a&mufonf?
vrf;a=umif;acsmarm&ef wyf aygif;pkvkyfief;aumif;atmif vkyf&mwGif wjcm;tzJG@rsm;ESifh acsmarmaomfvnf; KNU ESifh
racsmarm/ q&mpaum v,fawmwkd@ KNUP ukd,pf m;vS,ftzJG@ESifh aqG;aEG;&mwGifvnf; tqifrajycJhyg? tqif ajyv#if
vufeufaxmifEiS fhcsD+yD; ulnD&ef jyifxm;onf? olw@kd u vufeuftultnD ukdyif vufrcHyg? olwkd@wGifvnf; olwkd@ pOf;pm;csuf
&Sdygvdrfhrnf?
aemufawmh KNU waygif; wpnf;wnf; jzpfoGm;onf? wyfaygif;pk pnf;a0;yJG r&Sdawmh? r'w - Auy yefqef;pnf;a0;yJGusrS
jyefawG@=uonf?
yefqef;pnf;a0;yJGwGif r@ay:rSm vlxktkHur_ jzpfawmhr,f[k (2) }udrf wdwd ajymcJhonf? tcdkiftrmajymvdk@ rjzpf I
Tr#avmufajymjcif; jzpfonf? olwkd@ pdwfr0ifpm;yg?

atmifrmCxdk;ppf vmawmh r,f [k ocifpk;d ukd ajymzl;I 'kuQa&muf onfh oifcef;pm&So

d nf? Adv
k fausmfaZmudk
rouFmjzpf+yD; ae0if;u wyfrx
S kwfonf? xdkoifcef;pm&SdaeI apmif;yg;&dyfjcnfom ajym0Hhonf? wdkuf u
dk fajymvnf; pdwf0ifpm; rnfhykH
ray:yg?
rqv. qdk&,
S fvpf pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef; ydv
k kyfav - arSmifcdkaps;uGuf yd}k uD;xGm;av - *dwfzGifhtcGefydkaumufEkdif av
jzpfaeonf?
atmif}uD;ajymonfh [dkcsDrif; vrf; azmufa&;udk jynfol@wyfrawmfu vkyf&cufonf? jynfwGif;ppf jy\em wGif
wifjycJhovdk u|efawmfw@dk wyfrmS 0 rsm;/ ukd;uef@rsm;/ tcgrsm;/ ucsifrsm;jzifh zJG@xm;&&m wyfo;kH pum;rSm wkwfpum; jzpfonf?
Armpum; rwwf=uyg? twGif; ydik f; xkd;0ifv#if pum;jyefESifhoGm;&onf? oGm;&rnfhae&mu Arma'o? KNU ESifh wyfaygif;pkuvnf;
racsmarmawmh tcuf tcJtvGefrsm;onf?
t}udrf}udrf vefusvmaomtcg jynfol@wyfrawmf wyfrLS ;}uD; (0 trsKd;om;) rsm;u 0 awmifwef;rSmom wkdufcdkif;yg?
'Dawmifukef; &efol@vuf rusapeJ@qdk&if rusatmif taocHwu
kd fr,f? Arma'o awGawmh pum;rayguf bmraygufeJ@
roGm;yg&apeJ@awmh[k wifjy=uonf?
A[kdppfaumfr&SifESifh aqG;aEG;&if; olwdk@u enf;vrf;wckwifjyonf? vufeuf 2 vufpD xrf;+yD;qif;rnf? [dkrmS &SdwJh
a'ocHajymufusm;wyfukd vufeufay;cJh+yD; jyefvmrnf[k wifjyonf? jrpf0u|ef;ay: pDrHudef; rSm xkdt}uHtpnfjzifh vkyfjcif; jzpfonf?
olwkd@wifjycsufrSm tvGeftusKd; ta=umif; qDavsmfygonf? Auy A[dkuvnf; ukd,fh0rf;emudk,fomodonf? woufrmS
wcguHrnfh tcgtcGifhay;cdkuf u;pm;csifonf? A[kdESifhwyfrLS ;}uD;rsm; Tok@d ydyuQjzpfaeonfrSm ESpfcsD+yD;=umcJh+yD?
Armausmif;om;awGukd vuf eufwaomif;ay;a&; qkH;jzwfaomtcg ydyuQtxGwftxdyo
f kd@ a&mufawmhonf?
vufeufwaomif; ray;Ekid fcif olwkd@u vufOD;r_,+l yD; cJGxGuf=uawmhonf? olwkd@ukd tESpf 20 wdkufckdif;cJh+yD;rS Armausmif;om; awGudk
vufeufwaomif; ay;&rnfukd ESajrmwGef@wkd=uonfrmS vnf; obm0us ygonf?
Tr#a&;ae&jcif;rSm yefqef;wGif ESpf&ufwrGe;f wnfh aecJhH/k OuUXESifhawG@cJhHEk iS fh Auy ta=umif;aema=uatmif odoltjzpf
um;0gaeaom bmwD;vifhwemqkdol ajymor# t[kwfxifolwcsKd@ &SdaeI jzpfonf?
Adv
k fcif!Gef@u olwkd@e0w tusKd; aus;Zl;twGuf 1988 vlxktkHur_ukd Auy vufokd@ xdk;tyfaomtcg 4828 ESifh rquf
oG,frad om ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u AuyeJ@bmrSrqdkifbl;/ igwkd@vkyfwm [k ajz&Sif;=uonf? [kwfygonf? Auy u
qdkifonf[k rajymcJhyg? Adv
k fcif!Gef@ajymae wmyg? Auy uvnf; [kwfaev#ifawmif rajymoifh[k xifygonf?
ausmif;om;rsm;u ajymrdv#if tar&duefxHrS vufeuf&a&; ar#mfvifhcsuf omru aiG&a&;yg vkH;0ydwfoGm;vdrhrf nf?
xdk@a=umifh rajymoifhyg? ajymv#ifyif rajym oifha=umif; Auy u t}uHay;rnf?
aemufwa=umif;rSm xkdif;e,fpyf wGif Auyyg[ak jymv#if oufomrnf r[kwf? acgif;aumif;I "m;awmif;jcif; jzpfoGm;rnf?
um,uH&iS f ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; ajymonfukd aAGr,lyg? rqDrqdkif bmwD;vifhwemu ol@pmtkyw
f Gif AuyESifh 1988
tkHur_rqdkif[k tawmf uav; a&;onf? pmtkyx
f Gufuwnf;u zwf&ygonf? ta&;r[kwfI tav;rxm; cJhyg?
,cka&;aeonfrSm vufopf awmifwef;om; rdwfaqGrsm; . tEW&m,f ukd owday;vdkIjzpfonf? olw@dk onf t=urf;
rzufa&; aq;+rD;wdak y;+yD; 'Drdk ua&pD vufeufuikd fawmfvSefa&;ukd om; av#mapcJh+yD;+yD? ,ck ajrmhajrmhom usefaom vlrrmukd
aps;rukdifeJ@ &wJah ps;eJ@ a&mif; xkwf [k ay;ae=ujyef+yD? Taq;+rD;wkd pm;rdv#if ppftm%m&Sifpepf oufqkd; &Snfawmhrnf? ae0if;/
atmif}uD;ppftkyfpkukd ajrjrKyfo+*FKd[+f yD; okH;acsmif;axmuf etz ppftkyfpkudk tvJxk;d &rnfhtcsdef jzpfaeI Todk@wifjyaejcif; jzpfonf?
(zGifhajym&ef tcsdef a&mufaeIvnf; zGifhajymygonf?)
(5) 2 OD; 2 buf tpJGtvrf;rsm;
Arm/ &Srf;/ ucsif/ u&if/ 0/ ytdk;0f pojzifh vlrsKd;tm;vkH;wGif tpJGtvrf;rsm; &Sd=uonf? cJGxGufa&;'Da&jrifhcsdeu
f
cJGxGufa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. tpJGtvrf;ukd t&ifwifjyrnf? aemufrS ArmvlrsKd;}uD; 0g'Dwdk@. tpJGtvrf;ukd wifjyrnf? jynf axmifprk l
udk ydkI tEW&m,fay;onfrSm vlrsKd;}uD;0g'D tpJGtvrf;jzpfonf? tcktxd 'kuQay;aeqJ jzpfonf?
1988 - 90 wGif cJGxGufa&; 'Da&u usoGm;cJh+yD? 'Da&wufcsdefuawmh Armqkd eDeD/ jzLjzL/ !dk!k/d rnfrnf; r,kH&/ tm;vkH;
vnfonf/ vdrfonf[k pJGvrf; onf?
1963 ckESpfu tawGtuHwck wifjyrnf? &Srf;cJGxGufa&; acgif;aqmif wuUodkvfynmwwf wa,mufESifh wyf aygif;pkupd P
aqG;aEG;pOfu jzpfonf? aqG;aEG;onfqdkwmxuf c&D;oGm;[efvJ$ awG@=ujcif; jzpfonf? olu pJGcsufESpcf k wifonf?
yxrpJGcsuf? 1947 tajccH Oya'onf Arm Oya'u|rf;usifolrsm;u &Srf;apmfbGm; (Oya'em;rvnfol) rsm;ukd
vdrjf cif;jzpfonf[k pGyfpJGonf? olwkd@rdbrsm; ynmrwwfI tvdrfcH&jcif; jzpfonf/ olw@dk acwfrmS tvdrfrcHawmh[k qdkonf? trSef rSm
zqyvESifhapmfbGm; tay;t,l vkyf=ujcif; jzpfonf? apmfbGm;rsm;onf t*Fvdyt
f a&;ydkif/ e,fykid f0efaxmufEiS fh aps;qpfzl;olrsm;jzpfI
vnfygonf? orRw ae&m&atmif/ jynfaxmifpt
k pd;k &tzJG@ 0ef}uD;ae&mrsm;&atmif/ a&G;aumufyJG r0ifbJ trwf 25 ae&m&atmif

vkyfEkid f olrsm; jzpfonf/ rtyg? trwf 50 &Sdonfh jynfe,fv$wfawmfwGif 50 &atmif vkyfoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? (ppftkyfpku 25 om
awmif;aejcif;ESifh ,SOf=unfyh g?)
'kwd,pJGcsuf? Armcsif; vuf0g; csif;du
k f+yD; vlrsKd;pkawGukd vufeufcsatmif vkyfonf? TpJcG suu
f yd}k uD;onf? Auyudk
OD;wnfonf?
ol@tajymt& 1963 aphpyf aqG;aEG;yJaG c:awmh SSIA udk,fpm;vS,frsm; oGm;=uonf? &efukefra&muf? vG,fvif vm;/
awmif}uD;vm;rod tJ'Du jyefcJh &onf? olwdk@ESifhawG@&olu Adkvw
f ifhaqG (xifonf?) raqG;aEG;&bJ vufcsm em; axmif jyefcJh&onf?
rif;wd@k igwk@d [koH;k +yD; vufcsmdu
k fv$wfvu
dk fonf[k qkdonf?
Armcsif;aqG;aEG;yJGusawmh wef;wl&nfwl t}uD;tus,fvkyaf y;onf? av;av;pm;pm; qufqHonf? pmapmif pmwrf;awG
xkwfonf[k pGyfpJGonf? &Jabmf aX;ESifh Adkvfapmjrifh wr@wnf;om;/ ausmif;om;}uD;ESifh ausmif;om;i,f jzpfa=umif;/ AdkvfaZ,sESi fh
Akv
d fvS[ef wyfrSL;}uD;wyfrSL;i,fjzpfa=umif; &Sif;jyawmh pJGcsuf}uD;wck xyf+yD;wifonf?
xdkpJGcsufrmS aqG;aEG;yJG rSwfwrf; pmtky}f uD;wGif uGufvyfrsm;ygaeonf? xdkuu
G fvyfrsm;rSm olwdk@.,kH=unf&aom
twGif;ydkif;owif;t& AuyESifh awmfvSef a&;aumifpD a&S@vkyif ef;pOf !d=ujcif; jzpfonf[k pGyfpo
JG nf? [efwmomar$;u vGJ+yD;
vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vkH; awmxJjyefukef+yD/ b,fvdk vkyf=urvJ/ Auy (ArmeD ) u awmxJjyefoGm;zdk@/ vlrsKd;pkawGudk aemufwcg awmarmif;+yD;
(Arm!dk ) ppftpdk;&atmuf a&mufatmif awmarmif;ay;zdk@ wdkifyif=u jcif; jzpfonf[k pGyfpo
JG nf? (ocifpkd;u u|efypJG m;}uD; [k
pGyfpw
JG mrsKd;ESifh qif onf?)
r[kwfygbl;[k ajymaomfvnf; rnfodk@r# ajymr&? xdyw
f ef;v#Kd@0Suu
f dpPjzpfI ol@udk r[kwfygbl;xufvnf; ydrk ajymEkdif?
Tod@k jzifh aqG;aEG;yJG+yD;oGm;onf?
r=umcifuawmh KNU acgif; aqmifwOD;ESifh rSmvdkuf&onf? olpGypf JGovdk r[kwfa=umif;/ 1963 aqG;aEG;yJG rpcifuwnf;u
awmfvSefa&;aumifpED Sifh em;vnfr_ ,lcJha=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yJG atmifonfjzpfap/ ysufonfjzpfap ocif Aode;f wifonf Auy
ukd,fpm;vS,f/ tvkyf&&Sd m wkwfjynfodk@ jyefoGm;rnf[k em;vnfr_ ,lxm;a=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yJG ysufaomtcg jyefoGm;a&;aqG;aEG;=ujcif;
jzpfa=umif;/ wkwfjynfu txl;av,mOf vmua&;udpyP gaeI okH;OD;ok;H zvS,f aqG;aEG;&ovdk jzpfaea=umif;/ aqG;aEG;yJG ysufcgrS
t=um}uD;quf+yD; aqG;aeG;=uonf rSm 'ga=umifhjzpfa=umif; rSmvdkuf&onf? aqG;aEG;onfuvnf; ukd,fpm;vS,ftzJG@
acgif;aqmifcsif;jzpfae - tjyeftvSev
f nf; t=um}uD;aqG;aEG;ae - aqG;aEG;onfh twGif;oabmukdvnf; azmffrajymbJ uGufvyfxm;ae
- qkdawmh rouFmp&m }uD; jzpfaeonf? olwdk@ rouFmjzpfwm rqef;yg?
ppftkyfpkwGif vkyfenf;wck &Sdonf? xkdvkyef nf;ukd ,cky+dk yD; vkyfaeonf? xdkvyk fenf;rSm awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; twGif;
oHo,yGm;atmif owif;vdrfukd wrifayguf=um;ay;onfhenf; jzpfonf? (SSIA acgif;aqmifrsm; rnfonfhae&mu
xdkowif;vdr&f onfukd u|efawmfw@dk cef@rSef; Ekid fygonf? rajymoifhI rajymawmhyg?)
SSIA ESifhawmh rwdkucf Jh&yg? KIA ESifh wdkufcJh&onf? ppftpdk;&u 0if+yD;tjrwfxkwfwm t}udrf}udrfcHcJh&onf?
+idr;f tzJG@rsm; jzpfaomtcg tcsif;csif;&efwdkuaf y;onfhenf; ppftkyfpku t}uD;tus,fvkyo
f nf?
tzJGtpnf;toD;oD;wGif twGif; ydyuQrsm;&Sd=uonf? AuycJGxGufrsm; twGif; &Sdovkd r[mrdwrf sm;twGif;Yvnf; &Sdonf?
KIO tzJGtwGif; ydyuQjyif;xef aeonf [k=um;&onf? ygwDA[dku rdrd &Jabmfrsm;twGif;a&m/ r[mrdwrf sm; twGif;rSmyg
jynfolwGif;ydyuQtjzpfESifh t}udrf}udrf0if+yD; ajz&Sif;ay;cJh&zl;onf? aphpyfay;cJhojzifh &efig ydyuQtjzpf rul;ajymif;cJhyg?
+idr;f tzJG@rsm;acwfodk@ a&muf aomtcg ppftkyfpku &efig ydyuQ tjzpfo@dk ra&mufa&mufatmif wGef;ydk@ onf? Todk@jzifh
+idr;f tzJG@ wcsKd@ ysufpD; oGm;onf?
oG,f0ku
d fraeawmhbJ &Sif;atmif a&;rnf?
Auy vufxufu udk;uef@/ uGwfcdkif/ erfhcrf;/ erfhqef/ rd;k rdwf a'o rsm;onf ajrmufydkif;A[dkXmecJGatmufu jzpfonf?
vlrsKd;pko
H nf?
cJGxGuf=uawmh tm;vkH; zkef nDtpfukdatmufa&mufonf? zkefnDtpfukd ESifh ,efnDtpfukdwdk@ twGif;ydyuQ }uD; onf? ygwDxJ
olwdk@&SdpOfuawmh ygwDu jynfolwGif;ydyuQtjzpf t}udrf}udrf ajz&Sif; ay;cJhI &efig ydyuQtjzpfodk@ wdk;yGm; roGm;cJh?
+idr;f tzJG@ jzpfaomtcg ydyuQ ukd ppftkypf ku qGay;onf? qGay;zdk@vnf; vG,fonf? olaX;jzpfvrf; pD;yGm;a&;
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;jzifh qGay;vkd@&onf? bde;f rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfief;jzifhvnf; qGay;vdk@ &onf? opfuefxdu
k f/ ausmufrsuf wl;azmfcGifh
ponfrsm;jzifh qGay;vdk@&onf?
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfESifh axmufvSrf; a&; twdkiftazmufnDnDvkyu
f m ydyuQukd qGay;onf? (Adkvaf rmifat;/ Akv
d fcif!Gef@
ydyuQ[k xifa,mifrmS ;oGm;atmif wrif vky=f uonf?)
zkefEiS fh,ef ydyuQrmS (ppftkyfpku ajrmufay;I) tm%modr;f yJGtxd jzpfoGm; onf? ,efnDtpfukd tm%m&oGm;onf? zkefw@dk
xGufajy;&onf? r=umyg/ zkefw@dk u ,efw@dk udk zwfcs=uonf? ig;ysHwvSnfh AkHvkHwvSnfh jzpfae=uonf?

Tok@d tm%modr;f yJG/ wefjyef tm%modrf;yJG udk;uef@wGif jzpfaeaomtcg ucsifrsm;/ &Srf;rsm;/ yavmifrsm;u rku
H dk bufwGif
oD;jcm;axmif=uonf? olwdk@wGif; Yvnf; tjyeftvSet
f m%modrf;yJGrsm; jzpfonf? Auyvufxufu 0trsKd;om; rsm; OD;pD;onfh
0trsm;tjym;ygonhf wyf r[m&Sdonf? xdkwyfr[mESifh ukd;uef@aygif; +yD; tm%modr;f &ef }uHpnf=uonf? tao; pdwf wifjyrnf?
tm%modrf;rnfhta=umif; tao;pdwftpDtpOfukd vm;d;_ odk@ udk,f pm;vS,fv$wfum axmufvSrf;a&;odk@ oGm; ajymonf?
xv& u xdkowif;ukd wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfodk@ ay;onf? vmajymol udk,fpm;vS,fuv
kd nf; zrf;xm;vdkufonf? owfypfonf[kvnf;
=um;&onf? rao csmyg? jyefra&mufwmawmh aocsmonf?
pDpOfxm;onft
h wkdif; tm%m odr;f yJGvkyo
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etzwyfu aqG;aEG;&ef[k vdrfac:+yD; 0acgif;aqmif/ wkwfacgif;aqmif rsm; tyg wwyfv;kH ukd owfypfvdkufonf?
tm%modrf;cH&qJ jzpfaeonfh ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm;ukdum; aqG;aEG;&ef[k vdrfac:+yD; zrf;onf? wyfuv
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k fcif!Gef@ rod vdkufbJ Akv
d farmifat;u vkyw
f m[k xifoGm;=uonf?
Adv
k fcif!Gef@omodv#if xdkodk@rjzpf[k xifae=uonf? r[kwfyg? Akv
d farmifat;/ Akdvcf if!Gef@ yl;aygif;+yD; vkyfvu
dk fjcif; jzpfonf?
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r@ay:rS,l*sD zrf;Edkifonf? olwdk@ajcEkid fvufEkdifqdkv#if olwdk@vkyfvdrfh rnf? vufeuftjynft
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wifjy&onf?
xv& Adkvcf if!Gef@ESifh wyfrLS ; Adv
k farmifat; yl;aygif;+yD; ppfOD;pD;rSL; vDnDreG f/ jynfol@toH ukd&JatmifOD;pD; onfh
tiftm;okH;av;&mwyfudk wa,mufrusefvkyf}uH acsre_ f;vkdujf cif; jzpfonf? Adv
k fcif!Gef@tptqkH;odonf? +idr;f tzJG@
rSvufeufukdifwyfrsm; b,fa&muf+yD; bmvkyfaeonfudk t+rJ axmufvSrf;+yD; Akv
d fcif!Gef@odk@ owif;yd@k ae&jcif; jzpfonf?
tcsdefEiS fhwajy;nD wifjyae&jcif; jzpfonf?
vufeufuidk fwyf rajymESifh twkduftcHacgif;aqmifrsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ wdkif;ukdyif axmufvSrf;owif;ydk@ae&onf? 1988 - 89
u Adv
k fatmif}uD;.v_yf&Sm;r_ukd axmufvSrf;a&;u tpD&ifcHwifjyykHudk Oyrmjyrnf?
atmif}uD; arr@odk@ b,fum;pD; +yD; a&mufvmonf? b,frmS wnf;onf? b,ftcsdef rD;ydwf+yD;tdyfonf xif&onf?
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axmufvSrf;a&;A[kdo@dk owif;yd@k aeonf?
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tao;pdwf xv&odk@ oHawmfOD; wif=uonf? xdkowif;ukd Adv
k fcif!Gef@u owif;xdefcsefxm;csifI r&yg? Adv
k f armifat;udk ay;&onf?
Adv
k farmifat;u wyfppk nf;um acsre_ f;vdkujf cif; jzpfonf? vG,fvSonf? vufeufuikd f awmfvSefa&; umvu
Tr#txdemaomqkH;_H;r_rsKd; r&SdcJhz;l yg? u|efawmfw@dk u awmfvSefa&; oHa,mZOfjzifh emusnf;a=uuGJ&onf?
1962 ckEpS f tm%modrf; uwnf;u ppftkypf kwGif; qufqHa&;ESifh ywfouf+yD; ae0if;u pepfwck vkyfxm; onf?
wa,muftvkyf wa,muf 0if rpGuf& (bk&ifu e,fpm;y,fpm; ay;ovkd rsKd;)/ 0ifpu
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xv&rsm;xm;+yD;vnf; owif;,lonf? eHygwfwpfvkyfenf;rSm Ttwdkif; jzpfonf?
Adv
k fapmjrifhudk atmif}uD;ESifh eD;pyfonf[k xifaomtcg tr_&Sm xkwfypf vdkufonf? rnfr#yifoef@&Sif;oljzpfap tr_&Smvdk@
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ae0if;enf;ukd Adv
k fapmarmif/ Akv
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f dpPwGif +idr;f tzJG@awGt=um; Adv
k fcif!Gef@ =oZm usonf?
rwwfEdkif?
cJGxGufrsm;omru tar&duef/ xdkif; tdref D;csif;tm;vkH;u Akv
d farmifat; om (in charge) jzpfonf[k odoGm;ojzifh xkdif;u
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d farmifat;ukd r&ruzdwfonf? oljyefvmawmh Akv
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k fudk a0zefa&;vky&f rnf? cGJxGuf
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aus;vufwGiftajccHv#if ygwD. taoG;ta&mif (owdrxm;v#if) nHhoGm; wwfonf? wyfrLS ;u ya'o&mZf tawG;

tac:0if+yD; atmufajcu aus;pdwfu|efpdwf 0ifwwfonf? pmwckckwwfatmif oif xm;v#if olw@dk aus;pdwfu|efpdwf 0if&ef cJ,Of;onf?
tcsKd@aom &Jabmfa[mif;rsm; rl;,pfaq;pJG/ attdkif't
D ufpfjzpf[laom owif;rsm; =um;&av ,lusKH;r& jzpf&av jzpf.?
,ckvnf; tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif xkdo@dk tcsif;csif; &efigydyuQjzpfatmif/ tm%modr;f atmif aoG;cJGae=uonf?
owd&Sdoifh=uonf? ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g' orm;rsm;onf vufeufjzifh tefwkzl;aom rnfonfhvlrsKd;pk wyfzG@J ukdrqkd tmCmw xm;onf?
tcGifhomv#if wyfv;kH ywf acsre_ f;vkd=uonf[k owday;vkdonf?
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aoG;cJGa&;vufeuf jzpfaeonf? rl;,pfaq; - bde;f vkyfrvm;/ ukr`%Daxmifrvm;/ ausmufwl;azmfa&; vkyfrvm;/ opfuGuf uefxdkuf
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vG,fvG,faoG;cJGI &aeonf?
t*Fvdyaf cwf/ zqyvacwfu &SdcJhonfh awma&S@aetvkyrf sKd; xv&wyfz@JG wdkif;u vkyfonf? awma&S@aeonf bm
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b,foltm%mydkifonfukd odonf?
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vdkolukdtm;ay; rvkdoludkacsmufcs vkyfEkdifonf? Tenf; rufvkH;ay;jcif;enf; jzifh aoG;cJGaeonf?
awma&S@aeOD;aqmif&onfu &Gmom;tr_onf jzpfonf? xv& OD;aqmif &onfu a'otm%mydkif cJGxGufrsm; jzpfonf?
tm%mydkifol jzpfrv
S nf; pD;yGm; a&;vkyfief;vkyf&ef t&if;tES;D &SEd ikd fonf?
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avmfppf[efudk atmif}uD;wkd@vlpk arG;pOfu avmfppf[efrmS udk,fykid fvufeuf ukdifwyfuav;&Sdonfh omrefbdef;orm;
jzpfonf? ppftkyfpktqufqufESifhwJG&if; wynfhcH&if; vkyfief;aygif;pkHvkyaf om vkyfief;&Sif}uD; jzpfvmonf?
+idr;f tzJG@ acgif;aqmifrsm; ukdvnf; ppftkyfpku avmfppf[efudk wJGac: ovkd ac:aejcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf +idr;f tzJG@ESifh
avmfppf[ef tajccHcsif; rwl=uyg? }uD;rm;aomuJGvJGcsuf &Sdaeonf?
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aemufusawmh wa,mufu ppftkyfpkaemufvkduf jzpfoGm;+yD; wa,muf u AuywyfxJ a&mufoGm;onf? AuyxJ a&mufwm
c%r[kwf/ ESpf20 ausmfonf?
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S fvpf Adv
k frsm;up+yD; aemufq;kH vm;_;d wkdif;rSL; txd jzpfonf?
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wa,mufwnf;. wynfh r[kwfyg? vm;_;d a&mufonfh Akdvfwkdif;u t*Fvdyo
f pfvkyfief; refae*sm rsm; bdkuawmf v$Jenf;vJ$oGm;=uI
tm;vkH;.wynf hjzpfonf?
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jzpf=uonf? refae*sma[mif; bdvyft+yD;jyefv#if aemufa&mufonfh refae*smopfukd bkduawmf tm;vJ$ay; cJhonf?
vufajymif;vufvJ$ trsm;}uD; tvkyfcH&aom bkduawmfonf xdka'o . t}uD;qkH;olaX; jzpfusef&pfonf? t&G,f usoGm;I
bdkuawmfus jzpfoGm;v#if vnf; rylyif&awmhyg?
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(zkef=um;pif;onf avmfppf[efudk tm;usonf/ trSDaumif; &oGm;ol[k xif onf? zke=f um;pif;cJGxGufawmh avmfppf[ef om;tz vm+yD;
ppftkyfpkEiS fh cif!Gef@ESifh atmifoG,fay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf?)
AuywyfxJ&SdpOfu zkef=um;pif; udk ppftkypf ku zGwf=um;&Sif[k ac:onf? +idr;f tzJG@ jzpfaomtcg OD;zkef=um;&Sif
jzpfvmonf? b,fawmh zGwf=um;&Sif jyef ac:rnf rajymwwfyg?
+idr;f tzJG@ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ppftkyfpk wlwmwck &Sdonf? rSm tm%m udkif+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyf=ujcif; jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh
tm%mukdtrdt& udkifxm;& onf? tm%mr&Sdv#if bmrSr&SdEkdif - &Sdxm; wJh pD;yGm;a&;tm;vkH; qkH;_H;&rnfuo
kd dI tm%m&xm;olu
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wr@wnf;om;rsm; jzpfonf? wcsKd@qkdv#if aqGrsKd;om;csif; awmif awmf=uonf? olwkd@ppftkypf k ta=umif; Auyavmufodol r&Syd g?
1947 yifvn
kH DvmcH ysufrvkdvdkjzpfwkef;u t*Fvdyu
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uGefjrLepfrsm;u xkdjynfcspfyk*~Kdvfrsm;udk csD;usK;*k%fyaernf jzpfonf?
ppftkyfpkonf vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: tpJGtvrf; &Sdonf? vufeufuikd f+yD; tefwk cJholrsm;tay:wGifum; tpJGtvrf;omru
&efi;yg &Sdonf? Ttcsufukd vlrsdK;pkwdkif; rarhoifh?
ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'.tpJGtvrf;rsm;
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'DcsKyfukdvnf; vlrsKd;pkrsm; ta&;rSm aysmhnHhnHhvyk fv#if cH&rnf[k ajymvd[
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a[mif;rsm;om uxvmvdrfhrnf? tm;vkH; auseyfatmifvnf; vkyfIr&yg? xdk@a=umifh ya'o&mZf tpJGtvrf;rsm;tm;vkH;udk
azsmuf&ygrnf? tpJGtvrf;rsm;&Sdaev#if aoG;uJaG &;udkom jzpfapvdrhrf nf?
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qkd=uonf? [kwfvdrhrf nf? Arm jynfwGifvnf; xdkr#avmufyif &SdcJhonf[k ajym&rnf xifonf?
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ya'o&mZfcsif;omru vlxkcsif; uvnf; aqGrsdK;awmfpyfaeonf? odk@aomf wkducf sifv#if xwkduf=uonf? rk;d !if;rS&Srf;/
r%dy&l rSuonf;wdk@ESifh r[mrdwf y+yD; wzufwkdif;jynfukd wkducf sifwkdufonf?
,ck &Srf;jynf[kac:aom ae&m wGifvnf; wkdif;jynfawG trsm;}uD;&Sdonf? Armrsm;u rd;k !if;/ rkd;ukwf/ rk;d rdwf/ rk;d vkd ac:aom
rd;k rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ rkdif;wk/H rdik f;vkH/ rdik f;SL;/ rkid f;aemif[kac:aom rkdif; rsm;onfvnf;aumif; wkdif;jynfrsm; jzpfonf? 1950
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tiftm;&Sdv#if e,fy,fcsJ@rnf? r&Sdv#ifvnf; w&mjynfhatmif pm&if;csrnf jzpfonf?
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Tr#a&;ae&jcif;rSm ya'o&mZf acwfu
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