A.Santhi et. al.

/ International Journal of New Technologies in Science and Engineering

Vol. 2, Issue 6,Dec 2015, ISSN 2349-0780

ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

USING DCLOAD FLOW CONTINGENCY
A.SANTHI1 , K.PRAVEENA KUMARI2
1.Assoc. Prof.,SriSivani College of Engineering, Srikakulam
2.Asst. Prof.,SriSivani College of Engineering, Srikakulam

ABSTRACT: In the past many wide spread blackouts have occurred in interconnected
power systems therefore it is necessary to insure that power system should be operated most
economically such that power is delivered reliably. Contingency analysis is a well known function
in modern Energy Management Systems (EMS). The goal of this power system analysis function is
to give the operator information about the static security. Contingency Analysis of a power system
is a major activity in power system planning and operation. In general an outage of one
transmission line or transformer and generators may lead to over loads in other branches and/or
sudden system voltage rise or drop. Contingency analysis is used to calculate violations at
transmission line, transformer and generators outages. Proposed algorithm tested on IEEE-14
BUS System.
1. INTRODUCTION
Load flow study is known as power flow. The load flow is used to calculate the voltage at
various buses and power injection into the transmission system. Load flow study in the power system
parlance in the steady state solution of the power system network. The power system is modelled by an
electric network and solved for the steady-state powers and voltages at various buses. The direct analysis
of the circuit is not possible.
Contingency Analysis of a power system is a major activity in power system planning and
operation. In general an outage of one transmission line or transformer and generators may lead to over
loads in other branches and/or sudden system voltage rise or drop. To overcome the violations DC
power flow technique is use to find out the sensitivity of the transmission line, transformer and
generators outages.
2. CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
Contingency analysis is one of the most important tasks encountered by the planning and
operation engineers of bulk power system. In power system operation contingency analysis assists
engineers to operate at a secured operating point where equipment are loaded within their safe limits and
power is delivered to customers with acceptable quality standards. The objective of contingency analysis
is to find voltage violations or line overloads under such contingencies and to initiate proper measures
that are required to alleviate these violations. Contingency analysis is used as a study tool for the off-line
analysis of contingency events, and as an on-line tool to show operators what would be the effects of
future outages.
1. Security is determined by the ability of the system to withstand equipment failure.
2. Weak elements are those that present overloads in the contingency conditions (congestion).
3. Standard approach is to perform a single (N-1) contingency analysis simulation.
4. A ranking method will be demonstrated to prioritize transmission planning CA istherefore a
primary tool used for preparation of the annual maintenance plan and the corresponding outage
schedule for the power system.
Available online @ www.ijntse.com

14

A.Santhi et. al. / International Journal of New Technologies in Science and Engineering
Vol. 2, Issue 6,Dec 2015, ISSN 2349-0780

Different types of violations are line violations and MVA violations .

The operating range of voltage at any bus is generally 0.95-1.05 p.u. Thus if the voltage falls
below 0.95 p.u then the bus is said to have low voltage. If the voltage rises above the 1.05 p.u then the
bus is said to have a high voltage problem. It is known that in the power system network generally
reactive power is the reason for the voltage problems. Hence in the case of low voltage problems
reactive power is supplied to the bus to increase the voltage profile at the bus. In the case of the high
voltage reactive power is absorbed at the buses to maintain the system normal voltage.
Contingency occurs in the system when the MVA rating of the line exceeds given rating. This is
mainly due to the increase in the amplitude of the current flowing in that line. The lines are designed in
such a way that they should be able to withstand 125% of their MVA limit. Based on utility practices, if
the current crosses the 80-90 % of the limit, it is declared as an alarm situation.
3. FORMULATION OF LOAD FLOW PROBLEM:
A classic load flow problem consists of calculation of voltage magnitude and its phase angle at the
buses, and also the active and reactive line flows for the specified terminal or bus conditions. Associated
with each bus of a power system, there are four set of variables .
1. magnitude of voltage i.e. |V|
2. phase angle i.e. ||
3. active or real power i.e. |P|
4. reactive power i.e. |Q|
Based on these values, a bus may be classified into the above mentioned three categories as :
Bus Type

Vmag

P-Q bus

Known

Known

unknown

Unknown

P-V bus
Slack bus

Known
Unknown

Unknown
Unknown

Known
Known

Unknown
Known

In the load flow method Bus Admittance Matrix or Bus system is applied. First step in solving the power
flow is to create the bus admittance matrix, often called the Y -bus.
The Y Bus gives the relationships between all the bus current injections, I, and all the bus
voltages, V.I = YBUSV
The Y Bus is developed by applying KCL at each bus in the system to relate the bus current
injections, the bus. Voltages, and the branch impedances and admittances.
The diagonal elements are the self-admittance terms, equal to the algebraic sum of all the
primitive value of admittances incident at the node or bus.
The off-diagonal terms are equal to the negative of the admittance connected between the two
buses.
In this load flow method there are some equations to be specified:
Applying KCL at each ith bus, in an n-bus system, the current injection Ii, is given by

Since I = YbusV, we also know

Available online @ www.ijntse.com

15

A.Santhi et. al. / International Journal of New Technologies in Science and Engineering
Vol. 2, Issue 6,Dec 2015, ISSN 2349-0780

The net complex power injected into a bus-i is given by

Taking complex conjugate of above equation

In Polar form

Separating into real and imaginary parts

i=1,2n
i=1,2n
Load Flow Techniques:
In the load flow there are two techniques. They are:
DC Load Flow Method
AC Load Flow Method
4.Dc Load Flow Method of Contingency Analysis
Each transmission line is represented by its susceptance Bij.
Impedance Z = r +jx
Inverse of impedance Y=G+jB
This method is based on DC power flow equation to simulate single or multiple contingencies.
These equations are N-1 in number, where N is the number of buses. In this method the line resistances
are neglected, only real power flows are modeled ignoring the reactive power flows. This results in a
linear model of the network to facilitate performing multiple contingency outages using the principle of
super position.In this method only the real part of the power flow equations are considered, that is the
effect of reactive power Q is neglected and all the bus voltages are assumed to be 1 p.u. the matrix B' is
computed on the basis that all the resistances are zero from equation 3.5.
B1ik= -Bij = 1/Xij

(3.5)

Where xij is the reactance of the line connecting buses i and j.The angles and real powers are solved by
iterating Equation 3.6.

Available online @ www.ijntse.com

16

A.Santhi et. al. / International Journal of New Technologies in Science and Engineering
Vol. 2, Issue 6,Dec 2015, ISSN 2349-0780

Proposed Flow Chat:

L = Number of transmission lines

Pl = Real power flow on line l for a particular
contingency
Pllim= real power limit of line l
N = a positive integer

5. RESULTS
Generator Shift Sensitivity Factors are computed.
Here each column of the table denotes the GSSFs of all lines when each generator is outaged
one by one.
New power flows in all the lines with each generator outage are calculated with the help of
GSSF.
Here each column of the table denotes the Power flows of all lines when each generator is
outaged one by one.
These power flows are considered as New Power Flows throughout the analysis.
Generation Shift Sensitivity Factors:
Line Flows with Generator Outages:

Line
Generator GeneratorGenerator-3
no
-1
2
1
-0.8380
-0.6573
-0.6573
2
-0.1620
-0.3427
-0.3427
3
0.0273
-0.1427
-0.1427
4
0.0572
-0.2987
-0.2987
5
0.0774
-0.2159
-0.2159
6
0.0273
-0.1427
-0.1427
7
0.0800
0.3589
0.3589
8
0.0029
-0.6342
-0.6342
9
0.0017
-0.1661
-0.1661
10
-0.0045
-0.1997
-0.1997
11
-0.0027
-0.1202
-0.1202
12
-0.0004
-0.0177
-0.0177
13
-0.0014
-0.0618
-0.0618
14
0.03
0.005
-1
15
0.0029
0.3658
0.3658
16
0.0027
0.1202
0.1202
17
0.018
0.0794
0.0794
18
0.0027
0.1202
0.1202
19
-0.0004
-0.0177
-0.0177
20
-0.0018
-0.0794
-0.0794
Table 1: Generator Shift Sensitivity Factors

Line
GeneratorGeneratorGeneratorno
1(MW)
2(MW)
3(MW)
1
163.4064
148.0705
148.0705
2
74.1936
71.2295
71.2295
3
69.5865
70.0869
70.0869
4
54.2558
55.3030
55.3030
5
39.5640
40.9806
40.9806
6
-24.6135
-24.1131
-24.1131
7
-63.8089
-62.3446
-62.3446
8
29.0072
29.0601
29.0601
9
16.6440
16.6744
16.6744
10
42.3487
42.2655
42.2655
11
6.3092
6.2591
6.2591
12
7.6031
7.5957
7.5957
13
17.2364
17.2107
17.207
14
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
15
29.0072
29.0601
29.0601
16
6.1908
6.2409
6.2409
17
9.9605
9.9936
9.9905
18
-2.8092
-2.7591
-2.7591
19
1.5031
1.4957
1.4957
20
4.9395
4.9064
4.9064
Table 2: NewLine Flows with Generator Outages

Available online @ www.ijntse.com

17

A.Santhi et. al. / International Journal of New Technologies in Science and Engineering
Vol. 2, Issue 6,Dec 2015, ISSN 2349-0780

Comparing new flow with base flows:

Performance Index and Rankings:

Bus
New
New flow
New flow
power
flow
G(2)
(G8)
flow
(G7)
1
161.8737 177.2095 148.0705 161.8737
2
78.4263
81.3905
71.2295
78.4263
3
73.0838
72.5834
70.0869
73.0838
4
61.5749
60.5277
55.3030
61.5749
5
45.5150
44.0984
40.9806
45.5150
6
-21.1162
-21.6166
-24.1131 -21.1162
7
-69.8823
-71.3467
-62.3446 -69.8823
8
42.3784
42.3256
29.0601
42.3748
9
20.1626
20.1322
16.6744
20.1626
10
46.4590
46.5422
42.2655
46.4590
11
8.7843
8.8344
6.2591
8.7843
12
7.9666
7.9740
7.5957
7.9666
13
18.5081
18.5338
17.2107
18.5081
14
20.320
19.9403
19.0234
19.0745
15
21.3784
21.3526
29.0601
21.3784
16
1.7157
3.6856
6.2409
3.7157
17
8.3253
8.2422
9.9936
8.3253
18
-5.2843
-5.3344
-2.7591
-5.2853
19
1.8666
1.8740
1.4957
1.8666
20
6.5747
6.6078
4.9064
6.5747
Table3: Comparison of New Flows with Base Flows
Line
no

Line
no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

PI due to
PI due to
Ranki
Rankin
Line
Generator
ng
g
Outages
outages
47.633
1
24.734
1
45.084
2
24.538
2
37.431
3
0.190
18
31.978
5
0.179
19
26.648
20
0.172
20
29.088
8
0.679
5
31.785
6
1.544
4
27.93
18
0.453
17
29.119
7
0.472
15
32.064
4
0.581
6
28.805
10
0.49
9
28.601
11
4.85
3
28.851
9
0.491
8
28.398
15
0.484
12
27.964
19
0.457
16
28.205
17
0.477
13
28.384
16
0.474
14
28.551
13
0.487
11
28.422
14
0.494
7
28.593
12
0.489
10
Table4: Performance Index and Rankings

Thus Obtained New Flows are compared with Base Flows.

From the above power flows it was observed that there is a change in power flows of each line
when a generator is outaged.
This change in power flow leads to Fault in a particular line which is overloaded.
Thus Performance Indexes were calculated using the equation 4.
Rankings are given to each line for generator and line outages respectively.

CONCLUSION
Based on the rankings provided to each line, the lines having highest degree is more likely to be
effected in decreasing order.This information will be provided to the operator to ensure the system
security and also useful in the construction of distributed system.
The results obtained through the proposed algorithm are found to be quite accurate and thus, this
work provides new tool for developing remedial control actions for higher order contingencies.
Contingency analysis study helps to strengthen the initial basic plan. It is also helpful to develop system
operators to improve their ability to resolve problem. This tool helps especially the busy power system
operators and also for transmission line expansion of large power systems.
REFERENCES:
[1]

Wood A.J and Wollenberg B.F., Power generation, operation and control, John Wiley & Sons
Inc., 1996.

Available online @ www.ijntse.com

18

A.Santhi et. al. / International Journal of New Technologies in Science and Engineering
Vol. 2, Issue 6,Dec 2015, ISSN 2349-0780

[2]
[3]

[4]
[5]

[6]

[7]

Stott B, Alsac O and Monticelli A.J, Security Analysis and Optimization, Proc. IEEE, vol.
75,No. 12, pp. 1623-1644,Dec 1987.
Lee C.Y and Chen N, Distribution factors and reactive power flow in transmission line and
transformer outage studies, IEEE Transactions on Power systems, Vol. 7,No. 1,pp. 194-200,
February 1992.
Brandwjn V and Lauby M.G, Complete bounding method fora.c contingency screening, IEEE
Transactions on Power systems, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 724-729, May 1989.
Albuyeh F, Bose A and Heath B, Reactive power consideration in automatic contingency
selection, IEEE Transactions on Power systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 1, pp. 107-112, January
1982.
Zaborzky J, Whang K.W and Prasad K, Fast contingency evaluation using concentric
relaxation, IEEE Transactions on Power systems, Vol. PAS-99, No. 1, pp. 28-36, February
1980.
Stott B and Alsac O, Fast decoupled load flow, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No. 5, pp. 859-869, May 1974.

A.Santhi was born in Srikakulam, India on 11th November 1980. She received B.Tech Electrical
& Electronics Engineering from BVC Engineering college,Amalapuramand M.Tech from
JNTUCE, Hyderabad, India. She is working as an Associate Professor in Sri SivaniCollege of
Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Department since December 2012. Her favorite topics
include power systems, control systems, HVDC and Reactive power compensation techniques. Her
contact address is santhi.dunna@gmail.com
K.PraveenaKumari was born in srikakulam, India on 31th august 1990. She received B.Tech
Electrical & Electronics Engineering from AITAM Engineering college,Tekkaliand M.Tech
from GMRIT,RrAJAM, India. She is working as an Assistant Professor in Sri SivaniCollege of
Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Department since july 2015. Her favorite topics include
power systems, control systems, power electronics and Reactive power compensation techniques. Her
contact address is praveenakilli@gmail.com

Available online @ www.ijntse.com

19