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JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 9, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014

Performance of Decode and Forward MIMO

Relaying using STBC for Wireless Uplink
M. M. Kamruzzaman
Key Lab of Information Coding & Transmission, Southwest Jiatong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
E-mail: m.m.kamruzzaman@gmail.com

AbstractThis paper compares the performance of a decode

and forward relay assisted wireless uplink with direct
wireless uplink in the presence of rayleigh fading where
source is equipped with single transmit antenna (Tx), relay
is equipped with multiple transmit and receive antennas
(Rx), and destination has multiple receive antennas. Data
are modulated using QPSK or 16 QAM or 64 QAM
modulator at source and send to relay which combine and
decode the incoming signal using Maximum Likelihood
decoding and further encode the symbols using STBC, and
the encoded data are split into n streams which are
simultaneously transmitted using n transmit antennas of
relay. It is observed that relay with 2Tx or 3Tx or 4Tx and
2Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx provides 1 dB to 22 dB gains at 10-5
compare to direct link where destination has 2Rx or 3Rx or
4Rx. And there is around 1 dB to 7 dB gains for increasing
number of Tx antennas from 2 to 3 or 3 to 4 at relay.
Index TermsSpace Time Block Code; MIMO; Relay;
Decode and Forward; Uplink

I.

INTRODUCTION

In recent wireless communication systems, relaying

has attracted a lot of research interest due to its ability of
improving performance, increasing system capacity,
extending coverage without the need of having multiple
antennas at the source and/or destination [1-3]. The basic
idea of relay is to transmit signals from one terminal to
another through a number of relays. There are mainly two
types of relays: Amplify and Forward (AF) and Decode
and Forward (DF). AF simply amplifies the incoming
signal and forwards it to the destination without any
attempt to decode it. AF relay is easy to implement but
can not achieve high performance gain. On the other hand,
DF decodes the incoming signal, re-encodes it, and then
retransmits it to the destination. Although the complexity
of DF is high but can obtain high performance gain [4].
So we have used DF to show the performance of our
system.
Relay assisted wireless communication has been
widely studied [5-30]. [5-7] show the performance of
Manuscript received August 8, 2013; revised March 21, 2014;
accepted June 1, 2014. Part of the results of this paper was presented at
the 15th International Conference on Computer and Information
Technology (ICCIT2012), December 22-24, 2012 [39].
M.M.Kamruzzaman is with the Key Lab of Information Coding &
Transmission, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan,
China. E-mail: m.m.kamruzzaman@gmail.com.

2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER

doi:10.4304/jnw.9.12.3200-3206

relay using amplifying and forwarding. [8-10] show the

performance of relay having difference time slot to
transmit information. [11-19] show the performance of
relay having single antenna at source, relay and
destination. [20-22] show the performance of relay
having single antenna at source and destination but
multiple antennas at relay. [23-30] show the performance
of relay having multiple antennas at source, relay and
destination. This paper investigate the performance of
relay for uplink wireless communication where source is
equipped with single transmit antenna, relay is equipped
with multiple transmit and receive antennas and
destination is equipped with multiple receive antennas.
The main reason of considering this configuration is to
provide the advantages of virtual MIMO for uplink
communication. Because it is not possible to achieve
spatial diversity by integrating many antennas onto a
small mobile hand set due to size, complexity, power or
other constraints. To overcome this problem, multiple
users would consider the configuration studied in this
paper for relaying with multiple transmit and receive
antennas which will provide power efficient solution to
achieving spatial diversity in wireless fading channels.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section
II, we present the system model with channel
characteristics, encoding-decoding techniques of relay
and decoding techniques of received signals at
destination. The simulation results are presented in
section III, and section VI contains the conclusions.
II.

SYSTEM MODEL

Fig. 1 shows the relay-assisted wireless uplink

communication system in which source is equipped with
single transmitte antenna and relay is equipped with
multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas.
Signal s is transmitted from source using single transmit
antenna and receivers of relay receive the signal. ri is the
received signal on the ith receiver antenna of relay.
Maximum Likelihood (ML) decoder decodes the received
signal, further encodes using STBC encoder and send to
destination where destination is also equipped with
multiple receiving antennas. We assume that at each time
slot t, receiving antennas. We signals Sti , i =1, 2, ... n are
transmitted simultaneously using n transmit antennas of
relay. Data are modulated by a QPSK or 16 QAM or 64
QAM modulator before transmitting. The channel hi is

JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 9, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014

3201

Figure 1. System Block diagram

assumed to be a flat fading channel, channel experienced

by each receive antenna is independent from the channel
experienced by other receive antennas and the channel is
know at the receiver. Finally the signal ytj is received on
the jth receiver antenna of destination at time t. ML
decoder decodes the received signal of destination and
the detected symbols are demodulated by QPSK or 16
QAM or 64 QAM demodulator to get the output.
A. Received Signal at Relay
If the symbol transmitted by transmit antenna is s ,
then the signal received by the receiving antennas at relay
can be written as:

ri piSR hi s ni

(1)

where ri is the received symbol on the ith receiver

antenna of relay.
piSR is path loss from transmit antenna i of source to
receive antenna j of relay and piSR

which is equivalent to following the decision metric[3138].

n

r h* r* h s
i 2 i 1 i 1 i i

1 h i
i 1

(5)

Detected symbols are represented as s1 and s2 sn .

B. Encoding Using STBC and Retransmitting from relay:
STBC encoder of relay encodes the received symbols
of relay according to number of transmit antennas as
shown in Table I, Table II and Table III and then at each
time slot t, signals Sti , i =1, 2, n are transmitted
simultaneously using n transmit antennas [40,41].
TABLE I.
THE ENCODING AND TRANSMISSION SEQUENCE FOR
TWO TRANSMIT ANTENNAS OF ALAMOUTI WITH CODE RATE ONE [14].
Time slot-I

Antenna-I
s1

Antenna-II
s2

Time slot-II

s*2

s1*

2
d SR

th

hi is the channel on the i receive antenna.

s is the transmitted symbol and
ni is the noise on ith receive antenna. It is assumed that
the noise on each receive antenna is independent from the
noise on the other receive antennas.
It is considered that H i Pi SR hi , then (1) can be
written as:
The combiner combines received signals which are
then sent to the maximum likelihood detector. The
combiner generates the following signals [31- 38]:

s H1*r1 H 2 r2* H3*r3 H 4 r4* ......... H n*1rn 1 H n rn* (2)

Maximum likelihood decoding of combined signal s
can be achieved using the decision metric (3) to detect the
symbol s :
n

ri 1 hi 1s

i 2

ri hi s

* 2

(3)

over all possible values of s .

We expand the above equation and delete the terms
that are independent of the code words. So the above can
be rewrite:

n
2
2 n
(4)
h* s* r*h s s
r
h
i 1 i 1
i i
i

i2
i 1

2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER

Figure 2. Direct link and via relay link

C. Received Signal at Destination:

At time t the signal yti , received at antenna j of
destination, is given by

n
yi Pi ,RD
i , j si j
j
t
t
t
i 1

(6)

where, ytj is the received symbol on the j th receiver

antenna of destination at time t
piRD
is path loss from transmit antenna i of relay to
,j

receive antenna j of destination and piRD

,j

1
2
d RD

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JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 9, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014

TABLE II.

THE ENCODING AND TRANSMISSION SEQUENCE FOR THREE TRANSMIT ANTENNAS OF TAROKH WITH CODE RATE .
Time slot

Antenna
Antenna-I
s1

Antenna-II
s2

Time slot-II

s2*

s1*

Time slot-III

s3*
2

Time slot-IV

s3*
2

Time slot-I

TABLE III.

s3
2
s1 s1* s2 s2*
2

s3*
2

Antenna-III
s3
2

s2 s2* s1 s1*
2

s3*
2

THE ENCODING AND TRANSMISSION SEQUENCE FOR FOUR TRANSMIT ANTENNAS OF TAROKH WITH CODE RATE
Time slot

Antenna
Antenna-I
s1

Antenna-II
s2

Time slot-II

s2*

s1*

Time slot-III

s3*
2

Time slot-IV

s3*
2

Time slot-I

Antenna-III
s3

Antenna-IV
s3

s3*
2

s3*
2

i , j is the channel from transmit antenna i to receive

antenna j .

si is the transmitted symbol from transmit antenna i

t
at each time slot t .
t j is the noise on j th receive antenna of destination at
time slot t .
i , j , then (6) can be
It is considered that Ai , j Pi ,RD
j
rewrite as:

n
j
j
y Ai , j si
t
t
t
i 1

(7)

D. Decoding at Destination
The combiner combines received signals of destination
which are then sent to the maximum likelihood detector.
For detecting symbols s1 and s2 of two transmit
antennas, (8) and (9) decision metrics have been used [40,
41]:

m
m

j *
j *
y1 A1, j y2 A2, j s1 1
j 1
j 1

m
m

j *
j *
y1 A2, j y2 A1, j s2 1
j 1
j 1

A
i 1

A
i 1

i, j

i, j

2
s1 (8)

2
s2 (9)

Similarly, for detecting the symbols of three and four

transmit antennas, we can use the decision metrics
mentioned in [40, 41]. The detected symbols are

2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER

s3
2

s1 s1* s2 s2*
2

s1 s2* s1 s1*
2

s2 s2* s1 s1*
2

s1 s1* s2 s2*
2

s3
2

demodulated by a QPSK or 16 QAM or 64 QAM

demodulator to get the output.
III.

SIMULATION RESULTS

In this section, computer simulation is carried out to

show the BER performance of the proposed system. The
results are evaluated for several combinations of Tx and
Rx antennas with and without relay. 64 QAM is used for
simulation. It is assumed that the channel is flat fading.
The path gains are modeled as samples of independent
complex Gaussian random variables with variance 0.5 per
real dimension and path gains are constant over a frame
of length l and vary from one frame to another. It is
assumed that the noise on each receive antenna is
independent from the noise on the other receive antennas
and noise samples are independent samples of a zeromean complex Gaussian random variable with variance
n/(2SNR) per complex dimension. The average energy of
the symbols transmitted from each antenna is normalized
to be one.
It is also considered that relay is placed at the middle
of source and destination. However, impact of location of
relay is also shown in fig. 12. We used two terms in fig.3fig .11: Direct Link (DL) and Via Relay Link (VRL). DL
means that information pass from source to destination
without relay. On the other hand, VRL means that
information pass from source to relay and then from relay
to destination as shown in fig. 2.
Fig. 3 shows the performance of DL and VRL where
source has 1 Tx, destination has 2 Rx, relay has 2 Tx and 2
Rx or 3 Rx or 4 Rx .It is observed that VRL provides 13 dB,
18 dB and 20 dB gain compared to DL at 10-5 for 2 Rx, 3
Rx, 4Rx of relay respectively. BER of VRL of 1 Tx at
source and relay and 1 Rx at relay and destination is also

JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 9, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014

compared with DL of 1 Tx at source and 1 Rx at

destination. There is around 9dB gain for using VRL of
the SISO configuration at 10-3compare to DL. And there
is around 20-25 dB gain for using MIMO (2 Tx and 2 or 3
or 4 Rx ) relaying compare to SISO relaying at 10-4.

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Fig. 4 shows the performance of DL and VRL where

source has 1 Tx, destination has 3 Rx, relay has 2 Tx and 2
Rx or 3 Rx or 4 Rx .It is observed that VRL provides 5 dB,
12 dB and 15 dB gain compared to DL at 10-5 for 2 Rx, 3
Rx, 4Rx of relay respectively. And there are around 1-7 dB
gains for increasing Rx antennas of destination from 2 to
3 with same diversity of the system.
Fig. 5 shows the performance of DL and VRL where
source has 1 Tx, destination has 4 Rx, relay has 2 Tx and 2
Rx or 3 Rx or 4 Rx .It is observed that VRL provides 2 dB,
7 dB and 12 dB gain compared to DL at 10-5 for 2 Rx, 3
Rx, 4Rx of relay respectively. And there are around 1- 4
dB gains for increasing Rx antennas of destination from 3
to 4 with same diversity of the system.

Figure 3. BER performance comparision of direct link and via relay

link for 1Tx at source, 1 or 2Rx at destination and 1 Tx or 2Tx & 1 Rx or
2Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx at relay

Figure 6. BER performance comparision of direct link and via relay

link for 1Tx at source, 2Rx at destination and 3Tx & 2Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx
at relay

Figure 4. BER performance comparision of direct link and via relay

link for 1Tx at source, 3Rx at destination and 2Tx & 2Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx
at relay

Figure 7. BER performance comparision of direct link and via relay

link for 1Tx at source,1 or 3Rx at destination and 1 Tx or 3Tx & 1 Rx
or2Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx at relay

Figure 5. BER performance comparision of direct link and via relay

link for 1Tx at source, 4Rx at destination and 2Tx & 2Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx
at relay
2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER

Fig. 6 shows the performance of DL and VRL where

source has 1 Tx, destination has 2 Rx, relay has 3 Tx and 2
Rx or 3 Rx or 4 Rx. It is observed that VRL provides 13 dB,
19 dB and 22 dB gain compared to DL at 10-5 for 2 Rx, 3
Rx, 4Rx of relay respectively.
Fig. 7 shows the performance of DL and VRL where
source has 1 Tx, destination has 3 Rx, relay has 3 Tx and 2

3204

Rx or 3 Rx or 4 Rx .It is observed that VRL provides 6 dB,

13 dB and 16 dB gain compared to DL at 10-5 for 2 Rx, 3
Rx, 4Rx of relay respectively. And there are around 1-7 dB
gains for increasing Rx antennas of destination from 2 to
3 with same diversity of the system. There is around 2128 dB gain for using MIMO (3 Tx and 2 or 3 or 4 Rx )
relaying compare to SISO relaying at 10-4.

JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 9, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014

dB, 13 dB and 16 dB gain compared to DL at 10-5 for 2

Rx, 3 Rx, 4Rx of relay respectively. And there are around
6-7 dB gains for increasing Rx antennas of destination
from 1 to 7 with same diversity of the system.

Figure 10. BER performance comparision of direct link and via relay
link for 1Tx at source, 4Rx at destination and 3Tx & 2Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx
at relay
Figure 8. BER performance comparision of direct link and via relay
link for 1Tx at source, 4 Rx at destination and 3Tx & 2Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx
at relay

Figure 11. BER performance comparision of direct link and via relay
link for 1Tx at source, 1 Rx or 4Rx at destination and 1 Tx or 2Tx & 2Rx
or 1 Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx at relay
Figure 9. BER performance comparision of direct link and via relay
link for 1Tx at source, 2Rx at destination and 4Tx & 2Rx or 3Rx or 4Rx
at relay

Fig. 8 shows the performance of DL and VRL where

source has 1 Tx, destination has 4 Rx, relay has 3 Tx and 2
Rx or 3 Rx or 4 Rx .It is observed that VRL provides 1 dB,
7 dB and 12 dB gain compared to DL at 10-5 for 2 Rx, 3
Rx, 4Rx of relay respectively. And there are around 4-6
dB gains for increasing Rx antennas of destination from 1
to 4 with same diversity of the system.
Fig. 9 shows the performance of DL and VRL where
source has 1 Tx, destination has 2 Rx, relay has 4 Tx and 2
Rx or 3 Rx or 4 Rx .It is observed that VRL provides 10 dB,
18 dB and 22 dB gain compared to DL at 10-5 for 2 Rx, 3
Rx, 4Rx of relay respectively.
Fig. 10 shows the performance of DL and VRL where
source has 1 Tx, destination has 3 Rx, relay has 4 Tx and
2 Rx or 3 Rx or 4 Rx .It is observed that VRL provides 6
2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER

Figure 12. BER performance comparisons of wireless uplink for

placing relay at different position where relay is equipped with 2Tx &
4Rx and destination is equipped with 4 Rx

JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 9, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2014

Fig. 11 shows the performance of DL and VRL where

source has 1 Tx, destination has 4 Rx, relay has 4 Tx and
2 Rx or 3 Rx or 4 Rx .It is observed that VRL provides 2
dB, 7 dB and 12 dB gain compared to DL at 10-5 for 2 Rx,
3 Rx, 4Rx of relay respectively. And there are around 14 dB gains for increasing Rx antennas of destination from
3 to 4 with same diversity of the system. There is around
21-28 dB gain for using MIMO (3 Tx and 2 or 3 or 4 Rx )
relaying compare to SISO relaying at 10-4.
Fig. 12 shows the performance of wireless uplink for
placing relay at different position (at 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and
0.8) where relay is equipped with 2Tx & 4Rx and
destination is equipped with 4 Rx .It is observed that
relay at 0.8 shows the worst performance. Relay at 0.6,
0.5, 0.4 and 0.2 provides 5 dB, 8 dB, 8 dB and 3 dB gains
at 10-5 respectively compared to relay at 0.8. And relay
at 0.5 and 0.4 shows the best performance.
IV.

CONCLUSION

From the simulations results, it is observed that relay

assisted uplink wireless communication makes a
significant difference over direct uplink wireless
communication. It is also observed that increasing
number antennas in relay as well as destination also
improve the performance remarkably. It is possible to get
1 dB to 22 dB gains at 10-5 by placing relay between
source and destination having multiple transmit and
receive antennas at relay as well as multiple receiving
antennas at destination. There is around 1 dB to 7 dB
gains for increasing number of antennas of relay from 2
to 3 or 3 to 4.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank the reviewers for the
suggestions which help to improve the quality of this
paper. In addition, the author is also very thankful to Key
Lab of Information Coding & Transmission, Southwest
Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China for
providing resources.
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2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER

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M. M. Kamruzzaman was born in

Bangladesh in 1978. He received B.E.
degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from Bangalore University,
Bangalore, India in 2001, M.S. degree in
Computer Science and Engineering from
United International University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh in 2009. At present he is
studying PhD in the department of
Information & Communication Engineering at Southwest
Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
After completing B.E, he worked several universities as a
faculty. He worked in Islamic Institute of Technology,
Bangalore, India and Leading University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
And before studying PhD, he was working as a faculty of
Presidency University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is a member of
TPC of several international conferences and reviewer of few
international journals and conferences.
His areas of interest include wireless communications,
modern coding theory, Turbo coding, Space Time Coding,
VBLAST, MIMO, Multiple Access Channel , OFDM, Relay,
WCDMA , WiMAX and LTE system.