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Course Topics:
Introduction (fundamentals,
skills, review)
Earth Science (Geology)
Oceanography
Atmospheric Science (Meteorology)
Astronomy (Earths place in solar system and
universe)
One Students
scores
Pre-Test score is
not a good
predictor.
r = correlation coefficient
(1.0 = perfect correlation)
As expected, Exam
score is a better
predictor, but r is
still fairly low.
9/20/2015
r = 0.86
The high correlation coefficient means that
the performance on quizzes is an excellent
predictor of final grade! (Of course, all
points are important for final grade.)
9/20/2015
Aug. 16, 2012 (Thursday) Shelf or Roll cloud (Lafayette Journal and
Courier, Aug. 17, 2012)
9/20/2015
Wildfires, USAToday,
August 25, 2015 (news
reports state that it is
about 95% in California)
Aug. 23, 2011 M5.3 Colorado and M5.9 Central Virginia Earthquakes
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/chile/chile.htm
0
S. America Lithosphere
Cross section
view in next slide
Depth
h (km)
Oceanic
Lithosphere
200
400
Subducted Slab
600
Distance (km)
9/20/2015
Feb. 27, 2010 M8.8 Chile Earthquake Gap Filled by 2/27/10 event
9/20/2015
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0001xgp.php
days later)
Observed
Predicted
Difference
9/20/2015
Sunrise Tippecanoe County Indiana, 6 January 2014 . Surface air temperature is -15F. Optical phenomena produced by
flat hexagonal ice crystals or plates, as well as hexagonal pencil crystals, consisting of a) solar pillar, produced by
reflection of light from horizontal mirrors or plates, and b) sun dogs, c) halo, d) upper arc above solar pillar, all produced
by refraction of light from both hexagonal plates and pencil hexagonal crystals. Color spectrum of light is distinctly present
in both sun dogs. Photo taken inside shows a window reflection, which is not a part of the solar optical phenomena.
(Contributed by E.Agee, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University.)
9/20/2015
Not everyone
is motivated
by money
(USA Today,
April 28,
2011; survey
of high
school
seniors)
Another reason:
Health an 8-9 year
increase in life
expectancy (USA
Today May 15
Today,
15, 2012)
9/20/2015
Lab coat
Lab
Coat
Pens
Chemistry
Experiment
Experiment
Scientist Drawings
5th grade students
Lab Experiment
Pens
9/20/2015
Results
Results
Scientist drawings:
Glasses: 94%; Labcoat:
p
68%; Pens/Pocket protector:
66%; Bald, weird hair: 56%; Chemistry
experiment/test tube, etc.: 36%
Male students (college class) drew male
scientists 100% of the time; Female
students drew male scientists 89% of the
time.
Drawings often
include science
themes
Earth Science
65%
15%
6%
6%
8%
0%
How is science
communicated
to the public?
Popular movies:
Back to the Future,
Independence Day
10
9/20/2015
Hurricane Katrina at peak strength (Cat. 5, 280 km/hr [175 mph] winds, 902
mbar pressure) ~ 1 p.m. EDT on August 28, 2005
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina).
Hawaii
11
9/20/2015
Science is NOT:
-- Constant
truths
truths.
-- Stephen Jay Gould
Bully for Brontosaurus, 1991, p. 437
Examples of pseudo-science:
-- Astrology
-- Almost anything printed in Enquirer,
Weekly World News, Globe,
Star, etc. (grocery store tabloids)
12
9/20/2015
1.
1.
a.
(1)
(2)
a.
(1)
(2)
b.
The temperature in Miami yesterday was about 82
Fahrenheit. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale?
(1)
15C
15
C
(3)
28
28
(2)
22C
(4)
35C
b.
The temperature in Miami yesterday was about 82
Fahrenheit. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale?
(1)
15C
15
C
(3)
28
28
(2)
22C
(4)
35C
c.
miles.
(1)
(2)
c.
miles.
(1)
(2)
d.
A person who weighs 165 pounds would weigh how much
in kilograms?
(1)
20 kg
(3)
75 kg
(2)
40 kg
(4)
105 kg
d.
A person who weighs 165 pounds would weigh how much
in kilograms?
(1)
20 kg
(3)
75 kg
(2)
40 kg
(4)
105 kg
e.
(1)
(2)
What is a microgram?
0.1 g
(3)
10-6 g
0 001 g
0.001
(4)
10-99 g
e.
(1)
(2)
What is a microgram?
0.1 g
(3)
10-6 g
0 001 g
0.001
(4)
10-99 g
2.
a.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.
a.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
b.
To convert a velocity (speed) expressed in km/s to units of
km/hr, one should:
(1)
multiply by 3600
(3)
divide by 3600
(2)
multiply by 60
(4)
divide by 60
c.
A spacecraft is launched from Earth and travels at a
,
km/hr directlyy toward the moon which
constant velocityy of 20,000
is 400,000 km from Earth. How long will it take for the spacecraft
to get to the moon?
(1)
10 hours
(3)
20 hours
(2)
0.05 hours
(4)
200 hours
b.
To convert a velocity (speed) expressed in km/s to units of
km/hr, one should:
(1)
multiply by 3600
(3)
divide by 3600
(2)
multiply by 60
(4)
divide by 60
Trick/strategy: Use dimensional analysis (make units work out):
3600 s/hr x km/s = km/hr
cc.
A spacecraft is launched from Earth and travels at a
constant velocity of 20,000 km/hr directly toward the moon which
is 400,000 km from Earth. How long will it take for the spacecraft
to get to the moon?
(1)
10 hours
(3)
20 hours
(2)
0.05 hours
(4)
200 hours
400,000 km divided by 20,000 km/hr = 20 hr
13
9/20/2015
d.
Examine the graph below which shows dimensionless
speed (speed divided by the square root of leg length times the
acceleration of gravity) plotted versus relative stride length (length
of step) for various animals walking or running. What is the
approximate slope of the line shown on the graph?
(1)
0.50
(4)
2.00
(2)
0.75
(5)
6.00
Dimensionless speed versus
((3))
1.3
St id llength
Stride
th ffor walking
lki and
d
running animals
e.
We observe dinosaur footprints in a sandstone which
indicate a stride length of 4 meters. Using the relationship on the
graph, what is the estimated dimensionless speed of this
dinosaur?
(1)
1.0
(4)
0.5
(2)
2.4
(5)
6.0
(3)
4.0
Y intercept
2.4
x1, y1
x = x2-x1 = 3
x2, y2
y = y2-y1 = 4
Slope = y/x
((rise over run
= 4/3)
14
9/20/2015
1
To calculate slope, dont just count squares
that ONLY works when the squares are one unit
by one unit on each side.
X
Stride (m)
People
for scale
Brontosaurus
Tracks
Allosaurus
3.
We observe that the moon revolves around the earth
approximately every 28 days. We also observe that we always
see the same side of the moon from Earth. What does this imply
about the rotation (about its axis) rate of the moon and the
direction of its axis of rotation? (A sketch might help you answer
this question).
4.
15
9/20/2015
Countries which have officially adopted the metric system (green). Only three
nations have been unable to officially adopt the International System of Units as
their primary or sole system of measurement: Burma, Liberia, and the United
States.
Attitudes
100%
Thinking skills and processes 80%
Motor skills
70%
Concepts
50%
Factual material
35%
Nonsense syllables
10%
Scale
(actual size / model size = scale factor,
usually expressed as 1:1 million, for example)
Importance of SCALE
Significance and understanding of large and
small quantities in the geosciences:
Distance scales:
-15
25
10 to 10 meters
Time scales:
-6
10 to 15 billion years
10
(1.5 x 10 years)
16
9/20/2015
Various Scales
(actual/model size = scale factor)
Model Car so, for the model car, an actual car is about 5 m
long and the model car is about 15 cm long, so 4.5 m/15 cm =
450 cm/15 cm = 30 (notice that the units cancel
Dinosaur
State Map
Globe
Various Scales
(actual size/model size = scale factor)
Model Car
1:30
Dinosaur
1:50
State Map
1:1 million
Globe
1:40 million
Solar System
1:1 billion
Solar System
People
for scale
Brontosaurus
Tracks
Allosaurus
Typical roadmap of
the state of Indiana
(such as one you
would carry in a
vehicle) would have
a height of about 0.5
meters The true Nmeters.
N
S distance of the
state is almost 500
km, so the map scale
is about 1:1 million
(500 km/0.5 m).
Various Scales
(actual/model size =
scale factor)
Globe: Typical diameter is
~30 cm. Earth diameter is
~13,000 km. So scale is
,
km or 13,000,000
,
,
m
13,000
divided by 30 cm or 0.30 m.
Now the meters cancel, so
the scale factor is ~40 million
and the scale is written as
1:40 million.
17
9/20/2015
Sun
Earth
D = 1.3 cm
9
(1 billion = 10 )
150 m
Orbit
Checking scale.
9
150 m x 1 billion (10 )
9
= 150 x 10 m
6
= 150 x 10 km
= 150 million km !
(93 million miles)
1
One
10
100
1 000
1,000
Th
Thousand
d
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Million
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000 Billion
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
1 second
10 seconds
1.67 minutes
16 6 minutes
16.67
i
2.78 hours
1.16 days
11.57 days
115.7 days
3.17 years
31.7 years
Prof. L. Braile
2271 HAMP (CIVL), braile@purdue.edu
Earth
1. Revolution (orbit)
Distance = d (circumference)
Rotation
Sun
Earth
(24 hours)
150 million km
Revolution
(Orbit around Sun,
365.25 days = 1 year)
Earth rotation and revolution (looking down from above orbital plane,
~ above the North Pole), is counter-clockwise.
Sun
~ 9 x 108 km
((almost 1 billion km in one y
year))
Velocity =
9 108
km
days
hrs
/ 365
/ 24
yr
yr
day
~ 100,000 km/hr
~ 30 km/s (0.001% of the speed of light)
18
9/20/2015
40,000
km
hrs
/ 24
day
day
~ 1700 km/hr
~ 0.5 km/s
19
9/20/2015
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/07/
(~60 MB jpeg file)
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases
/2009/31/fastfacts/
Galaxies as far as 13 billion light-years distance
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases
/2009/31/fastfacts/
Galaxies as far as 13 billion light-years distance
20
9/20/2015
Area of night
sky covered by
the Hubble
eXtreme Deep
Field (XDF) view
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe
XDF size
compared to the
size of the moon
several thousand
galaxies, each
consisting of
billions of stars,
are in this small
view
21
9/20/2015
Density Samples:
Density (g/cm3)
Material
Air
0.001
Styrofoam
0.01
Wood
0.5 1.0
Water
1.0 (1 g water = 1 ml = 1 cm3)
Typical surface rocks
2.0 2.8
Earths mantle (olivine) 3.3
Pyrite
5.5
Iron
5.5
Lead
8 .0
Gold
20
Forces (4 types):
so, v = 5 x 10 x 8 = 400 cm
(0.4 Liter)
m ~ 4g so,
Density 4/400 0.01 g/cm
22
9/20/2015
3. Convection
Energy Conversion
1. Gravitational (kinetic) to Heat
2. Thermodynamics
(Pressure-Temperature)
2
3. Energy Mass E = mc
23
9/20/2015
Volume
decreases
Temperature
increases
Molecules
(vibrating and
interacting)
The Geological
Time Scale
0 to 65 mya*
65 to 251 mya
Radioactive
Parent
Stable Daughter
Product
Carbon 14
Nitrogen 14
Potassium 40
Argon
g 40
1.3 Billion
Uranium 238
Lead 206
4.5 Billion
Thorium 232
Lead 208
14.1 Billion
Uranium 235
Lead 207
713 million
Rubidium 87
Strontium 87
4.7 Billion
Precambrian**
Half-Life
5730 yrs
24
9/20/2015
.
.
.
.
25
9/20/2015
b. Absolute methods
- Rates of processes (when calibrated)
Potassium40 to Argon40
Carbon
14
to Nitrogen
14
26
9/20/2015
Half Lives
Half Lives
Age (yrs)
50% remaining
Age (yrs)
5700
Daughter product
(stable isotopes)
After one half life (~5700 years for 14C), there is 50% of the
original 14C remaining.
50% remaining
5700
25%
11,400
After two half lives (~11,400 years for 14C), there is 25% of
the original 14C remaining. Because the number of 14C
isotopes has decreased, the number that decay in our
sample in the second half life is less even though the
rate of decay remains a constant.
Half Lives
Half Lives
Age (yrs)
100 % Parent Isotopes
Age (yrs)
100 % Parent Isotopes
50% remaining
5700
50% remaining
5700
25%
11,400
25%
11,400
12.5%
17,100
12.5%
17,100
6.25%
22,800
Time
Half Lives: 0
6.25%
25%
50%
6.25%
25%
Parent
isotopes
remaining
12.5%
12.5%
Half Lives: 0
Parent
isotopes
remaining
100%
We turn
this into a
bar graph
as shown
here.
After four half lives, there is only 6.25% of the original 14C.
100%
14C
Time
27
9/20/2015
6.25%
25%
12.5%
Half Lives: 0
50%
Parent
isotopes
remaining
100%
The 14C
method is
very useful for
dating
archaeological
sites, paleoearthquake
features, and
recent ice age
g
(Quaternary)
deposits.
Explanation
of radioactive
decay, halflife and
radiometric
age dating
(Figure 8.19,
text)
Time
For
o tthe
e ca
carbon
bo 14 method,
et od, accuracy
accu acy
of the method has been verified by
comparison with other dating
methods such as: comparison with
yearly layering (can just be counted)
in ice cores, glacial and ocean sediments, corals; and tree ring
chronologies. The radiometric ages (from other, longer half-life
isotopes) are also consistent with worldwide measurements of
plate velocities that can be accurately measured.
Grand Canyon
rock layers
28
9/20/2015
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoceras
Orthoceras,
Paleozoic-Early
Mesozoic fossil
Please Note:
1. Record of layered sedimentary rocks
2 Age
2.
A d
dating
i techniques
h i
a. Relative ages superposition
b. Dating techniques tree rings, index fossils,
radiometric dating
c. Times of erosion or no deposition indicated by
unconformities
3. Animation (speeded up time) showing geologic history
of the Grand Canyon
29
9/20/2015
Uniformitarianism (uniformity):
Columbia river
basalt flows (~16
million years old)
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcan
oes/ColumbiaPlateau/descriptio
n_columbia_plateau.html
Layered
Layered sedimentary
sedimentary rocks,
rocks, Grand
Grand Canyon
Canyon
(http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library
(http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library
/dating-rocks-and-fossils-using-geologic/dating-rocks-and-fossils-using-geologicmethods-107924044)
methods-107924044) this
this web
web page
page has
has an
an
excellent
excellent description
description of
of geologic
geologic dating
dating methods
methods
and
results.
and results.
30
9/20/2015
Catastrophism:
Earth is shaped by sudden, occasional,
catastrophic events
(some events are once-only or very rare so are
often thought of as catastrophic - examples:
l
- - differentiation of Earth (crust, mantle, core)
- - development of atmosphere, oceans, life
- - asteroid/comet impacts)
31
9/20/2015
A U-shaped
valley
results after
melting of
alpine
glaciers
(Y
(Yosemite
it
valley is a
good
example)
Figure 4.11, text.
Erratic
Striations
(Crater Lake,
Oregon), also
see Figure
4 10 ttext.
4.10,
t
Drumlins
(streamlined hills)
Moraine
Figure 4.17, text.
32
9/20/2015
(Sea
Level) 0
Maximum extent of
continental glaciers
(ice sheets),
Northern
hemisphere, last
ice age (~20,000
years ago)
ago).
(Figure 4.22, text)
-3000 m
-3000 meters
Asteroid Impact:
Observations:
- - Circular craters (Moon, Meteor Crater,
AZ, etc.)
- - Disturbed and overturned rock layers
- - Shocked (high pressure) quartz
- - Deposits caused by impact
- - Extinction events
33
9/20/2015
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9
A chain of craters on
Ganymede (one of
Jupiters moons),
probably caused by a
chain of comets or
asteroids similar to (but
smaller than) the
Shoemaker- Levy 9
p
events. The
impact
picture covers an area
approximately 190 km
across.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9
34
9/20/2015
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_visualization
35
9/20/2015
Photographic time
exposure through a
telescope. White streaks
are stars. The apparent
motion is due to the
Earths rotation during the
ti
time
exposure. The
Th
asteroid (~300 m in size),
discovered in this image,
has a very different
apparent motion because
it is much, much closer to
the Earth.
(National
Geographic, 2008)
Asteroid Eros
33 km long
asteroid
36
9/20/2015
Manicouagan
Crater, Quebec
(NASA)
37
9/20/2015
Meteor crater
event about every
f
few
tens
t
off thousand
th
d years
Meteor crater
event about every
f
few
tens
t
off thousand
th
d years
Asteroid/Comet/
Meteor Impacts
http://www.uni.edu/morgans/astro/course/Notes/section4/boom.gif
Meteor crater
event about every
f
few
tens
t
off thousand
th
d years
http://www.uni.edu/morgans/astro/course/Notes/section4/boom.gif
38
9/20/2015
Cross-cutting craters
Small craters
(impacts) after larger
crater formed
Conclusion:
Impacts on Earth have been important in Earth
history (more frequent in early history) and will occur
in the future
future. They can be catastrophic
catastrophic, but actually
represent uniformitarianism. Questions remain such
as correlations with extinctions like the dinosaur
extinction event 65 million years ago.
39