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Cm n s ng h ca cc bn!
11
Ozon
15
Amoniac
17
Nit ioxyt
19
22
Hyrosunfua
26
29
33
Axit Clohydric
35
Axit Sunfuric
37
Hi kim
39
Benzen
41
Naphtalen
44
Metanol
47
Focmaldehyt
49
Phenol
51
Axeton
53
Este
55
Xng
58
Trinitro Toluen
60
62
66
Anhydrit Aseno
69
Asin (AsH3)
71
Thu ngn
73
Km
75
Anhydrit - Cromic
78
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80
Mangan
83
Antimon
86
Nicotin
89
Ho cht tr su
91
94
95
99
103
107
Hm lng st
109
113
Oxy ho
115
pH
117
121
Xc nh trong Dienert
123
Xc nh hm lng Sunfat
124
kim
127
129
133
136
140
142
146
150
dn in
154
155
157
159
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Phn I.
c cht hc cng nghip
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A. Phng php ly mu
1.Trc ht cn phi iu tra ni pht sinh ra hi kh c u? Trng thi tn ti
ca cht c dng no: kh, hi, kh dung hoc bi. Ngun hi kh sinh ra khu no:
nguyn liu, thnh phm, cht trung gian, hoc tp cht gy nn.
2. V tr ly mu
Ly mu mi trng lao ng, cn ly mu ngang tm h hp ngi tip xc. Cn
t my ht theo chiu h hp ca cng nhn (xui) hoc ngang tm h hp nhng thng gc
vi hng cht c bay ra (trnh ngc chiu).
Ni ly mu: gia khu vc cht c bay ra, ni i li cng nhn lm, trnh h thng
thng hi ca s.
- Khong cch 10m, 15m, hoc 100m, xt thy cn xc nh mc nhim do ngun
chnh gy ra.
Mi ni ly mu: nn ly hai mu song song cch nhau 20cm - Vic xc nh cc yu
t vi kh hu, cn thc hin ng thi qu trnh ly mu.
3. Nguyn tc ly mu
a. Bm khng kh c cht c vo trong mt dng c cha c th tch nht nh. l
k thut n gin.
b. Ht khng kh c cht c qua dng c gi li (phin lc hay ng hp th) phn
khng kh sch c i qua, phn c gi li.
4. K thut ly mu:
a. Bng dng c cha:
Ngi ta bm khng kh ti hin trng vo cc chai ly mu, gaz pipet. em v
phng th nghim a vo my nh Osrat, sc k kh phn tch.
b. Bng ng hp th:
ng hp th thng c dung tch 10ml, 25ml hoc 100ml, c hoc khng c mng
xp. Trong ng hp th cha mt lng (ml) dung dch hp th nht nh. Ht khng kh qua
dung dch hp th vi mt tc nht nh (F), o bng lu lng k. Th tch khng kh cn
ly (V) c tnh theo cng thc:
V = F. T
thu c th tch cn phi c ng h bm giy o T (pht). Cng thc trn
c tnh:
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M
= mg/l
V
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I
= 10-KCL l truyn nh sng
Io
I0
CKI = A
I
A: l mt quang hc
hcmcitygroup.com
C=
y:
P1V1 (273)
= lt
(273 + t1 )760
Trong :
- P1: p sut ta ni ly mu (mmHg)
- t1: Nhit ni ly mu (0C)
- V1: th tch khng kh ni ly mu ti t1, p1 (l)
2. Bin i cc nng :
Ngi ta c th bin din nng trong khng kh l mg/l hoc mg/m3v % hoc
PPM.
a. Bin i nng C mg/l ra nng %:
B% =
22,4 xCmg / l
Wmx10
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Cmg / lx 22.400
Wm
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Cacbon oxyt
(Tiu chun ngnh 52TCn 352 - 89)
I. Nguyn tc:
Khi cacbon oxyt tc dng vi Paladi clorua to thnh Paladi kim loi:
CO + PdCl2 + H2O = CO2 + 2 HCL + Pd
Cho thuc th Folinxiocant vi Paladi, thuc th s b kh chuyn mu vng thnh
mu xanh.
2H3PO4 .10MoO3 + 4HCL + 2Pd = 2PdCl2 +2 H2O +
Da vo phn ng trn, phn tch cacbon oxyt bng phng php so mu hoc trc
quang.
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100g
25 g
25g
- Nc ct
700ml
100ml
50ml
150 g
- Nc ct:
50ml
- Brm:
2 git
un si thm 15 pht na (b ng sinh hn) loi cht Brm tha. ngui cho
nc ct va 1 lt. Gi li trong chai nu.
V. Cch tin hnh:
1. Chun b mu th:
Cho vo bnh mt lt (c vi thy tinh hoc kho vn): dung dch paladi clorua 1%
1ml. y nt k, ht chn khng, gn nt kn bng Parafin.
Mang bnh ti ni ly mu, m vi ly mu. Song song hai bnh cng mt lc. Kho
vi, lc, tip xc 4 gi.
10
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Chai s
1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Hm lng CO (mg)
0,0314
0,0628
0,0942
0,1256
0,157
Dung dch
a vo chai mt lng Cacbon oxyt tha kh ht Paladi clorua trong bnh cu.
Cacbon oxyt c iu ch bng cch un axit Focmic vi axit sunfuaric c
HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2O
y nt li. tip xc trong 4 gi, thnh thong lc trnh cho kt ta en dnh ln
thnh bnh. em un cch thy 5 pht, bm khng kh sch vo ui ht kh Cacbon oxyt
tha, cho thm dung dch Paladi clorua 1% vo cho 1ml (0,8 - 0,6 - 0,4 - 0,2 - 0,0). Ly
thm mt bnh na v cho vo 1ml dung dch Paladi clorua 1%.
Cho vo bnh 1,5ml dung dch thuc th Folanh xiocant, trn u un cch thy 30
pht, trn mi bnh mt phu con thc hin nh iu 3 (cch xc nh v xy dng mt
th mu).
3. Cc xc nh:
Bnh ng mu tip xc vi dung dch Paldi clorua 1% trong 4 gi, cho thm vo
1,5ml thuc th Folinxiocant. Lc u ng thi lm mt mu trng: cho vo bnh khc 1ml
dung dch Paladi clorua 1%, 1,5 ml thuc th Folin xiocant.
un cch thy 30 pht, trn mi bnh c mt ci phu con, gi cho khi b cn. Thnh
thong lc cho tan ht ta. ngui, dn qua hai ng tr c ngn 50ml. Ra v trng bng 20
25 ml nc ct, c vo ng ong.
Cho thm vo mi ng 10ml dung dch Natri cacbonat 20% v nc ct va 50ml .
Trn u, lc.
Sau 10-15 pht, soi bng my quang k, dng knh lc mu (s 65) bc sng
max = 650 nanomet, n 680 nanomet cng thy tinh dy 1cm. S c c my quang k
i chiu vi th mu tnh nng cacbonoxyt.
11
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a
V
Trong :
a: Hm lng cacbon oxyt i chiu vi th mu hoc so mu vi thang mu tnh
bng mg
V: Th tch chai tnh bng lt.
12
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Cacbon dioxyt
(Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN 353 - 89)
Phng php hp th bng baryt
I. Nguyn tc:
Cacbon dioxyt tc dng vi Baryhydroxyt to thnh ta Bary cacbonat:
CO2 + Ba (OH)2 = BaCO3 + H2O
Da vo nguyn tc trn, cho khng kh c cacbondioxyt tc dng vi mt lng
Baryhydroxyt, chun li lng Bary hydroxyt tha bng axit oxalic
Ba(OH)2 + HOOC -COOH = Ba (COO2) + H2O
Bit c lng Bary hydroxyt tha s tnh c lng Bary hydroxyt z tc dng v
do tnh c nng cacbon dioxyt trong khng kh.
II. Quy nh chung:
- Ho cht theo TCVN 1058-78
- Nc ct theo TCVN 2117-77
- Cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,1mg
- chnh xc ca phng php 0,1%, sai s cho php trong phm v 5%
III. Dng c ho cht:
1. Dng c:
Chai 1000, 500ml nt thy tinh (ra sch ngm vo dung dch sunfocromic 5 gi, sau
ra li, trng nc ct, sy kh, ngui v y nt ngay). Bm cao su 100ml, Buret 25ml,
pipet 5, 10, 20ml.
2. Ho cht:
- Bary hydroxyt Ba (OH)2 . 2H2O
- Bary clorua
- Axit oxalic (H2C2O4.2H2O)
- Phenolphatlein
IV. Chun b dung dch thuc th:
1. Dung dch Baryt:
Cn Bary hydroxyt Ba (OH)2 . 2H2O: 1,40g
Bary clorua: 0,08g
Pha trong nc ct, thm vo va 1000ml
13
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( N n).0,1.b.1000
a (V v)
Trong :
V: Th tch chai (ml)
v: Th tch dung dch Baryt cho vo chai (ml)
a: Th tch dung dch Baryt z hp th cacbon dioxyt em chun (10ml)
b: Th tch dung dch Baryt cho vo chai (20ml)
N: th tch dung dch axit oxalic em chun 10ml dung dch Baryt i chng
n: Th tch dung dch axit oxalic em chun 10ml dung dch Baryt phn tch
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I. Nguyn tc:
Cacbon dioxyt hp th vo dung dch Bary saccharat, sau chun li lng tha
ca dung dch hp th bng axit oxalic. T tnh ra nng cacbon dioxyt trong khng kh.
II. Quy nh chung:
Theo mc II (phng php trn)
III. Dng c v ho cht:
1. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh:
- Lu lng k: 0-2,5 lt/pht (chia vch)
- ng hp th kiu Gelman-Buret 25ml
- Piper 5,10 v 20ml
- Bnh nn 100ml
2.
Ha cht:
- Bary hydroxyt Ba(OH)2 . 2H2O
- Axit oxalic
- Saccharose
- Phenolphtalein
15
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( N n) x1x1000
V
Trong :
N:Th tch dung dch axit oxalic em chun 20ml dung dch Baryt sacchrat ban u
(ml)
n: Th tch dung dch axit oxalic em chun dung dch Bary sacchrat z hp th
cacbon dioxyt (ml)
V: Th tch khng kh ht (ml ) tnh iu kin tiu chun (00C, 760mmHg)
16
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Ozon
I. Nguyn tc
Phng php da vo s hp th ozon bng Kali iodua:
O3 + 2KI +H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2
v xc nh bng so mu, do iot sinh ra tc dng vi Dimetyl p-phenylendiamin thnh mu
hng.
nhy ca phng php 0,1mg/m3. Nng gii hn cho php ca ozon trong khng
kh 0,1mg/m3.
Cc oxyt nit v cht oxy ho gy tr gi vic xc nh ny.
II. Dng c v ho cht:
1. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh, lu lng k
- ng hp th mng xp
- ng so mu 120 x 15mm
- Bnh nh mc dung tch 25:50 v 100ml
- Cc pipet 1; 2; 5 v 10ml c chia vch tng ng vi 0,01, 0,02, 0,05 v 0,1ml.
2. Ho cht v thuc th:
- Dung dch Kali iodua 1%
- Dung dch Dimetyl p - phenylendiamin clohydrat 0,02%. Cn 0,02 ho cht ho tan
vo 100ml nc ct.
- Dung dch Iot 0,01N (chnh xc)
- Dung dch tiu chun.
Ly 10ml dung dch Iot 0,01N cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 50ml v thm vo
dung dch Kali iodua 1% cho n vch. C 1ml dung dch ny cha 0,254 mg Iot
Pha lozng ra bng dung dch Kali iodua c dung dch 1ml = 0,01mg iot. Dung dch
tiu chun ny pha ngay khi phn tch.
III. K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu:
Ht 10 lt khng kh cn xc nh qua ng hp th mng xp c cha 10ml dung dch
Kali iodua 1%, tc ht 1 lt/min.
2. Lp thang mu:
Tin hnh nh sau:
17
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S ng
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DD KI 1% (ml)
4,8
4,6
4,4
4,2
4,0
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
1,0
0,4
0,75
1,15
1,5
1,9
DD (ml)
3. Phn tch:
Ly 5ml dung dch hp th cho vo ng so mu, thm vo 0,5ml dung dch Dimetyl pphenylendiamin v lc. yn ch ln mu. Sau 15 pht em so snh vi thang mu, tin
hnh ng thi.
IV. Tnh kt qu:
Hm lng ozon (x) trong khng kh tnh theo mg/l
X=
a.b
1
c.Vo 1000
Trong :
a: lng ozon tng ng ng thang mu (mcg)
b: Th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht, tnh v iu kin tiu chun (lt)
1
h s chuyn t
1000
mcg ra mg.
18
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Amoniac
I. Nguyn tc:
Khi cho amoniac tc dng vi thuc th Nessler c mt hp cht mu vng v nu
nng Amoniac cao th s c mu nu c, theo phn ng sau:
2K2(HgI4) + 3KOH + NH4OH (OHg2)NH2I +7KI +3H2O
nhy ca phng php l 0,001 mg trong 10ml ung dch. Phng php ny b
Hydrosunfua v Fomaldehyt gy tr ngi.
II. Dng c:
- Bnh ht
- ng hp th
- Pipet 1ml, 5ml, 10ml
- ng nghim so mu
III. Thuc th:
- Nc ct pha thuc th khng c c amoniac, phi kim tra trc khi dng.
- Dung dch hp th: dung dch hp th axit Sunfuaric N/100
- Dung dch tiu chun: 1ml dung dch cha 0,02mg amoniac. Cn 0,3142g
Amoniclorua thng hoa cho vo bnh cu 100ml, thm nc ct va 100ml. 1ml dung dch
ny cha 1mg NH3. Sau ly 2ml cho vo bnh cu 100ml, thm nc ct va 100ml ta
c dung dch 1ml cha 0,02 mg amoniac.
- Thuc th Nessler:
Trong bnh cu 1, dung tch 100ml cho 17g thu ngn II clorua, thm nc ct cho
100ml.
Trong bnh cu 2, dung tch 100ml cho 35g Kali Iodua, thm nc ct cho 100ml.
Sau dung dch bnh hai vo ng ong 1 lt ri dung dch bnh 1 vo t t n khi
c 1 kt ta khng tan dng li. Cho thm 60ml dung dch Natri hydroxyt 20%. Cui cng
ht dung dch trong bnh cu 1 vo. yn 24 gi, ri gn lp nc trong trn ra cho vo
chai nu bo qun.
Dung dch phi trong v c mu vng nht hoc khng mu.
IV. K thut:
1. Ly mu: Cho vo ng hp th 5ml dung dch hp th. Ly 5lt khng kh.
2. Pha thang mu:
Ly 10 ng nghim cng c lm theo bng
19
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0.1
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.00
2.5
Nc ct ml
4.9
4.75
4.5
4.25
4.0
3.75
3.5
3.00
2.5
Thuc
th
Nessler (git)
Hm
lng
amoniac (mg)
0.002
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.040
0.050
DD (ml
a.b
= mg/l
c.V
0
Trong :
a: hm lng amoniac trong ng thang mu (mg)
b: Tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (lit)
Nng cho php ca NH3 trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,020mg/l.
20
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Nito Dioxyt
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php o mu da trn phn ng ca axit nit (HNO2) vi thuc th GriessIlesvay cho mt hp cht mu hng.
Trc ht Nit dioxyt c hp th vo dung dch Natri hydroxyt, sau thm axit
axetic chuyn thnh axit Nit
2NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O
NaNO2 + CH3COOH HNO2 +CH3COONa
Axit Nit tc dng vi axit Sunfanilic v -naphtylamin cho hp cht azoic mu
hng.
SOn H
3
C6H4
\ NH 2
/
+ NaNO2 + CH3COOH
C H / SO3Na
6 4 \ N =N
/ SO Na
3 CH3COO- + 2H2O
C6H4
\
N
=
N
CH3COO- + C10H7NH2
Naphtyla min
[C H
6
/ SO3Na
\ N =N C10H 6 NH 2
CH3COOH
Hp cht mu hng
21
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S ng
DD (ml
DD.
tiu
chun 1ml
= 0,005mg
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
NO2
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.6
2.0
Nc ct
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.4
2.0
22
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th
Thuc
Griess
th
Hm lng
NO2(mg)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.015
0.016
0.017
Trong :
a: hm lng NO2 trong ng thang mu (mg)
b: Tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (lt)
Nng cho php ca NO2 trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,005mg/l
23
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Clo
(TCVN 4877-89)
I. Nguyn tc:
Clo oxy ho Orthor-Tolidin cho mt hn hp mu vng. Cn c vo cng mu, c
th nh lng clo bng phng php so mu mt thng hoc so mu bng quang k bc
sng 620nm. nhy ca phng php t 0,0003mg Clo.
II. Dng c v ho cht:
1.Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th 25ml kiu Gelman
- Chai ng dung dch 1000ml v 500ml
- Bnh nn 200ml
- ng nghim 10ml, di 120mm
- Pipet 1ml c chia n 0,01ml
- Pipet 3ml c chia n 0,05ml
- Bnh nh mc 100ml
2. Ho cht:
- Cloramin B
- Kali Iodua
- Axit axetic bng
- Natri thiosunfat
- Axit clohydric (d = 1,18)
- Axit sunfuric (d = 1,84)
- Tinh bt ho tan
- Orthor - Tolidin
- ng sunfat (CuSO4.2H2O)
- Kali dicromat
III. Chun b dung dch thuc th:
Dung dch chun:
1. Dung dch Cloramin B
Cn 5g Cloramin B, ho tan trong 100ml nc ct.
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3,55.n
10
Trong :
3,55: Clo tng ng 1ml dung dch Natri thiosunfat 0,1N em chun
n: S ml dung dch Natri thiosunfat 0,1N z dng
10: S ml dung dch Cloramin B cho vo bnh nn em chun
2. Pha dung dch chun:
iu chnh dung dch c 1ml cha 1mg Clo. Sau pha tht ng 1ml c 0,010 mg
Clo. Mi khi phn tch phi pha v nh lng li.
3. Dung dch Orthor Tolidin
- Dung dch c:
Cho 0,1g Orthor- tolidin v 10ml axit clohydric c (d = 1,18) vo bnh nh mc
dung dch 100ml. Lc u, sau thm nc ct va 100ml.
4.Dung dch hp th:
Pha lozng dung dch trn ra 10 ln
5. Dung dch ng sunfat:
Cn 1,5g ng sunfat (CuSO4.5H2O) cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100ml, thm
mt t nc ct ri cho mt git axit Sunfuric c (d=1,84). Lc thm nc ct va 100ml.
6. Dung dch Kalidicoromat:
Cn 0,25g Kali dicromat cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100ml. Thm t nc ct.
Lc cho tan. Thm nc ct cho 100ml (dung dch a). T dung dch A pha thnh 2 dung
dch;
- Dung dch 1: t dung dch A pha lozng ra 5 ln
- Dung dch 2: T dung dch A pha lozng ra 10 ln
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0.03
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
2.97
2.95
2.92
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.70
2.60
2.50
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.2
0.3
0.6
1.2
2.0
2.8
1.3
2.4
2.7
DD (ml
DD.
dicromat 2
DD.
dicromat 1
DD. ng
Sunfat
0.01
0.02
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
Nc ct
2.79
2.68
2.2
1.6
0.8
0.0
0.9
0.3
0.0
Hm lng
Clo mg
0.001
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a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng Clo tng ng vi thang mu (nhn to) hoc ng mu (mg)
b: Tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht iu kin tiu chun (lit)
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Hydrosunfua
I. Nguyn tc:
Hi H2S c hp th vo dung dch Cadimi Sunfat, cho tc dng vi dung dch pamino dimetyl anilin vi s c mt ca FeCl3 trong mi trng axit cho mu xanh metylen
H2S + 2
[NH C H
2
/N\
(CH3)2 NC6H 3 \ S
C6 H 3 N (CH 3 ) 2 Cl
Xanh metylen
Theo cng mu, ta c th nh lng H2S c mt trong khng kh bng phng
php so mu.
nhy ca phng php t 0,25mcg
Nng gii hn ca H2S trong khng kh vng lm vic 0,010mg/l
II. Dng c ho cht:
1.Dng c:
- Buret, pipet, ng nghim
- ng hp th Gelman
- Chai ng dung dch:
- My ly mu khng kh
2. Ho cht:
- Dung dch axit sunfuric 0,5N
- Dung dch axit clohydric 6N
- Dung dch Iot 0,1N
- Dung dch Natrithiosunfat 0,1N
- Dung dch hp th: cn 2,5 Cadmisunfat pha vo 500ml dung dch axit sunfuric 0,5N
- Dung dch H2S tiu chun
Ly vi git (NH4)2Sx (amonsunfua) va pha cho vo bnh nn, thm 20ml dung dch
Iot 0,1N v 2ml axit clohydric 6N, yn trong ti 5 pht. Dng Natrithiosunfat 0,1N chun
, c s liu n.
Tin hnh mu trng: ly 5ml dung dch hp th cho vo bnh nn, thm 20ml dung
dch Iot 0,1N v 2ml dung dch axit clohydric 6N. yn trong ti 5 pht. Dng Natri
thiosunfat 0,1N chun , vi ch th l h tinh bt. Ta c s liu n.
Tnh lng H2S
( N n) m
= mg H2S Trong 1 ml dung dch
V
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0.025
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
DD hp th
2.975
2.95
2.9
2.8
2.6
2.4
0.5
0.5
0.05
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.00025
0.005
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.006
D.D
paminodimetylamin
Hm
(mg)
lng
H2S
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a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng H2S tng ng vi thang mu hoc biu mu (mg)
b: dung dch hp th em dng (ml)
c: dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ly mu (lt)
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Sunfua Dioxyt
(Tiu chun ngnh: 52 TCN 351-89 c hiu lc t 16-10-1989)
Tiu chun ny quy nh phng php xc nh Sunfua dioxyt trong khng kh vng
lm vic
Phng php xc nh ch gii hn mc thp nht 0,01mg/l khng kh.
I. Nguyn tc:
Hi sunfua dioxyt c hp th vo dung dch tetracloruamercurat, cho tc dng vi
thuc th p-rosanilin z axit ho bng axit clohydric, vi s c mt ca Focmaldehyt, to
thnh mu tm p -rosanilin metyl sunfonic axit, dng phng php so mu xc nh.
II. Quy nh chung:
- Ho cht theo TCVN 1058-78
- Nc ct theo TCVN 2117-77
- Cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,1mg
- chnh xc mc microgam, sai s cho php 0,5%
III. Dng c v ho cht:
1. Dng c:
- Chai ng dung dch dung tch 500ml
- ng nghim 15 x 160mm
- Pipet 1:2 v 5ml c vch
- My ht khng kh
- My quang k c bc sng 548nm, cng dy 1cm
- ng hp th kiu Gelman, dung tch 25ml.
2. Ho cht:
- Thu ngn II clorua
- Kaliclorua
- Natri sunfit khan
- Iot kim loi
- Tinh bt tan
- P-Rosanilin
- Axit clohydric
- n-Butanol
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0.1
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
DD hp th
2.9
2.8
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
DD
p-Rosanilin
phn tch
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
DD Focmaldehyt
0,2%
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Hm lng sunfua
dioxy g
1.0
2.0
5.0
10
15
20
DD (ml)
a.b
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng sunfua dioxyt ng vi thang mu (microgam)
b: Tng dung dch hp th (ml)
c: dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (1) quy v iu kin tiu chun (00C, 760mmHg)
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S ng
DD.
tiu chun
1ml = 0,1mg HCN
0,02
0.,5
0.,0
0,15
0.,0
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
DD NaOH 0,1N
3,98
3,95
3,90
3,85
3,80
3,75
3,70
3,65
3,60
0,030
0,35
0,040
DD (ml)
DD
Natritetra
thionat 1%
Tt c cc ng u cho 1ml
DD NH4OH 10%
Tt c cc ng u cho 1ml
Hm lng HCN
(mg)
0,002
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
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Axit clohydric
I. Nguyn tc:
Bc nitrat tc dng vi axit clohydric cho bc clorua trng c hoc kt ta
AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3
So snh c vi thang mu z bit nh lng axit clohydric
II. Dng c:
- My ly mu khng kh
- ng hp th
- ng nghim
- Pipet cc loi
III. Thuc th:
- Dung dch tiu chun axit clohydric: Cn 0,1603g Natri clorua tinh khit v kh pha
vo 1 lt nc ct. 1ml dung dch ny tng ng vi 0,1 mg axit clohydric
- Dung dch axit nitric 1%
- Dung dch bc nitric 1%
- Dung dch hp th: nc ct hai ln.
IV. K thut:
1.Ly mu: Cho vo ng hp th 5ml nc ct hai ln. Lp vo my v ht vi tc
20lt/gi, th tch khng kh cn ly t 5 n 10 lt.
2. Pha thang mu:
Ly 10 ng nghim cng c, nh s t 0 n 9. Cho vo cc ng theo th t cc dung
dch sau:
S ng
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.4
DD HNO3 1%
DD AgNO3 1%
Nc ct
2.97
2.95
2.92
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.75
2.70
2.6
Hm lng HCl
( mg)
0.003
0.005
0.008
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.040
DD (ml
DD. tiu chun
1ml = 0,1mg
HCl
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Trong :
a: hm lng HCl trong ng thang mu (mg)
b: Tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht, tnh v iu kin tiu chun (lt)
Nng cho php ca axit clohydric trong khng kh ni lm vic l: 0,010mg/l.
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Axit Sunfuric
I. Nguyn tc:
Khi cho axit sunfuric tc dng vi bc clorua ta c tnh bari sunfat kt ta trng.
Nu nng axit thp th dung dch tr nn trng c. C th p dng php o c bng
mt thng hoc bng my. C ch phn ng:
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl
nhy ca phng php l 0,002 mg trong 3ml dung dch phn tch.
Cht tr ngi: sunfua dioxyt.
II. Dng c:
- My ly mu khng kh:
- ng hp th, ng nghim so mu loi nh
- Bnh cu 100ml c ngn
- Pipet cc loi
III. Thuc th:
- Dung dch tiu chun H2SO4 , cn 0,1776g Kali sunfat ho tan vi 100ml nc ct
trong bnh cu 100ml, c dung dch 1ml tng ng 0,100mg H2SO4
- Dung dch hp th: Natri hydroxyt 0,01N
- Dung dch HCl: 10%
- Dung dch BaCl2 10%
IV. K thut ly mu:
1.Ly mu: Trong ng hp th cho 5ml dung dch NaOH 0,01N. Lp vo my ly
mu, ht vi tc 20l/gi. Th tch khng kh cn ly l 10lt. Mi a im ly hai mu
song song cch nhau 20cm. Ghi nhit , p sut khng kh ni ly mu.
2. Pha thang mu:
Ly 10 ng nghim, nh s t 0-9, tin hnh theo bng
S ng
0,01
0,03
0,05
0,08
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
DD BaCl 10%
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
1,99
1,97
1,95
1,92
1,90
1,85
1,80
1,75
1,70
0,001
0,003
0,005
0,008
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
DD (ml
DD
0.01N
NaOH
Hm
lng
H2SO4 ( mg)
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Trong :
a: hm lng axit sunfuric trong ng thang mu (mg)
b: tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (lt)
Nng cho php axit sunfuric trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,002mg/l
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Hi kim
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php xc nh hi kim da trn s chun ngc. Hm lng axit sunfuric
d trong dung dch hp th c xc nh bng chun Iot
3H2SO4 + KIO3 +5KI = 3K2SO4 + I2 + 3H2O
nhy ca phng php kim 0,5 mg/m3
Nng gii hn hi kim trong khng kh 0,5 mg/m3
II. Dng c:
- ng hp th mng xp
- My ly mu khng kh
- Micro buret c vch n 0,01ml
- Pipet 1ml v 2ml c chia vch n 0,01 v 0,02ml
- Bnh nn dung tch 25 v 50ml
- Bnh nh mc 100ml
III.Thuc th:
- Dung dch H2SO4: 0,01N v 0,05N
(i vi hi kim cao dng H2SO4 0,01N hp th)
- Dung dch KIO3: 0,8%
- Dung dch KI 5%
- Dung dch Na2SO4.5H2O 0,005N
- H tinh bt: 1%
IV. K thut
1.Ly mu: Cho 20ml dung dch H2SO4 vo ng hp th mng xp. Lp vo my ly
mu, ht t 50-100 lt khng kh vi tc 1 lt/pht.
2.Phn tch: Ly 2,5ml dung dch z hp th hi kim cho vo bnh thm 1,5ml dung
dch KIO3. Thm 0,3ml dung dch KI v lc k. Bnh em vo ni ti trong 10 pht. Sau
cho vo 3-4 git h tinh bt v chun bng Natri thiosunfat n mt mu.
Song song chun c mu trng.
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng hi kim trong khng kh tnh theo cng thc:
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(a a1 )b.k .0,2.1000
Trong :
C.V0
a: lng dung dch Natri thiosunfat 0,005N dng chun dung dch hp th hi kim
(mu trng: ml)
a1: Lng dung dch Na2O3.5H2O 0,005N dng chun dung z hp th hi kim
(ml)
b: Tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch em phn tch (ml)
K: H s iu chnh dung dch Na2S2O3.5H2O
0,2: Lng kim tng ng 1ml Na2S2O3.5H2O : 0,005N (mg)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (lt)
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Benzen
I. Nguyn tc:
Benzen trong khng kh c hp th vo hn hp Nitro ho tr thnh mDinitrobenzen.
C6H6 + 2HNO3 C6H4 (NO2)2 + 2H2O
m- Dinitrobenzen c chit ra bng ete etylic, cho tc dng vi axeton trong mi
trng kim to nn dn xut quinon mu tm .
O2N-
NO2
NO2
O2N
CH 2
H
||
C - CH3
Dng phng php so mu nh lng benzen trong khng kh. Phng php c th
xc nh hm lng Benzen mc thp nht = 0,002 mg Benzen
II. Dng c v ho cht
1. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th kiu Gelman
- Lu lng k (0-1,5 l/pht)
- Bnh chit dung tch 100ml
- ng so mu dung tch 20ml (c vch)
- ng lng dung tch 10ml (c vch)
- Bnh nn dung tch 100ml
- ng nghim 15 x 150mm
- Pipet dung tch 1ml (chia 0,01ml)
2. Ho cht v thuc th:
- Axit sunfuric (d = 1,84) TKPT
- Amon nitrat khan TKPT
- Benzen mu TKPT
- Axeton TKPT
- Ete ettylic TKPT - Kali hydroxyt TKPT (hoc Natri hydroxyt TKPT)
1. Hn hp nitro ho:
a. Hn hp nitro ho c:
Trong bnh cu dung tch 150 ml cho:
- Amon nitrat z xy kh 800C, ngui: 10g
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DD.
Benzen tiu
chun 1ml = 0,010mg
0,20
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
Ete etylic
2,80
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
Axeton
Hm lng Benzen
(mg)
0,002
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
DD (ml
10a
nxV0
Trong :
a: Hm lng Benzen ng phn tch bng ng thang mu hoc ng mu (mg)
n: Th tch ete etylic ca mu th em phn tch (ml)
V0: Th tch khng kh z ht (tnh v iu kin tiu chun) (lt)
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Naphtalen
I. Nguyn tc:
Naphtalen c nitro ho thnh trinitro naphtalen. Cht ny trong mi trng kim nh
v ete-axeton s to mu hng. Tu theo cng , tnh c nng naphtalen trong khng
kh.
nhy ca phng php: 15mg/m3
Cc cht dzy vng thm nh: Benzen, Toluen, xylen c kh nng b nitro ho, to
thnh cht mu, cn tr vic xc nh ny.
II. Dng c ho cht
1.Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th Gelman
- ng so mu 150 15mm
- bnh chit V = 100ml
- Cc loi dng c thy tinh cn thit khc
2. Ho cht, thuc th
- Axit axetic glacial
- Axit sunfuric, dung dch 83%: 25,4ml nc ct v 100ml H2SO4 c d = 1,84
- Hn hp nitro ho: 10g NH4NO3 sy kh 800C, em ho tan trong 100ml dung dch
H2SO4 83%
- Axeton tinh khit
- Hn hp ete - axeton, t l 3:7 theo th tch
- Natri hydroxyt dung dch 5% v 10%
- Dung dch Naphtalen tiu chun.
Trong bnh nh mc dung tch 25ml, z c sn 0,2ml axit axetic glacial, ho tan
0,01g naphtalen. Lc cho ho tan trong vng hai pht, thm hn hp nitro ho n vch. Ta
nhn c dung dch: 1ml cha 0,4mg naphtalen. Bo qun ni nhit 15-180C. Dung dch
48 ting ng h. Khi phn tch li nhit phng.
II. K thut phn tch
1. Ly mu: khng kh c cha naphtalen qua ng hp th c cha 4ml hn hp nitro
ho vi tc 250ml/min. Th tch khng kh cn ly t 2-4 lt
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S ng
0,31
0,62
1,25
2,5
3,8
5,0
7,5
10
9,69
9,38
8,75
7,5
6,2
5,0
2,5
0,005
0,01
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
DD (ml
Thang mu t nhin gi c 48 gi
b. Thang mu nhn to:
Thang mu nhn to s dng cc ho cht v dung mi sau y Fuschin bazic: 0,001%
- Orange G : 0,1%
- Nc ct hai ln
Tin hnh nh sau:
S ng
0,1
0,5
1,25
2,5
3,5
5,0
7,5
Orange 0,1%
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
Nc ct
10
9,9
9,48
8,71
7,44
6,42
4,9
2,38
DD (ml
c. Phn tch:
dung dch hp th vo bnh chit z c sn 12ml nc ct v 12ml ete etylic. Ra
ng hp th bng 2ml nc ct tip vo bnh chit. Lc, ch tch lp ra. Loi b lp di.
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a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: Hm lng Naphtalen so ng mu (mg)
b: Th tch dung dch ete chit sut naphtalen c nitro ho, sau khi hp th (ml)
c. Th tch ete cha trinitro naphtalen em phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht, tnh iu kin tiu chun (lit)
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METANOL
I. Nguyn tc:
Hi metanol c hp th vo nc ct, c oxy ho bng Kalipemanganat thnh
Focmadhyt v c xc nh so mu bng phn ng vi thuc th phenyhydrazin, vi s c
mt ca feri-xyanua trong mi trng axit mnh to mu hng.
Phng php c th o ti mc 100 g
Nng ti a cho php ca hi cn metylic trong khng kh l 0,050 mg/l. Phng
php c hiu i vi metanol
II. Dng c, ho cht
1. Dng c
- ng nghim so mu
- ng lng 50ml
- bm tim Hamilton 50 l
- in quang k
- Pipet cc loi
2. Ho cht:
- Dung dch pemanganat Kali: ho tan 1g KMnO4 trong mt t nc ct cho tan, sau
cho nc ct va 100ml
- Dung dch axit photphoric: Ly 25ml H3PO4 85% pha lozng ra 100ml
- Dung dch etanol 5%: dng alcohol etylic tuyt i khng c metanol pha lozng n
5%.
- Dung dch oxy gi: pha lozng dung dch 30% ra thnh dung dch 1,5%
- Dung dch phenyhydrazin clohydrat tinh khit: ho tan 1g vo 5ml nc ct, thm
vo 2ml axit clohydric c, lc k. Pha n 80ml nc ct, lc v thm va nc ct 100ml
- Dung dch Kali ferixyanua: ho tan 2g Kali ferixyanua trong mt t nc, sau cho
nc ct va 100ml
- Dung dch metanol tiu chun:
Dng ng tim Hamilton ht 0,5 l metanol (1 l = 0,793mg) pha vo 50ml nc
ct.
Ly 12,5ml pha lozng ra 100ml. Ta c dung dch tiu chun 1ml = 0,1mg metanol
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a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: lng metanol ng vi mu (mg)
b: dung dch hp th (ml)
c: dung dch ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: khng kh ly mu (lt)
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Focmaldehyt
I. Nguyn tc:
Focmaldehyt tc dng vi phenyl hydrazin to thnh Focmaldehyt hydranzin mu
hng. Trong mi trng axit, st (III) Ferixyanua s lm tng cng mu.
Phn ng nh sau:
C6H5NH.NH2 + HCHO C6H5NH-N=CH2 + H2O
nhy ca phng php di 0,001 mg trong dung dch phn tch: nng ti a
cho php ca Focmadehyt trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,005mg/l.
II. Dng c, thuc th:
1. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th
- ng nghim cng c 15 x 120mm
- Bnh nn 100-200ml
- ng ong 100-200ml
- Pipet 5-10ml
- Buret 25ml
2. Ho cht:
- Dung dch phenylhydrazin clohydrat 1% trong nc ct, nu khng c mui
clohydrat th pha dung dch nh sau:
Phenylhydrazin 1ml
Nc ct: 80ml
HCl c 2ml
Lc tan ri cho nc ct va 100ml
2. Dung dch Kali ferixyanua 2% trong nc ct
3. axit clohydric c (d=1,19)
4. Dung dch tiu chun Focmaldyhyt: pha lozng dung dch Focmol tinh khit (loi
30-40%) vi nc ct ra thnh 1%, sau nh lng dung dch Focmol lozng xc nh
hm lng Focmol. Ri pha vi nc ct c mt dung dch Focmol tiu chun 1ml dung
dch cha 0,010 mg Focmadehyt, cch chun Focmaldehyt nh sau:
Trong mt bnh nn cho vo
- Dung dch pha lozng ca Focmol 1ml
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0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Nc ct
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
DD (ml
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: lng Focmol ng phn tch ng vi ng thang mu (mg)
b: dung dch hp th (ml)
c:dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht ( iu kin tiu chun) (lt)
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Phenol
I. Nguyn tc:
Thuc th Para nitroanilin sau khi c diazo ho trong mi trng kim, thnh mt
phm vt mu. Phm vt ny tc dng vi phenol to thnh mt cht mi m c mu theo
phn ng
NO2C6H4NH2.HCl +HNO2 NO2C6H4N2Cl + 2H2O
NO2C6H4N2Cl + C6H5OH NO2C6H4N2C6H4OH +HCl
Tu theo lng phenol khc nhau, mu c th i t vng lc n nu . So snh vi
thang mu, ta c th xc nh c nng phenol trong khng kh. nhy ca phng
php l 0,2 g trong 5ml dung dch phn tch.
II. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- ng hp th thng thng
- ng so mu c 120 x 15mm
- cc dng c thu tinh cn thit khc
III. Ho cht thuc th:
1.Dung dch hp th: Natri cacbonat 0,8%
2.dung dch Phenol tiu chun:
- Dung dch c bn: cn dng 0,5g phenol (z ct li) trong mt chn thu tinh, cho
vo bnh c ngn 500ml, thm t nc nng, lc cho tan. ngui ri thm nc ct va
500ml. Dung dch cha 1ml=1mg.
- Dung dch phn tch: Pha lozng dung dch c bn ra 100 ln, ta c dung dch phn
tch 1ml = 0,01mg.
3. Dung dch p. nitro anilin (pha lozng trc khi dng)
Cn 0,35g p.nitroanilin pha vo 70ml nc ct un si, thm 4ml dung dch HCl c.
ngui, thm 5ml dung dch Natri nitrit 25% diazo ho.
IV.K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu: cho vo hai ng hp th, m ng cha 5ml Natri cacbonat 0,8% lp ni
tip. Ht khng kh vi tc 500ml/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly 15lt.
2. Phn tch:
Ly 5ml dung dch hp th, em phn tch cng tin hnh ng thi vi thang mu.
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10
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,8
1,00
DD hp th
4,98
4,96
4,94
4,92
4,90
4,80
4,60
4,40
4,2
4,00
H.Lphenol
( g)
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
DD (ml
1
a.b
x
= mg/l
c.V0
1000
Trong :
a: hm lng phenol ng vi thang mu (mg)
b: Tng th dung dch hp th (ml)
c: dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh, tnh iu kin tiu chun (lt)
1
= H s chuyn t g ra mg
1000
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AXETON
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php da trn s to thnh iodofoc khi cho axeton tc dng vi Iot trong dung
dch kim v so snh c vi thang mu:
CH3-CO -CH3 + 3I2 +4NaOH CHI3+ NaCH3COO + 3NaI + 3H2O
nhy ca phng php l 1 g trong th tch dung dch phn tch Aldehyt axetic
cho phn ng tng t khi hm lng ca n trong mu t 4-5 mg v ete etylic khi hm lng
n 7mg.
II. Dng c:
1. My ht khng kh
2. ng hp th Gelman
3. Cc dng c thy tinh cn thit khc.
III. Ho cht thuc th:
1. Dng c axeton tiu chun
- Dung dch c bn: Trong bnh cu 25ml, cho vo khong 10ml nc ct v cn
cn phn tch. Sau gi vo bnh cu 2 n 3 git axeton tinh khit v cn li bnh cu. Lc
bnh cu v cho nc ct n ngn (25ml). Tnh khi lng axeton c trong 1ml dung dch.
Pha lozng dung dch bng nc ct c dung dch mi: C 1ml dung dch c 1mg
axeton. Dung dch c trong 1 thng
- Dung dch phn tch: Pha lozng dung dch c bn ra 100 ln bng nc ct, c
1ml cha 10 g axeton dung dch c ba ngy.
2. Kali hydroxyt, dung dch 50%
3. Iot, dung dch 0,1N: Cn 12,7g Iot thng hoa v 15g Kaliclorua cho ho tan vo
bnh nh mc 1 lt vi 15ml nc ct. Lc cho tan ht v thm nc ct n ngn 1 lt .
IV. K thut:
1. Ly mu: ly hai ng hp th Gelman, mi ng cho 3ml nc ct, ni vi nhau v
trong hn hp lm lnh (nc ). Ht khng kh vi tc 250ml/pht. Th tch khng
kh cn ly 5 lt.
2. Phn tch: dung dch trong hai ng hp th dn lm mt v ly ra 2ml cho vo ng
so mu, cng kch thc vi cc ng thang mu, sau cc thuc th vo ng cng lm song
song vi thang mu.
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DD.
tiu
chun 1ml =
10 g
0,1
0,3
0,5
0,7
1,0
1,3
1,5
1,7
2,0
Nc ct
1,9
1,7
1,5
1,3
1,0
0,7
0,5
0,3
0,0
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
DD Iot 0,1N
Hm
lng
HCl ( mg)
0,005
0,007
0,01
0,013
0,015
0,017
00,20
DD (ml
Kali hydroxyt
50%
0,001 0,003
Lc u cc ng , yn 5 pht. o c trn nn en
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng axeton trong khng kh (X) tnh theo cng thc
X=
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng axeton tng ng vi thang mu (mg)
b: Tng dung dch hp th (ml)
c: dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh ly mu (lit) (Tnh iu kin tiu chun)
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Este
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php da trn s x phng ho este vi kim trong mi trng alcol. Theo
phn ng
RCOOR1 + KOH RCOOK + R1OH
Tu theo tng lng kim z dng x phng ho este, tnh ra lng este. y l
phng php chung tnh lng cc este.
Cc dung mi thm, t xng (benzin) alcol, axeton, khng gy tr ngi. Cc hp cht
hu c halogen v axit gy tr ngi.
II. Dng c
- Ni cch thu
- Bnh cu c h thng ng sinh hn
- Bnh nn
- Cc dng c ly mu khng kh (my ht khng kh ng hp th)
III. Ho cht, thuc th
- Alcol etylic 96% (dung dch hp th)
- Dung dch KOH hoc NaOH 0,1N
- Dung dch HCl 0,02N
- Dung dch phenol phetalein 1% trong cn 96%.
IV. K thut phn tch:
a. Ly mu: Lp hai ng hp th vi nhau, mi ng hp th cho vo 10ml alcol 96%,
ht khng kh vi tc 250ml/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly 20lt, ghi nhit v p sut
khng kh.
b. Phn tch: cho tt c dung dch hp th vo bnh cu, trng mi ng hp th bng
5ml alcol v vo bnh cu. Cho thm vo bnh cu 10ml dung dch KOH hoc NaOH 0,1N
v t 3 n 4 git dung dch phenolphetalein. Lp ng sinh hn vo bnh cu v un nng
trong hai gi trn ni cch thy. Lm mt mu chng cng iu kin nh trn, vi 20ml alcol
96% v 10ml KOH hoc NaOH 0,1N.
Nu trong thi gian x phng ho dung dch trong bnh cu mt mu (do thiu kim)
th cho thm vo 5ml dung dch kim 0,1N na v tip tc x phng ho. Khi thm kim vo
mu phn tch , cng phi thm cng th tch vo mu chng.
Khi x phng ho xong, ngui bnh, trng ng sinh hn, t trn xung di bng
5ml nc ct.
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a a1 .K
= mg/l
V0
Trong :
a: s lng HCl 0,02N z dng chun mu chng (ml)
a1: s lng HCl 0,02 Nz dng chun mu phn tch (ml)
K: H s biu th lng mg este tng ng vi 1ml HCl 0,02N
COOR
1 + 2NaOH R(COONa) + 2R OH
R
2
1
COOR
1
Do , 1ml dung dch kim tng ng vi trng lng phn t este chia cho 2 v nhn
vi chun ca kim hay axit.
Th d: H s ca dimetyl phtalat bng:
194,18.0,02
= 1,94
2
:1,48
- Etyl axetat
:1,74
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: 2,04
- Butyl axetat
: 2,32
- Amyl axetat
: 2,6
- Vinyl axetat
: 1,72
- Dimety phtalat
: 1,94
- Dibutyl phtalat
: 2,78
- Metyl metacrylat
: 2,0
- DOP
: 3,9
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Xng
I. nguyn tc chung:
Khi Anhydrit cromic tc dng vi xng s b kh thnh oxit cromic
HC
2CrO3
Cr2O3 + 3/2O2
Anhydrit cromic c mu vng chuyn thnh mu xanh l khi b kh thnh Oxit cromic
nhy ca phng php: 0,03 mg xng trong dung dch phn tch. Cc cht gy tr
gi l Axeton, cn, mt s hydrocacbon
II. Dng c:
- Bnh hp th loi nh (25ml)
- My ly mu khng kh
- pipet cc loi
- Bnh nh mc 25ml -100ml
- ng nghim, my so mu
III.Thuc th:
- Dung dch tiu chun: Xng trng (Nu khng dng xng em ct li) ho tan trong
dung dch axit axetic c 1ml dung dch tiu chun c 1ml xng. Dung dch ny c
7 ngy.
- Thuc th Anhydric cromic trong dung dch H2SO4 c: Cn 0,4g Anhydric cromic
trong chn thu tinh khu cho tan (c th thay th Anhydric cromic bng Kalibicromat,
Dung dch 3% trong axit sunfuric c)
- Axit sunfuric c d = 1,84 tinh khit
- Dung dch hp th: Axit axetic c tinh khit
(Thng dng loi c khng c hydrocacbon)
IV. K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu: cho vo hai ng hp th, mi ng 2ml dung dch axit axetic c. Ht
khng kh qua hai ng hp th (mc ni tip nhau) vi tc 0,1 l/pht. Ly t 3 n 6 lt
khng kh. Ghi iu kin nhit , p sut khng kh chuyn th tch khng kh v tiu
chun. Sau khi ngng ly mu, em dn dung dch trong hai ng hp th lm mt, lc u,
em v phn tch.
2.Phn tch: Ly 2ml dung dch hp th cho vo ng nghim so mu, thm 0,15ml
thuc th anhydric cromic, lc u nh nhng, cn thn trnh thuc th bm ln thnh ng.
Song song cng lm vi thang mu theo bng di y:
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S ng
0,03
0,05
0,10
0,20
DD axetic c
1,97
1,95
1,90
1,80
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,03
0,05
0,10
0,20
DD (ml
Trong :
a: hm lng xng trong ng phn tch (mg)
b: Tng dung dch hp th (ml)
c: dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (lt) tnh v iu kin tiu chun
Hm lng xng ti a cho php trong khng kh khu vc sn xut l: 0,100mg/l nu
l xng c pha ch, v 0,300mg/l nu l xng khng pha ch.
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Trinitro Toluen
I. Nguyn tc:
Dung dch T.N.T trong cn hoc axeton tc dng vi kim to thnh mt cht mu tm.
Da trn phn ng ny, c th nh lng T.N.T theo phn ng o mu.
Tuy vy phng php khng c hiu, cc hp cht Polynitro ca nhn thm cng gy
tr ngi.
nhy ca phng php l 1 g trong 5ml dung dch phn tch. Nng ti a cho
php trong khng kh l 0,001mg/l.
II. Dng c
- My ly mu khng kh, ng hp th xp hai ci
- Pipet cc loi
- ng nghim, ng so mu
III. Thuc th:
- Alcol etylic 96%
- D.D NaOH 5% KOH 5%
- DD tiu chun T.N.T: pha trong cn, 1ml tng ng vi 0,1 mg T.N.T
IV. K thut:
1. Ly mu: Mc ni tip hai ng hp th xp, trong mi ng cho 20ml dung dch
hp th cn 96%. Ht khng kh vi tc 1-2 lt/pht. Ly t 30-50 lt khng kh. Dn hai
ng hp th lm mt em v phn tch.
2. Phn tch: Ly 5ml dung dch z ly mu khng kh c T.N.T em lm song song
cng thang mu theo bng di y:
S ng
0,01
0,03
0,05
0,07
0,09
0,10
0,20
Cn 960
4,99
4,97
4,95
4,93
4,91
4,90
4,80
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
10
20
DD (ml)
DD NaOH 5%
Hm lng T.N.T ( g)
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V. Tnh kt qu:
Hm lng T.N.T trong khng kh tnh ra g/l theo cng thc sau
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng tng ng vi thang mu ( g)
b: Tng dung dch phn tch (ml)
c: dung dch ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht (lt)
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Ch
(Tiu chun ngnh: 52 TCN 354-89 c hiu lc t 16-10-89)
Tiu chun ny quy nh phng php xc nh ch trong khng khi vng lm vic
Phng php ny ch xc nh mc thp nht 0,2 microgam (Pb)/lt khng kh
I. Nguyn tc:
Ch trong khng kh di dng kh dung hoc bi c ht vo dung dch axit nitric,
ng gi bi (allong) hoc giy lc c bit, chuyn thnh ch nitrat.
Khi cho ch (Pb2+) tc dng vi dithizon to thnh ch dithizonat. Ch dithizonat c
ho tan trong dung mi hu c cacbon tetraclorua em so mu hay o quang bc sng hp
th ti a max = 520nm.
II. Quy nh chung:
- ho cht theo TCVN 1058-78
- Nc ct ba ln theo TCVN 2117-77
- Dung mi phi c ct li trc khi dng
- Dng c thy tinh phi c lm sch, trng axit nitric, trng li bng nc ct ba
ln, em sy kh.
- Cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,1mg
- chnh xc ca phng php mc microgam. Sai s cho php 5%
III. Dng c v ho cht
1. Dng c:
- Cn phn tch
- My quang k
- My ht khng kh
- Lu lng k (1 n 5 lt/pht v 5 n 20 lt/pht)
- ng gi bi (allonge)
- Giy lc v phin lc (loi Gelman)
- Chai nu nt mi (500ml v 1000ml)
- Bnh chit 100ml
- Bnh nh mc 100ml n 500ml
- ng nghim 15 x 160mm
- ng so mu 20ml
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a.b
x 1/1000
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng ch tng ng vi ng mu (microgam)
b: dung dch hp th ch (20ml)
c: dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (5ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht tnh v iu kin tiu chun (lt) (00C v 760mmHg)
1/1000: H s chuyn t microgam ( g) ra miligam (mg) ch
2.Lng ch trong mu bi (X) tnh bng phn trm theo cng thc:
X=
a.b
x 1/1000 x 100
c.M
Trong :
a: hm lng ch tng ng vi ng mu (microgam)
b: dung dch hp th ch (20ml)
c:dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (5ml)
1/1000: H s chuyn t microgam ( g) ra miligam (mg) ch
M: Lng bi em cn phn tch (mg)
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a
(mcg/l)
V0
Trong :
a: hm lng ch tetraetyl ng vi ng mu (mcg)
Vo: th tch khng kh z ht (l) tnh iu kin tiu chun (760mmHg v 00C)
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Anhydrit Aseno
I. Nguyn tc:
Anhydrit asen (ho tr As3+ c ho tan vo HNO3 chuyn thnh As5+ . Cht ny
tng tc vi amoni molypdat to thnh axit aseno molipdic, c tnh cht oxy ho mnh. Khi
gp cht kh nh axit ascorbic hoc hydrazin sunfat, to thnh phc cht mu xanh. o cng
mu ca dung dch phn tch, s tnh ra c nng anhydrit asen trong khng kh.
nhy ca phng php 0,03mg/m3
Silic khng gy tr gi phn ng. Ion pht pht cn tr phn ng ny.
II. Dng c:
- My ht khng kh
- Phin lc hoc giy lc (u ly mu)
- Cc dng c thy tinh cn thit
- My quang k hoc so mu
III. Ho cht v thuc th:
- HNO3: d = 1,4 khng c As, pha ra 1:2
- H2SO4: d20= 1,84 v 0,1N
- Amonimolypdat: Cn 0,3g mui (NH4)6 Mo7O24.4H2O. Ho tan trong 45 ml nc m
50-60 . Trong mt bnh ring khc cho vo 50ml nc ct v 4,5ml H2SO4 (1,84) v rt vo
bnh cha Amonimolypdat.
0
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S ng
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,95
0,90
0,80
0,70
0,60
DD Amonimolipdat (ml)
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,50
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
DD (ml)
DD Ascorbic (ml)
Hm lng As ( mg)
Tnh hm lng As theo cng thc sau: quy theo As2O3 trong khng kh c tnh ra.
As2O3 mg/l =
1
a.b.k
x
c.V0
1000
Trong :
a: hm lng As tng ng vi ng mu (mg)
b: dung dch hp th hi Asen hay ml dung dch ra phin (ml)
c: Dung dch ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ly (lt)
K: H s tnh i hm lng As ra As2O3 = 1,32.
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ASIN (AsH3)
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php da trn s xy ho Asin bng Kalipemanganat thnh axit asenic v xc
nh so mu vi s to thnh ca phc cht mu xanh molypden.
nhy ca phng php ny l 0,001 mg dung dch phn tch. PH3 gy tr ngi.
II. Dng c
- Bnh ht ng hp th
- Pipet bnh cu
- ng so mu
- Ni cch thu
III. Thuc th:
Tt c cc thuc th u phi kim tra khng c P v As
- Dung dch H2SO4 0,1N v loi d = 1,84
- Dung dch KMnO4 0,05N
- Dung dch H2O2 1%
- Hn hp xy ho: trc khi phn tch, pha hn hp cng th tch dung dch KMnO4
0,05 N v dung dch H2SO4 0,1N.
- Dung dch amonimolypdat (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O
Trong bnh cu ho tan 0,34g amonimolypdat trong 45ml nc ct un nng 50-600C.
Trong bnh cu khc cho vo 50ml nc ct, 4,5ml dung dch H2SO4 c (d =1,84)v vo
bnh c cha amonimolipdat.
Dung dch axit ascorbic C6H8O6 5%
Dung dch tiu chun: Cn 0,5660g Natri asenat Na3AsO4.12H2O. Cho vo bnh cu
100ml ho tan bng nc z axit ho bng H2SO4 0,1N, thm nc n vch 100ml. 1ml dung
dch cha 1mg As. Pha lozng dung dch ny c dung dch 0,01mg/ml. Ch pha khi dng.
IV. K thut:
a. Ly mu: Ly hai ng hp th, mi ng cho 10ml dung dch hn hp oxy ho, ht
khng kh vi tc 1,5-2 lt/pht. Th tch khng kh cn ly 15-20lt.
b. Phn tch: Chuyn dung dch trong cc ng hp th ra mt cc s, trng ng hp
th bng 3ml nc ct v vo cc s. cc s trn ni cch thu cho bc hi n khi cn
mt na th tch. Thm vi git Peroxyt hydro (H2O2) kh KMnO4 tha. Bc hi n cn.
Ho tan cn bng 3ml H2SO4 0,1N. Ly 1ml cho vo ng nghim thm 1ml dung dch
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a.b.1,04
= mg/l
C.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng As trong ng phn tch (mg)
b: Tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
1,04: H s chuyn t As ra AsH3
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ht, tnh iu kin tiu chun (lt).
Nng cho php AsH3 trong khng kh ni lm vic l 0,0003mg/l.
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Thu ngn
I. Nguyn tc:
Hi thu ngn tc dng vi Iot trong dung dch KI theo phn ng
Hg +I2 = HgI2
HgI2 + 2KI = K2(HgI4)
Ta xc nh ion HgI4 bng cch cho tc dng vi mui ng to thnh cht phc
Cu2(HgI4) kt ta mu nht trn nn trng ca CuI.
K2(HgI4) + 10KI + 6CuSO4 = Cu2(HgI4) + 4CuI + 6K2SO4 +3I2
nhy ca phng php l: 0,1 microgam
Phng php c hiu.
II. Dng c thuc th:
1 Dng c
- my ht
- ng hp th
- bnh cu, bnh lng
- Pipet 0,1ml; 1ml; 5ml
2. Thuc th
- Dung dch hp th: ho tan 2,5g Iot thng hoa v 30g KI vi mt t nc ct v cui
cng cho 1lt.
- Dung dch Iot 0,1N
- Dung dch Na-sunfit Na2SO3.7H2O: 2,5N. Cn 32g Nasunfit ho tan trong 100ml
nc ct. Chun li bng dung dch Iot 0,1N.
- Dung dch Clorua ng CuCl2.2H2O dung dch 7% hoc ng sunfat CuSO4.5H2O:
dung dch 10%
- Dung dch hn hp: trong bnh lng 50ml, cho mt th tch ng II clorua v 5 th
tch Nasunfit dung dch 2,5-3N, lc u s to thnh kt ta. Dung dch ny ch pha khi dng.
- Dung dch tiu chun Hg: Cn chnh xc 0,0135g HgCl2 hoc 0,0266 HgCl2 cho vo
bnh cu c ngn 100ml, thm mt t dung dch hp th, lc cho tan v cui cng cho thm
va 100ml (bng dung dch hp th). Dung dch ny c 1ml tng ng 0,1mg Hg. Pha
lozng dung dch ra lm 100 ln c dung dch mi: 1ml tng ng vi 0,001mg Hg
(microgam).
III. K thut phn tch:
1. Ly mu: Trong hai ng hp th Ricte mc ni tip, mi ng cho 2ml dung dch
hp th. Lp vo bnh ht v ht vi tc 40 l/gi. Th tch khng kh cn ly t 50-60 lt.
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0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DD hp th
0,9
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
DD hn hp
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DD (ml)
DD. tiu chun
0,0011mg Hg
1ml
Trong :
a: hm lng thu ngn c trong thang mu c mu tng ng vi ng phn tch
(mcg)
b: Th tch dung dch hp th z dng (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th z ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh 00C v 760mmHg (lt)
1
: h s i microgam ra miligam
1000
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Km
I. Nguyn tc:
Km trong khng kh di dng hi, kh dung hoc bi c hp th vo dung dch
axit sunfuric hoc giy lc c bit chuyn thnh km sunfat. Khi cho km sunfat tc dng vi
dithizon trong etanol tuyt i to thnh km dithizonat c mu hng . nh lng theo
phng php trc quang bc sng hp th ti a 530nm.
nhy ca phng php 0,2 mcg Zn
Phng php b ng gy tr ngi. Trong k thut y Natridietyl dithiocacbamat to
kt ta vi ng trong mi trng amoniac cho mu vng c tc dng pht hin ng c trong
mu.
II. Dng c:
- Cn phn tch
- My quang k
- ng nghim
- Chai nt mi
- Pipet cc loi
- Bnh nh mc
- ng hp th mng xp
- My ht ly mu
- u lc, giy lc ly mu dng bi.
III. Thuc th:
- Dung dch axit sunfuric 15%.
- Dung dch km tiu chun: Cn 0,088g ZnSO4.7H2O, ho tan vo dung dch H2SO4
3% trong bnh ng mc ti vch 100ml ta c 1ml = 0,2mg Zn (dung dch m).
- Ly 0,25ml dung dch m cho vo cc, nh thm 5ml dung dch NH4OH 10% cho
bay hi trn ni cch thu n kh. Sau cho tng phn nc ct vo ho tan v trng vo
bnh nh mc n vch 25ml.
1ml dung dch Zn tiu chun phn tch = 2mcg Zn
- Dung dch dithizon 0,04% trong cn tuyt i
- Dung dch NH4OH 25%, 20%, 10%
- Amon bisunfit:
+ Dung dch NH4OH 10%.
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0,1
0,2
0,4
0,8
Nc ct
1,9
1,8
1,6
1,2
DD NaOH 0,01N
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
DD dithizon 0,04%
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
Hm lng Zn ( g)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,8
1,6
DD (ml)
77
hcmcitygroup.com
Zn (g/l) =
Trong :
a: hm lng km ng vi thang mu ( g)
b: Tng th tch dung dch hp th (ml)
c: Th tch dung dch hp th ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: th tch dung dch ly mu, quy v iu kin tiu chun (lt)
Ghi ch: Nu tnh nng oxyt km (ZnO) th kt qu trn ta nhn vi h s 1,2.
78
hcmcitygroup.com
Anhydrit cromic
I. Nguyn tc:
Dung dch axit cromic, cromat hoc dicromat tc dng vi dung dch diphenyl cacbazit
trong cn s c mu hng. p dng phng php so mu vi thang mu nh lng
Anhydric cromic trong khng kh. Nu trong 10ml dung dch phn tch c 1mg st, c di
0,8mg Molipden th chng khng gy tr ngi cho phn ng:
nhy ca phng php l 0,0005mg trong 5ml dung dch phn tch.
II. Dng c:
- bnh ht my ly mu khng kh
- ng hp th xp (2 ci)
- ng so mu
- Pipet cc loi, bnh cu.
III. Thuc th:
- dung dch diphenyl cacbazit: Cn 1g diphenyl cacbazit cho vo bnh cu 250ml,
thm 20ml axit axetic tinh khit, ri thm cn 960 cho 250ml.
- Dung dch tiu chun Anhydrit cromic: Cn chnh xc 0,1471g Kali dicromat z sy
kh 1300C trong 2 gi, cho vo bnh cu 100ml. Thm nc ct va 100ml (1ml dung
dch ny tng ng vi 1mg anhydric cromic). Pha lozng dung dch ny ra lm 100 ln
c dung dch 1ml tng ng vi 0,010mg anhydrit cromic.
IV. K thut, phn tch:
1.
Ly mu
79
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S ng
0
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
Nc ct
4,95
4,90
4,80
4,70
4,60
4,50
4,40
DD Diphenyl cacbazit
0,5
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
DD (ml)
80
hcmcitygroup.com
Oxyt St
I. Nguyn tc:
Phng php da trn phn ng to thnh phc cht st bng cch cho kt hp st vi
axit sunfoxalixylic trong mi trng amoniac. Phc cht st c xc nh bng phng php
o mu vi my hoc vi thang mu. Hp cht c mu vng cam.
Cc oxyt ca molipden, vanadi, crom khng gy tr ngi, cc cht gy tr ngi Cu, Ni
,CO.
nh hng ca Mn c loi tr trong qu trnh phn tch. nhy ca phng php:
1 microgam trong dung dch phn tch (Theo BKhovakaia) 0,1mg/m3 (Theo Peregud).
II.
Dng c:
- Ly mu khng kh dng giy lc c bit, patron, hoc bng thm nc, along
(bi), my ht khng kh.
- Ly mu bi ri: cc thy tinh tiu chun.
- Phn tch: bnh cu, Pipet, phu lc thy tinh xp (Phu buchner) ng so mu.
III. Thuc th:
- Axit sunfuric dung dch 10%
- Axit sunfo xalixylic dung dch 10% C7H6O6S.2H2O
- Amoniac NH4OH c
- Dung dch tiu chun st: cn 0,358g Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O ho tan va 100ml nc
ct, 1ml cha 0,1mg Fe2O3 . Pha lozng 100 ln dung dch c (dung dch 1ml cha
0,01mg Fe2O3).
IV.K thut:
1. Ly mu:
Ht khng kh qua giy lc patron, hoc kt hp giy lc c bng vi along. Tc
ht 10-15 l/pht. Th tch khng kh ht 200 lt.
- Bi trong khng kh: Nu l bi st, lm nh bi thng tc l dng along c bng.
- Bi ri: hng theo phng php thng thng, nhng tuyt i khng dng dng c
hng c th to ra g st.
2.Phn tch:
Sau khi z cn bit kt qu bi chung ri phn tch Fe2O3
- Bu ht: Ly bng h patron, chuyn giy lc ra cc thu tinh thm 10ml H2SO4 10%
un nng trn bp in, khuy cn thn sau p giy lc cho kit axit ri chuyn giy lc
sang phu thu tinh xp c my ht chn khng.
81
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S ng
DD.
tiu chun
1ml = 0,01mg
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,5
2,0
DD H2SO4 10%
3,9
3,8
3,6
3,4
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,5
2,0
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
DD NH4OH c
Hm lng Fe2O3
(mg)
0,001
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
0,012
0,015
0,020
DD (ml)
DD axit
lixylic
sunfosa
V. Tnh kt qu
Cn xc nh
- Bi trng lng: mg/m3 (y)
- Bi hng: g/m2/24h (y)
-
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XmgFe 2O3.1000
= mg/m3
V
3. T l Fe2O3 trong bi: (%)
xmgFe2O3.100
=%
ymgbui
Nu ly mu th (n gin) th:
xmgFe2O3.100
=%
mg bui da phan tich
83
hcmcitygroup.com
Mangan
I. Nguyn tc:
Khi cho Mn tc dng vi amino perosunfat vi s c mt ca bc nitrat lm xc tc th
Mn s chuyn thnh axit manganic.
2MnSO4 + 5(NH4)2S2O8 + 8H2O = 2HMnO4 + 5(NH4)2SO4 + 7H2SO4
Kt qu ca phn ng trong dung dch xut hin mu tm, cng mu em so snh
vi thang mu.
Phng php ny b st gy tr ngi, nhng thm H3PO4 th trnh c nh hng.
nhy ca phng php : 0,8microgam/3 ml.
II. Dng c
- My ly mu khng kh
- Patron ly mu kh dng, ng knh 10mm hoc dng alonge z cho bng vo, o
sc cn khng cn cn (v khng c Patro).
- Bnh cu 250ml v 200ml
- Cc 25ml
- Pipet 1,5ml
- Ni cch thu, ni cch bt
- ng so mu
- Nhit k
- Giy lc, bt s = 30 v 50mm.
84
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8.
2. Phn tch
Ly giy lc ra khi patron, cho vo chn s hoc bt s, t cho giy chy ht trn
n hi. Bng trong patron cng ko ra thn trng, trong mt chn s hoc bt s (c th
dng chn bch kim) un thnh tro.
- Pha hn hp axit
- Cho 0,5ml hn hp vo bt s, trn u ri t trn ni cch ct, un nng t 2030pht(c qut) n khi si bt ca CO2 v CO, cho axit oxalic b ph hu v c khi trng
SO3 bc ra.
- Lm lnh bng cch rt vo chn 1ml nc ct.
- Lc dung dch vo mt ng ong, trng chn bng 2 ml nc ct trn u dung dch
ri o tng s dung dch.
- Ly dung dch ra so mu khi cho cc thuc th cn thit. Ly 1ml dung dch, thm
H2SO4 10% 3ml ri thm 0,3ml dung dch AgNO3 1%0 0,1ml dung dch H3PO4 lc u,
thm mt t kali pesunfat vo ng, cng cho mt lc vi thang mu.
3. Pha thang mu: ly 8 ng nghim so mu
S ng
0,08
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DD H2SO4 10%
2,92
2,9
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
DD AgNO3 1%0
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
DD H3PO4
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,0008
0,001
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
DD (ml)
Hm lng Mn ( mg)
85
hcmcitygroup.com
V. Tnh kt qu:
Nng mangan tnh ra mg/l hay mg/m3 theo cng thc :
a.b
= mg/l
c.V0
Trong :
a: hm lng Mn trong ng phn tch (mg)
b: Tng th tch dung dch z lc c (ml)
c: dung dch ly ra phn tch (ml)
Vo: Th tch khng kh z ly mu (lt)
Nng ti a cho php ca kh dung hoc bi Mn trong khng kh 0,0003mg/l hay
0,3mg/m3. Khi chuyn t Mn ra MnO2 th nhn vi 1,58 (trong thc t thng l oxyt MnO2)
Nu tnh ra MnO2 th theo cng thc (mg/m3)
a.b.1,58.1000
= mg/m3
C.V
Nng cho php ca Mangan v cc hp cht ca n trong khng kh l 0,3mg/m3
86
hcmcitygroup.com
Antimon
I. Nguyn tc chung:
Vic xc nh v pht hin Antimon da trn c s phn ng c hiu v nhy ca hn
h SbCl-6 vi thuc th lc Malachit hayvi lc kim cng (diamo -green) (tetrametyl di- Paminotriphenyl cacbinol oxalat).Sn phm ny rt d chit ra bng Toluen, benzen hoc ete,
Izopropyl.
Lin kt ca phc cht halozen kim loi v thuc nhum to ra mu xanh da tri hoc
xanh. (Nhng cht ho tan c cha clo hoc oxy u khng dng c). Phng php quang
k c tin hnh vi =610nm. Gii hn xc nh l 0,1mg.
sbcl6-
h5c6
c6h5n(ch3)2
n(ch3)2
h5c6
sbcl6
c6h5n(ch3)2
n(ch3)2
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2. Thuc th
- dung dch axit sunfuric 40%; 25%.
- Dung dch axit clohydric c 5N
- Dung dch NaNO2 5%
- Natri sunfat khan
- Toluen tinh khit phn tch
- Dung dch lc malachit 0,1% trong cn 960
- Dung dch mu antimon: Ho tan 100mg antimon kim loi mu. Cho vo 10ml axit
sunfuric c, trong 1 cc s. un cch ct cho ti khi dung dch mu trng, chuyn qua bnh
cu 100ml. Thm nc ct va 100ml ta c 1ml dung dch ny 1mg Sb. Ly dung dch
ny pha lozng bng axit sunfuric 40% c dung dch 1ml cha 10 g Sb.
2. Phn tch:
a. ng mu: tin hnh chun b thang mu theo bng: Pha thang mu, ly 6 ng
nghim cng c.
S ng
DD. mu 1ml = 10 g
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
3,0
DD H2SO4 40%
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,0
DD HCl 5N (git)
DD NaOH 5% (git )
Lc malachit (git)
10
10
10
10
10
10
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Toluen
10
15
20
30
DD (ml)
88
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a.b
1
.
c.V0 1000
Trong :
a: hm lng Sb tng ng vi ng mu ( g)
b: Dung dch hp th hi Sb (20ml)
c: Dung dch ly ra phn tch (10ml)
V0: Th tch khng kh z ly ht (lt)
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hcmcitygroup.com
Nicotin
I. Nguyn tc:
Dung dch Nicotin trong cn tc dng vi Bromuaxyanozen, sau ln mu bng dung
dch Benzidin. Mu vng da cam ca phc cht c soi qua my bc sng 470nm.
Phng php c th pht hin mc vi g Nicotin.
2. Ha cht:
- Dung dch bromoxianozen: cho 10ml nc Brom bo ho vo mt bnh nn 50ml.
Nh t t tng git dung dch kalixianua 20% vo bnh nn cho n khi mt mu ca Brom.
Dung dch pha khi dng.
- Dung dch Benzindin: Cn 0,5g Benzidin pha vo 10ml axit axetic 1% trong nc.
- Dung dch mu nicotin: Trong mt bnh nh mc 50ml nt mi cn vo 2 git
nicotin mu. Tnh lng nicotin trong dung dch ly pha c dung dch nicotin chun
nng 0,010mg/ml dung dch bng cn 700C ta c dung dch mu nicotin.
III. Ly mu:
Trong bnh hp th xp, cho vo 20ml cn etyl 700C. Ht khng kh ni cn kim tra
qua bnh hp th vi tc 0,5-1 l/pht. Ly t 30 lt n 100 lt khng kh. Rt dung dch z
hp th mu vo chai, em v phng th nghim phn tch.
90
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S ng
0,5
1,5
2,5
DD cn etylic 700
4,5
3,5
2,5
DD axit axetic 1%
2 git
2 git
2 git
2 git
2 git
2 git
DD Bromoxyanozen
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
DD benzidin
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
10
15
20
25
DD (ml)
Hm lng Nicotin ( g)
a.b
1
.
c.V0 1000
Trong :
a: hm lng nicotin tng ng vi thang mu
b: ml dung dch trong ng hp th z ly mu (20ml)
C: S ml dung dch ly ra phn tch (5ml)
V0: Th tch khng kh z ly qua ng hp th c tnh v iu kin chun (00C,
760mm Hg).
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Ho cht tr su
I. Cc ho cht tr su dng l dng tn ti trong khng kh:
Hin nay nc ta ho cht tr su (HCTS) c s dng ngy cng rng rzi song vic
kim sot HCTS cha c cht ch. V vy c rt nhiu loi HCTS t nhiu ngun khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, c th tp hp theo ba loi HCTS thng dng chnh l: loi clo hu c, loi
photpho hu c v loi cacbamat. Mt s loi khc na z c s dng nhng s liu khng
nhiu.
Trong nng nghip cc HCTS s dng thng tn ti trong khng kh dng hi, dng
kh s dng v dng bi, trong ch yu l dng hi v kh dung.
92
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V. Thuc th ho cht:
- Etyleglycol tinh khit dng cho sc kh
- Cc dung mi chit v s dng cho my sc k kh loi tinh khit dng cho phn
ng phn tch ho cht tr su bng phng php sc k kh.
- Nc ct ba ln
- Cc ho cht tr su lm cht chun phn tch trong sc k kh, c pha vi dung
mi theo hm lng ph hp tng loi.
2. Tim mu vo sc k kh:
- Chn ct sc k c di ct, cht nhi ct, iu kin ho ct tu theo tng loi, ho
cht tr su t c hiu sut ct tch cao.
- Chn detector tu theo tng loi cht tr su thuc nhm cht no cho ph hp t
c nhy ln
- Chun b cc kh ph hp vi tng loi detector
- Tin hnh lp ct sc k kh vo my. Chy my n nh theo ch hng dn ca
tng ct v nhit u bm Injector, nhit ct, nhit detector.
- Bm dung mi (n-hecxan) lm mu.
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3. Tnh ton:
Sau khi c cc s liu tch phn cc pic, tnh ton lng mu da theo cht chun:
Da trn cc d kin khi bm mu ta tnh lng ho cht tr su trong dch chit, ri
tnh hm lng ho cht tr su trong khng kh theo cng thc sau:
C=
C0
V
Trong :
C: hm lng thuc tr su trong khng kh ni ly mu
C0: hm lng thuc tr su c trong mu em phn tch (20ml dung dch hp th)
V: Th tch khng kh quy v iu kin tiu chun
94
hcmcitygroup.com
Phn II.
V sinh mi trng
95
hcmcitygroup.com
1. Vt liu
- Pipet khc vch 10ml - 1ml v khun
- Pipet pasteur v khun
- Que cy, n cn
- Nc mui sinh l 8,5% ng ng 9ml v khun
- Canh thang lactose lozng, ng ng 5ml, c ng sinh hi
Cng thc:
Pepton
5g
Cao tht
3g
Lactose
5g
Bromcresol purple
0,01g
Nc ct
1000ml
10g
Cao tht
6g
Lactose
10g
Bromcresol purple
0,02g
Nc ct
1000ml
Cng thc
Pepton
10g
96
hcmcitygroup.com
10g
Mui mt
1,5g
Brilliant Green
0,0133g
Nc ct
100ml
pH = 7,2
0,2
2. Tin hnh:
Chun b mu: Chn m mu nui cy tu theo ngun nc z x l hay khng,
sch hay b nhim bn
+ Trng hp nc z c x l, nc sch nn chn cy phng php 7 ng: sp xp
5 ng canh thang lactore c v 2 ng canh thang lactose lozng.
+ Trng hp nc cha x l, chn phng php cy nhiu ng xp 5 hng, mi
hng 3 hoc 5 ng, hng u l nhng ng canh thang lactose c v 4 hng sau l nhng ng
canh thang lactose lozng.
- Pha mu lozng:
+ Phng php 7 ng khng cn pha lozng mu
+ Phng php nhiu ng: pha lozng bng cch ht v khun 1ml mu nc nguyn
cho vo ng nc mui sinh l 8,5% cha 9ml c m mu pha lozng 10-1. Ht trn ln
xung 20-25 ln trn u mu nc mui. T m ny, li ht 1ml chuyn sang ng
nc mui th hai, c m pha lozng 10-2. C nh th pha lozng ti m cn thit. Mi
m thay pipet mi.
- Cy mu bc 1:
-1
97
hcmcitygroup.com
3, ly ra c kt qu bc 1
c kt qu bc 1:
Nhng ng ln men lactose sinh axit, chuyn mu mi trng tm sang vng v sinh
hi trong ng sinh hi c coi l dng tnh (+). Ghi tt c nhng ng (+) theo cc m
cy.
V
d
phng
5 ng canh thang lactose c, cy 10ml (+)
- 1 ng canh thng lactose lozng (+)
ghi 1
ghi 1
php
ghi 5
ng
ghi 3
ghi 3
ghi 3
ghi 2
ghi 0
Kt qu 5 s l: 3 3 3 2 0
t m 370C/48 gi
3, ly ra c kt qu.
3. Tnh ton v bo co kt qu
98
hcmcitygroup.com
Phng php cy 7 ng
99
hcmcitygroup.com
1. Vt liu
- Bao gm tt c nhng vt liu cn thit xc nh coliform tng s
- Canh thang BGBL c th thay th bng mi trng tng t c mui mn v lactose.
V d mi trng m cc tc gi M thng dng: mi trng EC:
Cng thc:
Trypton
20g
Lactose
5g
Bilesalt mixture
1,5g
4g
1,5g
Sodium chloride
5g
Nc ct
1g
pH = 6,9
0,2
5g
Cao tht
3g
Lactose
10g
5ml
2,5g
Agar
15g
pH = 7,0 0,2
100
hcmcitygroup.com
2. Tin hnh:
- Cc giai on chun b mu, pha lozng mu nui cy v c kt qu.. tng t nh
phng php xt nghim coliform tng s. Ch c hai im khc:
- Mi trng dng cy chuyn bc 2 ngoi canh thanh BGBL Coliform tng s
cn dng c thch a Endo: mi ng canh thang Lactose c, lozng (+) c chn la cy
chuyn sang canh thang BGBL th ng thi cy sang thch a Endo. tit kim mi ng
khng cn cy chuyn sang mt a Endo m c th chia a Endo thnh 3- 4 phn, cy c
3- 4 ng.
V d: c s cn cy chuyn: 332
1 - 1 m lN
Mu 1-1 ml N
1 - N /1 0 0
1 - 1 m N /1 0
Mu 1 10-1
Mu 1 10-2
3. Tnh kt qu:
c kt qu v tnh ton s fecal coliform theo MPN ging nh vi coliform tng s.
Nhng kt qu fecal coliform (+) da vo c s canh thang (BGBL (+)) v s a Endo (+)
ngha l mi trng Endo chuyn sang tm hng, c nh kim.
Tra bng MPN tng ng v tnh: s fecal coliform/100 ml mu
101
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S ng (+)
MPN/100 ml
Gii hn tin cy
000
0-5,9
100
0,05-13
110
0,5-14
200
0,5-19
210
1,5-19
300
1,6-29
310
12
3,1-30
400
15
3,3-46
410
21
6,0-53
500
38
6,4-330
501
96
12,0-370
510
200
100,0 -3800
511
>240
102
hcmcitygroup.com
MPN/100 ml
Gii hn tin cy
000
0,5-9
010
0,5-13
100
0,5-20
110
1-23
120
11
3-36
200
1-36
210
15
3-44
220
21
4-47
300
23
4-120
310
43
7-210
320
93
15-380
321
150
30-440
322
210
35-470
330
240
36-1.300
331
460
71-2.400
332
1.100
150-4.800
333
>2400
S ng (+)
MPN/100 ml
Gii hn tin cy
000
0,5-7
010
0,5-7
100
0,5-11
110
0,5-13
103
hcmcitygroup.com
1-17
210
2-21
220
1-19
300
2-25
310
11
4-34
320
14
5-46
330
17
3-31
400
13
5-46
410
17
7-67
420
22
9-80
430
27
12-96
440
34
7-70
500
23
11-93
510
33
17-126
520
49
25-187
530
79
35-302
540
130
68-754
550
240
551
348
118-1005
552
542
180-1405
553
918
303-3222
554
1609
635-5805
104
hcmcitygroup.com
1.Vt liu:
Bao gm tt c dng c ho cht mi trng z nu trong k thut MPN xc nh
coliform v fecal coliform k c thch Endo. Ngai ra cn c:
- Thit b lc: C rt nhiu loi c loi ch dng c mt ln, c loi bng nha c
th kh trng bng nhit m, luc si.... dng li v cn bm nn (syringe), c loi bng
kim loi km theo qu bp cao su hoc my ht chn khng.
Nguyn tc cu to chung gm:
- Gi t gia mng lc v trng
- Phu lc v trng v thit b ht hoc thit b nn
Cc vt t trang thit b khc cn c:
- Mng lc: Mi mu cn 2 n 4 mng lc v trng
- My m khun lc
- T m, tt nht l t m nc, m bo m tng i t 90%
2.Tin hnh:
- Chun b mu: Kim tra l lch mu d kin th tch nc mu em lc. Nc
sch z x l kh trng c th lc 100ml hoc hn. Nu lc t hn 200ml nn chun b nc
105
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3.Tnh ton v bo kt qu
Tng s coliform/100ml:
= S khun lc coliform nh kim m c
106
x 100
hcmcitygroup.com
x 100
(10 + 4 + 0)
x 100 = Tng s coliform/100ml
(100 + 50 + 10)
30
x 100 = Tng s coliform/100ml
60
107
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1. Vt liu
B KIT kim tra mu nc vi nhng trang b km theo. y xin gii thiu
Oxfram- Delagua ca Anh m UNICEF z trang b cho mt s c s xt nghim v nc
Vit Nam.
2.Tin hnh:
- Pha mi trng: Mi trng cnh tranh Lauryl sulfate dng cho mng lc ca b
KIT ny l mi trng kh c cung cp km theo b KIT: cn 76,2g mi trng kh ny
cho vo 1 lt nc ct. Ho tan k v sy hp 1210C/10 pht.
- Bo qun mi trng z pha ch ni mt v ti, mi trng c th gi c hng
thng.
- Phn phi v trng vo mi hp lng nhm mt ming m thm ht mi trng.
Rt mi trng cho va ngp ming m, khong 2 - 2,5ml.
- Kh trng b lc: cho khong 1ml Methanol vo cc nhm, t v chy vi giy,
ri p ngc phu lc, y kht vo ming cc kh trng phu lc bng hi Formaldehye
sinh ra trong qu trnh chy thiu xy. Sau mi mu lc u phi kh trng li phu lc.
- Lc mu: Ty theo ngun nc z x l hay cha, sch hay bn m chn th tch lc
cn thit: 100ml nu l nc z kh trng, nc bn ch cn lc 10-20ml. Cn tnh ton th
tch lc sao cho c khong di 200 khun lc cc loi v <80 khun lc Coliform (nh k
thut mng lc z nu) trn mt mng lc.
+ Lp mng lc, vo gi ca phn lc z v trng mt c k ca mng lc quay
ln trn.
+ Lp kn cc b phn ca phu lc.
+ Rt mu nc vo phu theo th tch mu z chn.
+ Dng qu bp cao su, bp ht khng kh trong phu lc ht nc chy xung qua
mng lc, n khi cn nc th thi.
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3. Kt qu
m tt c nhng khun lc mu vng c ng knh 1-3mm v tnh ton s khun lc
trn 100ml mu nc.
Nu s khun lc trn 200, kh m chnh xc c, cn cy li mu, th tch mu lc
cn t hn
Kt qu:
- Tng s Fecal Coliform/100 ml mu
(Nu 420C+0,5)
- Tng s Coliform/100 ml mu (nu 35-370C)
Cn ch : Ging nh cc k thut mng lc khc, mi mu t nht cn c ly trn
hai mng lc.
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Hm lng st
2.Ly mu v bo qun
Mu ly vo dng c sch, trc khi ly mu trng bng nc mu. Nu cha lm
ngay hoc kim nghim ring st II, st III th phi c nh mu bng 2ml axit HCl m c
bo qun.
3. Cc phng php :
A. Phng php so mu vi thuc th O. phenantrolin
3.1. Nguyn tc: pH 2 -3,5 st dng kh Fe+2+ tc dng vi O.phenantrolin hay cn
gi l 1,10-phenantrolin to thnh phc mu cam tun theo nh lut Lambe-Beer. mu
cu phc t l thun vi nng st phn ng. Mu ca phc bn trong 6 thng.
3.2 nh hng
- Cc kim loi nh Cu, Ni, Hg c nh hng nhng thng nhng nguyn t ny lng
khng ng k trong nc thin nhin.
Loi cc cht oxy ho bng cch thm mt lng d cht kh hydroxylamin.
- Cc cht l lng sau khi axit ho mu: lc loi b
- Cc cht mu: Nn ho tro mt th tch mu ri ho tan li axit HCl, sau tin
hnh ln mu.
3.3 .Dng c
- Spectrophotometer hay Colorimeter
- Knh lc bc sng
=510nm
3.4 Ho cht
- Axit HCl m c, khng c st
- Dung dch Hydroxylamin 10%
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3.5.2
Xc nh st II:
Cn c nh mu bng 2ml dung dch axit HCl m c. Phi phn tch mu ngay.
- Ly chnh xc 100ml mu, thm 20ml dung dch O.phenantrolin 10ml dung dch
m axetat. Lc mnh, 5-10 pht cho mu n nh ri o mu nh lm xc nh st ton
phn
Ch : Nu lng st qua nhiu th ly chnh xc mt th tch mu t i.
C.1000
V
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Tin hnh:
- Trong bnh nn dung tch 250ml ly chnh xc 50ml mu, axit ho bng 1ml dung
dch axit HCl m c (sao cho pH khong 2-3). Oxy ho bng 5ml dung dch pesunphat bzo
ho. Thm 2ml dung dch axit sunfo salisilic dung dch c mu tm, un nng n khong
500C.
- Chun bng dung dch Trilon B n khng mu hay hi vng. Ghi s ml dung
dch chun ht.
Tnh kt qu:
- Lng st (mg/l)=
V .0,789.1000
50
- Trong :
112
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4.
Nhn nh kt qu
113
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2.Phng php
2.1. Nguyn tc:
Ti pH = 10 0,2; ion Ca2+, Mg2+ to phc vi ch th mu Eriocrom enT c mu
ru vang (anh o).
- EDTA to phc bn hn vi Ca2+ v Mg2+ nn chim Ca2+, Mg2+ ca phc trn.
- Khi phn ng kt thc, mu dung dch chuyn t mu ru sang mu xanh l.
2.2 nh hng:
- Ion st, Mangan khi hm lng ln loi b bng thm 5ml Trietanolamin trc khi
chun .
- C th khi thm dung dch m vo, pH ca dung dch tng gy kt ta, khc phc
bng 1 trong cc cch sau:
+Pha lozng dung dch mu
+ Xc nh s b cng trc, sau thm khong 90% dung dch chun ri mi
thm dung dch m tin hnh chun tip.
+ Axit ho mu ui CO2 trc khi chnh pH bng dung dch m. Lng axit thm
vo tnh theo kim ca mu.
2.3 .Dng c:
- Buret, pipet
- Bnh nn 125 ml
- Bnh nh mc 50ml
2.4 . Ho cht:
- Dung dch chun Trilon B 0,1N: Cn chnh xc 18,6g Trilon B pha lozng trong nc
ct va 1000ml. Chun li bng dung dch Canxi chun 0,1N.
- Dung dch chun Trilon B 0,02N: Ly chnh xc 200ml dung dch trn pha lozng
thnh 1000ml nc ct. Trc khi lm cn chun li dung dch canxi chun.
- Dung dch Canxi chun 1ml =1mg CaCO3:
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2.6 .Tnh kt qu
- Theo CaCO3: V x 1000 mg/l
(1ml dung dch EDTA 0,02N =1mg CaCO3)
- Theo c = V x 1.1235
Trong :
V: Th tch dung dch chun Trilon B 0,02N phn ng
2.7 . Nhn nh kt qu
- Mu nc c cng tnh theo CaCO3 > 150mg/l tng ng 8.40 c l nc cng
- Hm lng CaCO3 > 300mg/l tong ng 16.80 c l nc rt cng
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1.
2.
Phng php :
2.3 Dng c:
- Buret, pipet, bp in, bnh nn 250ml
2.4 Ho cht:
- Axit H2SO4 m c
- Dung dch chun KMnO4 0,1N: Cn chnh xc 3,20g KMnO4, ho tan trong nc ct
2 ln trong bnh nh mc 1 lt, pha lozng va 1 lt. Bo qun trong chai nt mi mu nu.
- Dung dch KMnO4 0,02N: Ly 200ml dung dch KMnO4 0,1N pha lozng trong nc
ct 2 ln. Pha lozng bng nc ct va 1 lt. Bo qun trong chai nu v thng xuyn kim
tra chun.
- Dung dch axit oxalic 0,1N: Cn chnh xc 6,304g (COOH)2.2H2O ho tan trong
nc ct 2 ln. Pha lozng bng nc ct va 1 lt.
- Dung dch axit oxalic 0,02N: ly chnh xc 200ml dung dch oxalic 0,1N pha lozng
bng nc cht va 1lt. (Dung dch ny lu d b hng)
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(n n1).0,02.8.100
V
Trong :
n: s ml KMnO4 0,02N chun mu kim nghim
n1: S ml KMnO4 0,02 N chun mu trng
8: S mg oxy do 1ml dung dch KMnO4 N gii phng ra
V: s ml mu kim nghim
Hm lng cht hu c:
-
2 mg/lt: nc sch
- T 2-3mg/lt: tm c
- Trn 3mg/lt: khng m bo v sinh
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I. i cng
Gi tr pH l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht xc nh cht lng ca nc
v mt ho hc. Vic x l nc k c nc sch v nc thi lun phi da vo gi tr pH
lm trung ho, lm mm nc, lm kt ta, ng t, kh trng v kim tra n mn...
Nc tinh khit 250C [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 v pH = pOH =7, mi trng trung tnh
Cc dung dch axit c [H+] > 10-7M nn c pH <7
Cc dung dch kim c [OH-] < 10 -7 M nn c pH >7
pH ca nc dng cho n ung v sinh hot ca Vit Nam thng t khi ti 8,5. mt
s ni t chua mn v min trung du nc ta c pH 6 c th ti pH 4
Tiu chun nc dng cho n ung v sinh hot ca Vit Nam t 6-8,5
1.
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Dung dch
CoCl2
FeCl3
119
CuCl2 CuSO4
Nc ct 2
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pH
40
9,6
0,3
0,1
4,2
9,15
0,54
0,4
4,4
8,05
0,65
0,3
4,6
7,25
0,90
0,85
4,8
6,05
1,50
2,45
5,0
5,25
2,80
1,96
5,2
3,85
4,00
2,15
5,4
2,60
4,70
2,70
5,6
1,65
5,55
2,80
5,8
1,35
5,85
0,05
2,75
6,0
1,30
5,50
0,15
3,05
6,2
1,40
5,50
0,25
2,85
6,4
1,40
5,50
0,40
3,20
6,6
1,40
4,25
0,70
3,70
6,8
1,80
3,05
1,00
0,40
3,65
7,0
1,80
2,50
1,15
1,05
3,40
7,2
2,10
1,80
1,75
1,10
3,25
7,4
2,20
1,60
1,80
1,90
2,50
7,6
2,20
1,10
2,25
2,20
2,20
7,8
2,20
1,05
2,20
3,10
1,45
8,0
2,20
1,00
2,10
4,00
0,70
1.6.
2.
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Chun ho my:
- Khi khng dng phi ngm in cc thy tinh trong nc ct. Hoc dung dch
Ag/AgCl i vi in cc so snh.
- Dung dch m c pH bit trc chun ho my. Nn dng dung dch m c pH
gn vi pH ca mu. nhit ca dung dch m nhit phng thch hp nht l 250C.
Sau khi chun ho my, ra sch in cc v tin hnh o.
2.3.2
o mu:
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Xc nh c ca nc
(Phng php Nephelometric)
2. nh hng:
Do dng c, bt kh hay nc c mu bi nhng ho tan gy sai lch gi tr c
thc.
3. Dng c:
- c k Nephel c thang o t 0 - 40 NTU (n v c Nephel). Ch n ngun
sng v gc chiu sng i vi detector, ng dng mu lm bng thy tinh khng mu.
4. Ho cht:
- Nc trong: nc ct c c nh hn 0,02NTU
- Dung dch c chun:
Dung dch 1: Ho tan 1,000g hydrazin sunfate (NH2)2 H2SO4 trong nc ct, pha lozng
n va 100ml. Dung dch 2: Ho tan 10.000g hexamethylene- tetramine (CH2)6N4 trong
nc ct, pha lozng n va 100ml. Ly vo bnh nh mc 100ml: 5ml dung dch 1 v 5ml
dung dch 2 yn trong 24 gi 250C 30C, thm nc n vch, lc u. Dung dch ny
c c 400NTU.
Dung dch lm vic: ly 10ml dung dch trn, pha lozng n (va ) 100ml. Dung
dch c c 40NTU.
5.
Tin hnh:
5.3 . o mu c c ln hn 40NTU
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6.
Tnh kt qu:
c ca nc:
=
A x (B + C)
C
(NTU)
Trong :
A= NTU ca mu pha lozng
B= Th tch nc pha lozng (ml)
C= Th tch mu ly phn tch
Biu th kt qu:
Thang c NTU
7.
Bo co kt qu NTU
0-1,0
0,05
1-10
0,1
10-40
40-100
100-400
10
400-1000
50
>1000
100
Nhn nh kt qu:
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I.
i cng:
2. Nhng tr ngi:
- Nc c mu, nc c cn l lng qu nhiu khi b lng xung y s gy sai s.
IV. Cch o
- ng o mu ni nh sng
- Lc u mu nc tht k t nht 4 ln t trn xung di v t di ln trn
- nc vo ng cho n khi ch thp en va bin mt (nhn t trn xung)
- Ghi kt qu (cm) nhn ct nc o
V.
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125
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1.1 Nguyn tc: Da vo vic kt ta ion sunfat bng Bari clorua trong mi trng
axit
1.2 nh hng: Cn l lng, silic, SO32- gy sai s dng
Mui sunfat ca kim loi kim, nht l mui kim loi kim hydro sunfat gy nh
hng khi kt ta BaSO4 dn n sai s m.
1.3. Dng c:
- Bp cch thy
- L nung (800-10000C)
- Bnh ht m
- Cn phn tch ( chnh xc ti 0,1mg hoc 0,2mg)
- Giy lc khng tro
- Cc thy tinh, cc nung
1.4. Ho cht:
- D.D metyl: ho tan 100mg mui Natrimethyl trong 100ml nc ct
- Axit clohydric 1:1
- D.D Bari Clorua: ho tan 100g BaCl2.2H2O trong 1 lt nc ct. Lc 1ml ta c
khong 40mg SO42- D.D bc nitrat: ho tan 8,5g AgNO3 v 0,5ml HNO3 c. Thm nc ct va
500ml.
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Phng php o c:
2.1 Nguyn tc: ion sunfat kt ta vi BaCl2 trong mi trng axit axetic thnh cc
tinh th BaSO4 c kch c ng nht. Cc tinh th ny s hp th nh sng v t s xc nh
c nng ion sunfat trong nc.
2.2 nh hng: Cc cht l lng hay mu gy nh hng, loi b cht l lng bng
lc. Hm lng silic ln cng nh hng.
Nng pht hin ti thiu: 1mgSO42-/l.
2.3 Dng c:
- My khuy t
- My o c hoc spectrophoto meter bc sng 420mm cuver 2,5-10 cm. Hoc
my so mu knh lc gn 420mm, cuvet 2,5-10cm
2.4 Ho cht:
- Dung dch m A: Ho tan 30g MgCl2.6H2O, 5g CH3COONa.3H2O, 1g KNO3 v
20ml axit axetic m c (glacial) trong 500ml nc ct v thm nc va 1000ml.
- Dung dch m B: (dng khi nng ion sunfat <10mg/l). Ho tan 30g MgCl2.6H2O,
5g CH3COONa.3H2O; 1,0g KNO3; 0,111g Na2SO4 v 20ml axit axetic m c trong nc ct.
Thm nc va 1000ml.
- Dung dch BaCl2 10%
- Dung dch Sunfat chun: 1ml = 100mg SO42-: ho tan 0,148 Na2SO4 trong nc ct,
thm nc va 11.
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3 . Tnh kt qu:
2
128
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2.Phng php:
2.1 Nguyn tc: Da vo phn ng trung ho ca cc ion kim trong nc vi axit
chun. Dng ch th mu hay o pH xc nh im tng ng.
2.2 nh hng: X phng, du ho, cn l lng, gy kh khn nhn bit im tng
ng, nn dng pH meter.
2.3 Dng c:
- Beret, pipet
- pH meter, in cc
2.4 . Ho cht:
- Dung dch chun axit H2SO4 0,1N hay HCl 0,1N: 2,8ml axit H2SO4 m c (d=1,84)
hay 8,3 ml HCl m c pha thnh 1 lt. Chun li bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N.
- Dung dch ch th methyl da cam 0,5%
- Dung dch phenolphtalein 0,5%
2.5.2 kim ton phn: Ly chnh xc 100ml nc kim nghim vo bnh nn dung
tch 250ml, thm 2 git ch th methyl da cam, chun bng dung dch axit n mu chuyn t
mu vng sang hng.
Nu dng pH meter th kt thc pH 4,5
Ch : nc kim nghim khng c pha lozng hay c c, khng lc trc khi kim
nghim.
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n.0,150.1000
100
Trong :
n: s ml dung dch axit z chun ht
0,1: Nng ng lng ca axit
50- ng lng gam ca CaCO3
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I. i cng:
Amoniac c trong nc l do qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c c protit iu
kin ym kh, hoc nc b nhim bn do phn rc.
Tiu chun cho php Amoniac trong nc n ung v sinh hot l 1mg/l vi nhng
nc ging khoan su c th c php n 5mg/lt.
2. Nguyn tc:
amoniac trong mi trng kim phn ng vi thuc th Nest-le (K2HgI4), to thnh
phc c mu vng hay nu sm ph thuc vo hm lng amoniac c trong nc.
3. nh hng cn tr.
Cc ion st, cng ca nc gy cn tr phn ng, yu t ny c loi b bng
dung dch X-nhiet hay dung dch Complexon III.
- X l nc b c bng dung dch km sunfat 5%
- Nc c cc hp cht hu c cc Ancol, cc Andehit phi ct trc khi xc nh.
- Loi tr clo d trong nc bng dung dch Natrithi-osunfat 5%
4. Dng c
- My o mu c knh lc mu tm ng vi bc sng 400nm-500nm
- Cuvet c b dy t 1-5cm, ng nghim Nets-le c dung tch 50ml
5. Thuc th:
- Nc ct khng c Amoniac: nc ct 1 ln thm 1 git Brm, yn 12 gi, ct li
hai ln.
- Dung dch mui Xe-nhit (Natri Kalitactrac). Ho tan 50g mui Kali Natritactrat
(KNaC4H4O) trong 100ml nc ct.
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6. Xy dng ng chun:
Chun b mt dzy ng nghim, cho ln lt thuc th theo th t
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ng s
1
10
01
0,25
0,5
2,5
5,0
10
25
50
Nc ct (ml)
49,9
49,75
49,5
49,0
47,5
45,0
40,0
25
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Thuc th Nessler
1
(ml)
0,00
1
0,0025
0,00
5
0,01
0
0,02
5
0,05
0
0,10
0
0,25
0
0,50
0
Dung dch
mg NH4 /50ml
50
nh tnh
b. Loi mu c:
- Ly 100ml nc mu, thm 1ml km sunfat 5%. Cho thm 0,5ml dung dch NaOH
6N ( c pH: 10,5). Trn u, lc. yn 5 n 10 pht, cn s lng xung y. Ly tm
hay lc, ly phn nc trong phn tch nh lng.
c. nh lng:
Trong ng Netsler cho:
- Nc kim nghim: 50ml
- Dung dch mui X-Nhiet hay Complexon III 0,5ml
- Thuc th hay Netsler: 0,5ml
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8. Cch tnh kt qu
a. Theo thang mu bn: So trc tip vi thang mu
S mg NH4+/lit thang mu
C.1000
V
Trong :
X: S mg NH4+/ trong 1 lt
V: S ml nc mu ly phn tch
1000: s lng mu 1000ml
C: hm lng NH4+ trn th chun
Ch :
1.
2.
tch
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I.
i cng
Cch ly mu v bo qun:
2.
Nguyn tc:
3.
nh hng cn tr:
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4.
Dng c:
- Bnh nh mc 50ml
- ng so mu Nessler
- My so mu vi knh lc mu xanh
5.
Thuc th:
- Nc ct 2 ln khng c Nitrit
Cho vo nc ct mt ln 0,01g KMnO4 v NaOH
em ct li ln II, Loi b 50 ml nc ct lc u.
- Dung dch axit Sulfanilic (Griess A)
Ho tan 0,5 g axit sulfanilic vo 150ml axit Axetic 10% khuy u v yn.
- Dung dch -naphtylamin (Griess B)
Ho tan 0,1g -naphtylamin trong 20ml nc ct, khuy u. un si dung dch,
lng gn ly phn trong, b cn. Thm vo phn dung dch trong z gn 150ml axit axetic
10%, lc u.
- Dung dch km sunfat 10%.
- Dung dch Natri hydroxyt (NaOH) 1N
- Dung dch tiu chun Nitrit.
Cn chnh xc 0,1468g NaNO2. Ho tan trong 20ml nc ct hai ln, thm nc ct
va 100ml, 1ml dung dch ny cha 1mg NO2- . Pha lozng dung dch ny 100 ln bng
nc ct 2 ln khng c Nitrit. 1ml dung dch ny cha 0,01mgNO2
6.
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10
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
Nc ct 2 ln
49,5
49,0
48,5
48,0
47,5
47,0
46,5
46,0
45,5
45,0
Thuc th Griess A
Thuc th Griess B
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Dung dch(ml)
(Microgam) Nitrit
5
(NO2-) /50ml
b. Lm hin mu:
Ly 50ml nc lc trong, thm 1ml Griess A v 1ml Griess B, lc u, yn 10 pht.
Sau , o hp th quang (D) trn my o mu vi knh lc mu xanh, bc sng 520nm.
Cuvet c b dy 1 n 5 c th so mu vi thang mu chun bng mt thng.
c.1000
V
Trong
V: Th tch nc ly phn tch (50ml)
C: Nng nitric xc nh theo ng chun
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I. i cng
Nitrat c trong nc l sn phm ca qu trnh oxi ho cc cht hu c, khi nc b
nhim phn, nhim nc thi cng nghip th hm lng nitrat tng ng k.
Tiu chun nc ung cho php 10mg/l theo N.
2. Nguyn tc:
- Ion NO3- tc dng vi phenoldisunfonic cho axit nitrophenoldisunfonic. Axit ny khi
phn ng vi Amoniac cho phc mu vng. Cng mu t l vi hm lng nitrat trong
dung dch. C th o hp th quang trn my o mu bc sng 410nm hoc so mu vi
gam mu. Hm lng Nitrat ti a pht hin c theo phng php ny l 12mg/lt. Nu hm
lng Nitrat cao qu phi dng phng php khc hoc phi pha lozng mu th.
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4. Dng c
- ng Nessler 50ml
- My o mu knh lc bc sng 410nm
- Cuvet 1-4cm
- ng ong 25ml v 50ml
- Pipet 1ml v 10ml
- Chn s hay thy tinh 50ml
5. Ho cht
a. Dung dch Bc sunfat (Ag2SO4)
Ho tan 4,4g Ag2SO4 trong nc ct khng c cha Nitrat, cho nc ct va 1 lt.
1ml kt ta c 1mg Clb. Dung dch nhm hidroxit:
Ho tan 1,35g K2Al (SO4)3.12H2O trong 100ml nc ct .un nng n 600C . Thm
55ml NH4OH m c, va cho t t, va khuy u, yn 1 gi, chuyn sang bnh rng
ming. Ra nhiu ln bng nc ct, ti khi loi ht cc ion amoni, clorua, nitrit, nitrat.
c. Dung dch Uraxtic
Cn 1 gam Uraxtic tinh khit, cho vo 20ml axit axetic v thm nc ct va
100ml
d. Dung dch amoniac c (25%)
e. Dung dch Nitrat m:
- Cn chnh xc 1,603g KNO3 tinh khit khan, ho trong nc ct v thm nc ct
va 1000ml.
1ml = 1mgNO3- Ly 100ml dung dch trn cho vo bnh nh mc, thm nc ct n vch 1000ml.
1ml = 0,10mg NO3- Ly 25ml dung dch va pha lozng vo bt s, em cch thu n kh. Cho vo 2ml
phenoldisunfonic dng a thu tinh khuy u v thm 10ml nc ct.
- Chuyn tt c vo bnh nh mc 500ml, thm nc ct khng nitrat n vch mc,
1ml dung dch ny cha 0,005mg NO3-
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S
ng
10
10
15
20
30
44
43
42
41
39
37
35
30
25
15
DD (ml)
DD. NO31ml = 0.005mg
Amoniac c
Nc ct 2 ln
Khng Nitrat
Lng
(mg)
Trong
Nessler
NO3-
0,005
ng
0,015
0,01
0,03
0,04
0
0,020
0,30
0,20
0,05
0,60
0,40
0,100
0,07
5
1,00
0,80
0,15
0
2,0
1,50
3,00
7.
Tin hnh
a. X l nc b c v c mu
c.
Loi Clorua:
d.
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8.
a.
Theo th chun:
X=
C.1000
V
Trong
X: hm lng nitrat (mg/l)
C: hm lng nitrat trn th chun
V:Th tch ly nc phn tch (ml)
b.
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2. Phng php
2.1 Nguyn tc
Clorua trong nc phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 to ta AgCl mu trng. Khi ion Clphn ng ht th mt git tha ca dung dch AgNO3 s phn ng vi ion Cromat (ch th) cho
mu da cam pht hin im tng ng
2.2 nh hng
Cc ion Br-, I- gy sai s nhng hm lng cc ion ny trong nc khng ng k. Cc
ion sunphit, thiosunphat gy tr ngi, loi b nc xy gi. St hm lng cao gy kh xc
nh im kt thc.
2.3 . Dng c:
- Buret 10ml
- Cc pipet loi 2ml, 5ml
2.4 . Ho cht
- Dung dch Kali Cromat 6%
- Dung dch bc chun 0,1N: ho tan 16,987g AgNO3 (z sy kh 1050C v
ngui) vo nc ct. Thm nc ct va 1 lt.
- Dung dch NaCl chun 0,1N: ho tan 5,844g NaCl (tkpt) z sy kh 1050C vo
nc ct. Thm nc va 1lt.
- Ch th phenolphtalein
- Dung dch NaOH 0,1N
- Dung dch Axit sunfuric 0,1N
- Dung dch peroxit H2O2 30%
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n 0,135 35,5
V
Trong :
n: s ml dung dch chun AgNO30,1N z dng 0,1 - chun ca dung dch AgNO3
V: th tch mu nc kim nghim (ml)
2.7. Nhn nh kt qu:
- Gii hn Clorua ca mu nc thng l 250 mg/l.
- Cc vng ven bin c th c nng clorua cao ti 500mg/lt.
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1. Nguyn tc:
mi trng axit mnh, Acid Octophotphric kt hp vi axit Molipdic to thnh phc
photphomolipdic H2[P (Mo2O7)8]28.H2O mu vng, s c mt ca ion Cu2+ trong thuc th s
kh ha phc mu vng sang mu xanh. Cng mu t l thun vi hm lng phtphat.
nhy ca phng php 0,01mg/l.
3. Dng c ho cht:
3.1 My o mu (Corning, Eram...) Knh lc
= 520nm
B gam mu chun
3.2 Ho cht:
3.2.1 Dung dch tiu chun:
Ho tan 0,7165g KH2PO4 z sy 1050C trong 2 gi vo bnh nh mc 1000ml, thm
nc ct n vch; lc u. Thm 2ml cloroform bo qun. 1ml dung dch ny cha 0,5mg
PO43+ Chun b dung dch tiu chun I:
Ly 20ml dung dch trn pha lozng bng nc ct n 1 lt. 1ml dung dch ny =
0,01mg PO4-3
3.2.2
Thuc th Sulfomolipdic:
Ho tan 10g amoni molipdat trong 100ml nc ct. un nng, ngui, rt t t dung
dch trn 100ml H2SO4 tinh khit. Lc u bnh v va lm lnh di vi nc chy.
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3.2.3
3.2.4
Butyl axetat
4. Tin hnh:
4.1 Xy dng ng chun:
Chun b mt bnh nh mc 50ml cho thuc th theo th t sau:
S ng
0,1
0,5
1,0
3,0
10
Nc ct va (ml)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
0,02
0,1
0,2
0,6
1,0
1,4
2,0
Dung dch
DD. PO4-3
1ml=0,01mg/PO43 (ml)
Dung dch
Sulfomolipdic A (git)
Dung dch
Sulfomolipdic B (git)
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C.1000
V
Trong :
C: hm lng photphat theo thang mu
V: Th tch nc ly phn tch (ml)
5.2 Cch lm gam mu:
Trong trng hp khng c my o mu phi xc nh photphat bng phng php to
phc mu nh trn nhng kt qu thu c em so vi thang mu tiu chun c thc hin
nh sau:
Dng c v ho cht
- ng nghim
ng s
Dung dch
0,70
1,2
thuc th (ml)
Dung dch A
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0,30
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
Nc ct 2 ln
4,4
3,5
2,5
1,5
0,5
1,34
2,68
5,76
8,04
10,77
13,6
6. Nhn nh kt qu:
Nc thng t c PO43- hoc c th rt thp, nu thy nc nhiu photphat c th nghi
do cht thi ca nh my, va qung. Nu nc c nhiu photphat ng thi nhiu clorua phi
xem xt hin trng c th c s nhim bn do ngun ng vt.
Tiu chun cho php nng PO43- trong nc l di 2,5mg/l.
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1.4
Ho cht v dng c:
Ho cht:
1. Dung dch O.Tolidin: cn 1,35g O.Tolidin pha trong 50ml nc ct. Sau pha
150ml HCl c tinh khit vo 350ml nc ct 2 ln, ho ln 2 dung dch trn ta c dung
dch O.Tolidin 0,135%.
2. Dung dch clo hot ng tiu chun: Dng dung dch Natrihypoclorit pha trong
nc ct. c dung dch 1ml Cl2 pha dung dch lm vic c nng 1ml = 0,01mg Cl2
Dung dch Cl2 hot ng phi c bo qun trong chai mu, ch ti.
Dung dch lm vic dng khi no pha khi , m bo chnh xc phi chun li.
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ng s
1
0,01
0,05
0,1
0,3
0,5
0,7
O.Tolidin (ml)
0,05
0,25
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
Nc ct va
50
(ml)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Dung dch
1.5.2
1.5.3
Gam mu pha bng cc mui kim loi c bn cao, s dng thun tin. Chun b 9
ng nghim c 16mm bng thy tinh ng nht, bn vng. Gam mu pha theo hng sau
y:
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ng s
0,4
5,5
94,1
0,05
1,2
7,5
91,3
0,07
1,5
8,2
90,3
6,08
1,7
9,0
89,3
0,09
1,8
10,0
88,2
0,10
1,9
20,0
78,1
0,20
1,9
30,0
68,1
0,30
2,0
38,0
60,0
0,40
2,0
45
53
0,50
C.1000
V
(mg/l)
Trong :
C: lng Cl2 tm c theo chun (mg)
V: th tch mu ly phn tch (ml)
I2 + 2KCl
I2 + 2 Na2SO3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Cl2 + 2KI
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Trong :
a: th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng chun mu
1ml Na2S2O3 0,01N tng ng 35,5mg Cl2
b: th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng chun mu trng
c: th tch mu nc.
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Mt trong nhng tiu chun ca nc dng n ung, sinh hot l phi trong sch v
phi c kh trng. Hai khu x l quan trng c thc hin cc nh my nc, c th
bng nhng phng php khc nhau nhng u thc hin mc ch:
-
Lm trong nc.
Kh trng nc.
Mun tnh chnh xc lng ho cht a vo thc hin mc ch trn, ngi ta phi
lm th nghim bng cch thm d trc, tm ra lng ho cht hu hiu lm trong hoc
kh trng nc. Trnh d tha v qu tha s gy lzng ph v mi v ca nc khng m bo.
Lng clo v phn nhm hoc phn st a vo nc thm d ta quen c gi
l test clo v test alumin nay nn thay bng nhu cu clo hoc nhu cu phn cho d
hiu hn.
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Chai 1
Chai 2
Chai 3
0,2
0,3
0,5
0,4
0,6
1,0
1.4. Cch nh lng clo hot ng trong clorua vi, nc javel hoc cloramin
Nguyn tc: Dng phng php Iod - thiosunfat, nh lng Cl2. mi trng axxit
, Cl2 c tnh oxy ho mnh s y Iod (I2) ra khi KI. Lng I2 b y ra tng ng vi lng
Cl2 c chun bng dung dch Na2S2O3 chun, theo phn ng:
Cl2 + 2KI
I2 + 2KCl
Dng c ho cht:
- Buret, pipet.
- Bnh nn
- Dung dch KI 10%
- Axit axetic tinh khit, c.
Cn ng 5g Cloramin hoc clorua vi cho vo ci s nghin k, thm t nc ct,
nghin cho tan ht. Tt c cho vo bnh nh mc 500ml. Thm nc ct n vch. y nt
kn, ch ti, sau 2-3gi mi em dng.
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Trong :
V: s ml Na2S2O3 z tiu th
N: Nng dung dch Na2S2O3
5: s gam cht clorua vi hay cloramin
500: s ml dung dch z pha t 5g cht kim tra.
10: s ml dung dch ly chun
V nng Cl2 trong dung dch chun va chun b l
X
mg/ml.
500
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Chai 1
Chai 2
Chai 3
2 - 4ml
4 - 5ml
2.4. Kt qu:
Nhn bng mt:
- Nu c 3 chai nc qua lc vn cn c m th cn phi tng lng phn. c 3 chai nc lc u trong th lm li vi lng phn thp hn.
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2. Nguyn tc
dn in ring l i lng nghch o ca in tr ring ca dung dch. Tnh theo
n v mS.m-1 hay cm-1 quy v dn in ti 250C.
3. Dng c
- My o dn (Conductimeter)
- in cc (cn bo qun trong nc ct)
- Nhit k bch phn
- My iu nhit
4. Ho cht
- Dung dch Kali clorua 0,01M : Ho tan 0,7456g KCl (tkpt sy kh 1000C ngui)
trong nc ct 2 ln mi ct, thm nc ct va 1 lt.
- Dung dch c dn in 250C = 1413 /cm.
5. Tin hnh
- Xc nh hng s in cc : trng, ra in cc bng dung dch KCl 0,01M. iu chnh
nhit v 250C, o in tr v ghi nhit thc ca dung dch.
Tnh hng s in cc
C = (0,001413) (RKCl)/l - 0,0191 (t-25)
Trong :
RKCl : in tr o c tnh ra Ohm ( )
t : nhit dung dch.
- o dn : Trng in cc bng mu, iu chnh nhit dung dch bng my iu
nhit n 250C. o dn ca dung dch. C th o dn ti nhit bt k ri tnh kt qu
da vo h s iu chnh nhit .
6. Tnh kt qu : dn in ti 250C l :
K=
Km
/cm
1 0,0191(t 25)
Trong :
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7. Nhn nh kt qu :
- Nc ct c dn in t 0,5 - 2 /cm.
- Nc sinh hot thng dn in t 50 - 150 /cm
- Nc khong c th dn cao hn.
I. i cng :
Cn l lng v khng tan trong nc l lng cn c gi li trn giy lc. Loi cn
ny thng gy tc cc lp lc b lc nc hoc tc ng ng dn nc.
Cht l lng trong nc nhiu s lm cho nc b c, nh hng n n ung v
sinh hot.
Tiu chun cn l lng v khng tan trong nc c php l 0,1g/lt.
2. Nguyn tc :
Mu nc th c lc k, giy lc z sy kh v cn trc. em giy c cn sy
nhit 100 - 1500C. Hiu s gia trng lng giy lc c cn (f1) v giy lc khng cn (f0)
cho bit hm lng cn l lng v khng tan.
3. Dng c :
- Giy lc bng vng hoc xanh (lc chm va)
- Bnh ong nh mc 100ml, 200ml.
- T sy 100 - 1050C.
- Bnh ht m (dessicatcur)
- Phu lc
- Cn phn tch chnh xc 0,1mg
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6. Cch tnh kt qu
Cn l lng v khng tan tnh ra mg/l :
X=
( f1 f 0 ) 1000
V
mg/l
Trong :
X : lng cn (mg)
f1: trng lng giy lc c cn
f0 : trng lng giy lc khng c cn
V: th tch nc mu xc nh
1000: dung tch nc mu 1 lt.
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Xc nh cn ho tan trong nc
bng phng php khi lng
I. i cng:
Cn ho tan l cht tan trong nc (nc z c lc k ht cn khng tan v cc
cht l lng) cn ho tan cao nh hng n cht lng nc dng cho n ung, sinh hot v
cng nghip.
Tiu chun hm lng cn ho tan trong nc dng cho n ung v sinh hot l 2g/l.
II. Xc nh cn ho tan:
1. Ly mu v bo qun mu:
- Ly mu nc theo cch thc chung.
- Nc ly v cn c xc nh cn ngay, cng sm cng tt, khng mu qu 4
ngy.
2. Nguyn tc
Nc z c lc qua giy bng xanh, em cho bay hi nc trn ni cch thu, n
kh kit. Lng cht cn li l lng cn ho tan trong nc.
3. Dng c:
- Ni cch thu, t sy 100 - 1050C.
- Bnh ht m dung tch 2 lt.
- Cn chnh xc n 0,1 mg (hoc n 0,2mg)
- Bt s hay chn s chu nhit, dung tch 200 - 250ml.
4. Ho cht:
- Nc ct tinh khit trng ra dng c
- Axit HCl v NaOH 30% ty ra dng c.
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6. Cch tnh kt qu
Cn ho tan tnh ra mg/l:
X=
(P2 P0 ) 1000
V
(mg/l)
Trong :
X: Lng cn ho tan (mg/l)
P2: Khi lng bt s c cn (mg)
P0: Khi lng bt s khng c cn (mg)
V: Th tch nc mu ly phn tnh (ml)
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I. i cng:
Trong nc thin nhin thng c cc cht ho tan, cc keo ho tan, cc cht huyn
ph v cc cht khng tan.
Xc nh cn ton phn l tm tng s hm lng cc cht nu trn trong mt lt
nc. Ch s ny rt quan trng, n gip cho vic ra phng n thit k x l nc dng
cho vic n ung, sinh hot v dng cho cng nghip.
2. Nguyn tc xc nh
Mu nc c lc k, cho bay hi nc trn ni cch thu. Lng cht cn li trong
bt s l lng cn ton phn ca th tch nc mu z c c kh kit. T , suy ra hm
lng cn trong mt lt nc mu.
3. Dng c:
- Ni cch thu.
- T sy c th sy c nhit 100 - 1050C
- Bnh nh mc 100ml.
- Bnh ht m.
- Cn chnh xc 0,1mg.
- Bt s hay chn s chu nhit, dung tch 250ml.
4. Ho cht
- Nc ct tinh khit trng ra dng c.
- Axit HCl 30% v NaOH 30% ty ra dng c.
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6. Xc nh trng lng cn :
- Ly chnh xc mt th tch khong 100 - 200ml nc mu z lc k (cha khong
50-250mg cn) vo bt s trn.
- bt s c nc kh kit trn ni cch thu.
- Cho bt s vo t sy 100 - 1050C khong 4 - 6 gi.
- em ngui bnh ht m. Mang cn c trng lng P1 (trng lng khng i)
Ch : Cn ngay sau khi ngui, cng nhanh cng tt.
(P1 P0 ) 1000
V
(mg/l)
Trong :
X : lng cn ton phn mg/l
P1 : Trng lng bt s c cn
P0 : Trng lng bt s khng c cn
V : Th tch nc mu ly xc nh cn.
1000 : Dung tch mt lt nc mu.
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