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Use of contraceptives
Universally, the number of women aged 15 49 in marriage or a union,
who were using contraceptives (as a way to reduce the incidence of
unintended pregnancies, maternal deaths, and unsafe abortions) has
increased from 55 to 64 percent between 1990 and 2015. The proportion
in sub-Saharan Africa has more than doubled, from 13 to 28 percent,
while that in Southern Asia increased from 39 to 59 percent in the same
25 years.
Nine in every 10 contraceptive users were using effective methods,
including condoms, injectables, intrauterine devices, female and male
sterilisation, oral hormonal pills, or an implant.
Early childbearing
Adolescent childbearing is not only harmful to the health of both the girls
and child they bear, but also reflects the broader forms of social and
economic marginalisation of girls. Certain measures have been taken to
delay childbearing and prevent unintended pregnancies among this
vulnerable age group, including increasing their opportunities for
education and eventual paid employment. As a result, the birth rate
among adolescent girls aged 15 19 has reduced from 59 births per 1,000
girls to 51 births between 1990 and 2015.
Final note
One of the most fundamental ways to reduce maternal morbidity and
mortality is ensuring that every birth occurs with the help of skilled health
personnel midwife, nurse, or doctor. Progress in increasing the
proportion of births delivered with skilled attendance has been modest
over the MDG time frame, which is an indication of the lack of universal
access to care.
Significant progress has been made in reducing maternal deaths and
increasing global access to reproductive health, though the targets were
not achieved. Improvements can be made by addressing the large
inequities in maternal health, and strengthening individual country
capacity to tackle the problems.
Target 6. Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Indicators
16. Maternal mortality ratio (UNICEF-WHO)
17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (UNICEF-WHO)
Immunization coverage goals were largely attained. The Maternal and Child Health
Survey reported that in 2000, 65 percent of all children aged 12-23 months were
fully immunized before turning 1 year old. This shows an improvement from the
survey of 1997 where only 58 percent were fully immunized. There are more
immunized children in the urban areas (68%) than in the rural areas (63%). The
reduction in maternal mortality rate was substantial. The maternal mortality rate
(MMR) in 1991-97 is 172 per 100,000 live births as estimated by the 1998 National
Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). This is slightly lower than the estimated
MMR of 209 per 100,000 live births in 1987-93 based on the 1993 National
Demographic Survey (NDS). Care for mothers is a big challenge, considering that a
low percentage of women get pre- and post-natal checkups, iron and iodine
supplements and tetanus toxoid immunization.
Since 1990, the maternal mortality ratio has declined by 45 per cent
worldwide, and most of the reduction has occurred since 2000.
More than 71 per cent of births were assisted by skilled health personnel
globally in 2014, an increase from 59 per cent in 1990.
Similarly, infant deaths or deaths of children below one year old decreased from 25 to 22 deaths per 1,000 live births
which is also close to the 2015 MDG target of 19 deaths per 1,000 live births. However, almost half of the infant
deaths are neonatal deaths, or fatalities occurring within the first 28 days of life, which show a slow decline in
reduction from 18 to 14 per 1,000 live births from 1993 to 2011.
It is a different story for the lives of Filipino mothers. Maternal deaths remain high at 221 per 100,000 live births in
2011, making it unlikely for the country to reach the 2015 MDG 5 target of 52 deaths per 100,000 live births. Mothers
are dying due to delays in deciding to seek medical attention, delays in reaching appropriate care facility, and delays
in receiving quality services at health facilities.
The universal access to basic reproductive health services is unlikely to be achieved as the contraceptive prevalence
rate for modern family planning methods remains at 50 percent, far from the 2015 target of 63 percent.
A current worrying concern is also the increasing trend in teenage pregnancy - one in 10 girls aged 15 to 19 is
already a mother.
The countrys universal health care strategy called Kalusugan Pangkalahatan and the national social protection
program (4Ps) have been significant in improving the health and nutrition status of marginalized mothers and children
by focusing on the poor to have health insurance coverage through PhilHealth and access to affordable and quality
health benefit packages such as basic maternity and newborn care services.
The recently approved implementation of the Reproductive Health Law will also play a very crucial role in this as it
will provide universal access to quality, appropriate and affordable reproductive health care services and information
including family planning options that will benefit women, mothers, children, families, and communities.
Challenges remain but it is important that we keep moving forward for Filipino women and children
HIV, malaria, and other diseases directly and indirectly impact food and
nutrition security, rural development, and agricultural productivity. At the
same time, malnutrition and food and nutrition insecurity can increase
vulnerability to disease.
In this regard, millennium development goal 6 has three targets:
Target #3: Reversal of the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Global malaria incidence rate has dropped by about 37 percent between
2000 and 2015, while mortality rate has dropped by 58 percent in the
same period. Consequently, the global MDG malaria target has been
achieved.
Increased universal attention, combined with considerable expansion of
anti-malaria efforts have helped avert more than 6.2 million malaria
deaths in the 15 year period, especially in children under five in subSaharan Africa. The estimated 69 percent reduction in malaria mortality
for children under five in this region helped improve child survival rates,
directly contributing to MDG4 reduction of child mortality by two-thirds.
The massive gains since 2000 have been attributed to the tenfold increase
in international funding for malaria, with stronger political commitment
and the availability of new, more effective tools. This has increased access
to malaria prevention and treatment interventions, including indoor
Final note
In 2013, there were an estimated 35 million people living with HIV in the
world. This number is increasing as more people gain access to
antiretroviral therapy (ART). And while ART has averted 7.6 million deaths
worldwide, including 4.8 million in sub-Saharan Africa, this is only 36
percent of the 31.5 million people living with HIV in developing regions.
And while 98 malaria-endemic nations have reversed malaria incidence
nationally in 2015 compared to 2000, malaria continues to pose a huge
public health challenge with an estimated 214 million cases and 472,000
deaths worldwide in 2015. 97 countries and territories across the globe, or
3.3 billion people, are still at risk of malaria infection, so more still needs
to be done.
For patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2012, 86 percent were
successfully treated globally, hitting the target of 85 percent set in 1991.
Target 7. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Indicators
18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years (UNAIDS-WHO-UNICEF)
19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate (UN Population Division) c*
19a. Condom use at last high-risk sex (UNICEF-WHO)
19b. Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS (UNICEF-WHO) d*
19c. Contraceptive prevalence rate (UN Population Division)
20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years (UNICEF-UNAIDS-WHO)
Target 8. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Indicators
21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria (WHO)
22. Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures (UNICEFWHO) e*
23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis (WHO)
24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (internationally recommended TB control strategy)
(WHO)
With regard to HIV/AIDS, the HIV/ AIDS Registry has recorded 1,441 HIV AB
seropositive cases (1984-2000), 486 of whom had AIDS; with 218 deaths. Majority of
the cases were in the 20-49 years age group. Most cases were male. Of the 1,441
HIV cases, 371 or 26 percent are Overseas Filipino Workers (OCWs). The