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Requil
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Book~2.,
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COPYRIGHT DEPOsrn
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84 MICHIGAN AVENUE,
CHICAGO. ILL.
MANUAL
Of
BLACKSMITHING
BY AN EXPERT BLACKSMITH
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PUBLISHED BY
CHICAGO
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THE" LllfiAltY
O'>NGRE
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COpva.
COPYIlIGHT 1902
BY
CHARLES S
MORTON
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MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING
t CHAPTER I.
FORGES AND APPLIANCES.
It
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
MANUAL OF BLA.OKSMITHING.
.s
MANUA.L OF BLACKSMITHING.
c=~
Fig. lO.-Anvl! Stand.
10
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
made.
A, A, are stout wooden posts driven deeply
into the ground, between them being pivoted on
dead centers a piece of wood, B, of either round or
square section. Iron centers are driven into the
end of B, and these are pivoted upon studbolts, C, C.
The pivots and the countersunk holes should be
case-hardened, and iron bands, D, D, should be shrunk
on to prevent the wood, B, being split out at the
ends. The hammer-shaft, E, is mortised into B, over
11
LI ___I
Fig. 12.-Side of Oliver Hammer.
12
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
Fig. 13.-Swlnglng
~lonkey.
13
14
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
o
Fig. 15_-Plan of Appliance for
15
16
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
Cs~=======================
17
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Po
Po
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MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
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A
Fig. 20.-Adjustable Support for Long Work.
19
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.-~----------
20
CHAPTER II.
HAND TOOLS.
Hammer.
HAND TOOLS.
21
the slice, Fig. 27, and the rake, Fig. 28. Their uses
are obvious.
Before any forging can be done, tongs are neces
sary. There are often a dozen tongs to a moderately
well appointed forge, but it is not necessary to get
them all at once; a few of the simpler and most
necessary tongs will now be described. Each of
these tools is made in several sizes to suit the various
kinds of work.
Fig. 29 shows the hollowbit tongs; enclosing and
gripping the rod for a length of about 2 in.,
they take a very firm hold of both rods and bars.
When there is a collar or other enlargement at
one end of the bar, the pincer tongs, Fig. 30, are
22
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
Fig. 26.-Poker.
Fig. 27.-Slice.
Fig. 28.-Rake.
HAND TOOLS.
23
~~~~~
Fig. 31.-Tongs with V-shaped Jaws.
=
Fig. 34.-Tongs tor Flat Bars.
24.
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
~:--~~~
Fig. 35.-Hoop Tongs.
HAND TOOLS.
25
26
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
HAND TOOLS.
27
28
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
HAND TOOLS.
29
30
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
31
HAND TOOLS.
tifB
Fig. 50.
Fig. 51.
32
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
HAND TOOLS.
33
34
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
Fig. 60.-Round-faced
Fuller.
HAND TOOLS.
35
36
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
HAND TOOLS.
37
Fig. 66.
Bolsters.
38
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
HAND TOOLS.
39
40
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
41
CHAPTER III.
DRAWING DOWN AND UPSETTING.
42
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
43
B.
44
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
45
46
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
47
48
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
49
50
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
A
Fig. 77.-Bar with Collar on End.
Fig. 78.-Jumplng
Bar Vertically.
51
52
CHAPTER IV.
WELDING AND PUNCHING.
53
the anvil horn (Fig. 81), and cut off to the required
length, with a sloping face to lap upon and match
the first diagonal. The metal must have sufficient lap
to allow for welding, and for dressing off and finish
54
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
slip off the ring and flatten the faces (Fig. 83). This
is precisely the plan that would be adopted in weld
ing a separate ring.
To weld it to the rod, the ring is slipped over
the end of the rod, care being taken to remove any
scale adherent to either, and they are then put into
the clear fire. Sand may be sprinkled over the work,
but with a clear fire it is not necessary, and is fre
quently not done. When the welding heat is attained,
which for wrought iron is of a dazzling whiteness,
when the iron seems ready to melt, and particles ap
pear ready to drop off, and a rapid evolution of
sparks takes place, the work is removed from the .
fire, placed on a V-block (B, Fig. 62), and the scarf
joint and the ring are hammered all round with a
55
56
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
57
Fig.
86.-Commencin~
Hole
58
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
59
60
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
61
CHAPTER V.
CONDITIONS OF WORK;
PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION.
62
63
64
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING
"
CONDITIONS OF WORK.
65
G6
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
CONDITIONS OF WORK.
67
68
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
CONDITIONS OF WORK.
69
70
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
- --.~
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~-===--=-=---=------==:
-=
--
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aONDITIONS OF WORK.
72
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
73
CHAPTER VI.
BENDING AND RING MAKING.
74
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
75
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76
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
Templet.
77
78
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
1I
Fig. lll.-Reversing-link.
79
80
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
81
~:~.
82
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
83
-- -
-
- =-
84
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
85
86
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
87
88
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
B
Fig. 120.-Metbod or Forming R ectangular Bridle.
89
CHAPTER VII.
MISCELLANEOUS EXAlliPLES OF FORGED WORK.
90
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
91
dies, like Figs. 124 and 125; the former gives the
finished curvature to the edges a and the fullered
neck C, whilst the latter completes the flat faces b in
succession. The eye d is punched while the boss B
lies in the die, the core falling down into the hole A,
a trifle larger than the punch. The boss is beaten
into the dies with the sledge, or preferably under the
drop, or the steam hammer.
92
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
B
Fig. 125.-Die Block.
93
make it, first upset both ends; then for the tongue
A l::et in a fullering tool on opposite sides of the upset
portion (Fig. 130, a). Then, by hammering, the end
will be tapered down until it has the appearance of
Fig. 129, A. For the recess B, nick the other upset end
inwards with a chisel, and open out sufficiently with
94
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
95
96
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
t:
::111
Fig. 133.-Lever Roughly Forged.
97
.c:__"_~A
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98
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
( 0
=: (
99
l. of C.
100
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
Fig. 142.-Weldiog
00
Arm.
101
102
MANUAL OF BLA.CKSMITHING.
.A
Fig. 144.-Forked End Roughed Out.
A,
103
104
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
the metal has been cut out from the gap and roughly
brought to form, a filler, shown shaded at c, Fig. 143,
is inserted, and while this remains in, the outside of
the forked end is finished with flatter and hollow
swage. The fiUer usuaUy has a square shank to fit
the square hole in the anvil.
The end D in Fig. 143 is made by one of three
methods. Either the shank B is fullered down from a
bar of the original section of the end D; or the shank
A (Fig. 146) is welded to a piece of flat bar B, of the
105
106
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
107
~~ -~--
=-_
Fig. 150.-Ring f or Bolt
H ead.
==<~==~ 0=--;': _
108
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
lar bar of iron, and bent round upon the anvil beak
or upon a mandrel, but not welded as yet. For the
shanks, suitable lengths of round rod are cut off. To
economize time, as many rings and lengths of rod
are prepared as there are bolts wanted, and then the
welding begins. First the end of a rod, made red
hot, is driven through its ring (Fig. 151), which lies
upon the anvil; the rod is next brought into a hori
zontal position, and the ring closed tightly upon it by
two or three smart blows of the hammer, and also the
end of the rod is slightly burred over with the ham
mer (Fig. 152) to keep the ring from slipping. That
109
110
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
~~-----------~
1] 1
A.
Fig. 159.-Moulding Tool for Swivel.
till'
112
MA.NUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
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:-- i
EXAMPLES
OF FORGED WORK.
113
114
CHApTER VIII.
CRANKS, "MODEL WORK, AND DIE FORGING.
115
116
MANUAL OF BLAOKS.l1ITHING.
ELEVATIO"N
PLAN
Fig. 167.-Bendlng Block.
117
Fig. 168.-Section or
Bending Block.
Fig. 169.-Section or
Bending Block.
118
MANUAL OF BLA.OKSMITHING.
119
120
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
121
122
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
123
124
MANUAL OF BLA.CKSMITHING.
125
126
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
127
CHAPTER IX.
HO)[E'l\IADE PORTABLE FORGES.
128
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
Fig. 178.-Legs of
Portable Forge.
129
130
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
Q
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Fig. 183.-Crank on
End of Spindle of
Portablo Forge.
131
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132
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
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133
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FIg. 191.-Nozzle and Bellows Connection of Portable Forge.
134
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
135
136
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
Forge BeJ1ows.
137'
138
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
into pieces about 5-16 in. long, and screw a piece into
each hole. Four pieces of tin, a little narrower than
::1 r::
(l
FIg. 198.-Splndle of
Blow-bellows.
I3!)
.A
Fig. 204.-Pattern for
Nozzle of Blower.
140
MA.NUA.L OF BLAOKSMITHING.
141
CHAPTER X.
MANIPULATING STEEL AT THE FORGE.
1,12
143
144
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
145
146
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
147
148
MANUAL OF BhACKSMITHING.
149
150
MANUAL OF BLACKSMITHING.
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Color.
7
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4 442 0
81h
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4 450 0
4 470 0
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Color.
lead.
612 0
Mill picks are hardened only, and not tempered.
They are heated to a dark red, and quenched, the
temper thus obtained not let down, as is the case
with most of the tools already noticed. Pure soft
water is quite suitable for these, though some smiths
use mixtures of salt, alum, salammoniac, etc.
Springs are hardened in the usual way by heating
to a cherry red, and quenching in water. Then they
are smeared with tallow or lard, and heated over
the fire, moving them to and fro until the tallow
catches fire, and blazes and burns off. The springs
are then laid upon the forge, or in the ~shes to cool
down. If the work is of irregular thickness, the
burning of the oil should be repeated two .1r three
times. Small springs made in quantities are often
152
MANUAL OF BLAOKSMITHING.
153
INDEX.
Dolsters, 34
Bolt-finishing Swage, 31
Boll-fol'glng, 15
Dondlng Cronks, 68
- , Forming, In Dies, 91
Dottom l'uller, 33
Swagc, 31
- , Tempering, 151
31
Rsr Corrl~r!'l. 16
- , Rectangular, Makin", 87
- , Heating, In FIre, 50
Down, 4S
Calipers, Double, 25
- " In"le. 25
133
Forgps. 4
- - Heavy Forgings, 16
- , SmIth's, 11
153
Ing, 74
('astlng, ,ugar-Iollf. 13
- , Cirelllnr, 82
--Clip, 7
- , - , TemP<'rlng. 149
- - - F l a t nars, 73
-, Ring upon, 0
- - S t o p , 79
with, 3
-BrIdie. 2
- , Tempering, 149
Rl()('k)
Set, 27
BlowrrB. 4
73
Angul nr Swage, 30
Steel, 14G
Tools, 150
Cutter. 2S
- , Double-Illked, 8
- , Porrler's, 8
Stands, 9
-StOll, 105
154
SMITHS' WORK.
Continuous Blast Bellows, 137
Ways, PunchIng, 58
Cra~ks In Iron, 71
LIfting-hook, 68
- , BondIng. 68
of EngIne fracturing. 67
- , Slotted, 67
Cranks, 67
Crook-bIt Tongs, 23
Cup Tool, 36
Curved Tool, 28
Cutter, Anvll, 28
155
Fan Blast, 6
~fb'~!e~': ]~g;,il658
MUd Steel, 65
Wrought Iron, 65
- , - . Method of LIghting. 41
F i ri ng Tools. 20
Flatter, 34
- , How to Use, 54
Steel. 144
- , Method of Lighting. 42
Co.'s, lO
- , Size of. 3
- . Home-made. ]28
- . Portable Bellows. 3
- , - , Hardening, Jfi2
- . TemperIng, 152
ings)
- : Small. of Steel, 125
Douhl~-plked Anvll. 8
- , Bottom, 33
, Hollow. 34
Drn\\"ingD~~b~~~e~d~ldat~l!~~. 0ri9 42
- , Roundfaced, 34
Iron Bars, 41
- , Top, 33
DrIft. Cutting, 36
Sballow Holes. 36
- , Pur.lle!. or Fl11lng-plece, 58
Glands. Making Bolts foJ'. 109
- . Tooth"'l. 37
DriftIng. 35
Drlrts. LubricatIng. 37
- , Cross Peen, 20
- . Various. 35
- , Drop, 9
- , Oliver. Making, 9
Drop-bammer , 9
- , P('ndulnm, 12
Hummer Sledge, 21
- - Forj!in!'. ]02
Forked. 71
on. 21
68
- . Welded, G8
156
INDEX.
Layers of ll'On, 71
Lever, Douule-ended , D r n w 1 n ~
Down, IH
SprlllgS, 151
LIfting-book ot Crane, 68
Heading Tool, 39
110
- , ReversIng, Forming. 7
150
- , Drllllng, 56
- , - . wllh Hatchet-hrace. ~8
Lubrication of Drifts, 37
- , Punching, 56
RoundIng Bolt-hell d . 12
Hollow Fuller. 34
-, Ring on. 53
nollow-bit Tongs. 23
o r Sugar-Iont ('nstlng. 13
HOOI) Tonl("s, 24
Rot Set, 27
Ings)
Mill PIcks. nardenlng. lr.1
Cutters, ;\lIlIonllnl;. rtr..
)Illllgg
)Ionkoy, Swlnl,:lng. 12
- , "('old ,hort." 64
- , Improving by HammerIng. 72
Xlrklng with An~1l utter, 27
('old Set, 24
Nut Swage. 32
- , Manganese In. 64
- , Phosphorus In. 64
- , Silicon In. 64
us.d hy SmIth. 62
Steel. 142
142
PI('k-up Ton!:s. 24
64
PIncer Tongs. 23
,Taints. Welded. 52
Bar by nand, 50
Knife Tool. 28
Poker. 22
- T i e Rod, 69
157
SMITHS' WORK.
Punches, 34
Cooling. in Water, 56
PUllching, 56
Huk e , 22
- , - . on \' -block, 34
- , Flattening. 54
- , Large, Bending, 86
Spindles, Slide-valve, 82
Spring-s,yages. 28
Heavy Tools, 40
Swage-block, 33
Steam Hammer, 9
- , AnneaUng, 146
- , Bessemer. 143
- . Burnt, 145
Making', 73
- , Welding, 80
141
- . Welding. to Rod. 54
- , Drawing Down, 45
, Forging. 101
, Fork~d EccentrIc, 71
, Puncbed, 69
- , Mild. 141
Hoot Trusses. 68
46
- , Qyerheating, 144
used by Smitb, 63
ings, 54
- . Tempering, 151
- , Tempering, 146
,carfed Joints, 55
for. 150
- , Tempering. 152
- , Upsetting, 144
- , Hardening, 152
Welding, 143
- . Tempering, 152
Set, Cold, 24
- , Hot. 25
Rings, 80
- , Handle toc. 25
150
_
Shaping Bolt-beads, 31
Bot~'l,r::~I:
Tbree Grooves, 29
~;:in:,2
i';lotte<i Cottar Ways, Puncbing, 58
- , Top, 30
-Crunk,67
=:
=:
32
158
INDEX,
Swage -block, 33
-i:!tRnd,33
Swinging Monkey IIommer, 12
Swivels, Makin!;, 110
Sword-blades, 'l'ewperlng, 151
'III hIe-knives, 'l'eroperlng. 151
- , l'un('h.<I. 68
'I'ongs. Crook1l1 t. 23
- , Ilollowhlt, 23
- . !lool), 24
- . Plokup. 24
- , Pincpr. 23
- , '!'(llllpering, 149
~~:~grJ~oT~~~~,IIS:te~? ~~~,Cli4i41
'l'uyere or l1oU1 e~mnde Forge, 1M
'l'uyeres, 'Yater, 7
ODD FELLOWSHIP
Containing aLL the Lectures compLete, with ReguLation s
f or Opening, Conducting and Closing a L odge; together
with the CompLete Work in thefoUowing L odge Degrees:
Initiation; First, or P ink Degree; Second, or RoyaL D e
gree; Third, or Scarlet Degree .
.ALso Opening, Initiatory and Closing Ceremonies in the
foLlOwing Encampment Degrees: PutriurchaL, or First
Degree; Golden RuLe, or Second Degree; and R oyaL P ur
ple, or T hird Degree
'
I ncluding, also, Opening, Initiatory and Closing Cere
monies oj the Rebekah, or Ladies' Degree.
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