June, 2016

PROJECT REPORT: ADVANCED DIPLOMA: SEM 3: 2015-2016

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

This project analysis the performance between the 4 leg online UPS and 3 leg online
UPS. Online UPS is faster in operation than offline UPS, hence this project took that as a
major circuit. The main purpose of the uninterrupted power supply is to provide the AC
voltage with less voltage distortion and uninterrupted power to loads such as computer,
communication system and medical support system etc. Nowadays, increasing in the
demand of using nonlinear load causes the serious problem of power quality.
A single phase four leg converter consist of four leg, in which two legs are used for
rectifying and charging purpose, and the other two legs are used for inverter purpose. The
proposed three leg converter has the feature of power losses reduced by using the common
leg for both rectifier and PWM inverter, and the system can have excellent input and output
characteristics.
The proposed three leg converter has such a feature of moderate efficiency and fast
response of input and output disturbances. The disturbances of input voltage caused by over
voltage and under voltage can cause a system trip and failure of hardware.

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PROJECT REPORT: ADVANCED DIPLOMA: SEM 3: 2015-2016

CHAPTER 2
Introduction to Online Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)
2.1 Block Diagram of Online UPS

AC supply

Rectifier
(Uncontrolled)

Inverter

Load

Battery

2.2 Block Diagram Operation

The single phase AC supply is rectified to DC by using a controlled / uncontrolled
rectifier. The converted DC output is fed to the battery as well as Inverter circuit. The
battery used to get fully charged to its capacity when AC supply is available. The Inverter
circuit converts the DC input to AC output and fed to the load by using any controlled
switch (this project uses IGBT as switch).
When power supply is there, the AC is converted to DC by rectifier and that DC is
fed to battery and Inverter circuit. The inverter converts DC to AC and gives power to the
load.
In case of power failure, the battery provides the DC supply to the inverter and the
inverter converts the DC to AC and fed to the load.

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PROJECT REPORT: ADVANCED DIPLOMA: SEM 3: 2015-2016

CHAPTER 3
Introduction to MATLAB - SIMULINK
3.1 What is MATLAB?
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB is a highperformance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization and
programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in
familiar mathematical notation.
3.2 What is SIMULINK?
In the last few years, SIMULINK has become the most widely used software
package in academia and industry for modeling and simulating dynamic systems.
SIMULINK is a software package for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamic
systems. It supports linear and nonlinear systems, modeled in continuous time, sampled
time, or a hybrid of the two. Systems can also be multi-rate, i.e., have different parts that
are sampled or updated at different rates. SIMULINK encourages the user to try things out.
User can easily build models from scratch or take an existing model and modify it.
Simulations are interactive, so user can change parameters on the spot and immediately see
what happens. And because MATLAB and SIMULINK are incorporated together; user can
simulate, analysis, and re-vise the models in either environment at any point.
With SIMULINK, user can move beyond idealized linear models to explore more
realistic nonlinear models, factoring in friction, air resistance, gear slippage, hard stops, and
the other things that describe real-world phenomena. SIMULINK turns the user computer
into a lab for modeling and analyzing systems that simply wouldn't be possible or practical.
Be it the behavior of an automotive clutch system, the flutter of an airplane wing, the
dynamics of a predator-prey model, or the effect of the monetary supply on the economy.

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SIMULINK is so practical that thousands of engineers around the world are using it
to model and solve real problems. Knowledge of this software will serve the user well
throughout his/her professional career.

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June, 2016

CHAPTER 4
Introduction of Harmonic and THD
4.1 Definition of Harmonic
A harmonic is a signal or wave whose frequency is an integral (whole-number)
multiple of the frequency of some reference signal or wave. The term can also refer to the
ratio of the frequency of such a signal or wave to the frequency of the reference signal or
wave.
Let f represent the main or fundamental, frequency of an alternating current (AC)
signal, electromagnetic field or sound wave. This frequency, usually expressed in hertz, is
the frequency at which most of the energy is contained, or at which the signal is defined to
occur. If the signal is displayed on an oscilloscope, the waveform will appear to repeat at a
rate corresponding to f in Hz.
For a signal whose fundamental frequency is f, the second harmonic has a frequency
2 f, the third harmonic has a frequency of 3 f, and so on. Let w represent the wavelength
of the signal or wave in a specified medium. The second harmonic has a wavelength of w /
2, the third harmonic has a wavelength of w /3, and so on. Signals occurring at frequencies
of 2 f , 4 f , 6 f , etc. are called even harmonics; the signals at frequencies of 3 f , 5 f , 7 f ,
etc. are called odd harmonics. A signal can, in theory, have infinitely many harmonics.

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June, 2016

Fig.4.1 Nodes of a vibrating string are harmonics

4.2 Measurement of Harmonic

The distortion of a waveform relative to a pure sinewave can be measured either by
using a THD analyzer to analyses the output wave into its constituent harmonics and noting
the amplitude of each relative to the fundamental; or by cancelling out the fundamental
with a notch filter and measuring the remaining signal, which will be total aggregate
harmonic distortion plus noise. Given a sinewave generator of very low inherent distortion,
it can be used as input to amplification equipment, whose distortion at different frequencies
and signal levels can be measured by examining the output waveform. There is electronic
equipment both to generate sinewaves and to measure distortion; but a general-purpose
digital computer equipped with a sound card can carry out harmonic analysis with suitable
software. Different software can be used to generate sinewaves, but the inherent distortion
may be too high for measurement of very low-distortion amplifiers

4.3 Total Harmonic Distortion

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The total harmonic distortion or THD, of a signal is a measurement of the harmonic

distortion present and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic
components to the power of the fundamental frequency. THD is used to characterize the
linearity of audio systems and the power quality of electric power systems. Distortion factor
is a closely related term, sometimes used as a synonym. In audio systems, lower distortion
means the components in a loudspeaker, amplifier or microphone or other equipment
produce a more accurate reproduction of an audio recording .In radio communications,
lower THD means pure signal emission without causing interferences to other electronic
devices. Moreover, the problem of distorted and not eco-friendly radio emissions appear to
be also very important in the context of spectrum sharing and spectrum sensing. In power
systems, lower THD means reduction in peak currents, heating, emissions, and core loss in
motors.

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PROJECT REPORT: ADVANCED DIPLOMA: SEM 3: 2015-2016

CHAPTER 5
4 - Leg Online UPS Circuit and its explination
5.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig.5.1 Circuit Diagram of 4- leg online UPS circuit

5.2 Circuit Operation

This circuits consists 4 legs. First 2 legs for rectifier operation and last 2 legs for
inverter operation.
5.2.1 Rectifier Operation
The single phase AC supply is rectified to DC supply by using a single phase
uncontrolled bridge rectifier. The source inductance is used to avoid short circuit and makes
the source current as a smooth way.
During positive half cycle D1 & D2 conducts and the current flows from source
through Ls, D1, C, D2 and source. The voltage polarity is as shown in fig.5.1.
During negative half cycle D3 & D4 conducts and the current flows from source
through D3, C, D4, Ls and source. The voltage polarity is as shown in fig.5.1. In both the
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half cycle operation both the voltage and current is unidirectional and proves that the output
is DC. Here the capacitor C acts as the DC link between the two converters, Rectifier and
Inverter.
5.2.2 Inverter Operation
The inverter circuit is made up of any controlled switch, this project used the hybrid
switch, IGBT. The PWM signal is used for gate circuit in order to have a better efficiency.
The PWM is generated by comparing a carrier triangular wave with reference sine wave
by using a comparator.
When T1 & T2 conducts we get positive half cycle and when T3 & T4 conducts we
used to get negative half cycle. When T1 & T2 conducts, the current traces the path C+
through T1, R (load), T2 and return to C -. When T3 & T4 conducts, the current traces the
path C+ through T3, R (load), T4 and return to C -. The output waveform will not be a pure
sine wave, it fully depends on the load. For inductive load it seems to be a sine wave shape
and for a resistive load it seems to be a rectangular wave shape.

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PROJECT REPORT: ADVANCED DIPLOMA: SEM 3: 2015-2016

5.3. MATLAB SIMULINK Diagram of 4 Leg Online UPS Circuit

Fig.5.2 MATLAB SIMULINK Diagram of 4 Leg Online UPS Circuit

Fig.5.3. Sub system of the PWM gate circuit

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5.4 Output Voltage and FFT chart

Fig.5.3 Output Voltage and FFT Chart of 4- leg UPS Circuit

5.5 Result Analysis

Efficiency : (Output Power / Input Power)*100
Output = 161.1 W
Input = 272.6 W
Therefore, Efficiency = (161.1 /272.6)*100 = 59.09%
Total Harmonic Distortion: 80.49% (as shown in FFT chart)

CHAPTER 6
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PROJECT REPORT: ADVANCED DIPLOMA: SEM 3: 2015-2016

Proposed 3-Leg Online UPS Circuit and its explanation

6.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig.6.1 Circuit Diagram of 3-leg UPS circuit

6.2 Circuit Operation

This circuit consists 3 legs. First and second legs for rectifier and second and third
legs for inverter. So leg 2 is shared by both rectifier and inverter circuit. It uses one leg
lesser than previous 4 leg circuit. Hence it is cost effective.
6.2.1 Rectifier Operation
During positive half cycle, D1 & D6 conducts and the current traces the path Vs +
through Ls, D1, C, D6 and return to the supply Vs-. During negative half cycle, D3 & D2
conducts and the current traces the path Vs+ through D3, C, D2, Ls and return to the supply
Vs-. The rectified output is available across the capacitor, Vc. Here the capacitor acts as the
DC link between the rectifier and inverter.
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6.2.2 Inverter Operation

The inverter circuit is made up of any controlled switch, this project used the hybrid
switch, IGBT. The PWM signal is used for gate circuit in order to have a better efficiency.
The PWM is generated by comparing a carrier triangular wave with reference sine wave
by using a comparator.
When T1 & T2 conducts we get positive half cycle and when T3 & T4 conducts we
used to get negative half cycle. When T1 & T2 conducts, the current traces the path C+
through T1, R (load), T2 and return to C -. When T3 & T4 conducts, the current traces the
path C+ through T3, R (load), T4 and return to C -. The output waveform will not be a pure
sine wave, it fully depends on the load. For inductive load it seems to be a sine wave shape
and for a resistive load it seems to be a rectangular wave shape.

6.3. MATLAB SIMULINK Diagram of 3 Leg Online UPS Circuit

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PROJECT REPORT: ADVANCED DIPLOMA: SEM 3: 2015-2016

Fig.6.2 MATLAB SIMULINK Diagram of 3 Leg Online UPS Circuit

Fig.6.3. Sub system of the PWM gate circuit

6.4 Output Voltage and FFT Chart

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Fig.6.3 Output Voltage and FFT Chart

6.5 Result Analysis

Result of 3 leg circuit:
Efficiency: (Output Power / Input Power)*100
Output Power =163.9 W
Input Power =273.5 W
Therefore Efficiency = (163.9/273.5)*100 = 59.92%
Total Harmonic Distortion = 80.09 % (as shown in FFT chart)

CHAPTER 7
Comparison on Performance Analysis of 4 and 3 leg online UPS
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PROJECT REPORT: ADVANCED DIPLOMA: SEM 3: 2015-2016

The 4 leg and 3 leg online UPS were analyzed for THD and Efficiency and the
result were tabulated as follows.

Set.
NO.

Description

Input
Power

4- Leg online UPS

Circuit
272.6 W

3- Leg online UPS 273.5 W

Circuit

Output
Power

%
Efficienc
y

THD

No. of
Controlled
Devices

No. of
Uncontrolle
d Devices

161.1 W

59.09%

80.49%

163.9 W

59.92%

80.09%

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
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June, 2016

After the analysis, the derived conclusion seems to be like the following.

The efficiency of 3 leg online UPS is slightly better than the 4 leg online UPS.

The THD % of 3 leg online UPS is slightly better than the 4 leg online UPS.

The total number of switches used in the 3 leg online UPS is lesser than the 4 leg
online UPS.
In future the 3 leg online UPS can be further modified in different topology and we
can derive an optimum performing circuit with respect to THD and efficiency.

References

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1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic
2. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/harmonic
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion
4. http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply

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