Conceptos Básicos PDF

Resumen
Transferencia de Calor
**Grficas y ecuaciones Heat Transfer Yunus engel ed. 2
Msc. Ing. Khriscia Utria

Universidad Autnoma del Caribe
TEMAS
Mecanismos de transferencia de calor
Ecuaciones de conservacin en sistemas homogneos
Mtodos de solucin de ecuaciones diferenciales.
Anlisis dimensional
Aplicaciones modernas de transferencia de calor en ingeniera
Introduccin
Termodinmica y transferencia de calor
Transferencia de calor en la ingeniera
Calor y otras formas de energa
Introduccin
Transferencia de calor tiene direccin y magnitud
La velocidad de la conduccin del calor en una direccin especfica es proporcional al gradiente de
temperatura, el cual es el cambio en la temperatura por unidad de longitud en esa direccin.
Medio Tridimensional, T(x,y,z,t)
Conduccin Estable T= C, en el tiempo
Conduccin no estable o transitoria, T vara con el tiempo
Conduccin Unidimensional, conduccin significativa en una direccin y despreciable en las otras.
ced and the molecular interactions are stronger and more frequent. Similarly, in a solid,
duction may be attributed to atomic activity in the form of lattice vibrations. The modern
T
xo
q"x
T1 > T2
q"x
T2
FIGURE 1.2 Association of conduction heat transfer with diffusion of energy due to molecular
activity.
CONDUCCIN
Introduccin
Conduccin: Transferencia de
energa trmica de partculas ms

energticas de un medio hacia las
menos energticas adyacentes.
Puede tener lugar en lquidos y
gases, as como tambin en los
s l i d o s , m i e n t r a s n o h a y a
movimiento masivo.
Transferencia de Calor (cantidad
vectorial) y Temperatura
Transferencia de calor por Conduccin
Ecuacin Unidimensional de la conduccin de calor

Ecuacin general de la conduccin de calor
Condiciones de frontera e iniciales
Generacin de calor de un slido
Conductividad trmica variable k(T)
Introduccin
Ley de Fourier de la conduccin
de Calor:
k : conductividad trmica, medida de

la capacidad de un material para
conducir calor
: gradiente pendiente curva T-x
Introduccin
n: normal a la superficie
isotrmica en el punto p
Ecuacin Unidimensional de la
conduccin de calor
Pared Plana Grande
10
Ecuacin general de la conduccin de

calor
Coordenadas rectangulares
" T
%k
x ' x
# " T
&+ %k
( y ' y
Conductividad constante
2
# " T
&+ %k
( z ' z
T
#
& + g! = C
t
(
T T T g! 1 T
+ 2 + 2 + =
2
x
y
z
k t

calor
1. Estado Estable. Ecuacin de Poisson
2T 2T 2T g!
+ 2 + 2 + =0
2
x
y
z
k
2. Rgimen Transitorio sin generacin de calor. Ecuacin de
difusin
2
T T T 1 T
+ 2 + 2 =
2
x
y
z
t
12

calor
3. Estado Estable sin generacin de calor. Ecuacin de Laplace.
2
T T T
+ 2 + 2 =0
2
x
y
z
13
Ecuacin Unidimensional de la
conduccin de calor
Cilindro Largo
14

calor
Coordenadas cilndricas
1 # T
& kr
r r ( r
$ 1 # T $ # T
'+ 2
&k
'+ &k
) r ( ) z ( z
x = r cos
y = rsen
T
$
!
' + g = C
t
)
z=z
Coordenadas esfricas
1 $ 2 T %
1
$ T %
1
$
T %
T
!
kr
+
k
+
ksen
+
g
=
C
(
)
(
)
(
)
r 2 r *
r + r 2 sen 2 * + r 2 sen 2 *
+
t
x = r cos sen
y = rsen sen
z = r cos
CONDICIONES DE FRONTERA E
INICIALES
Condicin de Frontera: Expresin matemtica de las
condiciones trmicas en la frontera.
Necesarias para complementar la ecuacin diferencial del
sistema.
Solucin nica
Condicin de frontera de
temperatura especfica
Temperatura de una superficie
T (0, t ) = T1
T ( L, t ) = T2
150C
70C
T ( x, t )
0
Donde T1 y T2 son las temperaturas especficas en las superficies en

x = 0 y en x = L, respectivamente. Las temperaturas especficas
pueden ser constantes , conduccin calor estable o pueden variar
con el tiempo.
Condicin de Frontera de flujo

especfico de calor
Interaccin de energa
Velocidad de transferencia
de calor, flujo de calor.

Ley de Fourier
T Flujo de Calor en la
q! = k
=
x direccin positiva x
18
2
W
/
m
(
)

especfico de calor
Flujo de

calor
Conduccin
T (0, t )
q0 = k
x
Conduccin
Flujo de
calor
T ( L, t )
k
= qL
x
L
19

especfico de calor
Frontera aislada
T
k
=0
o
x
T
=0
x
Sobre una superficie aislada, la primera derivada de la temperatura con

respecto a la variable espacial (el gradiente de temperatura) en la
direccin normal a esa superficie aislada es cero.

especfico de calor
Simetra Trmica
T ( L / 2, t )
=0
x
Pendiente
Cero

Distribucin de
la temperatura
L/2
Condicin de conveccin de frontera

Balance de energa:
Conduccin de Calor Conveccin de Calor

en
la
sup
erficie
en
una
= en la sup erficie en la
direccin seleccionada misma direccin
Para la transferencia de calor unidimensional en la direccin X,

en una placa de espesor L, las condiciones de frontera sobre
ambas superficies se pueden expresar como:
k
T (0, t )
= h1[T1 T (0, t )]
x
T ( L, t )
= h2 [T ( L, t ) T 2 ]
x
Condicin de conveccin de frontera

Conveccin
Conduccin
T (0, t ) Conduccin
h1[T1 T (0, t )] = k
x
Conveccin
T ( L, t )
k
= h2 [T ( L, t ) T 2 ]
x
L
23
Condicin de radiacin de frontera

Balance de energa:
Conduccin de Calor Conveccin de Calor

en
la
sup
erficie
en
una
= en la sup erficie en la
direccin seleccionada misma direccin
Para la transferencia de calor unidimensional en la direccin X, en una

placa de espesor L, las condiciones de frontera sobre ambas superficies se
pueden expresar como:

T (0, t )
4
4
= 1 [Talred
T
(0,
t
)
]
,1
x
T ( L, t )
4
= 2 [T ( L, t ) 4 Talred
,2 ]
x
Condicin de radiacin de frontera
Radiacin
Conduccin
Talred ,2
Talred ,1
4
alred ,1
1 [T
T (0, t ) Conduccin
T (0, t ) ] = k
x
Radiacin
T ( L, t )
4
k
= 2 [T ( L, t ) 4 Talred
,2 ]
x
L
25
Condiciones de Frontera en la
interfase
Las condiciones de frontera en
una interfase se basan en los

requisitos de que
1.
Los dos cuerpos en contacto

deben tener la misma
temperatura en el rea de
contacto.
2.
Una interfase (que es una

superficie) no puede
almacenar energa, y por
tanto, el flujo de calor sobre
ambos lados de la interfase
debe ser el mismo
Condiciones de Frontera en la
interfase
Las condiciones de frontera en la interfase de dos cuerpos A y b, en
contacto perfecto en x=x0 se puede expresar como:
TA ( x0 , t ) = TB ( x0 , t )
Y
TA ( x0 , t )
TB ( x0 , t )
k A
= kB
x
x
Donde kA y kB son las conductividades trmicas de las capas A y B
Condiciones de frontera
generalizadas
Balance de energa:
Transferencia de
Transferencia de
calor
hacia
la
sup
erficie
=
calor
desde
la
sup
erficie
en todos los mod os

en todos los mod os
28
Generacin de Calor en un slido

La generacin de calor en un alambre elctrico de radio
exterior r0 y longitud L:
I: Corriente Elctrica
Re: Resistencia Elctrica
29
Generacin de Calor en un slido

En condiciones Estables:

Conductividad trmica Variable, k(T)

La conductividad trmica en un rango de T1 a
T2
Velocidad de la transferencia de calor:
Ejemplo
32
CONDUCCIN DE CALOR EN ESTADO

ESTABLE
Conduccin de calor en estado estable en paredes planas
Resistencia Trmica por contacto
Conduccin del Calor en Cilindros y Esferas
Redes Generalizadas de resistencias trmicas
Relacin Crtica de aislamiento
Transferencia de calor desde superficies con aletas
Conduccin de calor en estado estable

en paredes planas
Balance de calor para la pared:
Velocidad de la
! Velocidad de la " !
" ! Velocidad del "
#
$ #
$ #
$
transferencia
de
calor
transferencia
de
calor
=
cambio
de
la
energa
#
$ #
$ #
$
#
$
#
$
#
$
hacia la pared
de la pared
&
' & hacia afuera de la pared ' &
'
dE pared
t
Q! ent Q! sal =
dE pared
t
=0
para la operacin estacionaria

en paredes planas
T1 T2
!
Qcond , pared = kA
(W )
L

en paredes planas
Concepto de Resistencia Trmica de conduccin

en paredes planas
Red de resistencias trmicas:
Conduccin de calor en estado estable en

paredes planas
T1 T2
!
Qcond , pared = kA
(W )
L
Concepto de Resistencia Trmica de conduccin
T1 T2
!
Qcond , pared =
(W )
R
T T
Q! =
R

T2
T1
L
1
R=
kA
(C / W )

paredes planas
Resistencia a la conveccin
Ts T
!
Qconv =
(W )
Rconv

1
R=
(C / W )
hAs
Ts
Ts
As
T
Q!

paredes planas
Efectos de la radiacin
Ts Talred
4
4
!
Qrad = AsTs Talred = hrad (Ts Talred ) =
(W )
Rrad
R=
1
hrad As
Resistencia a la Radiacin
Q! rad
hrad =
As (Ts Talred )
(K / W )
4
s
4
alred
= T T
(Ts Talred ) (W )

paredes planas
Combinado
Q! = Q! conv + Q! rad
Q! conv

h = hconv + hrad
As
Q!
Ts
T
Rconv
Q! rad
Rrad
Talred

paredes planas
Velocidad de la Velocidad de la Velocidad de la
conveccin
de
calor
=
conduccin
de
calor
=
conveccin
de
calor
hacia la pared a travs de la pared desdela pared
T1 T2
!
Q = h1 A(T1 T1 ) = kA
= h2 A(T 2 T2 )
L

paredes planas

paredes planas
Velocidad de la Velocidad de la Velocidad de la
conveccin
de
calor
=
conduccin
de
calor
=
conveccin
de
calor
hacia la pared a travs de la pared desdela pared
T1 T2
!
Q = h1 A(T1 T1 ) = kA
= h2 A(T 2 T2 )
L
Red de resistencias trmicas

Reordenando
T1 T 2
!
Q=
(W )
Rtotal
Rtotal
1
L
1
= Rconv ,1 + R pared + Rconv ,2 =
+ +
(C / W )
h1 A kA h2 A
La rapidez de la transferencia de calor estacionaria

entre dos superficies es igual a la diferencia de
temperatura dividida entre la resistencia trmica total
entre esas dos superficies
REDES GENERALIZADAS DE RESISTENCIAS

TRMICAS
REDES GENERALIZADAS DE RESISTENCIAS

TRMICAS
1
T1 T2 T1 T2
1
!
!
!
Q = Q1 + Q2 =
+
= (T1 T2 ) +
R1
R2
R1 R2
T1 T2
!
Q=
RTotal
1
1
1
= +
Rtotal R1 R2
Q!1
T1 Q!
R1
Q! 2
R2
Q! T2
Conduccin del Calor en Cilindros y

Esferas
Ley de Fourier a travs de una capa cilndrica:
dT
!
Qcond ,cil = kA
(W )
dr
T1 T2
!
Qcond ,cil = 2 Lk
(W )
ln(r2 / r1 )
Conduccin del Calor en Cilindros y

Esferas
Ley de Fourier a travs de una capa cilndrica:
T1 T2
!
Qcond ,cil =
(W )
Rcil
ln(r2 / r1 )
ln(radio exterior / radio int erior )
Rcil =
=
(W )
2 Lk
2 (longitud ) (conductividad trmica )
T1 T2
!
Qcond ,esf =
(W )
Resf
Resf =
r2 r1
radio exterior radio int erior
=
(W )
4 r1r2 k 4 (radio exterior )(radio int erior )(conductividad trmica )
Cilindros y esferas con capas mltiples
50
Transferencia de calor desde superficies

con aletas
Operacin estacionaria sin generacin de calor en la aleta y se
supone conductividad trmica k constante.

Coeficiente de conveccin de calor, h, constante y uniforme
sobre la aleta.
Ecuacin de la aleta
Ecuacin diferencial
Donde
hp
a=
kAc
d 2
2
a
=0
2
dx
= T T
p: permetro y Ac seccin transversal aleta
Solucin General
( x) = C1e ax C2 e ax
Condiciones de Frontera de la aleta

En la base (0) = b = Tb T
En la punta existen varias posibilidades:
1.
Aleta Infinitamente larga (Tpunta de la aleta = T )

Condicin de frontera en la punta de la aleta:

Cuando L
( L) = T ( L) T
53

Aleta muy larga
Variacin de la temperatura
T ( x) T
x
= e ax = e
Tb T
hp / kAc
Velocidad de transferencia de Calor
dT
!
Qaleta ,l arg a = kAc
dx
= hpkAc (Tb T )
x =0

2. Prdida de Calor despreciable desde la punta de la aleta (Punta de la
aleta aislada, )
Q! punta de aleta = 0
Condicin de Frontera en la punta de la aleta
dT
d
=0
x=L
T ( x) T cosh a (L x )
=
Tb T
cosh aL
dT
!
Qaleta ,aislada = kAc
dx
= hpkAc (Tb T ) tanh aL

x =0
55

2. Prdida de Calor despreciable desde la punta de la aleta (Punta de la
aleta aislada, )
Q! punta de aleta = 0
Condicin de Frontera en la punta de la aleta
dT
d
=0
x=L
T ( x) T cosh a (L x )
=
Tb T
cosh aL
dT
!
Qaleta ,aislada = kAc
dx
= hpkAc (Tb T ) tanh aL

x =0
56

3. Conveccin (o conveccin y radiacin combinadas) desde la punta de la
aleta
Longitud de la aleta corregida
Lc = L +
Ac
p
Aleta rectangular
Lc ,rec tan gular
t
= L+
p
t es el espesor
Aleta cilndrica
D, dimetro de la aleta
Lc = L +
D
4
EFICIENCIA DE LA ALETA
La mxima velocidad de transferencia en la aleta se da por:
Q! aleta ,mx = hAaleta (Tb T )

Eficiencia de la Aleta
aleta
Q! aleta
=
Q! aleta ,m x
Q! aleta = aleta Q! aleta ,m x = aleta hAalet (Tb T )

58
EFICIENCIA DE LA ALETA
Aletas con seccin transversal constante, muy largas y con
puntas aisladas:
aletal arg a
aleta aislada
hpkAc (Tb T ) 1 kAc

Q! aleta
1
=
=
=
=
Q! aleta ,m x
hAaleta (Tb T ) L hp aL
hpkAc (Tb T ) tanh aL tanh aL
Q! aleta
=
=
=
Q! aleta ,m x
hAaleta (Tb T )
aL
Aaleta = pL
EFECTIVIDAD DE LA ALETA
Aletas con seccin transversal constante, muy largas y con
puntas aisladas:
aleta
aleta
Q! aleta
Q! aleta
=
=
!
Qsin aleta hAaleta (Tb T )
aleta hAaleta (Tb T ) Aaleta

Q! aleta
Q! aleta
= !
=
=
=
aleta
Qsin aleta hAaleta (Tb T )
hAb (Tb T )
Ab
aletal arg a
hpkAc (Tb T )
Q! aleta
kp
=
=
=
!
Qsin aleta
hAaleta (Tb T )
hAc
Eficiencia aleta circular, rectangular y

triangular
Eficiencias de aletas circular y de longitud L y

espesor constante t
Conduccin de Calor en Rgimen

transitorio
Anlisis de Sistemas Concentrados
Conduccin de calor en rgimen transitorio en paredes planes
grandes, cilindros largos y esferas con efectos espaciales

Conduccin de calor en rgimen transitorio en slidos
semiinfinitos
Conduccin de calor en rgimen transitorio en sistemas
multidimensionales
but it does not change much with position at any

perature of the ball remains uniform at all times,
40C
temperature of the ball with no reference to a spec
Now let us go to the other extreme and consider
you have done any roasting, you must have notice
(b)
Roast
beef
0/2002 9:12 AM Page 211
tribution within the roast is not even close to bein
FIGURE 41
verify this by taking the roast out before it is comp
A small copper ball can be modeled
half. You will see that the outer parts of the roast a
as a lumped
system, but a roast
Balance de Energa
ter part is barely warm. Thus, lumped system analy
beef cannot.
case. Before presenting a criterion about applic
211
analysis, we develop the formulation
associated w
CHAPTER 4
Consider a body of arbitrary shape of mass m,
As
T(t)
xponential of both sides and rearranging,
we obtain
density !, and specific heat Cp initially at a uniform
h
T(t) " T#
At time t " 0, theT body is placed into a medium a
"bt
#
! e T#
(4-4)
SOLID BODY
Ti " T#
b3 the body and its envi
transfer takes place between
b2
fer
coefficient
h.
For
the
sake
discussion, we w
bof
m = mass
1
V = volume
the analysis is equally valid for the opposite case.
= density
hAs
b3 > bthe
analysis to
be applicable, so that
2 > b1temperature r
b
!
(1/s)
(4-5)
T
Ti = initial
temperature
i
$VCp
body at all times and
changes with time only, T "
During a differential time interval dt, the temper
T = T(t)
quantity whose dimension
is (time)"1. The reciprocal of b has
and is called the time constant. Equation differential
ually s),
44 is plottedamount dT. An energy balance of the s
Q = hAs[T# T(t)]
canthat
be can
expressed
as
or different values of b. There are two observations
be
t
FIGURE
is figure
and42
the relation above:
FIGURE 43
The geometry and parameters
The in
Heat transfer
into the body
44 enables us to determine the temperature T(t) of a body at
The
temperature
of
a
lumped
involved in the lumped
" energ
90C
Anlisis de sistemas concentrados
"
V
L
!
to heat conduction, and thus small temperature gradients within thecbody.
As
Conduction
T&
Lumped system analysis assumes a uniform temperature distribution

SOLID
throughout
the body, which will be
casenumber
only when
the thermal resistance
andthe
aa Biot
Biapplicability
as
to use it.BODY
The first step in establishing
criterion
for the
of the
to the
use body
it. Thetofirst
step
in establishing
aconduction
criterion for
the applicability
of Thus
the
of
heat
conduction
(the
resistance)
is
zero.
lumped
system
analysis
is
to
define
a
characteristic
length
as
tolumped
use it. The
firstanalysis
step inis
aBicriterion
the applicability
ofc"th0
hL
lumped
system
to
define
a characteristic
length
as when
system
isestablishing
exact
when
! 0 andfor
approximate
Bi
Bi !
lumped
system
analysis
is
to
define
a
characteristic
length
as
k
V
Of course, the smaller the Bi number,
more accurate the lumped system
Lc ! the
AsV
L
!
analysis.
Then
the
question
we
must
answer
is, How much accuracy are we
c
Longitud Caracterstica
Vs
A
ItLcan
be expressed
as (Fig.analysis?
45)
c ! also
willing
to
sacrifice
for
the
convenience
of
the
lumped
system
As
and a Biot number Bi as
Before
answering
this
question, we should mention
a 20 percen
Convection
at the
and
a
Biot
number
Bi
as
h (T that
heat
convection
Bi
=
!
Bi
!
hLc coefficient h in most cases is con
uncertainty
in the convection
heatBitransfer
heatnumber
conduction
k /Lc (T
Conduction
w
and
a Biot
Bi as
!
(4-9)
khLc
Nmero de Biot
sidered
normal and expected.Bi
Assuming
h to be constant and uniform
i
FIGURE
45
!
(4-9)
kc
hL
alsonumber
an approximation
ofas
questionable
validity,
especially for irregular geome
The Biot
can be viewed
the or
Bi
!
(4-9
It can also be expressed as (Fig. 45)
k experimental data for the specific
inthe
thesurface
absence of sufficient
atio tries.
of the Therefore,
convection at
Lcof
/k the bodyConduction resistanc
It can also
be expressed
as (Fig.
45)cannot
o conduction
within
theconsideration,
body.
Convection
at theclaim
surface
geometry
under
we
our
h (T
Bi !
!results to be better than
!
Bi !
1/hbody
Convection
resistance
at t
/Lcas
Conduction
withinthe
the
(T(Fig.
percent,
even kwhen
Bi Convection
!45)
0. Thisatbeing
case,
introducing
anothe
It #20
can also
be expressed
the surface of the body
h (T
Bi !
source of uncertainty
the!problem
will hardly
have
any effect on the over
k /Lin
Conduction
within
the
body
(T
When aatsolid
body isofbeing
heated by the hott
the
surface
the
body
s the all or
h c(TthatConvection
uncertainty,
provided
it
is
minor.
It
is
generally
accepted
that lumped
!
Bi !
a
potato
being
baked
in
an
oven),
heat is fi
ce
k
/L
Conduction
within
the
body
(T
c
system
analysis
is
applicable
if
Conduction
resistance within
the body
Lc /k
he or El anlisis de sistemas concentrados es aplicable cuando:
subsequently
conducted
within the body. The
Bi !
!
1/h
Convection resistance
at the surfaceofofathe
bodyto heat conducti
internal
resistance
body
Bi
$
0.1
Conduction resistance within the body
Lc /k
or
heat convection. Therefore, a small Biot num
Bi !
!
1/h is being
Convection
at the
surface
of the body
When a solid body
heatedresistance
by the hotter
fluid
surrounding
it (such as
to heat conduction, and thus small temperature
Anlisis de sistemas concentrados
Conduccin de Calor en Rgimen Transitorio en

FIGURE 411
3_ch04.qxd paredes planas grandes, cilindros largos y esferas
9/10/2002 9:12 AM Page 217
Schematic of the simple
geometries in which heat
espaciales
wall
(b) A long cylinder
(c) A sphere
transfer is one-dimensional.
l and initiates heat conduction from the inner parts of the

er surfaces. Note that the temperature at the center of the
ntil t ! t2, and that the temperature profile within the wall
Initially
Initially
T"
T" The
T"
"
at all Ttimes
about
the center
plane.
temperature
profile
T = Ti
T = Ti
h
h
h
h
er as time passes as a result of heat transfer, and eventually
Initially
t T ! T". That is, the wall reaches thermal equilibriumT = Ti
0
0
r
x
gs. At that point,
theLheat
transfer stops
since
there
is
no
0
ro
r
e difference. Similar discussions can be given
for the long
217
CHAPTER 4
Ti
t = t1
t = t2
T"
h
ro
t=0
t = t3
T"
0
h
Initially
FIGURE 411
T = Ti
Schematic of the simple
geometries in which heat
transfer is one-dimensional.
t"
L x
T
"
of the problems for the determination of the oneh
nt temperature distribution T(x, t) in a wall results in a par(a) A large
planebe
wallsolved using
(b) Aadvanced
long cylinder mathematical
(c) A sphere
ation, which
can
lution, however, normally involves infinite series, which
FIGURE 412
Perfil de temperatura transitoria en
nd time-consuming to evaluate. Therefore, there is clear
temperature profiles in a
gradient in the wall and initiates heat conduction from the inner parts of theTransient
una pared expuesta a conveccin
nt the
solution
in
tabular
or
graphical
form.
However,
the
wall toward its outer surfaces. Note that the temperature at the center of the plane
wall exposed
to convection
desde sus superficies para Ti>
Ti
which areprofile
too many
e parameters
t, k, t#,! h,
t2, T
and
that T
the
within the wall
wall remainsx,at L,
Ti until
i, and
",temperature
from its surfaces for tT=it1' tT="0.
symmetric
allresults
times about
the center
cal remains
presentation
of at
the
practical.
Inplane.
orderThe
totemperature
reduce profile
t = t2
gets
flatter
and
flatter
as
time
passes
as
a
result
of
heat
transfer,
and
eventually
meters, we nondimensionalize the problem by defining the
t = t3
t"
becomes uniform at T ! T". That is, the wall reaches thermal equilibrium
T"
Problema de conduccin transitorio

unidimensional, en forma dimensional
Problema Original de la conduccin de calor

unidimensional, en forma adimensional
Problema en forma adimensional
Donde:
be solved exactly for any of the three geometries, but the solution involves in-
T(x, t) % T'
2
Plane
%& 1 ! However, the terms in the solufinite series,#(x,
which
are
deal
t)wall $ difficult to$
A1ewith.
cos (&1x/L), ! " 0.2
(4-10)
wall:
Ti % T'
tions converge rapidly with increasing time, and for ! " 0.2, keeping the first
% T'
2
term and neglecting
allT(r,
thet)remaining
%& 1 ! in the series results in an error
Cylinder:
#(r, t)cyl $
$ A1eterms
J0(&1r/ro), ! " 0.2
(4-11)
T
%
T
'
under 2 percent. We are iusually
interested in the solution for times with
sin(&1r/r
T(r, t)convenient
% T'
to 2express
the
! " 0.2, and thus it is very
o) solution using this oneSphere:
#(r, t)sph $
$ A1e%&1 !
, ! " 0.2
(4-12)
Ti % as
T'
&1r/ro
term approximation, given

unidimensional, en forma adimensional
T(x,&t) %
T'
2
Plane the constants A1 and
where
number
only, and their
1 are functions
#(x, t)wall $
$ A1e%&1 !of
costhe
(&1Bi
x/L),
! " 0.2
(4-10)
wall:
T
%
T
i
'
values are listed in Table 41 against the Bi number for all three geometries.
T(r, t) % T' Bessel
2
function
of the first kind, whose
The function J0 is the zeroth-order
Cylinder:
#(r, t)cyl $
$ A1e%&1 ! J0(&1r/ro), ! " 0.2
(4-11)
Ti %Table
T' 42. Noting that cos (0) $ J0(0) $ 1 and
value can be determined from
the limit of (sin x)/x is also
these
simplify
T(r, 1,
t) %
T' relations
2 sin(&
1r/ro) to the next ones at the
%& 1 !
Sphere:
#(r, t)sph $
$ A1e
, ! " 0.2
(4-12)
center
of a plane
wall, cylinder,
Ti % Tor
&1r/ro
' sphere:
To % T'
2
%& 1 ! only, and their
whereofthe
constants
A10):
and &1 are functions
Center
plane
wall (x $
#0, wall $ of the Bi
$ Anumber
e
(4-13)
1
T
%
T
i
'
values are listed in Table 41 against the Bi number for all three geometries.
Tfunction
2
o % T'
of
the
The function
J0(ris$the
%& 1 !first kind, whose
Center
of cylinder
0):zeroth-order #Bessel
$
$
A
e
(4-14)
0, cyl
1
Ti % Tthat
value can be determined from Table 42. Noting
cos (0) $ J0(0) $ 1 and
'
the limit of (sin x)/x is also 1, these relations
to %&
the
To simplify
% T'
2 next ones at the
1!
Center
of
sphere
(r
$
0):
#
$
$
A
e
(4-15)
0, sph
1
center of a plane wall, cylinder, or sphere:
Ti % T'
T %T
To % T'
o
'
%& 1 !
Once
the
number
the above
can
Center
of Bi
plane
wall (xis$known,
0):
#0, wall relations
$
$ Abe
(4-13)
1e used to determine
Ti % T'
the temperature anywhere in the medium. The determination of the constants
Conduccin de calor en rgimen

transitorio en slidos semiinfinitos
Problema a resolver:
Conduccin de calor en rgimen transitorio en

slidos semiinfinitos- Condiciones de Frontera
Caso I: Temperatura especificada de la superficie, Ts=
Constante
Caso 2: Flujo especificado de calor en la superficie,
Conduccin de calor en rgimen transitorio en

slidos semiinfinitos- Condiciones de Frontera
Caso 3: Conveccin sobre superficie,
Caso 4: Pulso de energa en la superficie, es= constante
WhenConsider
the properties
are assumed to be constant, it can be shown that
a short cylinder of height a and radius ro initially at a uniform temn of
this two-dimensional
problem
can
Therefore,
the
must
be buried
to a be
depth
of atcylinder.
least as
77 cm
avoidt " 0, the
Therepipes
is no
heat
generation
inexpressed
the
At totime
perature
T . water
i
freezing
the specified
harsh winter conditions.
cen58933_ch04.qxd
9:12
cylinderunder
is subjected
to convection
from all surfaces
to a medium9/10/2002
at temper-

"
!
" !
"
transitorio en sistemas multidimensionales
r, x, t) % T!
T(x, t) % T!
T(r, t) % T!
" transfer coefficient
(4-25)
h. The temperature
within
the cylinature T! with
short a heat
plane
infinite
TiALTERNATIVE
% T!
T
%
T
T
%
T
SOLUTION
The
solution
of
this
problem
could
also
be
deteri
!
i
!
cylinder with x as well as
wallr and time t since
cylinder
der will change
heat transfer will occur
mined from Eq. 424:
from the top and bottom of the cylinder as well as its side surfaces. That is,
e solution
for
two-dimensional
short
ofx height
a and
T (x,T(r,
t) $
0 $ 15cylindertransient
T"
x,Ti t)the
and
thus xthis is
a two-dimensional
heat
conduction
!
erfc
!
erfc
!
0.60
232
equal
of
solutions
Tto
TWhen
$10 $ 15
s $the
i product
2 !the
%t nondimensionalized
2 !%t it canfor
problem.
the properties
are assumed
to be constant,
be the
shown
HEAT
TRANSFERthat
sional
plane
wall
of two-dimensional
thickness a and problem
the longcan
cylinder
of radius
Sistema bidimensional:
the solution
of this
be expressed
as ro,
"
"
"!
!
"
!" T10one-dimensional
T %T
%T "
%T "
al geometry
is%tthe
the"Tsolutions
of the
x ! 2# !
! 2product
" 0.37 !of
s) ! 0.80 m
(0.15
10 m /s)(7.78
!
short
cylinder
i $6 !2
plane
wall
i 6
infinite
cylinder
(4-25)
whose intersection is the multidimensional body.

That
is,
the
solution
foristhe
short
cylinder of height a and
Again,
the
slight
difference
duetwo-dimensional
to
the readingare
error
of
the chart.
Sistema unidimensional
enience,
the
one-dimensional
solutions
denoted
byT! solutions for the
radius r is equal to the product of the nondimensionalized
o
Plane wall
one-dimensional plane wall

of t)thickness
T(x,
% T! a and the long cylinder of radius ro,
(x, geometries
t) "
which are the#wall
two
whose intersection is the short cylinder, as
Ti % T! plane
shown in Fig. 426. We generalize thiswallas follows: the
a solution for a multiT(r,
t)
%
T
dimensional geometry
is the product!ofinfinite
the solutions of the one-dimensional
#cyl(r, t) "
T
%
T
ro
! multidimensional
geometries
whose intersection
the
cylinder
44
TRANSIENT
HEATi isCONDUCTION
IN body.
Long
For convenience, the one-dimensional
solutions are denoted by
T(x,
t)
%
T
!
cylinder
MULTIDIMENSIONAL
SYSTEMS
#semi-inf(x, t) "
(4-26)
semi-infinite
Ti % T! solid
FIGURE 426
!
!
!
"
"
"
T(x, t) % T
!
!
!
"
"
"
Page 232
Thetwo
argument
that corresponds
this value of the
error func-as
the
geometries
whosetointersection
is complementary
the short cylinder,
T(r, x, t)from
% T!Table 43 toT(x,
T! Therefore,
T(r, t) % T!
is determined
#t)!%0.37.
Fig.tion426.
We generalize
this asbefollows:
the solution
for a multii
AM
TT&!, with the same

T& heat trans
generation (Fig. 425). The s

h
h
be expressed as the product
Heat is the
tries whose
T(r,t) intersection
transfer
Consider a short
cylinder o
perature Ti. There is no hea
cylinder is subjected to conv
ature T! with a heat transfer
der will change with x as we
from
the top
and bottom of t
(a) Long
cylinder
T " T(r, x, t) and thus this
problem. When the properties
the solution of this two-dime
T&
h
T(r, x, t) % T!
"
short
Ti % THeat
!
cylinder
T(r,x,t)
transfer
"
! usedAtoshort
That is, the solution for the
The transient temperature charts
presented
determine
cylinder the
of radius ro and
#wall
(x, t) " earlier can be plane
radius ro is equal to the prod
Ti % T! wall height
temperature distribution and heat transfer in one-dimensional
heat conduction
a is the intersection of a long
le,
the
solution
for
a
long
solid
bar
whose
cross
section
is
an
a
$
b
one-dimensional plane wall o
cylinder
of radius
problems associated with a large plane wall,
long
a sphere,
and rao and a plane wall
T(r,a t)
% Tcylinder,
!
which are the two geometri
of
a.
(r,infinite
t) "
ssemi-infinite
the intersection
the two
plane
walls
ofthickness
thicknesses
medium.ofUsing
a#cylsuperposition
approach
called
the product
(b) Shortshown
cylinder
Ti %
T! infinite
in(two-dimensional)
Fig. 426. We gen
cylinder
shown
in
Fig.
427,
and
thus
the
transient
temperature
distribution
solution, these charts can also be used to construct solutions for the twoFIGURE
425
dimensional
geometry
is the
T(x, t) % T!
Plane
wall
dimensional
transient
heat
conduction
problems
encountered
in
geometries
#semi-inf(x,ast) "
(4-26)
tangular bar can be expressed
whose
Thegeometries
temperature
in aintersectio
short
semi-infinite
Ti %
such as a short cylinder, a long rectangular bar,
orTa! semi-infinite
cylinder
or
solid
Fortoconvenience,
one-d
T!
cylinder exposed
convection the
from
t) % T!
h
plate, andT(x,
eveny,three-dimensional
problems associated with geometries
such
all surfaces varies in both the radial
Ti % T!
T(x, t) % T!
#semi-inf(x, t) "
Ti % T!
cylinder
"
semi-infinite
solid
(4-26)
Long
cylinder

FIGURE 426
A shortiscylinder
xample, the solution for a long solid bar whose cross section
an a $ bof radius r and
transitorio en sistemas multidimensionales
height
a is the intersection of a long
ngle is the intersection of the two infinite plane walls
of thicknesses
o
e 234
cylinder
of radius ro and a plane wall
b, as shown in Fig. 427, and thus the transient temperature
distribution
is rectangular
bar can be expressed as
of thickness a.
Barra rectangular bidimensional
:13 AM
Page 234
T(x, y, t) % T!
Ti % T!
"
rectangular
bar
" #wall(x, t)#wall(y, t)
(4-27)
T!
transfer
roper forms
of thefor
product
solutions for
some formed
other geometries
ansient
heat Transferencia de calor, sistema
a two-dimensional
geometry
by the inter- are given
h from the
ble 44.
It bidimensional
isone-dimensional
important to geometries
note that the
x-coordinate
is measured
ection
of two
1 and
2 is
Plane wall
transient heat transfer

a two-dimensional
geometryin
formed
by the
inter-The race in a semi-infinite
solid,forand
from the midplane
a plane
wall.
Q
Q
Q
Q
1 and 2 is
"!
!geometries
1(4-28)
istance rsection
is always
measured
from
the" centerline.
!Qofmaxtwo"total,one-dimensional
"
!
!
"
#
$
Q
Q
Q
max
max
max
1
2
1
Q
Q
Qinvolves the product of
te that the solution of2DaQtwo-dimensional
problem
"
!
1(4-28)
b
! "total,whereas
!Qmax"1the!Qbody
" !Qmaxof"1$by
max 2 #formed
2D
ransient
heat transfer
for Qamaxthree-dimensional
the interne-dimensional
solutions,
solution
a three-dimensional
Transferencia de calor, sistema
ection
of
three
one-dimensional
bodies
1,one-dimensional
2, and 3 is given
by solutions.
em involves
theheat
product
Transient
transferofforthree
a three-dimensional
body formed
by the interPlane wall
section
of
three
one-dimensional
bodies
1,
2,
and
3
is
given
by
tridimensional
modified
of Qthe product
solution
can also be used to determine
Q form
Q
Q
a
"
!
1!
"
!
"
!
"
!
"
Qmax total, 3Dheat
Qmax
otal transient
to 2or# from
geometry by
Q Qtransfer
QQmax 1a$ multidimensional
Q
max 1
FIGURE
427
"
!
1!Qmax"total, 3DQvalues,
!Qmax"1 Qas!Qshown
" ! by
"1$ S. Langston in 1982.
max 2 # QQ
max L.
the one-dimensional
The
!!
11(4-29)
A
long
solid
bar
of rectangular
" Q
Qmax"3!
# !Q!QQmax" #"1-1$#!QQ!Q" max
1-2!$
(4-29)
Qmax" $
max 3
max 1$#
profile a $ b is the intersection
2
he use of the product solution in transient two- and three-dimensional
heat
of two
plane
The use of the product solution in transient two- and three-dimensional
heat walls of
onduction problems is illustrated in the following examples.
conduction problems is illustrated in the following examples. thicknesses a and b.
Mtodos numricos en la
conduccin de calor
Diferencias Finitas
Conduccin de Calor en estado estacionario
Conduccin bidimensional de calor en estado estacionario
Conduccin de Calor en rgimen transitorio
75
with constant properties and no internal generation, the appropriate form of the heat equaintroduced
Section
4.4 for steady-state conditions, are readily
Page
331
tion,
is
tion,
Equation 2.21,
isEquationin2.21,
PM
ods.Page
Such331methods,
7 PM
extended to transient problems. In this section we consider explicit and implicit forms of
2
2
2
2
!T
!
!
T
T
!T
!
!
T
T
1
finite-difference
solutions
to
transient
conduction
problems.
1
.10 ! Finite-Difference Methods
!
$
(5.75) 331
!
$
" !t !x2 !y2 " !t
2
2
!x
!y
Diferencias Finitas
5.10.1
Discretization
Heat
Equation:
The
Method
To obtain
the finite-difference
form
of this
equation,
mayExplicit
use the central-difference
To obtainofthethe
finite-difference
form we
of
this
equation,
we may use the centra
approximations
to
spatial derivatives
prescribed
by Equations
4.27 and
Once 4.27
againand 4.28
If 5.10
Equation
5.77 approximations
is the
substituted
into
5.75,
the
nature
of 4.28.
the 331
finite-difference
to
the Equation
spatial
derivatives
prescribed
by
Equations
! Finite-Difference
Methods
5.10
! Finite-Difference Methods
331
Once again
the
two-dimensional
system
of
Figure
4.4.
Under
transient
conditions
the
mconsider
and
n subscripts
may
be
used
to
designate
the
xand
y-locations
of
discrete
nodal
olution
will
depend
on
the
specific
time
at
which
temperatures
are
evaluated
in of
thedi
the m and n subscripts may be used to designate the x- and y-locations
points.
However,
in
addition
to
being
discretized
in
space,
the
problem
must
be
discretized
in
with constant properties
andHowever,
no internal
generation,
the appropriate
ofmethod
theproblem
heatofequanite-difference
approximations
to theinspatial
derivatives.
In the explicit
solution,
points.
addition
to being
discretized
inform
space,
the
must be d
Discretizacin de la ecuacin de transferencia de calor:

If
Equation
5.77
is
substituted
into
Equation
5.75,
the
nature
of
the
finite-difference
time.
The
integer
p
is
introduced
for
this
purpose,
where
tion, Equation
2.21,
is
time.
integer
is introduced
for
thisthe
purpose,
where
If Equation
5.77
is The
substituted
Equation
5.75,
nature
of
hese temperatures
are
evaluated
at thepinto
previous
( p)temperatures
time.
Hence
5.77
solution
will depend
on
the specific
time
at which
are Equation
evaluated
in
the is considered
Mtodo Explcito
will depend
on approximation
the tospecific
which
are
evaluated
in the
2 at
2 In the
p"t
(5.76)
approximations
the1spatial
derivatives.
explicit method
of solution,
o besolution
afinite-difference
forward-difference
to
derivative.
Evaluating
terms
on the
!T time
!time
!t $
Tthe
T temperatures
t
$
p"t
!
$4.28
(5.75)5.75,
finite-difference
approximations
to "the
spatial
Insubstituting
the explicit
of solution,
these temperatures
are evaluated 4.27
at the
previous
( p)2derivatives.
time.
Hence
5.77 is method
considered
ght-hand
side
of
Equations
and
at
p
into
Equation
2 andEquation
!t
!xtime
and
finite-difference
approximation
the
time
derivative
in Equation
5.75
is
as
to be
a the
forward-difference
approximation
totothe
derivative.
Evaluating
terms
onexpressed
these
temperatures
are evaluated
at the previous
( p)!y
time. Hence
Equation
5.77
istheconsidered
he explicit
formside
of of
the
finite-difference
equation
forsubstituting
the
interior
node
(m, n)5.75,
is Equation 5.75 is
and
approximation
to the time
derivative
in
right-hand
Equations
4.27 and 4.28
at pthe
and
into
Equation
p!1
p derivative.
to
be
a
forward-difference
approximation
to
time
Evaluating
terms
on the
T m, n # T m,we
To obtain
the
finite-difference
form
of
this
equation,
may
use
the
central-difference
n
!T
the explicitp!1
form
of
the
finite-difference
the
interior
node
n) is pinto
p!1
p
p Equations
p 4.27 equation
p 4.28
p (m,
p (5.77)
"for
right-hand
side
ofm,
and
at by
pp n!T
and
substituting
Equation
5.75,
T
#
T
T
T
$
T
T
!
T
$
2T
!
T
$
2T
m,
m,
n
n
approximations
to
the
spatial
derivatives
prescribed
Equations
4.27
and
4.28.
Once
again
!t
m,
m!1,
m$1,
m,
m,
m,
n$1
m,n
n
n
n
n
n!1
"t
1
m,
n
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
#
!
(5.78)
the
explicit
form
of
finite-difference
equation
for
interior
node
(m,
n)
isdiscrete nodal
T the
T m,p!1
$
Tthe
T m!1,
! T m$1,
$22T m,
! T"
$ 2T
m,
m,
m,
n$1
m,n
n
n
n
n
n
n!1
1
!t
"t
!
2
the m and n subscripts
may
be
used
to
designate
the
xand
y-locations
of
m,
n
#
!
(5.78)
("x)
! "t
2the time dependence of T,2 and ("y)
The
superscript
p
is
used
to
denote
the
time
derivative
is in
"t
p!1
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
("x)
("y)
points. However,
in
addition
to
being
discretized
in
space,
the
problem
must
be
discretized
T
T
$
T
T
!
T
$
2T
!
T
$
2T
m,
m,
m!1,
m$1,
m,
m,
m,
n$1
m,n
n
n
n
n
n
n!1
1 in terms
expressed
of
the difference
temperatures
associated
with
the new (p
!
andthe time
The
superscript
p the
is inused
to(pdenote
the
time
dependence
of
T, 1)
and
#
!
(5.78)
olving
for
the
nodal
temperature
at
new
!
1)
time
and
assuming
that
"x
# "y, it
time.Solving
The
integer
p
is
introduced
for
this
purpose,
where
for
the
nodal
temperature
at
the
new
(p
!
1)
time
and
assuming
that
"x
#
"y,
it
!
2
2
"texpressed
("x)
("y) times
previous ( p) times.
Hence in
calculations
must
be performed
at successive
separated
by the new
terms
of
the
difference
in
temperatures
associated
with
follows
that
ollows
that
the interval "t, previous
and just as( p)
a finite-difference
solution restricts
determination
to times
times.
Hence
calculations
musttemperature
be performed
at"x
successive
t
p"t
(5.76)
p!1nodal temperature
p
p at the
p$
p! 1) time and assuming
p
Solving forp!1
the
new
(p
that
#
"y,
it
T m, n #inFo(T
T m$1,
T m,itn!1
! T m, n$1points
) !p (1 $
4Fo)T
(5.79)
pm!1,itn !
p n !just
pa
p temperature dete
m, n
discrete
points
space,
also
restricts
to
discrete
in
time.
the
interval
"t,
and
as
finite-difference
solution
restricts
T m, n # Fo(T m!1, n ! T m$1, n ! T m, n!1 ! T m, n$1) ! (1 $ 4Fo)T m, n
(5.79)
follows that
where
Fo is a finite-difference
form of
number
discrete
points
inpthe
space,
also
restricts
itintoEquation
discrete points
time. as
and the
finite-difference
approximation
toFourier
the ittime
derivative
5.75p isinexpressed
p!1
p
p
p
T m, n # Fo(T m!1,form
T m, n!1 !number
T m, n$1) ! (1 $ 4Fo)T m, n
(5.79)
m$1,
n ! T of
n !Fourier
where Fo is a finite-difference
the
p!1
p
"t # T
Analytical solutions for some simple
twoand!T
three-dimensional
geometries are found in Section
Fo #
(5.80)5S.2.
m, n
m, n
!T
2
whereFoNmero de Fourier
is a finite-difference form of the
Fourier number
"("x)
(5.77)
"t
!t
Analytical solutions
for some !
simple
two- and three-dimensional geometries are found in Sec
"t
m, nFo
(5.80)
This approach can easily be extended to one- or#
three-dimensional
systems. If the system is
2
!
"t
("x)
Fofinite-difference
#dependence
(5.80)
in x,
the explicit
formthe
of the
equation
for anthe
interior
The one-dimensional
superscript p is
used
to denote
time
of T, and
timenode
derivative
is
2
334
Diferencias Finitas
Chapter 5
TABLE 5.3 Transient, two-dimensional finite-difference equations (!x " !y)

(a) Explicit Method
Confi
guration
Finite-Difference Equation
Stability Criterion
(b) Implicit Method
m, n
m 1, n
m + 1, n
m 1, n
m, n + 1
m + 1, n
T, h
m, n 1
m, n + 1
T, h
m, n
m 1, n
(5.83)
p$1
p
p
" 3Fo(Tm$1,n
$ 2Tm%1,n
Tm,n
p
p
$ 2Tm,n$1 $ Tm,n%1 $ 2Bi T!)
4
3
$ (1 % 4Fo % Bi
p
Fo)T m,n
Fo(3 $ Bi) #
3
4
Fo(2 $ Bi) #
1
2
T, h
m, n
m, n 1
(5.89)
(5.91)
p$1
(1 $ 2Fo(2 $ Bi))Tm,n
p$1
p$1
p$1
% Fo(2Tm%1,n $ Tm,n$1
$ Tm,n%1
)
p
" Tm,n $ 2Bi Fo T!
(5.88)
2. Node at interior corner with convection

p$1
p
p
" Fo(2Tm%1,n
$ Tm,n$1
Tm,n
p
$ Tm,n%1 $ 2Bi T!)
p
$ (1 % 4Fo%2Bi Fo)Tm,n
(5.90)
(5.99)
3. Node at plane surface with convectiona
(5.95)
p$1
% 3Fo !
(1 $ 4Fo(1 $ 3Bi))Tm,n
p$1
p$1
p$1
p$1
(Tm$1,n $ 2T m%1,n $ 2Tm,n$1
$ Tm,n%1
)
4
p
" Tm,n $ 3 Bi Fo T!
(5.98)
m, n 1
m 1, n
p$1
p$1
p$1
(1 $ 4Fo)Tm,n
% Fo(Tm$1,n
$ Tm%1,n
p$1
p$1
p
$ Tm,n$1 $ Tm,n%1) " Tm,n
(5.79)
m, n
Fo #
1
4
1. Interior node
m, n 1
p$1
p
p
" Fo(Tm$1,n
$ Tm%1,n
Tm,n
p
p
$ Tm,n$1
$ Tm,n%1
)
p
$ (1 % 4Fo)Tm,n
p$1
p
p
Tm,n
" 2Fo(Tm%1,n
$ Tm,n%1
$ 2Bi T!)
p
$ (1 % 4Fo % 4Bi Fo)Tm,n
(5.92)
4. Node at exterior corner with convection
Fo(1 $ Bi) #
1
4
(5.93)
p$1
(1 $ 4Fo(1 $ Bi))Tm,n
p$1
p$1
% 2Fo(Tm%1,n
$ Tm,n%1
)
p
" Tm,n $ 4Bi Fo T!
To obtain the finite-difference equation and/or stability criterion for an adiabatic surface (or surface of symmetry), simply set Bi equal to zero.
(5.100)
Transient Conduction
m, n + 1
m, n$1
n
use of
extremely
values of !t,
andstability
a"
verym, n"1
large
number
ofm,
time
intervals
may
be necesthe time
interval
mustsmall
be compatible
with
requirements.
Frequently,
this
dictates
the
(5.94)
2
(!y)
Rearranging
and
assuming
!x
#
!y,
it
follows
that
sary
to obtainsmall
a solution.
use of
extremely
values of !t, and a very large number of time intervals may be necesARearranging
reduction
in the
amount
of computation
time may
often
be realized
by employing an
sary to obtain
a solution.
p"1 !x # !y,
p"1it follows
p"1that
p"1
p"1
p
assuming
(1and
" 4Fo)T
(5.95)
m, n $ Fo(T m"1, n " T m$1, n " T m, n"1 " T m, n$1) # T m, n
implicit,
rather
explicit, of
finite-difference
scheme.
The
implicit
form ofby
a finite-difference
A
reduction
in than
the amount
computation
time
may
often
be
realized
employing
an
p"1
p"1
p"1
p"1
p"1
p
equation
may
beexplicit,
derived
by
Equation
5.77
toThe
time
derivative,
(1
" 4Fo)T
$
Fo(T
"
Tnew
"
Tapproximate
"T
)the
# Tn)
(5.95) while
m"1,
m$1, ntemperature
m, n"1
m, nnode
n$1
implicit,
rather
than
scheme.
implicit
form
of
a finite-difference
From
Equation
5.95finite-difference
itm,isnusing
evident
thatn the
ofm,the
(m,
depends
evaluating
all derived
other temperatures
at the new
(pwhich
"
1)
time,
instead
oftime
the previous
(p)while
time.
on
the new
temperatures
of its adjoining
nodes,
are,
in general,
unknown.
Hence, to
equation
may
be
by
using
Equation
5.77
to
approximate
the
derivative,
From
Equation
5.95nodal
it is evident
that the
new
temperature
of the (m, nodal
n)
nodeequations
depends to the
Equation
5.77
istemperatures
then considered
to new
provide
backward-difference
approximation
determine
the
unknown
temperatures
at"
ta"
!t,
the corresponding
evaluating
all
other
at
the
(p
1)
time,
instead
of
the
previous
on the
temperatures
of its adjoining
nodes, which
are,effected
in general,
unknown.
Hence,(p)
to time.
be new
solved
Such a 5.78,
solution
be
bythe
using
GaussSeidel
timemust
derivative.
In simultaneously.
contrast to
Equation
themay
implicit
form of
finite-difference
equadetermine
the
unknown
nodal
temperatures
at
t
"
!t,
the
corresponding
nodal
equations
Equationiteration
5.77
isor then
considered
to
provide
a
backward-difference
approximation
to
the
matrixnode
inversion,
as discussed in Section
4.5isand
Appendix D. The marching
tion for
the
interior
of
a
two-dimensional
system
then
must beInsolved
simultaneously.
Such
a solution
may beform
effected the
by using
GaussSeidel
time
derivative.
contrast
to Equation
5.78,
thesolving
implicit
finite-difference
solution would
then involve
simultaneously
the nodalofequations
at each time equaDiscretizacin de la ecuacin de transferencia de calor:
iteration or matrix inversion,
as discussed
inp"1
Section 4.5
and Appendix
D. The marching
p"1
p time was
p"1
p"1
tion for the
interior
ofthe
aT
two-dimensional
system
is
then
t # !t,
2!t, . .node
. , until
desired
final
reached.
T
$
T
"
T
$
2T
m, n simultaneously
m, n
m"1,solving
m$1,
m, n
n
solution would then 1involve
the nnodal equations
at each time
Mtodo Implcito
Relative to the explicit method, the
implicit formulation has the important advan#
t # !t, 2!t, . . . , until!p"1
the desired
time
was reached.
!t
p final That
p"1
p"1
p"1 stable for all space
(!x)2$remains
tage of being unconditionally
stable.
is,
the
solution
T
T
$
T
"
T
2Thas
m, n
m, n
m$1, n
m, n the important advann
Relative to the
explicit
method,
them"1,
implicit
formulation
1
and time intervals, in which case there
restrictions
on !x and !t. Since larger
# are no the
!
2 p"1 remains p"1
tage of being unconditionally
stable. That Tis,p"1
solution
for all space
!t
"
T
2T m,stable
(!x)method,
values of !t may therefore be used with an m,
implicit
times may
m, n$1 $computation
n"1
n
and time intervals, in which case there "
are no restrictions on !x and !t. Since larger (5.94)
2 to maximize accuracy, !t
often be reduced, with little loss of accuracy. Nevertheless,
(!y)
values of !t may therefore be used with
an
implicit
method,
computation
times may
p"1
p"1
p"1
T m,
" T m,
$ 2T
should
be
sufficiently
small
to
ensure
that
the
results
are
independent
m, n of further reducn"1
n$1
often be reduced, with little loss of accuracy.
Nevertheless, to maximize accuracy, !t (5.94)
"
tions
in
its
value.
Rearranging
and
assumingsmall
!x #
it follows
should be
sufficiently
to !y,
ensure
that the that
results
are2 independent of further reduc(!y)
Diferencias Finitas
Theinimplicit
form of a finite-difference equation may also be derived from the energy
tions
its value.
balance
method.
For
thep"1
surface
nodep"1
of Figure
5.12, itmay
is readily
shown
p"1
p"1
p"1thatfrom the
p
The
implicit
form
of
a$finite-difference
equation
also be
derived
energy (5.95)
Rearranging and
assuming
!x
!y,
it m"1,
follows
(1
" 4Fo)T
Fo(T
m, n#
m$1, n " T m, n"1 " T m, n$1) # T m, n
n " Tthat
balance method. For the surface node p"1
of Figure 5.12, it is readily shown that
(1 " 2Fo " 2Fo Bi)T 0 $ 2Fo T 1p"1 # 2Fo Bi T! " T 0p
(5.96)
p"1
p"1
p"1
p"1
p"1
p
From(1Equation
it is
new
temperature
of
the
(m,
n)n node
p"1Tthe
p"1
p) #
" 4Fo)T5.95
Fo(T
"
"
T
"
T
T
(5.95)
m, "
m"1,
m$1,
m,
m,
m,
n $
nthat
n
n"1
n$1
(1
2Fo
"evident
2Fo
Bi)T
$
2Fo
T
#
2Fo
Bi
T
"
T
(5.96)depends
0
1
0
!
Fornew
any interior
node of of
Figure
5.12, it maynodes,
also bewhich
shown are,
that in general, unknown. Hence, to
on the
temperatures
its adjoining
determine
theinterior
unknown
nodal
atp"1
t temperature
"
!t,
the
nodal equations
For
any
node
of
Figuretemperatures
5.12,
it may also
be
shown
that corresponding
From
Equation
5.95
it is
evident
that
p"1 the new
p"1
p of the (m, n) node depends
$
Fo
(T
"
T
)
#
T
(1
"
2Fo)T
(5.97)
m
m$1 may
m"1be effected
m
must
solved simultaneously.
Such
a solution
byunknown.
using GaussSeidel
on the
newbetemperatures
of its adjoining
nodes,
which
are,
in
general,
Hence, to
p"1
p"1
p"1
p
$
Fo
(T
"
T
)
#
T
(1
"
2Fo)T
(5.97)
m
m$1
m"1
iteration
matrix inversion,
as discussed
4.5 corresponding
andm Appendix D.
Theequations
marching
determine
theorunknown
nodalfinite-difference
temperatures
atin tSection
"
!t,
nodal
Forms
of the implicit
equation
for the
other common geometries
are
would
then 5.3b.
involve Such
simultaneously
the
nodal by
equations
at each time
mustsolution
be presented
solved
a solution
mayforbeby
effected
using
GaussSeidel
in the
Table
equation
mayequation
be solving
derived
applying
the
energy
balance
Forms simultaneously.
of
implicit Each
finite-difference
other
common
geometries
are
t
#
!t,
2!t,
.
.
.
,
until
the
desired
final
time
was
reached.
iterationmethod.
orpresented
matrix ininversion,
discussed
Section
4.5 by
and
Appendix
D. The
marching
Table 5.3b.asEach
equation in
may
be derived
applying
the energy
balance
Relative to the explicit method, the implicit formulation has the important advan-
PROBLEMAS A RESOLVER
1. Uniform internal heat generation at is
occurring in a cylindrical nuclear reactor fuel rod of 50-mm
diameter, and under steady-state conditions the temperature
distribution is of the form , where T is in
degrees Celsius and r is in meters, while and
b . The fuel rod properties are
r , and .
a. What is the rate of heat transfer per unit length of the rod at r
0 (the centerline) and at r 25mm (the surface)?
b. If the reactor power level is suddenly increased to ,
what is the initial time rate of temperature change at r=0
and r=25 mm?
1. Uniform internal heat generation at is
occurring in a cylindrical nuclear reactor fuel rod of 50-mm
diameter, and under steady-state conditions the temperature
distribution is of the form , where T is in
degrees Celsius and r is in meters, while and
b . The fuel rod properties are
r , and .
a. What is the rate of heat transfer per unit length of the rod at r
0 (the centerline) and at r 25mm (the surface)?
b. If the reactor power level is suddenly increased to ,
what is the initial time rate of temperature change at r=0
and r=25 mm?
e
n
d
e
n
e
e
g
e
e
y
t
.
n
m
h
t
207
350
(b) Plot the temperature distribution, showing its
important features.
Chapter 5
Transient Conduction
(c) Consider conditions corresponding to a loss

of coolant at the exposed surface of material A
(h " 0). Determine T1 and T2 and plot the temperature distribution throughout the system.
3.85 Consider a plane composite wall that is composed of

three materials (materials A, B, and C are arranged left
to right) of thermal conductivities kA " 0.24 W/m ! K,
kB " 0.13 W/m ! K, and kC " 0.50 W/m ! K. The thicknesses of the three sections of the wall are LA " 20 mm,
L B " 13 mm, and LC " 20 mm. A contact resistance of
R$t,c " 10%2 m2 ! K/W exists at the interface between
materials A and B, as well as at the interface between
materials B and C. The left face of the composite wall
is insulated, while the right face is exposed to convective conditions characterized by h " 10 W/m2 ! K, T! "
20!C. For Case 1, thermal energy is generated within
.
material A at the rate qA " 5000 W/m3. For Case 2,
thermal energy is generated within material C at the
.
rate qC " 5000 W/m3.
(a) Determine the maximum temperature within the composite wall under steady-state conditions for Case 1.
(b) Sketch the steady-state temperature distribution on
T % x coordinates for Case 1.
(c) Sketch the steady-state temperature distribution for
Case 2 on the same T % x coordinates used for Case 1.
3.86 An air heater may be fabricated by coiling Nichrome
wire and passing air in cross flow over the wire.
determine the time constant of the particles. Hint: Since

the particles travel with the flow, heat transfer between
the particle and the fluid occurs by conduction. Assume
lumped capacitance behavior.
5.18 A spherical vessel used as a reactor for producing

pharmaceuticals has a 5-mm-thick stainless steel wall
(k ! 17 W/m ! K) and an inner diameter of Di ! 1.0 m.
During production, the vessel is filled with reactants for
which ! ! 1100 kg/m3 and c ! 2400 J/kg ! K, while
exothermic reactions release energy at a volumetric rate
of q ! 104 W/m3. As first approximations, the reactants
may be assumed to be well stirred and the thermal
capacitance of the vessel may be neglected.
(a) The exterior surface of the vessel is exposed to
ambient air (T! ! 25"C) for which a convection
coefficient of h ! 6 W/m2 ! K may be assumed. If
the initial temperature of the reactants is 25"C, what
is the temperature of the reactants after 5 h of
process time? What is the corresponding temperature at the outer surface of the vessel?
(b) Explore the effect of varying the convection coefficient on transient thermal conditions within the
reactor.
5.19 Batch processes are often used in chemical and pharmaceutical operations to achieve a desired chemical
composition for the final product and typically involve
5.2
= 300 K
T2 = 300 K
1150 K and then slowly cooling to 400 K in an air envi-
T = 300C
the IHT software is employed, call-up functions
2(b) What is the corresponding heat rate per unit length
ronment for which T ! 325 K and h ! 20 W/m ! K.
from Tools/Finite-Difference!Equations may be used
Assuming
the properties
the steelyour
to beresult
k ! 40 W/m ! K, from a flow channel?
to obtain
the nodal
equations.ofCompare
3
Cereal product
! 7800
kg/min ,part
and(a).
c ! 600 J/kg ! K, estimate 4.96
the time
Consider the cooling arrangement for the very large-scale
with! that
obtained
integration (VLSI) chip of Problem 4.93. Use the finitefor the
process. method of
(c) As required
an alternative
to cooling
Lo
element method of FEHT to obtain the
following results.
part (b), use the finite-element method of FEHT to
5.7 Consider the steel balls of Problem 5.6, except now the
(a) Determine the temperature distribution in the chipcalculate
the heat flux,
and compare
the result
air temperature
increases
with time
as Twith
!(t) ! 325 K "
substrate system. Will the maximum temperature
that from part (a). Hint: In the Specify/Material
at, where a ! 0.1875 K/s.
exceed 85C?
Properties box, properties may be entered as a funcV

Sketch the(T),
ballthetemperature
versus
time for 0(b)# UsingConveyor
belt model developed
Oven
tion(a)
of temperature
space coordinates
(x, y),
the FEHT
for part (a),
t #See
1 h.theAlso
the
temperature, T!, in determine the volumetric heating rate that yields a
or time (t).
Helpshow
section
forambient
more details.
graph.
Explain special
features
temperature
of 85C.
5.11 The
base plate
of an iron has a thickness of L ! 7 mm
4.95 A platen ofyour
thermal
conductivity
k ! 15 W/m
! K is of the ball maximum
temperature
behavior.
(c) What effect
would
reducing
thickness
heated by flow
of a hot fluid
through channels of width
and is made fromthe
ansubstrate
aluminum
alloy (! ! 2800 kg/m3,
2
maximum
temperature? For a
L ! 20 (b)
mm,Find
with an
T!,i expression
! 200"C andfor
hi !
W/m
! K.
the500
ball
temperature
as a have on the
c!
900 J/kgoperating
! K, k !
. 1807W/m3! K, " ! 0.80). An electric
generationheater
rate ofisq !
10 W/mto, the
reduce
The upper surface
of the
is used
heat the
a process
function
of platen
time T(t),
andto plot
ball temperature volumetricresistance
attached
inner surface of the
the
thickness
of
the
substrate
from
12
to
6
mm,
keepfluid at T!,ofor
! 25"C
with
a
convection
coefficient
of
277
0
#
t
#
1
h.
Was
your
sketch
correct?
plate,
while
the
outer
surface
is
exposed
to ambient air
ing all other dimensions unchanged. What is the maxho ! 250 W/m2 ! K. The lower surface of the platen is
and large surroundings at T! ! Tsur ! 25$C. The areas of
What
5.8 TheToheat
coefficient
for air flowing
over a sphere imum system temperature for these conditions?
insulated.
heattransfer
the process
fluid uniformly,
the 277
tem2
both
the inner
and
outer surfaces
are A
fraction
of
the
chip
power
generation
is
removed
bys ! 0.040 m .
perature
platens
upper by
surface
mustofbe
uniform
that
of IHT,
orbethe
finite-element
method
FEHT
to
isoftothe
determined
observing
the
temperaturetime
to within
5"C. Use
a finite-difference
method,
obtain
the
following
history
of aresults.
sphere fabricated
from such
pureascopper. The convection directly from the chip surface?
that ofsphere,
IHT, orwhich
the finite-element
method
of
FEHT
to before it
Surroundings, Tsur
is 12.7 mm in diameter, is at 66$C
T,o =the
25C
Fluid obtain
following
results.
2
is inserted
ho = 250
W/m K
Fluid
into an airstream having a temperature of

A thermocouple on the outer surface of the sphere
Temperature
T,o27$C.
= 25C
uniformity
ho = 250
W/m2 of
K 5C
Platen,
indicates
is inserted into the
required55$C 69 s after the sphere
k = 15 W/m K
Temperature
airstream.
Assume and then justify
that the sphere
uniformity of 5C
Platen,
required
k
=
15
W/m
behaves as a spacewise isothermal
objectK and calculate
Heating channel
L
T,i = 200C
the heat transfer coefficient.
2
Air
T , h
hi = 500 W/m K
Heating channel
L
5.9 A solid
steel sphere (AISI 1010),T,300
mm in diameter,
i = 200C
hi = 500 W/m2 K
is coated with a dielectric material layer of thickness
L /2L
2 mm and thermal conductivity
0.04 W/m ! K. The
Insulation
L /2
coated Wsphere is initially at a uniform temperature of
Insulation
500$C and is suddenly quenched in a large oil bath for
W
which T! ! 100$C and h ! 3300 W/m2 ! K. Estimate
(a) Determine the
maximum allowable spacing W
the
time
required
for the that
coated
temperature to
between the channel centerlines
will sphere
satisfy the
(a)specified
Determine
the maximum
allowable
spacing
W
reachtemperature
140$C.
Hint:
Neglect
the effect
of energy
storage
uniformity
requirement.
between
the
channel
centerlines
that
will
satisfy
the
inisthe
dielectric
material,
since
its thermal capacitance
(b) What
thetemperature
corresponding
heat raterequirement.
per unit length
specified
uniformity
(!cV)
is
small
compared
to
that
of
the steel sphere.
from a flow channel?
ite wall
thermal
osite
wall
perature
m thermal
mperature
e finitedes and
the
finiteeratureodes
al A. and
If
mperatureunctions
rial
A. If
be used
functions
(b) What is the corresponding heat rate per unit length
ur result
y be used 4.96 Consider
5.10from
Athe
flaked
cereal
is of thickness
2L !large-scale
1.2 mm. The density,
arrangement
for the very
a cooling
flow channel?
Baseplate
(, c, k, !, q"h, t, As)
If an approximately uniform heat flux of q%h ! 1.25 &

104 W/m2 is applied to the inner surface of the base
plate and the convection coefficient at the outer surface
is h ! 10 W/m2 ! K, estimate the time required for the
plate to reach a temperature of 135$C. Hint: Numerical
integration is suggested in order to solve the problem.
5.12 Thermal energy storage systems commonly involve a
Buoyancy-driven
flow
q' '
Forced
flow
Hot components
on printed
circuit boards
Air
q' '
Air
(a)
(b)
Moist air
q' '
Cold
water
Vapor
bubbles
q"
Water
Hot plate
(c)
(d)
FIGURE 1.5 Convection heat transfer processes. (a) Forced convection. (b) Natural
convection. (c) Boiling. (d) Condensation.
CONVECCIN
Water
droplets
Transferencia de Calor por Conveccin

Mecanismo fsico de la conveccin de calor
Clasificacin de los flujos de fluidos
Capa lmite de la velocidad
Capa lmite trmica
Flujo laminar y turbulento
Transferencia de calor de la cantidad de movimiento en el flujo turbulento
Deduccin de las ecuaciones diferenciales de la conveccin
Soluciones ecuaciones de conveccin para una placa plana
Ecuaciones adimensionales de la conveccin y semejanza
Formas funcionales de los coeficientes de friccin y de conveccin
Analogas entre cantidad de movimiento y transferencia de calor
Mecanismo fsico de la conveccin de

calor
Mecanismos bsicos de transferencia
de calor: conduccin, conveccin y

radiacin
La conduccin y la conveccin son
semejantes porque requieren la

presencia de un medio material
La conveccin requiere la presencia de
movimiento de fluidos.
L a c o n d u c c i n e s e l l m i t e
correspondiente al caso del fluido en

reposo

calor
La conduccin en un slido
siempre ser por conduccin.

En un gas o un lquido puede
ser conduccin o conveccin

L a v e l o c i d a d d e l a
transferencia de calor a travs

de un fluido es mucho ms
alta pro conveccin que por
conduccin

calor
Nmero de Nusselt
Donde k es la conductividad trmica del fluido y Lc es la longitud
caracterstica.
Coeficiente adimensional de transferencia de calor por conveccin

Representa el mejoramiento de la transferencia de calor a travs de
una capa de fluido como resultado de la conveccin en relacin con la
conduccin a travs de la misma capa

Flujo viscoso en comparacin con el no viscoso
Resistencia interna al flujo, viscosidad, medida de la
adherencia interna del fluido.

Flujos viscosos: efectos de la viscosidad son significativos.
Flujos no viscosos: idealizados con viscosidad cero

Flujo interno en comparacin con el externo
Dependiendo de si el fluido se fuerza a fluir en un canal
confinado o sobre una superficie.

Flujo externo: flujo de un fluido no limitado sobre una
superficie.
Flujo interno: limitado por completo por superficies slidas.

Flujo compresible en comparacin con el incompresible
Dependiendo de la variacin en la densidad de ese fluido
durante el flujo.
Incompresible: si la densidad permanece constante.
Compresible: si la densidad vara

Flujo laminar en comparacin con el turbulento
Laminar: movimiento intensamente
ordenado de un fluido. Altas viscosidades y
bajas velocidades.
Turbulento: Movimiento intensamente
desordenado de un fluido que por lo general

ocurre a velocidades elevadas. Fluctuaciones
de velocidad. Bajas viscosidades y altas
velocidades

Flujo natural (no forzado) en comparacin con el
forzado.
Dependiendo de la manera como inicia el
movimiento
Flujo forzado: un fluido se fuerza a fluir a
travs de medios externos.
Flujos naturales: cualquier movimiento del
fluido se debe a un medio natural, como el

efecto de flotacin.

Flujo estacionario en comparacin con el no estacionario
(transitorio)
Estacionario o estable: no hay cambio con el tiempo.
No estacionario o transitorio: cambio con el tiempo.
Uniforme: no hay cambio con el lugar sobre una regin
especfica.

Flujos unidimensionales, bidimensionales y tridimensionales
Distribucin de las velocidades, se clasifica de acuerdo a la
velocidad si sta varia en una, dos o tres dimensiones.
Capa lmite de velocidad

La regin del flujo arriba de la placa y limitada por , en la cual se sienten los
efectos de las fuerzas cortantes viscosas causadas por la viscosidad del

lquido se llama capa lmite de la velocidad.
: espesor de la capa lmite
u: componente de la velocidad en x
: Velocidad de la corriente libre
Capa lmite de trmica

La regin del flujo sobre la
superficie en la cual la
variacin de la temperatura en
la direccin normal a la
superficie es significativa.
Capa lmite de trmica

Numero de Prandtl
Pr para los gases es alrededor de 1

Metales lquidos Pr <<< 1
Aceites Pr>>> 1
Flujos laminar y turbulento

Nmero de Reynolds:
Relacin que determinar el rgimen de un flujo, el cual depende de la

razn de las fuerzas de inercia con respecto a las fuerzas viscosas.
El Re en el cual el flujo se vuelve turbulento se llama nmero crtico de

Reynolds.
mal to the surface called normal stress (which should not be confused with
Repeating this for the y-direction and adding the results, the net rate of energy
pressure) and another along the surface called shear stress. The normal stress
to the control
volume by heat the
conduction
becomes
Repeatingisthis
for the transfer
y direction
and substituting
results
into Eq. 6-18, we
related to the velocity gradients "u/"x and "v/"y, that are much smaller than
2
obtain "u/"y, to which shear stress
T
%2T for
%2T
%normal
%2Tsimis
related.
Neglecting
the
stresses
(E in ' E out ) by heat # k 2 dx dy & k 2 dx dy # k

& 2 dx dy (6-34)
2
%x
%y
%x
%y will
plicity, the surface forces acting on the control volume in the x-direction
&u surface force acting in&vthe x-direction
be as" 1)
shown
in Fig.
622.
!u(dy
% !v(dx
" 1)
$ mechanism
!Then
dxenergy
u %the net
(dy "transfer
1) % !to 'and
%fromdy
1)the(6-20)
Another
of
the (dx
fluid"in
control
&x
&y
becomes9/4/2002 volume
cen58933_ch06.qxd
12:05 is
PM the
Page
350done by the body and surface forces. The work done by a
work
Ecuaciones Diferenciales de la
!
conveccin
"
"
"
body force is determined by multiplying this force by the velocity in the di"#
"P
"# "P
dyof(dx
dx
1)dy
) and
(dy
% 1) !of the)
(dx % dy %and
1) this work needs
rection
the% "force
the
volume
fluid element,
Simplifying
andFsurface,
dividing
by
dx
"
1
gives
Ecuacin de la conservacin masa:
x!
"y
"x
"y "x
to be considered only in the presence of significant gravitational, electric, orP
"2u effects.
"P &uThe surface
magnetic
fluid pressure
!
$
)
(dx % dy &v
% 1) forces consist of the forces due to(6-27)
350
2
"x shear
% stresses.
$ 0The work done by pressure (the flow work)
(6-21)is
"y viscous
and the
350
&x
&y
HEAT TRANSFER
already accounted for in the analysis above by using enthalpy for the microx
# ! $("u/"y).
6-23,
and 6-24
intoThe
Eq.
6-20
and
scopicSubstituting
energy which
of theEqs.
fluid6-21,
instead
of
energy.
shear
stresses
re- vo
states
that the
netinternal
energy
convected
by the
fluid
out of that
the control
since
Ecuacin de la cantidad de movimiento:
This is thedividing
conservation
relation,
also
known
as
the
continuity
equafrom
viscous
effects
areto
usually
very
small,
and can
be neglected
involume
many by he
ume
is equal
the net
energy
transferred
into
the control
by dx %sult
dyof
% 1mass
gives
conduction.
is especially
the case for applications
that
involve
low
or moderate
Differential
ion, or mass balancecases.
forThis
steady
two-dimensional
flow
of
a
fluid
with
con2
"u
" shear
u "P
the viscous
stresses are not negligible, their effect is accounte
velocities.' u "uWhen
(v
!$ 2)
(6-28)
derivation o
tant density.
"x by equation
"y
"x equation
for
expressing
the
energy
as
"ythe
Then the energy
for
steady
two-dimensional
flow of a fluid
velo
with constant
andthe
negligible
shear#Tstresses
by
substitut2 is obtained
2
ch states that the net energy convected
by theproperties
fluid out of
control#Tvol#T #T
dime
$ v in the
%Cto
" kx-direction,
$
$and
&!
(6-3
p u
ing
Eqs.
6-32
and
6-34
into
6-30
be
This
is
the
relation
for
the
conservation
of
momentum
#x
#y
is equal to the net energy transferred into the control volume by heat
#x2 #y2
duction.
is known as the x-momentum equation. Note
that
the same
%2T obtain
%T we would
%T
%2T
Ecuacin de la energa:
(6-35)analys
!C
u is
&accounted
vleft-hand
#in
k side
&!
where
the
viscous
dissipation
function
is
obtained
after a lengthy
hen the
viscous
shear
stresses
negligible,
effect
p of
The
differential
forms
ofnotthe
equations
the
velocity
boundary
2
2this
result
if we
usedare
momentum
flowtheir
rates
for
the
of
equation
%xmotion
%y
%x
%y
(see an advanced book such as the one by Schlichting (Ref. 9) for details) to b
by expressinginstead
the energy
as acceleration.
of equation
mass times
If there is a body force acting in the
!
!
"
"
"
"
"
"
Conservation of Momentum Equations

!
# "
" !
"
ayer are obtained by applying Newtons second law of motion to a differen2 the right side of the equation
#v
#v is
#u
#u that
x-direction,
can be added
#2in
T the
T boundary layer.
#T itelement
#T
#to
! "(6-36)
2 !Newtons
$ #itlaw
$ "provided
$
ial control
volume
second
is an (6-3
$
v
%C
u
"
k
$
$
&!
"
#
#
"
$
p"
#x
#y
#y
#x
2
2 #
#
"
#x
#y
#x of
#y the fluid.
expressed per unit volume
expression Infor
the
conservation
of momentum,
and
can direction
be stated
as the net
a boundary layer, the velocity
component
in
the
flow
is
much
Viscous
dissipation
may
play a dominant role in high-speed flows, especial
re the viscous
dissipation
function !volume
is obtained
after
a lengthy
analysis
orce
acting
onthan
thethat
control
is
equal
to
the
times
the
acceleration
larger
in the normal
direction,
and
thus
u
&mass
v, isand
"v/"x
and
"v/"y
arein journal bearings
when the viscosity of the fluid
high
(like the
flow
of oil
an advanced book such as the one by Schlichting (Ref. 9) for details) to be
Trabajo
Repasar Ecuaciones dimensionales de la conveccin y
semejanza y formas funcionales de los coeficientes de friccin y

de conveccin
100
Conveccin externa Forzada

Fuerza de resistencia al movimiento y transferencia de calor
en el flujo externo
Flujo paralelo sobre placas planas
Flujo a travs de cilindros y esferas
Flujo a travs de bancos de tubos
Fuerza de resistencia al movimiento y

transferencia de calor en el flujo externo
Coeficiente de resistencia:
Placa plana:
102
Fuerza de resistencia al movimiento y

transferencia de calor en el flujo externo
Temperatura de pelcula:

La transicin de flujo laminar
hacia turbulento depende de la

configuracin geomtrica de la
superficie, de su aspereza, de la
velocidad corriente arriba, de la
temperatura superficial y del tipo
de fluido
Caracterizada por el nmero de
Reynolds

Coeficiente de Friccin
Laminar:
Turbulento

Coeficiente de Friccin Promedio
Laminar:
Turbulento

Coeficiente de Friccin Promedio Placa completa, larga
Superficie spero, turbulento:
107

Coeficiente de transferencia de calor
Laminar
Turbulento

Coeficiente de transferencia de calor para una
placa completa
Laminar
Turbulento

Coeficiente promedio de transferencia de
calor para una placa completa
Para todos los Pr

Coeficiente de transferencia de calor para una
placa completa. Placa plana con tramo inicial
no calentado:
Laminar
Turbulento

Coeficiente de transferencia de calor para una placa completa.
Placa plana con tramo inicial no calentado:

Laminar
Turbulento

Coeficiente de conveccin promedio para una placa completa.
Placa plana con tramo inicial no calentado:

Laminar
Turbulento

Coeficiente de conveccin promedio para una placa
completa. Placa plana con tramo inicial no calentado (Flujo

Uniforme):
Laminar
Turbulento
114

Coeficiente de transferencia de calor
Cilindro
Para Re con Pr >0,2

Las propiedades del fluido se evalan a la temperatura
Esfera
La cual es vlida para y
Las propiedades se evalan para T , excepto s que se hace a Ts

Correlaciones empricas para
el nmero de Nusselt
promedio, para conveccin
forzada sobre cilindros
circulares y no circulares en
flujo cruzado (tomado de
Zukauskas)
Conveccin interna Forzada

Velocidad media y temperatura media
La regin de entrada
Anlisis Trmico
Flujo laminar en tubos
Flujo turbulento en tubos

Principio de conservacin de masa:
Vm: Velocidad media

Velocidad media:

Principio de conservacin de energa:
Tm: Temperatura media

Temperatura media:

Flujos laminar y turbulento en tubos:
Dimetro hidrulico
flujo laminar
F flujo de transicin
flujo turbulento
La Regin de Entrada
Regin hidrodinmica de entrada: desde la admisin del tubo hasta el
punto en el que se une la capa lmite con la lnea central.
Longitud hidrodinmica de entrada Lh: longitud de la regin
hidrodinmica de entrada.
Regin hidrodinmica plenamente desarrollada: regin que se encuentra
ms all de la entrada, en la que el perfil de velocidades est

completamente desarrollado y permanece inalterado.
La Regin de Entrada
Regin trmica de entrada: regin de flujo sobre la cual se desarosla la capa lmite
trmica y alcanza el centro del tubo

Longitud trmica de entrada Lh: longitud de la regin trmica de entrada.
Regin trmica plenamente desarrollada: la zona que se encuentra ms all de la
regin de entrada trmica, en la que el perfil de temperaturas adimensionales

permanece inalterado
La Regin de Entrada
Completamente desarrollado hidrodinmicamente:
Completamente desarrollado trmicamente
Flujo de calor en la superficie

123
La Regin de Entrada
Longitudes de entrada:
Flujo laminar
Flujo turbulento
Pr>1
Variacin nmero local de Nusselt
Flujo
completamente
desarrollado
125
Anlisis trmico
Flujo constante de calor en la
superficie (qs=constante)
Perfil de temperatura en tubo circular:
Anlisis trmico
Temperatura superficial constante
(Ts=constante)
Temperatura media del fluido en la salida del
tubo:
Anlisis trmico
Diferencia media logartmica de temperatura

Perfil de velocidades
Cada de presin
Tubo circular, laminar:

Potencia Requerida bomba :
Ley de Poiseuille:
129

Perfil de temperaturas y nmero de Nusselt
Flujo constante de calor en la superficie
Tubo circular, laminar (qx=constante):

Temperatura superficial constante
Tubo circular, laminar (Ts=constante):
Flujo laminar en tubos no circulares

Desarrollo del flujo laminar en la regin de
entrada
Placas paralelas isotrmicas
Flujo laminar en tubos no circulares
Desarrollo del flujo laminar en la regin de entrada
132

Tubos lisos
Analoga Chilton-Colburn
Ecuacin de Colburn
n=0,4 para el calentamiento y n=0,3 para el enfriamiento del fluido que fluye por el tubo
*se recomienda el uso del diagrama de Moody tabla A-20

Se mejora exactitud:
Metales lquidos, Ts=constante:
Metales lquidos, qs=constante:

Superficies speras:
Flujo turbulento:
135
,
e
r
s
e
w
y
g
m
e
l
e
e
nxd
x1 x2
Provide three different expressions that can be used to

evaluate h1&2 in terms of (a) the local coefficient at
x " (x1 $ x2)/2, (b) the local coefficients at x1 and x2, and
(c) the average coefficients at x1 and x2. Indicate which of
the expressions is approximate. Considering whether the
flow is laminar, turbulent, or mixed, indicate when it is
appropriate or inappropriate to use each of the equations.
Problems
Problemas a resolver
7.8 A flat plate of width 1 m is maintained at a uniform surface temperature of Ts " 150'C by using independently
controlled, heat-generating rectangular modules of
thickness a " 10 mm and length b " 50 mm. Each
module is insulated from its neighbors, as well as on its
back side. Atmospheric air at 25'C flows over the plate
at a velocity of 30 m/s. The thermophysical properties
of the module are k " 5.2 W/m ! K, cp " 320 J/kg ! K,
and " " 2300 kg/m3.
T = 25C
Insulation
2/24/11
PM
u = 301:51
m/s
y
e
y
Page 488
488
7.67 To augment heat transfer between two flowing fluids, it

is proposed to insert a 100-mm-long, 5-mm-diameter
2024 aluminum pin fin through the wall separating the
two fluids. The pin is inserted to a depth of d into fluid 1.
Fluid 1 is air with a mean temperature of 10!C and
velocity of 10 m/s. Fluid 2 is air with a mean temperature of 40!C and velocity of 3 m/s.
and Do " 10 mm. A s

measure the duct wall
Air
V, T
T = 10C, V = 10 m/s
Air
Module, q
Ts = 150C
a = 10 mm
L = 700 mm
(c) Calculate and plot the temperatures of the bare and

insulated conductors for wind velocities in the
range from 2 to 20 m/s. Comment on features of
the curves and the effect of the wind velocity on the
conductor temperatures.
b=
50 mm
(a) Find the required power generation, q (W/m3), in a

module positioned
mm from the
Chapter 7at !a distance
External700
Flow
leading edge.
(b) Find the maximum temperature Tmax in the heatgenerating module.
7.9 An electric air heater consists of a horizontal array of

thin metal strips that are each 10 mm long in the direc-
D = 5 mm
L = 100 mm
Air
T = 40C, V = 3 m/s
Consider conditi
duct is V " 3 m/s an
temperatures of T1 "
radiation, determine t
for steel, k " 35 W/m
# " 251 % 10#7 N ! s
Pr " 0.686.
7.70 Consider conditions

thermometer of 4(a) Determine the rate of heat transfer from the warm
length L through th
air to theconditions
cool air throughcorresponding
the pin fin for d " 50 to
mm. transition
flow
77!C is flowing. If
5 with the
(b)Reynolds
Plot the variation
of theofheat
rate
numbers
(i)transfer
5 " 10
, (ii) 3 " 105, and
the duct wall is at
insertion distance, d. Does an optimal insertion
conduction heat tran
(iii)
0
(the
flow
is
fully
turbulent).
distance exist?
bulb temperature t
(b)
Plot
the
variation
of
the
average
heat
transfer
coefairstream.
7.68 An uninsulated steam pipe is used to transport high-
ficient hsteam
forto the
threeTheflow
(x) with
temperature
from distance
one building
another.
condi(a) Develop
a relat
the same graph.

Explain
the key features
of
respectively, and values of the coefficients appropriate
7.39 Air on
at atmospheric
pressure
and a temperature
of 25"C
Thethe
plate
square, of
133
to a side, are
withtabulated
a thickness
distributions.
for
timeisinterval
themm
experiments
as
is inthese
parallel
flow at a velocity of 5 m/s over a 1-m-long
of 3.2 mm, and is made from a highly polished
follows:
flat plate that is heated with a uniform heat flux of
7.40 Working in
design and
2 groups of two, our students D
aluminum alloy (! ! 2770 kg/m3, c ! 875 J/kg ! K,
1250 W/m . Assume the flow is fully turbulent over the
perform experiments on forced convection phenomk ! 177 W/m
length of the plate.
Velocity
(m/s)! K).
3
9
ena using the general arrangement shown schemati(a) Determine the heat transfer coefficients for the two
anda
(a) Calculate
plate
surfaceof
temperature,
Ts(L),
cally.
The airthebox
consists
two muffin
fans,
Elapsed Time (s)
300
160
cases, assuming the plate behaves as a spacewise
the local
convection
coefficient,
hx(L), discharging
at the trailplenum
chamber,
and flow
straighteners
a ("C)
56.87
57.00
isothermal object.
ing edge,
x ! L.airstream over the flat test-plate.
a nearly
uniform
b ("C/s)
#0.1472
#0.2641
box
(b) Evaluate
the coefficients C and
(b)
Calculate
the
average
temperature of the plate
objectives
of Air
one
2
#4 m for a correlation
2/24/11 The
1:51
PM Page
494 experiment were to measure the
c ("C/s )
3 $ 10
9 $ 10#4
of the form
.
heat surface,
transferTscoefficient
to compare the results
Slotand
nozzle
d ("C/s3)
#4 $ 10#7
#2 $ 10#6
with
standard
convection
correlations.
The
velocity
(c) Plot the variation of the surface temperature, Ts(x),
#10
m 101/3
e ("C/s4)
2$
1 $ 10#9
NuL ! C Re
Pr
of the
airstream
was
measured
using
a
thermistorAirstream
and the convection coefficient, hx(x), with distance
based
and
used of
to
onanemometer,
the same graph.
Explain
the keywere
features
u, thermocouples
T
Compare this result with a standard flat-plate corre
Test-plate
determine
the temperatures of the airstream and the
The lation.
plate isComment
square, 133
to a side, of
with
thickness
these distributions.
on mm
the goodness
theacomparison
test-plate.
of
3.2
mm,
and
is
made
from
a
highly
polished
Insulation pad
and explain any differences. 3
in
groups
of
two,
our
students
design
and
494 7.40 Working
Chapter
7
!
External
Flow
With the airstream from the box fully stabilized
aluminum alloy (! ! 2770 kg/m , c ! 875 J/kg ! K,
perform
experiments
on
forced
convection
phenom7.41
atmospheric
air at u! ! 2 m/s and T! ! 300 K
kConsider
! 177 W/m
! K).
at T! ! 20"C, an aluminum plate was preheated in
ena using the general arrangement shown schematiin parallel
flowtheover
isothermal
flat plate
a convection oven and quickly mounted in the test(a)
Determine
heatantransfer
coefficients
for of
thelength
two
a chipcally.
of length
4 mm
width of
4 mm
The air
boxand
consists
two located
muffin fans, a
Air
box
L !cases,
1 m and
temperature
T
!
350
K.
plate holder. The subsequent temperature history
s
assuming the plate behaves as a spacewise
120 mmplenum
from the
leadingand
edge.
Because
the board
chamber,
flow
straighteners
discharging
of
the
plate
was
determined
from
thermocouple
Slotobject.
nozzle
(a)
Compute
the
local convection coefficient at the
isothermal
surfacea isnearly
irregular,
the flow
is disturbed
andflat
thetest-plate.
uniform
airstream
over the
measurements,
and
historiesisobtained
for airstream
leading the
andcoefficients
trailing edges
plate
appropriate
convectionof
correlation
ofwere
the to
form
(b) Evaluate
C andofm the
for aheated
correlation
The objectives
one experiment
measure the
Airstream
0.85 of 0.33
velocities
3
and
9
m/s
were
fitted
by
the
following
with
Nux ! heat
0.04 Re
Pr!coefficient
x T(t)
of
the and
formwithout an unheated starting length of
transfer
the results
a. % bt % ct2and
% dtto3 %compare
et 4
u, T
polynomial:
" ! 1 m.
Test-plate
with standard convection correlations. The velocity
m
Nu
!
C
Re
Pr1/3
L
and time
t haveusing
units aofthermistor"C and s,
of temperature
the airstreamT was
measured
xternal
Air FlowThe
Insulation pad
respectively,
and values
the coefficientswere
appropriate
based anemometer,
andofthermocouples
used
to
4 mm
Compare this result with a standard flat-plate correfor
the
time
interval
of
the
experiments
are
tabulated
as
determine
the
temperatures
of
the
airstream
and
the
T
Chip
width 4 mm located
s
lation. Comment on the goodness of the comparison
Air box
test-plate.
e. Because follows:
the
board
and explain any differences.
Slot nozzle
is disturbed and the
With the airstream from the box fully stabilized
ation is of the form
at Tx!=!120
20"C,
plate wasBoard
preheated
in 7.41 Consider atmospheric air at u! ! 2 m/s and T! ! 300 K
mm an aluminum3 Airstream
Velocity
(m/s)
9
T
in parallel flow over an isothermal flat plate of length
a convection oven and quicklyu, mounted
in
the testTest-plate
Elapsed
Time
(s)
300
160
L!
plate holder. The subsequent temperature history
T(t)
!1am
% and
bt %temperature
ct2 % dt 3 % etT4s ! 350 K.
Estimate the surface temperature of the chip, Ts, if its Insulation pad
a of
("C)the plate was determined
56.87 from thermocouple
57.00
(a) Compute the local convection coefficient at the
4 mmdissipation
heat
rate is 30 mW.
T and time
have units
of "Cofand
Ts
Chip
b measurements,
("C/s)
#0.1472
and histories
obtained for#0.2641
airstreamThe temperature
leading
and ttrailing
edges
thes, heated plate
#4
values
the coefficients
appropriate
.39 Air atcatmospheric
of
velocities
3 and 9and
m/sa3temperature
were
by 25"C
the 9following
("C/s2) ofpressure
$ 10fitted
$ 10#4respectively, and
with
andofwithout
an unheated
starting length of
for
the
time
interval
of
the
experiments
are
tabulated
as
is in parallel
3flow at a velocity of 5 m/s over
#7 a 1-m-long
#6
Board
polynomial:
" ! 1 m.
d ("C/s )
#4 $ 10
#2 $ 10
follows:
flat plate that
heat flux of
4 is heated with a uniform#10
e ("C/s
2 $turbulent
10 2 over
1 $ 10#9
2 )
3
4
1250 W/m
. Assume the flow is fully
the
Conveccin Natural
Mecanismos fsico de la conveccin natural

Ecuacin del movimiento y el nmero de Grashof
Conveccin natural sobre superficies
Conveccin natural desde superficies con aletas y PCB
Conveccin natural y forzada combinadas
Mecanismos fsicos de la conveccin

Corriente de Conveccin Natural. El
movimiento que resulta del reemplazo

continuo del aire calentado que est en
la vecindad de la superficie por el aire
ms fro cercano.
Transferencia de Calor por Conveccin
Natural. Transferencia mejorada por la

corriente de conveccin natural.
Mecanismos fsicos de la conveccin

Coeficiente de expansin volumtrica . Propiedad que proporciona
informacin sobre la variacin de la densidad de un fluido con la

temperatura a presin constante.
A una distancia donde los efectos de la superficies ya no se siente se
expresa:
{
Par un gas Ideal:
Ecuacin del Movimiento y el nmero de

Grashof
Ecuacin de la cantidad de movimiento en

direccin x.
Adimensionalmente.
Ecuacin del Movimiento y el nmero de

Grashof
Nmero de Grashof:
g: aceleracin gravitacional, m/s2

: coeficiente de expansin volumtrica, 1/K (=1/
T para los gases ideales)
Ts: temperatura de la superficie, C
T: temperatura del flujo suficientemente lejos
de la superficie, C.
Lc: longitud caracterstica de la configuracin
geomtrica, m
v: viscosidad cinemtica del fluido, m2/s
El nmero de Grashof, es adimensional y

representa la razn entre la fuerza de empuje y
la fuerza viscosa que actan sobre el fluido
Conveccin Natural sobre Superficies

Nmero de Nusselt:
RaL, nmero de Rayleigh, el cual es producto de los nmeros de Grashof

y de Prandtl:
C y n dependen de la configuracin geomtrica de la superficie y del

rgimen de flujo. Laminar y 1/3 Turbulento y C > 1
Las propiedades del fluido deben evaluarse a la temperatura de
pelcula

Placas Verticales (Ts = constante):

Placas Verticales (qs = constante):
Cilindros Verticales
Placas inclinadas

Placas Horizontales :
Cilindros horizontales y esferas
Conveccin Natural desde superficies con aletas

y PCB
Enfriamiento por conveccin natural de

superficies con aletas (Ts = constante)
Velocidad de transferencia de calor por

conveccin natural desde las aletas.
l
Todas las
propiedades del
fluido se evalan
a Tave
Conveccin Natural desde superficies con aletas

y PCB
Enfriamiento por conveccin natural de

superficies con aletas (qs = constante)
Velocidad de transferencia de calor por

conveccin natural desde las aletas.
TL:
l
Todas las propiedades del

fluido se evalan a Tave
Conveccin Natural dentro de recintos cerrados

El nmero de Rayleigh
C o n d u c t i v i d a d t r m i c a
efectiva
kl

R e c i n t o s c e r r a d o s
rectangulares
kl

Recintos cerrados rectangulares inclinados
kl

Recintos cerrados rectangulares verticales
kl


Cilindro concntricos
kl


Esferas concntricas
Si entonces
kl

Conveccin Natural y radiacin combinadas

Velocidad de Transferencia de calor
kl
Conveccin Natural y Forzada Combinadas

Velocidad de Transferencia de calor
3 n 4
Conveccin Natural y Forzada Combinadas

La conveccin natural puede ayudar o perjudicar a la transferencia
de calor por conveccin forzada, dependiendo de las direcciones
relativas de los movimientos inducido por flotacin y la conveccin
forzada:
1. En el flujo de apoyo el movimiento de flotacin tiene la misma
direccin que el movimiento forzado. Mejora la transferencia de
calor.
2. Flujo en Oposicin la direccin del movimiento de flotacin es
opuesta al a del movimiento forzado.
3. Flujo transversal. El movimiento de flotacin es perpendicular al

movimiento forzado. Mejora el mezclado del fluido y la
transferencia de calor.
for which the mean air

temperature is 70$C, determine the heat loss per
that
horizontal tube,
unit the
ductcoiled
lengthtube
andapproximates
the duct wallatemperature.
The
and
thesurface
biological
fluid
has the thermophysical
ductthat
outer
has an
emissivity
of 0.5.
(b) properties
If the ductofis water.
wrapped with a 25-mm-thick layer of
85% magnesia insulation (k ! 0.050 W/m ! K) havBiological
ing a surface emissivity
of ! ! 0.60, what are the
fluid
! Problems
duct wall temperature, the outerT surface temperam,o
m = 0.02 kg/s
ture, and the heat loss per unit length?
9.qxd
a
om
ef-
40,
fi-
us
ng
xierfor
are
tuon.a
diom
ate
ef-
er,
40,
uct
fi-
(a) At a3:16
location
in the643
duct
2/24/11
PM Page
and may be assumed to have constant properties of

# ! 1100 kg/m3, c ! 2000 J/kg ! K, k ! 0.25 W/m ! K,
$ ! 4.0 " 10#6 m2/s, Pr ! 10, and % ! 0.002 K#1. The
thermal resistances of the condensing steam and tube
wall may be neglected.
Saturated
steam, psat
Tm,i = 25C
9.72 A biological fluid moves at a flow rate of m !Water

0.02bath
kg/s
Steel5-mm-diameter
rod,
through a coiled, thin-walled,
tube subT
= 50C
merged in a large water bath maintained at 50$C.
The
fluid enters the tube at 25$C.
Thin-walled tube,
(a) Estimate the length of the tube and theD number

= 5 mm of
T
coilsurturns required to provide
of
Air, T an exit temperature
643
Tm,o ! 38$C for the biological fluid. Assume that
the(a)water
bath is an extensive, quiescent medium,
Assuming the linear motion of the rod to have a
that thenegligible
coiled tube
approximates
a horizontal
tube,
effect
on convection
heat transfer
from
Dc = fluidthe
and that
biological
has
the thermophysical
its the
surface,
determine
average
convection coef200
mmof the transport process.
ficient
the
start
properties
ofatwater.
643
that the coiled tube approximatesCoiled

a horizontal
tubing tube,
L, D
and that the biological fluid has the
thermophysical
properties of water.
Quiescent
liquid, T (t)
Biological
fluid
Tm,o
m = 0.02 kg/s
Tm,i = 25C
Containment vessel, V
InsulationWater bath
T = 50C
Thin-walled tube,
D = 5 mm
(b) If the surface emissivity of the rod is ! ! 0.40,
Biological
(b) The flow
through
theradiation
tube is heat
controlled
a
whatrate
is the
effective
transferby
coeffifluid pump that experiences throughput variations of
cient at the start of the transport process?
m,o
approximately %10% at any oneTsetting.
This conm = 0.02 kg/s (c) Assuming a constant cumulative (radiation plus
is of concern
to transfer
the project
engineer
because
Tm,i = 25C dition convection)
heat
coefficient
corresponding
the corresponding
variation
the(b),
exit
temperature
to the results of
parts (a)ofand
what
is thebath
maxiWater
of themum
biological
fluid
could
influence
the
downallowable conveyor transit time, if the centerT = 50C
temperature
the rod must
exceed
900
K for
streamline
process.
Whatofvariation
would
you
expect
of the steel are
in Tm,othe
m ?
for forming
a %10%operation?
change inProperties
#6
Thin-walled
k ! 25 W/m ! K and " ! 5.2 " 10
m2/s. tube,
mm
9.73 Consider a batch process in which 200 L ofD a= 5pharma(d)
Heat
transfer
by
convection
and
radiation
are actuceutical are heated from 25$C to 70$C by saturated
ally decreasing during the transfer operation.
steam condensing at 2.455 bars as it flows through a
Dc =
200 mm
(b) The flow rate through the tube is controlled by a

pump that experiences throughput variations of
approximately %10% at any one setting. This condition is of concern to the project engineer because
the corresponding variation of the exit temperature
of the biological fluid could influence the down-
of aare
transparent
and an absorber plate that
separatedcover
by an plate
air gap.
#C for
are
separated
by
an
air
gap.
Absorber
or
air is
plate, T1
Absorber
is
mini-CH009.qxd
2/24/11 3:16 PM Page 648
plate, T1
ni- air
L
Hot water supply
mm
Solar
L
Hot
water
supply
air
irradiation
Solar
irradiation
er plate
ate
Ts
H
Cover
648
plate, T2
onduc-Cover
9.98
A
solar
water
plate, T2
ckness
Ts for
#C
or for
onvecair is
ccover
minier
e?
mm air
on the
he
mperaa- Is
mm.
er plate
Is
Ts
Storage
tank
Storage
tank
Chapter 9
Back-up
heater
Back-up
heater
Free Convection
heater consists of a flat-plate collector

that is coupled to a storage tank. The collector consists
(b) Comment
on plate
the validity
neglectingplate
the conducof a transparent
cover
and anofabsorber
that
Cold
water
return
tion
resistance
of
the
panes
if
each
is
of
thickness
are separated by an air gap.
Cold water return
Lp ! 6 mm.
Absorber
Although much of the solar energy collected by the
T1 much
plate,9.96
The
topofis
surface
(0.5 m
"
m)
of an fluid
oven
is
Although
the
solar
energy
collected
by passing
the60#C for
absorber
plate
transferred
to 0.5
a working
a particular
operating
room air is
absorber plate
is transferred
to acondition
working when
fluid the
passing
through a coiled
thewater
absorber,
L tube brazed to the back of
Hot
supply
Solar
23#C.
To
reduce
heat
loss
from
the
oven
minithrough
a
coiled
tube
brazed
to
the
back
of
the
absorber,
some of the energy is lost by free convectionand
andtonet
irradiation
burn hazard,
it isfree
proposed
to create
50-mm air
some
of themize
energy
lost by
convection
anda net
radiation
transferisacross
the air gap.
In Chapter
13, we
space by adding a cover plate.
radiation
transfer the
across
the air gap.
Chapterexchange
13, we to
will evaluate
contribution
of In
radiation
Air space Back-up
Storage
willthis
evaluate
the
contribution
of
radiation
exchange
tofree
H now, we restrict our attention to the
loss.
For
Quiescent
heater
tank 50 mm
Cover plate
T
s
this convection
loss. Forair now,
we restrict
our attention to the free
effect.
Cover
convection
effect. a collector that is inclined at an angle ofTs
T(a)
plate,
2
Consider
he air
air
Insulation
e-pane
(a) Consider
aOven
collector
that is inclined
ne
! ! 60#
and has dimensions
of Hat!anw angle
! 2 mofon a
0.5 m
interior
!
!
60#
and
has
dimensions
of
H
!
w
!
2
m absorber
on a
m are
side, with an air gap of L ! 30 mm. If the
at
Cold
water return
side,and
with
an air
gap of
! T30
mm. If the
absorber
re
cover
plates
areL at
en,
20
Ts for
1 ! 70#C and T2 ! 30#C,
(a)
Assuming
the
same
oven
surface
temperature
Ts for
and respectively,
cover plates what
are atis Tthe
70#C
and transfer
T2 ! 30#C,
20
rate
of heat
by free
1!
height
onvecAlthough
much
of
the
solar
energy
collected
by
the
both
situations,
estimate
the
reductionby
in free
the convecrespectively,
what
is the absorber
rate
of heat
transfer
ht
convection
from
plate?
orm
covera
absorber
plate
is
transferred
to
a
working
fluid
passing
tion
heat
loss
resulting
from
installation
of
the cover
convection
from
the
absorber
plate?depends on the
me?
aopen
(b)
The
heat
loss
by
free
convection
spacplate. What
is the temperature
thethe
cover
plate?
through a coiled
tube brazed
to the backofof
absorber,
en
rmine
(b)
The
heat
loss
by
free
convection
depends
on
the
spacing
between
the
plates.
Compute
and
plot
the
on the
some of(b)theExplore
energytheiseffect
lost by
freecover
convection
andheat
net
of the
plate spacing
on the
neinner
ing
between
the
plates.
Compute
and
plot
the
heat
loss
as
a
function
of
spacing
for
5
$
L
$
50
mm.
Is
mperaradiation transfer
across
theloss
airand
gap.theIncover
Chapter
13,
we
convection
heat
plate
temperaer
pane,
loss
as
a
function
of
spacing
for
5
$
L
$
50
mm.
Is
anture
optimum
spacing?
mm. Is
forcontribution
spacings
in the
range 5 $exchange
L $ 50 mm.
will there
evaluate
the
of radiation
to Is
ne,
in the
there
an
optimum
spacing?
there
an
optimum
spacing?
this loss. For now, we restrict our attention to the free
nhewhy
convection
effect.window blinds that are installed in the air
9.97 Consider
he
air Concentric
hy
Cylinders
and Spheres
ection
space
between
the
two
panes
of a vertical
(a)
Consider
a
collector
that
is inclined
at an double-pane
angle of
Concentric
Cylinders
and
Spheres
e-pane
on
9.98 A solar water heater consists of a flat-plate collector

that is coupled to a storage tank. The collector consists
of a transparent cover plate and an absorber plate that
are separated by an air gap.
Absorber
plate, T1
Solar
irradiation
H
Cover
plate, T2
Hot water supply
Storage
tank
Back-up
heater
Cold water return
Although much of the solar energy collected by the

absorber plate is transferred to a working fluid passing
through a coiled tube brazed to the back of the absorber,
some of the energy is lost by free convection and net
radiation transfer across the air gap. In Chapter 13, we
will evaluate the contribution of radiation exchange to
this loss. For now, we restrict our attention to the free
convection effect.
(a) Consider a collector that is inclined at an angle of

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Resumen

Msc. Ing. Khriscia Utria

La velocidad de la conduccin del calor en una direccin especfica es proporcional al gradiente de

temperatura, el cual es el cambio en la temperatura por unidad de longitud en esa direccin.

Medio Tridimensional, T(x,y,z,t)

Conduccin Estable T= C, en el tiempo

Conduccin no estable o transitoria, T vara con el tiempo

Conduccin Unidimensional, conduccin significativa en una direccin y despreciable en las otras.

energa trmica de partculas ms

Transferencia de Calor (cantidad

Transferencia de calor por Conduccin

Ecuacin Unidimensional de la conduccin de calor

k : conductividad trmica, medida de

Ecuacin general de la conduccin de

Ecuacin general de la conduccin de

Ecuacin general de la conduccin de

Ecuacin general de la conduccin de

condiciones trmicas en la frontera.

Necesarias para complementar la ecuacin diferencial del

Donde T1 y T2 son las temperaturas especficas en las superficies en

Condicin de Frontera de flujo

de calor, flujo de calor.

Condicin de Frontera de flujo

Condicin de Frontera de flujo

Sobre una superficie aislada, la primera derivada de la temperatura con

Condicin de Frontera de flujo

Condicin de conveccin de frontera

Para la transferencia de calor unidimensional en la direccin X,

Condicin de conveccin de frontera

Condicin de radiacin de frontera

Conduccin de Calor Conveccin de Calor

Para la transferencia de calor unidimensional en la direccin X, en una

Condicin de radiacin de frontera

una interfase se basan en los

Los dos cuerpos en contacto

Una interfase (que es una

en todos los mod os

Generacin de Calor en un slido

Generacin de Calor en un slido

Conductividad trmica Variable, k(T)

Velocidad de la transferencia de calor:

CONDUCCIN DE CALOR EN ESTADO

Conduccin de calor en estado estable

para la operacin estacionaria

Conduccin de calor en estado estable

Conduccin de calor en estado estable

Conduccin de calor en estado estable

Conduccin de calor en estado estable en

Conduccin de calor en estado estable en

Conduccin de calor en estado estable en

Conduccin de calor en estado estable en

Conduccin de calor en estado estable en

hacia la pared a travs de la pared desdela pared

Conduccin de calor en estado estable en

Conduccin de calor en estado estable en

hacia la pared a travs de la pared desdela pared

Red de resistencias trmicas

La rapidez de la transferencia de calor estacionaria

REDES GENERALIZADAS DE RESISTENCIAS

REDES GENERALIZADAS DE RESISTENCIAS

Conduccin del Calor en Cilindros y

Conduccin del Calor en Cilindros y

Cilindros y esferas con capas mltiples