BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

SCHOOL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT
BACHELOR IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
(SOFTWARE ENGINEERING / BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)
NAME

GOUTHAM SUBRAMANIAM

STUDENT ID
SUBJECT
SUBJECT CODE
TOPIC
LECTURER

201406040052
Artificial Intelligence
BICS3033
Overview of Artificial Intelligence
MR.MUHAMMAD ATIF BALOCH

FOR OFFICE USE ONLY

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DATE

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BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

TABLE OF CONTENT
NO.

TOPIC

PAGE

1.

Definiton of AI

NUMBER
3

2.

History of AI

3.

Goals of AI

4.

Advantages of AI

5.

Real Life Applications of AI Research Areas

6.

Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

7.

Components of Intelligence

8.

Reference

4-5

10-11
12

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BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines. It
has become an essential part of the technology industry.
Research associated with artificial intelligence is highly technical and specialized. The core
problems of artificial intelligence include programming computers for certain traits such as:

Knowledge

Reasoning

Problem solving

Perception

Learning

Planning

Ability to manipulate and move objects

Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI research. Machines can often act and react like
humans only if they have abundant information relating to the world. Artificial intelligence must
have access to objects, categories, properties and relations between all of them to implement
knowledge engineering. Initiating common sense, reasoning and problem-solving power in
machines is a difficult and tedious approach.
Machine learning is another core part of AI. Learning without any kind of supervision requires an
ability to identify patterns in streams of inputs, whereas learning with adequate supervision
involves classification and numerical regressions. Classification determines the category an
object belongs to and regression deals with obtaining a set of numerical input or output
examples, thereby discovering functions enabling the generation of suitable outputs from
respective inputs. Mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is
a well-defined branch of theoretical computer science often referred to as computational learning
theory.
Machine perception deals with the capability to use sensory inputs to deduce the different
aspects of the world, while computer vision is the power to analyze visual inputs with few subproblems such as facial, object and speech recognition.
Robotics is also a major field related to AI. Robots require intelligence to handle tasks such as
object manipulation and navigation, along with sub-problems of localization, motion planning and
mapping.

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BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

History of AI
Here is the history of AI during 20th century
Year

Milestone / Innovation

1923

Karel apek play named Rossum's Universal Robots (RUR) opens in

London, first use of the word "robot" in English.

1943

Foundations for neural networks laid.

1945

Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.

1950

Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and

published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon
published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.

1956

John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the

first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

1958

John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

1964

Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can

understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems
correctly.

1965

Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that carries

on a dialogue in English.

1969

Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot,

equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.

1973

The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the

Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble

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BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

models.

1979

The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.

1985

Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.

1990

Major advances in all areas of AI

Significant demonstrations in machine learning

Case-based reasoning

Multi-agent planning

Scheduling

Data mining, Web Crawler

natural language understanding and translation

Vision, Virtual Reality

Games

1997

The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry
Kasparov.

2000

Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet,

a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores
remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.

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BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

Goals of Artificial Inteligence

To Create Expert Systems The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior,

learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines Creating systems that

understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

What Contributes to AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such

as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and
Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer
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BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning,

and problem solving.
Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build
an intelligent system.

Advantages of AI

It can help improve our way of life

Machines will be able to do jobs that require detailed instructions
Mental alertness and decision making capabilities
Use robots for heavy construction, military benefits, or even for
personal assistance at private homes
There will be less injuries and stress to human beings
Many of our health problems now have possible solutions with the
use of Artificial Intelligence in studies at universities
Can take on stressful and complex work that humans may
struggle/can not do.
Can complete task faster than a human can most likely
To discover unexplored things. i.e. outer space
Less errors and defects
Function is infinite

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BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

Disadvantages of AI
Lacks the "human touch"
Has the ability to replace human jobs
Can malfunction and do the opposite of what they are programmed
to do
Can be misused leading to mass scale destruction
May corrupt younger generation

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BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

Real Life Applications of AI Research Areas

There is a large array of applications where AI is serving common people
in their day-to-day lives
Research Areas

Expert Systems
Examples Flight-tracking systems, Clinical systems.

Natural Language Processing

Examples: Google Now feature, speech recognition, Automatic voice output.

Neural Networks
Examples Pattern recognition systems such as face recognition, character
recognition, handwriting recognition.

Robotics
Examples Industrial robots for moving, spraying, painting, precision
checking, drilling, cleaning, coating, carving, etc.

Fuzzy Logic Systems

Examples Consumer electronics, automobiles, etc.

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BICS3033 Artificial Intelligence

Difference between Human and Machine

Intelligence

Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules

and data.

Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching

algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store,
and recall as its pattern is simple.

Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing
or distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.

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Components of Intelligence

Reasoning It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for

judgement, making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types ,
Inductive reasoning and Deductive reasoning.

Learning It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying,

practising, being taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the
awareness of the subjects of the study.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AIenabled systems. Learning is categorized as
o

Auditory Learning It is learning by listening and hearing. For

example, students listening to recorded audio lectures.

Episodic Learning To learn by remembering sequences of events

that one has witnessed or experienced. This is linear and orderly.

Motor Learning It is learning by precise movement of muscles. For

example, picking objects, Writing, etc.

Observational Learning To learn by watching and imitating others.

For example, child tries to learn by mimicking her parent.

Perceptual Learning It is learning to recognize stimuli that one has

seen before. For example, identifying and classifying objects and
situations.

Relational Learning It involves learning to differentiate among

various stimuli on the basis of relational properties, rather than
absolute properties. For Example, Adding little less salt at the time of
cooking potatoes that came up salty last time, when cooked with
adding say a tablespoon of salt.

Stimulus-Response Learning It is learning to perform a particular

behavior when a certain stimulus is present. For example, a dog raises
its ear on hearing doorbell.

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Problem Solving It is the process in which one perceives and tries to

arrive at a desired solution from a present situation by taking some path,
which is blocked by known or unknown hurdles.
Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of
selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the
desired goal are available.

Perception It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and

organizing sensory information.
Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory
organs. In the domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired
by the sensors together in a meaningful manner.

Linguistic Intelligence It is ones ability to use, comprehend, speak, and

write the verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal
communication.

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Reference

1.http://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intel
ligence/artificial_intelligence_overview.htm

2.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelli
gence

3. http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/

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