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Abstract
The dynamic impact properties of 7075 aluminum alloy are studied experimentally using a split Hopkinson bar. Cylindrical specimens of
10 mm height and 10 mm diameter are compressed dynamically at temperatures ranging from 25 to 3008C and at constant strain rates of
from 103 to 5103 s1. The inuence of strain rate and temperature on the mircrostructural evolution, the fracture mechanisms and the
occurrence of shear localization is investigated. It is found that the compressive stressstrain response depends sensitively on the applied
strain rate and test temperature. Considering the effects of strain rate, temperature, strain hardening, rate sensitivity and thermal softening of
the material, a constitutive equation is used successfully to describe the dynamic impact deformation behavior of 7075 Al alloy.
Microstructural observations reveal that the size of the initial coarse equi-axial grains is reduced as the strain rate and temperature increase
due to dynamic recrystallization. In contrast, the second phase increases in size in response to increasing strain rate and temperature. SEM
observation of the fracture surfaces makes evident an adiabatic shearing mechanism along the fracture planes accompanying crack
formation. # 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Keywords: 7075 Al alloy; Split Hopkinson bar; Strain rate and temperature effects; Adiabatic shearing mechanism; Grain renement
1. Introduction
7075 aluminum alloy is one of the most important engineering alloys and has been utilized extensively in aircraft
structures because of its high strength-to-density ratio. A
considerable amount of work has been carried out on the
plastic ow of this material under low strain rates and
various temperatures [1,2]. However, up to now, there has
been little work concerning the systematic effects of strain
rate and temperature on the plastic ow response, as well as
the evolution of the microstructure, during dynamic impact
deformation. From the deformability viewpoint and for
structural design purposes, it is necessary to characterize
the mechanical properties of 7075 Al alloy over a wide range
of temperatures and strain rates up to impact loading.
The compression split Hopkinson bar (SHPB) is used
widely to determine the mechanical properties of structural
materials under high loading rates [3]. Using this technique,
0924-0136/00/$ see front matter # 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 2 4 - 0 1 3 6 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 4 6 5 - 3
W.-S. Lee et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 100 (2000) 116122
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W.-S. Lee et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 100 (2000) 116122
1300, 2400 and 3100 s1 are shown in Figs. 24, respectively. The ow stress as well as the shape of the ow curves
are sensitively dependent on temperature and strain rate. For
all of the specimens, after initial yielding, the ow stress
increases monotonically with different strain-hardening
rates. Comparing these curves with one another, it is found
that, for a specic strain rate, the ow stress decreases
markedly with temperature. Further, changes in temperature
have a signicant effect on the work-hardening rate: the
degree of work hardening is considerably smaller during
deformation at the higher temperature of 3008C, at this
temperature a nearly horizontal line being obtained, suggesting that the rate of work-hardening is being balanced by
the rate of thermal softening. In contrast, for a xed temperature, the ow stress generally increases as the strain rate
increases due to an increase of dislocation density and the
dislocation multiplication rate. When the ow stress relative
to the temperature is compared to the ow stress relative to
the strain rate, there is no doubt that the effect of temperature
on the ow stress is more pronounced than that of the strain
W.-S. Lee et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 100 (2000) 116122
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(1)
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W.-S. Lee et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 100 (2000) 116122
Fig. 9. Optical micrographs taken from specimens deformed at: (a) 258C
with a strain rate of 1.3103 s1; and (b) 3008C with a strain rate of
3.1103 s1.
W.-S. Lee et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 100 (2000) 116122
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Fig. 12. Optical micrograph of the 7075 Al alloy deformed at 1008C and
3.1103 s1, showing arc-type adiabatic shear bands.
Fig. 10. Changes in grain size with strain rate at a true strain of 0.15 for
different temperature conditions.
Fig. 11. Fracture appearance of the 7075 Al alloy deformed at 2008C with
a strain rate of 3.1103 s1.
faster one along the center of inversion into the depth of the
specimen to the opposite side, the other as a slow, concurrent
lateral growth. The faster propagates at an angle of approximately 458 to the perpendicular plane.
Under dynamic impact loading, an adiabatic shear band
can be dened as a stress localization phenomenon generally
caused by a plastic instability, in turn caused by thermal
softening during adiabatic or quasi-adiabatic deformation.
At strain rates above 103 sl, plastic deformation in the
impacted material does not have enough time to occur
thoroughly. Therefore, the impact energy has to be dissipated rapidly by an elevation of temperature within the
material. This adiabatic temperature rise in the material
can be very high and, furthermore, because of the short
duration of the event, is concentrated within narrow bands at
locations of maximum stress. As a consequence of this
temperature rise, the material within the shear band can
possibly melt or, more usually, its microstructure will be
changed dramatically with the formation of the transformed
white phase. Dynamic impact material failure can thus differ
from the other dynamic fracture modes of void formation
and coalescence. Fig. 13 shows fracture surface features
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W.-S. Lee et al. / Journal of Materials Processing Technology 100 (2000) 116122
China for their nancial support. The grant from the NSC is
numbered 86-2212-E006-015.
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