ELEMAN

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Dimetro y longitud de serpen

Buenas tardes Art:

Espero que al leer estas lneas se encuentre bien al lad

En esta ocasin vuelvo sobre el tema de la sedimenta

asentamiento de agua contenidos en combustible pesa
tanques sobre el suelo.

Para provocar el asentamiento de agua y partculas s

almacenamiento, se alimenta vapor a travs de un ser
Habiendo analizado la Ley de Stokes vemos que, la v
de los slidos es funcin directa tanto de la viscosidad
fluido y, ambas varan con la temperatura. Por ello, h
acelerar ese proceso alimentando ms calor para ele
combustible en los tanques.

Los datos de los clculos que he realizado con un tan

Tanque desnudo (sin aislamiento trmico), cer

tiene respiradero.
Dimetro del tanque: 16.8 m
Altura del tanque: 9.1 m
Altura de llenado mximo (por seguridad): 8 m
Espesor promedio de la chapa del tanque: 0,00
Temperatura ambiente: 35 C
El viento es calmo (casi esttico)
Temperatura inicial del combustible: 40 C
Temperatura final del combustible: 65 C
Volumen de combustible (tanque lleno): 1,800
Densidad del combustible: 998 kg/m @ 15 C
Viscosidad del combustible: 635 cSt @ 50 C
Calor especfico del combustible: 2,1 kJ/kg K
Tiempo de calentamiento: 24 horas
Presin del vapor antes de vlvula reguladora
Presin del vapor despus de vlvula regulado
C

El tanque al inicio del llenado tendr un volumen mu

m a una temperatura de 65 C. El flujo msico de lle

Viscosidad del combustible: 635 cSt @ 50 C

Calor especfico del combustible: 2,1 kJ/kg K
Tiempo de calentamiento: 24 horas
Presin del vapor antes de vlvula reguladora
Presin del vapor despus de vlvula regulado
C

El tanque al inicio del llenado tendr un volumen mu

m a una temperatura de 65 C. El flujo msico de lle
combustible a 40 C. Tiempo de llenado 8 horas.

Despus de llenado el tanque, el combustible reposa (

del tanque) por 50 horas. Una vez cumplidas las 50 h
comienza a ser vaciado.

El resultado final que obtengo para este escenario es:

rea de transferencia de calor requerida: 261

Dimetro del serpentn: 162 mm (arriba de 6"
Longitud: 495 m

Tambin hice un clculo para 36 horas de calentamien

128 mm (redondeado a 6") y longitud de 371 m.

Como podr usted ver Art, el tiempo de reposo para e

me obliga a alcanzar la temperatura de 65 C en el me

Dimetro y longitud de serpentn

Personal Message
ELEMAN
Newbie
Estimado Art:
Group:
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Posts: 7
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7,154
Joined: 3-May
07

Dimetro

Pido un milln de disculpas por no poner en mi carta datos importantes que us pa

Calor requerido: 1,723 kW

Calor latente de vaporizacin: 2,126 kJ/kg
Flujo msico de vapor: 2,918 kg/h

Gracias por su comprensin.

Consulta no atendida
Personal Message
ELEMAN
Newbie
Group:
Members

Buenas tardes Art:

Cons

Consulta no atendida
Personal Message
ELEMAN
Newbie
Group:
Members
Posts: 7
Member No.:
7,154
Joined: 3-May
07

Cons

Buenas tardes Art:

El 1 de Octubre recin pasado le envi una consulta sobre el clculo de un serpent

Conociendo lo diligente de su accionar en los foros en que participa, me parece un

sobre el trabajo que hice. Yo me pregunto hice algo malo al preguntar en forma p
clculos que no vale la pena ni contestar? No soy tan hbil al preguntar si una tu
un haz de tubos de dimetro menor? En este ltimo caso, no creo que sea eso porq
bien una pregunta, usted la recompone en la forma como debiera hacerse la pregun

Estoy un tanto desconcertado por su silencio, por ello mucho le agradecer me se

cerrar el tema.
Reciba un saludo fraterno

Re:Consulta no atendida
Personal Message
Art
Montemayor
ChE Jedi
Group: Admin
Posts: 1,025
Member No.: 4
Joined: 8-March
03

Re:Consulta no atendida, Oct 18 2007,

ELEMAN:

Lamento que aunque le tus mensajes, no les di prioridad ya que no me indicaste

urgente el contestarte y, como me ha estado pasando frecuentemente, simplement
olvide.

Te pido mil disculpas y ojala no te he causado algn dao en tus necesidades. Co

estado renovando nuestra residencia - especialmente la cocina de mi seora - me
costeado bastante tiempo y preocupacin los proyectos que tengo en casa. Sin em
tengo respuesta(s) a tu solicitud.

1. No me parece prctico lo que t propones. Aunque no lo dices abiertamen

que entiendo segn tu descripcin del proceso, t propones hacer un calen
tipo batch en el tanque de almacenamiento. Este es el tipo de calefacci
ineficiente y yo no lo respaldo porque es dificilsimo disear este tipo de p
adems de costoso, como te habrs dado cuenta.

2. La forma que yo lo hara es con un intercambiador tipo TEMA, con los es

fijos. El vapor en la carcaza y el petrleo en los tubos, con pasos mltiple
tubos. Yo calentara el petrleo mientras lo bombeas al tanque y tomo pro
del cabezal de la bomba para lograr una cada de presin a travs del calen
Es as que puedo disminuir el rea requerida para lograr la transferencia d
Yo calculo (a grosso modo) que una rea de aproximadamente 700 pies cu
seria suficiente. T calculas 2, 800 pies cuadrados. Como no mandaste tu
clculos, no se tu forma y base de clculos.

2. La forma que yo lo hara es con un intercambiador tipo TEMA, con los es

fijos. El vapor en la carcaza y el petrleo en los tubos, con pasos mltiple
tubos. Yo calentara el petrleo mientras lo bombeas al tanque y tomo pro
del cabezal de la bomba para lograr una cada de presin a travs del calen
Es as que puedo disminuir el rea requerida para lograr la transferencia d
Yo calculo (a grosso modo) que una rea de aproximadamente 700 pies cu
seria suficiente. T calculas 2, 800 pies cuadrados. Como no mandaste tu
clculos, no se tu forma y base de clculos.

Propongo que solicites a travs del Foro solucin a tu problema y all te puedo co
todos los detalles que necesites. Inclusive, te envo a travs del Foro mis clculos
forma de Excel - conjuntamente con todas las explicaciones de los clculos.
Tengo mucho por decir y explicar sobre esta aplicacin, pero no tengo el tiempo
momento. Espero tu respuesta.
Ojala esto te ayude en tu proyecto.

Heating Of Heavy Fuel Oil

ELEMAN
Newbie
Group:
Members
Posts: 8
Joined: 3-May
07
Member No.:
7,154

Oct 19 2007, 09:15 AM IP: 63.245.9.17

Hello everybody:

In order to obtain some sedimentation and/or settling of solids and water contained
heavy fuel oil (Bunker C or distillate #6), we are planning to heat this fuel oil in th
above ground uninsulated storage tanks. The heating fluid available is saturated s
would be feeded to an immersed steam coil in the tanks.
We plan to fill up these tanks and then, supply the heat.
The tanks are uninsulated, with fixed and vented roof.

Tanks diameter: 16,8 m

Tanks height: 9,1 m
Maximum level of fuel in the tanks: 8 m
Average tank plate thickness: 0,0079 m
Ambient temperature: 35 C
The wind in the tank farm area is still
Initial temperature of fuel in the tanks: 40 C
Final temperature of fuel in the tanks: 65 C
Initial volume of fuel in the tank: 130 m at T = 65 C
Final volume of fuel in the tank: 1,800 m at T ~ 40 C
Mass flow rate of filling up: 210 m/h at T = 40 C
Time for filling up: ~ 8 hours
Density of the fuel oil: 998 kg/m @ 15 C
Kinematics viscosity of the fuel: 635 cSt @ 50 C
Specific heat of the fuel: 2,1 kJ/kg K
Heating time: 24 hours
Steam pressure before regulating valve: 6,5 barg @ 168 C
Steam pressure after regulating valve: 4,35 bara @ 147 C

Final volume of fuel in the tank: 1,800 m at T ~ 40 C

Mass flow rate of filling up: 210 m/h at T = 40 C
Time for filling up: ~ 8 hours
Density of the fuel oil: 998 kg/m @ 15 C
Kinematics viscosity of the fuel: 635 cSt @ 50 C
Specific heat of the fuel: 2,1 kJ/kg K
Heating time: 24 hours
Steam pressure before regulating valve: 6,5 barg @ 168 C
Steam pressure after regulating valve: 4,35 bara @ 147 C

After the filling up is achieved, the fuel remains at rest (no fuel in and no fuel out
tank) for 50 hours. At the end of this settling time, the tank starts to be emptied.
From my calculations I have this:

Heat required: 1.723 kW

Latent heat of vaporization: 2,126 kJ/kg
Steam mass flow rate: 2,918 kg/h
Heat transfer area: 261 m
Steam coil diameter: 162 mm (more than 6")
Steam coil length: 495 m

For a heating time of 36 hours, the coil diameter is 128 mm and length of 371 m.

The maximum settling time of 50 hours obliges to heat the fuel oil to 65 C in a ve
time. I am surprised with those dimensions of the steam coils. Please submit your
comments regarding to this subject.

y longitud de serpentn, Oct 1 2007, 03:58 PM

e encuentre bien al lado de los suyos.

tema de la sedimentacin de slidos y el

s en combustible pesado almacenado en

e agua y partculas slidas en el tanque de

por a travs de un serpentn (bobina o coil).
tokes vemos que, la velocidad de precipitacin
tanto de la viscosidad como de la densidad del
mperatura. Por ello, hemos decidido tratar de
ndo ms calor para elevar la temperatura del
realizado con un tanque lleno son:

amiento trmico), cerrado con techo fijo y

8m

o (por seguridad): 8 m
chapa del tanque: 0,0079 m
35 C
esttico)
combustible: 40 C
mbustible: 65 C
(tanque lleno): 1,800 m
e: 998 kg/m @ 15 C
ble: 635 cSt @ 50 C
mbustible: 2,1 kJ/kg K
o: 24 horas
de vlvula reguladora: 6,5 barg y T = 170 C
s de vlvula reguladora: 4,35 bara y T = 147

ndr un volumen muerto (inextrable) de 130

El flujo msico de llenado es 210 m/h de

0.0079 meters =

5/16

40 oC =
65 oC =

104
149

170 oC =
147 oC =

338
297

t1 =
t2 =
T1 =
T2 =

100
150
300
300

t1 =
t2 =

200
150

ble: 635 cSt @ 50 C

mbustible: 2,1 kJ/kg K
o: 24 horas
de vlvula reguladora: 6,5 barg y T = 170 C
s de vlvula reguladora: 4,35 bara y T = 147
261 M2 =

ndr un volumen muerto (inextrable) de 130

El flujo msico de llenado es 210 m/h de
e llenado 8 horas.

combustible reposa (no entra ni sale producto

ez cumplidas las 50 horas, este tanque

Q = 5,879,120 Btu/hr
Q = UA T
U =
T =
A =

ara este escenario es:

calor requerida: 261 m

162 mm (arriba de 6")

6 horas de calentamiento y me da un dimetro

ngitud de 371 m.

mpo de reposo para el asentamiento es el que

ura de 65 C en el menor tiempo posible.

Dimetro y longitud de serpentn, Oct 1 2007, 04:05 PM

importantes que us para los clculos.

Consulta no atendida, October 17, 2007; 05:44 PM

2,809

50 Btu/hr-ft2-oF
173.803 oF
676.527 ft2

Consulta no atendida, October 17, 2007; 05:44 PM

l clculo de un serpentn para calentamiento con vapor.

participa, me parece un tanto raro que no haya dado una opinin

al preguntar en forma privada y no en el foro? Estn tan malos los
l al preguntar si una tubera de dimetro grande puede sustituirse por
o creo que sea eso porque en los foros cuando alguien no formula
biera hacerse la pregunta y, en base a ello usted da su opinin.

o le agradecer me seale mi error o errores y ello me bastar para

endida, Oct 18 2007, 11:28 AM

a que no me indicaste que era

ntemente, simplemente me

en tus necesidades. Como he

ina de mi seora - me ha
tengo en casa. Sin embargo,

no lo dices abiertamente, lo
ropones hacer un calentamiento
es el tipo de calefaccin ms
o disear este tipo de proceso -

tipo TEMA, con los espejos

bos, con pasos mltiples en los
as al tanque y tomo provecho
esin a travs del calentador.
ograr la transferencia de calor.
madamente 700 pies cuadrados
Como no mandaste tus

tipo TEMA, con los espejos

bos, con pasos mltiples en los
as al tanque y tomo provecho
esin a travs del calentador.
ograr la transferencia de calor.
madamente 700 pies cuadrados
Como no mandaste tus

lema y all te puedo contestar

s del Foro mis clculos en
s de los clculos.

ro no tengo el tiempo en este

5 AM IP: 63.245.9.171 Post #1

ds and water contained in

o heat this fuel oil in their
available is saturated steam that

C
C

168 C
147 C

168 C
147 C

uel in and no fuel out of the

starts to be emptied.

and length of 371 m.

uel oil to 65 C in a very short

ils. Please submit your

inches

F
F

o
o

F
F

o
o

F
F
o
F
o
F
o
o

F
F

o
o

ft2

Temperature,
o F

297
149

104
Distance along tubes
Steam pressure before regulating valve:
Steam temperature before regulating valve:

6.5 bara =
168 oC =

94.3 psia
334 oF

Steam pressure after regulating valve:

4.35 bara =
147 oC =

63.1 psia
297 oF

Saturated vapor enthalphy at 297 oF & 64.071 psia =

Saturated liquid enthalphy at 297 oF & 64.071 psia =
Latent Heat of Condensation =

1,179.90 Btu/lb
266.82 Btu/lb
913.08 Btu/lb

(NIST Database)
(NIST Database)
(NIST Database)

104 oF
149 oF

Inlet Temperature of oil =

Outlet Temperature of oil =

Heater Duty = 5,879,120 Btu/hr =

Steam Flow Rate =
6,439 lb/hr =
Heater Heat Transfer Area Required =
Quantity of 1" O.D. tubes Required =
Quantity of 20 foot tube lengths =

1,723 kW
2,921 kg/hr
694 ft2
2,650 linear feet (14 BWG wall thickness)
132 tubes

Estimated Steam heater size is:

Shell O. D. =
Shell Length =
Steam shell passes =
Oil Tube passes =

22 inches =
20 ft
One
Four

55.88 cm
6.1 meters

(estimated; based on getting good tube velocity)

Hea

ELE

Art's data from NIST database (assuming saturated conditions)

6.5 bara
161.98 oC
(this means Eleman's data is slightly superheated)
4.35 bara
146.66 oC

(this means Eleman is assuming that the flash product will

approximate saturated conditions; he's correct)

New
Gro
Mem
Post
Join
May
Mem
No.:

Heating Of Heavy Fuel Oil

ELEMAN
Newbie
Group:
Members
Posts: 8
Joined: 3May 07
Member
No.: 7,154

Oct 19 2007, 09:15 AM IP: 63.245.9.171 Post #1

Hello everybody:
In order to obtain some sedimentation and/or settling of solids and water
contained in heavy fuel oil (Bunker C or distillate #6), we are planning to
heat this fuel oil in their above ground uninsulated storage tanks. The
heating fluid available is saturated steam that would be feeded to an
immersed steam coil in the tanks.
We plan to fill up these tanks and then, supply the heat.
The tanks are uninsulated, with fixed and vented roof.
1. Tanks diameter: 16,8 m
2. Tanks height: 9,1 m
3. Maximum level of fuel in the tanks: 8 m
4. Average tank plate thickness: 0,0079 m
5. Ambient temperature: 35 C
6. The wind in the tank farm area is still
7. Initial temperature of fuel in the tanks: 40 C
8. Final temperature of fuel in the tanks: 65 C
9. Initial volume of fuel in the tank: 130 m at T = 65 C
10. Final volume of fuel in the tank: 1,800 m at T ~ 40 C
11. Mass flow rate of filling up: 210 m/h at T = 40 C
12. Time for filling up: ~ 8 hours
13. Density of the fuel oil: 998 kg/m @ 15 C
14. Kinematics viscosity of the fuel: 635 cSt @ 50 C
15. Specific heat of the fuel: 2,1 kJ/kg K
16. Heating time: 24 hours
17. Steam pressure before regulating valve: 6,5 barg @ 168 C
18. Steam pressure after regulating valve: 4,35 bara @ 147 C
After the filling up is achieved, the fuel remains at rest (no fuel in and no
fuel out of the tank) for 50 hours. At the end of this settling time, the tank
starts to be emptied.
From my calculations I have this:

Heat required: 1.723 kW

Latent heat of vaporization: 2,126 kJ/kg
Steam mass flow rate: 2,918 kg/h
Heat transfer area: 261 m
Steam coil diameter: 162 mm (more than 6")
Steam coil length: 495 m

For a heating time of 36 hours, the coil diameter is 128 mm and length of

From my calculations I have this:

Heat required: 1.723 kW

Latent heat of vaporization: 2,126 kJ/kg
Steam mass flow rate: 2,918 kg/h
Heat transfer area: 261 m
Steam coil diameter: 162 mm (more than 6")
Steam coil length: 495 m

For a heating time of 36 hours, the coil diameter is 128 mm and length of
371 m.
The maximum settling time of 50 hours obliges to heat the fuel oil to 65 C
in a very short time. I am surprised with those dimensions of the steam

September 30, 2005

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

TEMA DESIGNATIONS
Front End Stationary Head

Shell Type

Rear End Stationary Head

Channel and removable cover

One-pass shell

Fixed tubesheet; like "A"

Stationary head.

Bonnet (Integral Cover)

2-pass shell with longitudinal

baffle

Fixed tubesheet; like "B"

stationary head.

Channel integral with tubesheet

& removable cover.
Shown: Removable Tube
Bundle

Split Flow Shell

Fixed tubesheet; like "C"

stationary head.

Channel integral with tubesheet

& removable cover.

Double split flow

Outside, packed floating head

Page 22 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: TEMA Designations

September 30, 2005

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

Special, high-pressure closure

Divided shell flow

Floating head with backing

device (split-ring)

Kettle type of reboiler

Pull-through floating head

U-tube bundle design

(No Rear Head Required)

Conventional Front End Heads:

A
or,

Other popular rear end head types employed:

W Packed floating tubesheet with

lantern ring

Page 23 of 49

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WorkSheet: TEMA Designations

September 30, 2005

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

Some examples of the TEMA designation for Heat Exchangers are shown below:

BEM

Front bonnet (Intergral Cover), with one-Pass Shell and a Fixed Tubesheet rear Bonnet

Fixed tubesheet heat exchanger. This is a very popular version as the heads can be removed to clean the inside
of the tubes. The front head piping must be unbolted to allow front head removal; if this is undesirable, then
this can be avoided by applying a type A front head. In that case only the cover needs to be removed. It is not
possible to mechanically clean the outside surface of the tubes as these are fixed inside the shell. Chemical
cleaning can be used in the shell side. Shown is a version with one shell pass and two tube passes. This is
probably the least expensive of the shell-and-tube designs.

BEM

This is the same type of heat exchanger as shown above, except it has only one tube pass

AEM

Channel with Removable Cover, One Pass Shell, Fixed Tubesheet Bonnet

This is almost the same type of heat exchanger as the first BEM. The removable cover allows the inside of the
tubes to be inspected and cleaned without unbolting the piping. However, as can be expected, the tradeoff is
that this convenient feature makes it more expensive.

Page 24 of 49

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WorkSheet: TEMA Designations

September 30, 2005

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

The maintenance feature of having a removable tube bundles requires an exchanger as the following:

AES

Channel and Removable Cover, One Pass Shell, Floating Head with Backing Device

A floating head heat exchanger is excellent for applications where the difference in temperature between the
hot and cold fluid causes unacceptable stresses in the axial direction, between the shell and tubes. The
floating head can move, i.e. it provides the ability to allow tube expansion in the axial direction.
Note that the bundle can not be pulled from the front end. For maintenance both the front and rear end head,
including the backing device, must be disassembled. If pulling from the front head is required a type AET
should be selected.
However, it is wise and prudent to be aware of the inherent trade-offs in this design. Note that the tube-side
fluid can leak through the internal floating head cover gasket and mix (or contaminate) the shell-side fluid.
It is very difficult -and sometimes impossible to mitigate or compensate for the internal bolts tightening the
internal bonnet to remain under constant, steady torque. Hot fluid temperatures make the bolts expand and
the result is a reduction in bolt torque and subsequent leaks through the bonnet gasket. Additionally, it is a
common and expected occurance for maintenance crews to find the internal bolts badly rusted or corroded to
the point where they have to be burned or sawed off in order to extract the "removable" tube bundle.
The chemical engineer has other options to apply when requiring mechanical expansion of a heat exchanger
tube bundle. Various rear head design also exist that allow for tube bundle expansion. Among these are the
popular (and inexpensive) "U" tube bundle design. A "P" and "W" rear head design will also contribute this
feature without the hazard of internal mixing (or contamination) of the two fluids.
Also, be aware that any TEMA shell and tube design with a removable tube bundle feature has - by nature - a
larger shell diameter (& increased cost) due to the need to be able to pull the rear tubesheet the length
of the exchanger's shell. A larger diameter shell can sometimes also present problems in a lower Reynolds
number (yielding a lower heat transfer) and internal by-passing of the shell fluid around the baffles (this also
reduces the effective heat transferred. All these effects eventually lead to a bigger heat exchanger (more area
and more tubes) in order to do a heat transfer operation.

Page 25 of 49

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September 30, 2005

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

Longitudinal Baffles - their application and inherent problems

The employment of longitudinal baffles in heat exchangers - such as the "F", "G", and "H" shell types - can
often resolve both heat transfer and fluid flow problems within the shell and tube exchanger used.
Their application can significantly increase the shell-side Reynolds Number and lead to more efficient shell-side
heat transfer coefficients with a subsequent increase in heat transfer. Additionally, these type of baffles permit
the engineer to incorporate counter-flow heat transfer. True counter-current heat transfer is as efficient
a heat transfer configuration as an engineer can obtain. In some heat recovery applications, this is highly sought.
By splitting the shell-side flow, some applications can actually have a significant reduction in shell-side pressure
drop. This is especially true in partial vacuum process operations where a minimum of pressure drop can be
tolerated.
However, the application of longitudinal baffles should be always carefully scrutinized and used sparingly. There
are, as would be expected, some very important trade-offs involved in the application of longitudinal baffles.
Firstly, if a longitudinal baffle is a process necessity, the baffle should be seal-welded against the inner shell
wall in order to ensure that there will be no internal, by-pass leakage. This positive step negates the possibility
of having a removable tube bundle. Additionally, the welding necessity requires a minimum shell diameter
and this winds up being applicable only to relatively large streams.
By the basic need to establish effective shell-side flow around a longitudinal baffle, one has to accept the
obvious fact that a minimum of shell-side clearances can be tolerated. Once having said and applied these facts,
one then has to also accept that the required, small baffle clearances mean extraordinary fabrication techniques
and resultant super-human maintenance efforts to extract a removable tube bundle. In far too many actual
field cases, it has been found that the removable tube bundle with a longitudinal baffle is a non-practical device.
Field results have shown that in most cases the tube bundle has resulted in being destroyed in order to remove it.
This extraordinary and desperate maintenance act labels such a design as non-practical.

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September 30, 2005

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Art Montemayor

Page 27 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
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September 30, 2003

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

Heat Exchanger Tube Sheet Layout Count Table

Source: "Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants"; Vol. 3; p.24
Ernest E. Ludwig; Gulf Publishing Co.; Houston, TX (1965)

Shell I. D., inches

12
13-1/4 15-1/4 17-1/4 19-1/4 21-1/4 23-1/4
105
135
193
247
307
391
481
91
117
157
217
277
343
423
85
101
139
183
235
287
355
57
73
103
133
163
205
247
45
65
83
111
139
179
215

25
553
493
419
307
255

27
663
577
495
361
303

29
763
667
587
427
359

31
881
765
665
481
413

33
1,019
889
765
551
477

35
1,143
1,007
865
633
545

37
1,269
1,127
965
699
595

452
398
346
244
218
398
336
304
192
180

528
468
408
292
248
460
406
362
234
214

626
556
486
346
298
558
484
436
284
256

734
646
560
410
348
648
566
506
340
304

846
746
644
462
402
768
674
586
396
356

964
858
746
530
460
882
772
688
466
406

1,088
972
840
608
522
1,008
882
778
532
464

1,242
1,088
946
688
584
1,126
1,000
884
610
526

332
292
242
176
142
286
254
226
142
122

412
360
308
212
188
378
318
286
178
166

484
424
366
258
214
438
386
342
218
198

576
508
440
308
260
534
462
414
266
238

680
596
510
368
310
622
542
482
322
286

788
692
590
422
360
740
648
560
376
336

904
802
688
486
414
852
744
660
444
384

1,024
912
778
560
476
976
852
748
508
440

1,172
1,024
880
638
534
1,092
968
852
584
500

230
202
158
112
88
206
184
160
100
80

294
258
212
150
116
272
268
210
130
110

372
322
266
182
154
358
300
268
168
152

440
388
324
226
184
416
366
322
206
182

532
464
394
274
226
510
440
392
252
224

632
548
460
338
268
596
518
458
304
268

732
640
536
382
318
716
626
534
356
316

844
744
634
442
368
826
720
632
426
362

964
852
224
514
430
944
826
718
488
420

1,106
964
818
586
484
1,058
940
820
562
478

198
170
132
90
74
190
170
146
90
70

258
224
174
120
94
254
226
194
118
98

332
286
228
154
128
342
286
254
154
142

398
344
286
190
150
398
350
306
190
170

484
422
352
240
192
490
422
374
238
206

576
496
414
298
230
578
498
438
290
254

682
588
490
342
280
688
600
512
340
300

790
694
576
400
334
796
692
608
404
344

902
798
662
466
388
916
796
692
464
396

1,040
902
760
542
438
1,032
908
792
540
456

33
33
33
15
17

69
57
53
33
33

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square
3/4" on 15/16" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

32
28
26
16
12
8
8
12
XX
XX

58
56
48
32
26
34
26
30
8
12

94
90
78
52
40
64
60
52
26
22

124
110
94
62
56
94
72
72
42
38

166
154
126
92
76
134
108
100
58
58

228
208
172
126
106
180
158
142
84
76

300
264
222
162
136
234
212
188
120
100

370
326
280
204
172
304
270
242
154
134

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square
3/4" on 15/16" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX

48
44
48
24
24
28
20
24

84
72
72
44
40
56
52
44
20
16

108
96
88
60
48
84
64
64
36
32

154
134
126
78
74
122
98
90
50
50

196
180
142
104
84
166
146
130
74
66

266
232
192
138
110
218
198
174
110
90

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square
3/4" on 15/16" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX

80
66
54
34

116
104
78
56
44
110
88
80
42
42

174
156
116
82
66
156
134
118
68
60

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square
3/4" on 15/16" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX

94
82

140
124
94
66

102
82
70
38
34

142
122
106
58
50

Fixed Tubes

U Tubes

Fixed Tubes

U Tubes

Fixed Tubes

U Tubes

Fixed Tubes

10

Fixed Tubes

3/4" on 15/16" Triang.

3/4" on 1" Triang.
3/4" on 1" Square
1" on 1-1/4" Triang.
1" on 1-1/4" Square

U Tubes

Eight-Pass

Six-Pass

Four-Pass

Two-Pass

One-Pass

Tube O. D. & Pitch

74
56
56
30

68
52
48
24

Notes: 1) The above tube counts have an allowance made for Tie Rods.
2) The Radius of Bend for the U-Tube bundles is equal to (2.5) (Tube O.D.); The actual number of U-tubes is 1/2 of the above figures.
Page 28 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Tube Counts

Art Montemayor

Heat Exchanger Estimate

August 21, 1998

Rev: 0

HEAT EXCHANGER SUMMARY

T in, Cold Side (t1)

104 oF

T out, Cold Side (t2)

149 oF

T in, Hot Side (T1)

297 oF

T out, Hot Side (T2)

Exchanger Heat Duty
Overall U estimated
Number of shell passes
Number of tube passes
Log Mean Temperature Difference, LMTD
F Factor (See Calcs below)
Adjusted LMTD
Heat Transfer Area calculated
Design Contingency Factor
Over Design Factor

297
5,879
50
1
4
170
1.00
170
694
1.10
1.00

F
M Btu/hr
Btu/hr - Ft2 - oF
o

F
Ft2
o

Total Heat Transfer Area Required

763 Ft2

450 psig, Saturated Steam Req'd,

CW Req'd @ 45 deg rise, gpm

7,685 lbs/hr
261 gpm

Calculation of F Factor:
P (or S)
R
Term 1
Px
Term 2
Term 3
Term 4A
Term 4B
Term 4
F

0.23
0.00
1.30 [(RP-1)/(P-1)]^(1/N)
0.23
-1.00 (R^2+1)^0.5/(R-1)
-0.27
0.77
8.58
6.58
0.27
1.00

Page 29 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: HX DESIGN

SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER SPECIFICATION

Montemayor

Project No.

Lean MEA Solution Cooler

Km 8, Avda. Venezuela; Lima, Peru
Manufacturer
Model
*

1 Service

Equipment No.

2 Location

4 TEMA Size, Type

5 Surface/Unit
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

1 of 1
Rev. No.

Corporation

Sheet

(English Units)

Unit

Horiz.

ft

Gross

P&ID No.
Fluid Allocation
Fluid Circulated
Total Fluid Entering
Vapor (In/Out)
Liquid
Steam
Non-Condensables
Fluid Vaporized or Condensed
Steam Condensed
Temperature
Density, Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Vapor Molecular Weight
Specific Heat
Thermal Conductivity
Latent Heat
Operating Pressure, Inlet
Velocity
Max.
Min.
Pressure Drop, Clean (Allow./Calc.)
Fouling Resistance
Heat Exchanged
Transfer Rate, Service

Eff.

German Huanuco

Vert.
Shells/Unit

P.O. No.

Mfr Ref. No.

Connected in

One

Surface/Shell

Plot Plan No.

PERFORMANCE OF ONE UNIT
SHELL SIDE

No. Req'd
Series

Parallel
ft

Gross

Eff.

Other Ref. Dwg No.

TUBE SIDE

lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
F
cP
Btu/lbF
Btu/hftF
Btu/lb
psig
fps
psi
ft2hF/Btu .
Btu/h Log MTD (Uncorrected)
F Log MTD (Corrected)
Btu/ft2hF . Transfer Rate, Clean
*
*
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
SHELL SIDE
TUBE SIDE
Sketch (Bundle, Nozzle Orientation)

F
*
Btu/ft2hF .

Design Pressure
psig
Test Pressure
psig
Design Temperature
F
Number of Passes per Shell
In
Connections Out
Size & Rating
Intermediate
Tubes: Type
Number
OD
in.
in.
Av. Wall
*
0.75
16 BWG or 30
X Min.
45
60
90
Tube Length
in. Tube Pitch
in. Flow Pattern (circle one)
0.9375
Shell: ID
in. OD
in. Tube-to-Tubesheet Joint
*
*
Rolled and Seal Welded
Baffles - Cross:
Type
Spacing
in.
% Cut on
Area
*
*
*
X Diam.
Baffles - Long:
Perm.
Removable
Seal Type:
Bypass Seal:
lb/ftsec Bundle Entrance
lb/ftsec Bundle Exit
lb/ftsec
v2: Inlet Nozzle
*
*
*
Expansion Joint?
Yes
Type:
Impingement Protection?
No
X No
X Yes
PART
MATERIAL
THK, in.
C.A., in.
PART
MATERIAL
THK, in.
C.A., in.
Tubes
Stainless Stl 16 BWG min.
Floating Tubesheet Carbon Steel
*
---Shell
Fixed Tubesheet
Carbon Steel
*
0.125
Shell Cover
Tube Supports
Carbon Steel
*
0.125
Channel
Cross Baffles
Carbon Steel
*
0.125
Channel Cover
Long Baffle
Bronze
*
0.125
Fltg Head Cover
Gaskets
Stainless Stl
---
Stress Relieved (Mark "SR') and/or Radiographed (Mark 'XR') Parts
User Spec.:
Code Requirements:
Stamp?
TEMA Class:
ASME Sec. VIII, Para. 1 (1992)
Yes
Weights: Shell
*
lb Filled with Water
*
lb Bundle
*
lb
Remarks
1. Items marked with an asterisk (*) to be completed by Vendor.

Rev
0

Date

Description
For Purchase

By

Chk.

Appr.

Rev

Date

Description

By

Chk.

Appr.

Corporation
2
3
4
5

Cooling Water Exchanger

Location
Unit
Barbados, W. I.
Manufacturer
Model
*
*
Size, Type
Frames/Unit
*-*
Surface/Unit
ft2 Effective
*

6 P&ID No.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

1234567

Project No.

1 Service

Equipment No.

Sandy Forbes

P.O. No.

Mfr Ref. No.

One

Connected in

ft2

COLD SIDE
Cooling Water

31,500

206,483

---31,500
------------235
0.907
0.54
---0.867
0.178

cP

Gross

Other Ref. Dwg No.

PERFORMANCE OF ONE UNIT

HOT SIDE
lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
lb/h
F

---31,500
------------120
0.929
13.7
---0.843
0.160

---206,483
------------90
0.995
0.76
---1.0
0.358

Btu/lbF
Btu/hftF
Btu/lb
------psig
75
60
fps
8.0
8.0
psi
10
*
10
ft2hF/Btu
0.001
0.003
Btu/h Log MTD (Uncorrected)
F Log MTD (Corrected)
157.0
Transfer Rate, Clean
Btu/ft2hF
*
*
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
HOT SIDE
COLD SIDE
Sketch (Frame, Nozzle Orientation)

Allocation
Design Pressure
psig
150
125
Test Pressure
psig
Code
Code
Design Temperature
F
300
300
Number of Passes per Frame
Two
*
Corrosion Allowance
in.
0.0625
None
In
3" 150# RF
6" 125# FF
Connections
Out
3"
150#
RF
6" 125# FF
Size & Rating
Intermediate
------lb/fts
v2, Inlet/Outlet
Impingement Protection?
Yes
No. of Plates
Frame Capacity (Max. No. of Plates)
PART
MATERIAL
THK, in.
C.A., in.
PART
Plates
Connections
Stnless Steel 16 BWG min.
0.03125
Plate Gaskets
Frame
Carbon Steel
*
0.03125
End Cover
Carrying Bar
Carbon Steel
*
0.03125

Carbon Steel

One

No. Req'd

Single

Surface/Frame

Plot Plan No.

Fluid Allocation
Fluid Circulated
Total Fluid Entering
Vapor (In/Out)
Liquid
Steam
Non-Condensables
Fluid Vaporized or Condensed
Steam Condensed
Temperature
Density, Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Vapor Molecular Weight
Specific Heat
Thermal Conductivity
Latent Heat
Operating Pressure, Inlet
Velocity
Min.
X Max.
Pressure Drop, Clean (Allow./Calc.)
Fouling Resistance
Heat Exchanged
3,097,238
Transfer Rate, Service

1 of 1

Sheet

Rev. No.

PLATE & FRAME HEAT EXCHANGER SPECIFICATION

(English Units)

Montemayor

0.03125

MATERIAL

THK, in.

Stnless Steel
Carbon Steel
Carbon Steel
Carbon Steel

Stress Relieved (Mark "SR') and/or Radiographed (Mark 'XR') Parts

OSHA Type Protective Shroud?
Yes
Material:
Carbon Steel Insulation:
Cleaning:
Painting:
Code Requirements:
Stamp?
ASME Sec. VIII, Para. 1 (1992)
Yes
Client Spec.:
Weights: Empty Frame
*
Remarks
1. Items marked with an asterisk (*) to be completed by Vendor.

---206,483
------------105
0.992
0.65
---1.0
0.365

*
*

Btu/ft2hF

C.A., in.

0.03125
0.03125
0.03125
0.03125

Rev
0

Date
Description
9-Dec-96 For Inquiry

By
ABC

Chk.
DEF

Appr.
XYZ

Rev

Date

Heat Conservation

lb Filled with Water

Description

By

Chk.

lb

Appr.

Art Montemayor

October 02, 2003

Rev: 0

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Typical Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients

Source: http://www.the-engineering-page.com/forms/he/typU.html
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Hot Fluid
Cold Fluid
Heat Exchangers
Water
Water
Organic solvents
Organic Solvents
Light oils
Light oils
Heavy oils
Heavy oils
Reduced crude
Flashed crude
Regenerated DEA
Fouled DEA
Gases (p = atm)
Gases (p = atm)
Gases (p = 200 bar)
Gases (p = 200 bar)

Overall U
W/m2-C

Btu/hr-ft2-oF

800 1,500
100 - 300
100 - 400
50 - 300
35 - 150
450 - 650
5 - 35
100 - 300

140 - 264
17 52
17 70
9 53
6 26
79 114
1.0 6
17 53

250 - 750
350 - 700
60 - 300
75 - 200
5 - 35
150 - 400
20 - 300
150 - 500
600 1,200
15 - 250

44 132
62 - 123
11 - 53
13 35
1.0 6
26 70
4 53
26 88
106 211
3 - 44

Water
Organic solvents
Light oils
Heavy oils
Gases
Heavy oils
Gases
Steam
Hydrocarbon vapors

1,500 4,000
500 1,000
300 - 900
60 - 450
30 - 300
50 - 300
20 - 200
30 - 100
30 -100

264 - 700
88 - 176
53 159
11 79
5 53
9 53
4 - 35
5 - 18
5 - 18

Water
Water
Water

1,000 1,500
700 1,000
400 - 550

176 264
123 176
70 - 97

Coolers
Organic solvents
Light oils
Heavy oils
Reduced crude
Gases (p = atm)
Gases (p = 200 bar)
Gases
Organic solvents
Water
Gases

Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Brine
Brine
Brine
Heaters

Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Heat Transfer (hot) Oil
Heat Transfer (hot) Oil
Flue gases
Flue gases
Condensers
Aqueous vapors
Organic vapors
Refinery hydrocarbons

Page 32 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Typical "U"

Art Montemayor

October 02, 2003

Rev: 0

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Vapors with some non condensables Water

Vacuum condensers
Water

500 - 700
200 - 500

88 123
35 88

1,000 1,500
900 1,200
600 - 900
250 - 550

176 264
159 211
106 159
44 97

300 - 450
300 - 700
50 - 150
50 - 300
300 - 600

53 - 79
53 - 123
9 - 26
9 - 53
53 - 106

500 1,000
200 - 300
70 - 150
200 - 500
100 - 150

88 176
35 53
12 26
35 88
18 26

800 1,500
300 - 500
200 - 400
400 - 700
200 - 300

140 264
53 88
35 70
70 - 123
35 - 53

500 - 700
250 - 500
200 - 500
200 - 300

88 - 123
44 - 88
35 - 88
35 - 53

Vaporizers
Steam
Steam
Steam
Heat Transfer (hot) oil

Aqueouos solutions
Light organics
Heavy organics
Refinery hydrocarbons

Air Cooled Exchangers

Process Fluid (tube side)
Water
Light organics
Heavy organics
Gases
Condensing hydrocarbons
Immersed coils
Coil Fluid
Pool Fluid
Natural circulation
Steam
Dilute aqueous solutions
Steam
Light oils
Steam
Heavy oils
Aqueous solutions
Water
Light oils
Water
Agitated
Steam
Steam
Steam
Aqueous solutions
Light oils

Steam
Steam
Water
Water

Dilute aqueous solutions

Light oils
Heavy oils
Water
Water

Jacketed vessels
Jacket Fluid
Vessel Fluid
Dilute aqueous solutions
Light organics
Dilute aqueous solutions
Light organics

Arts Note: Above Us were originally given in metric units and the conversion to good,
old fashioned US engineering units is based on:
1.0 Btu/hr-ft2-oF = 5.678263 Watts/m2-oK

Page 33 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Typical "U"

June 15, 1996

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

Some of this data was taken from Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA); 7th Edition (1988); page 178. Note: some of the

BWG
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
22

1/2" O. D. Condenser tube

3/4" O. D. Condenser tube
Wall
Surface area per
Tube weight
Tube flow Surface area per linear
thickness Tube I. D. Tube flow
Constant Tube I. D.
linear foot, ft2
foot, ft2
area
per
linear
foot,
area
inches
inches
C **
inches
2
2
in
lb of steel*
in
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
0.165
0.148
0.134
0.120
0.109
0.095
0.083
0.072
0.065
0.058
0.049
0.035
0.028

0.282

0.0625

0.1309

0.0738

0.456

0.334

0.0876

0.1309

0.0874

0.370

0.370

0.1075

0.1309

0.0969

0.302

168

0.402
0.430
0.444

0.1269
0.1452
0.1548

0.1309
0.1309
0.1309

0.1052
0.1126
0.1162

0.236
0.174
0.141

198
227
241

0.482
0.510
0.532
0.560
0.584
0.606
0.620
0.634
0.652
0.680

0.1825
0.2043
0.2223
0.2463
0.2679
0.2884
0.3019
0.3157
0.3339
0.3632

0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963
0.1963

0.1262
0.1335
0.1393
0.1466
0.1529
0.1587
0.1623
0.1660
0.1707
0.1780

NOTES:
* The weight of the condenser tubes is based on low carbon steel with a density of 0.2836 lbs/in 3. For other metal materials multiply by the following factor
Material
Aluminum
Titanium
A.I.S.I. 300 Series Stainless Steels
A.I.S.I. 400 Series Stainless Steels
Aluminum Bronze
Aluminum Brass
Nickel-Chrome-Iron
Admiralty
Nickel
Nickel-Copper
Copper and Cupro-Nickels

Factor
0.35
0.58
0.99
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.07
1.09
1.13
1.12
1.14

** Liquid Velocity within the tubes = (Lbs Per Tube Hour) / (C * Liquid Specific Gravity) in feet per sec. (Specific gravity of Water @ 60
Page 34 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Condenser Tubes Data

June 15, 1996

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

n (1988); page 178. Note: some of the tabular TEMA data contained ERRATA, but this was corrected with this spreadsheet's formulas.

Condenser tube

1" O. D. Condenser tube

1-1/4" O. D. Condenser tube
Surface area per
Surface area per
Tube weight
Tube flow
Tube weight
Tube flow
Constant Tube I. D.
Constant Tube I. D.
2
linear
foot,
ft
linear foot, ft2
per linear foot,
area
per
linear
foot,
area
C **
inches
C **
inches
2
2
lb of steel
in
lb of steel
in
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
0.890
0.6221
0.3272
0.2330
0.670
0.3526
0.2618
0.1754
1.473
550
0.920
0.6648
0.3272
0.2409
0.704
0.3893
0.2618
0.1843
1.348
0.954
0.7148
0.3272
0.2498
0.883
285
0.732
0.4208
0.2618
0.1916
1.241
656
0.982
0.7574
0.3272
0.2571
0.808
319
0.760
0.4536
0.2618
0.1990
1.129
708
1.010
0.8012
0.3272
0.2644
0.747
347
0.782
0.4803
0.2618
0.2047
1.038
749
1.030
0.8332
0.3272
0.2697
0.665
384
0.810
0.5153
0.2618
0.2121
0.919
804
1.060
0.8825
0.3272
0.2775
0.592
418
0.834
0.5463
0.2618
0.2183
0.814
852
1.080
0.9161
0.3272
0.2827
0.522
450
0.856
0.5755
0.2618
0.2241
0.714
898
1.110
0.9677
0.3272
0.2906
0.476
471
0.870
0.5945
0.2618
0.2278
0.650
927
1.120
0.9852
0.3272
0.2932
0.429
492
0.884
0.6138
0.2618
0.2314
0.584
1.130
1.0029
0.3272
0.2958
0.367
521
0.902
0.6390
0.2618
0.2361
0.498
997
1.150
1.0387
0.3272
0.3011
0.268
567
0.930
0.6793
0.2618
0.2435
0.361
1,060
1.180
1.0936
0.3272
0.3089

aterials multiply by the following factors:

vity of Water @ 60 oF = 1.00)

Page 35 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Condenser Tubes Data

June 15, 1996

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

Condenser tube

1-1/2" O. D. Condenser tube

2" O. D. Condenser tube
Surface area per
Surface area per
Tube weight
Tube flow
Tube weight
Tube flow
Constant Tube I. D.
Constant Tube I. D.
2
linear
foot,
ft
linear foot, ft3
per linear foot,
area
per
linear
foot,
area
C **
inches
C **
inches
2
3
lb of steel
in
lb of steel
in
Outside
Inside
Outside
Inside
2.059
970
1.914
1,037
1.170
1.0751
0.3927
0.3063
2.355
1.744
1.200
1.1310
0.3927
0.3142
2.165
1.599
1,182
1.230
1.1882
0.3927
0.3220
1.970
1,860
1.450
1,250
1.260
1.2469
0.3927
0.3299
1.771
1.760
2.4328
0.5236
0.4608
1.341
1,305
1.280
1.2868
0.3927
0.3351
1.635
2,014
1.782
2.4941
0.5236
0.4665
1.173
1,377
1.310
1.3478
0.3927
0.3430
1.427
1.810
2.5730
0.5236
0.4739
1.059
1,440
1.330
1.3893
0.3927
0.3482
1.286
2,180
1.834
2.6417
0.5236
0.4801
0.883
1.360
1.4527
0.3927
0.3560
1.070
0.824
1,537
1.370
1.4741
0.3927
0.3587
0.997
2,300
0.763
1.380
1.4957
0.3927
0.3613
0.924
0.641
1,626
1.400
1.5394
0.3927
0.3665
0.775
0.455
1,706

Page 36 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Condenser Tubes Data

June 15, 1996

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

ndenser tube Tube

weight per
Constant
linear
C **
foot, lb of
steel

2.412
2.204
1.935
1.701

3,795
3,891
4,014
4,121

Page 37 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Condenser Tubes Data

Heat Exchanger Tubesheets

Tubesheet Thickness

Art Montemayor

October 09, 1991

Rev: 0

From: Chemical Engineering Magazine; Plant Notebook; May 12, 1975

The thickness of heat exchanger tubesheets is an important consideration in cost-estimating and selecting
design alternatives for process heat systems. According to the Tubular Exchanger Manufactureres Assn.
(TEMA) standards, the tubesheet thickness for shell-and-tube exchangers is given by the formula:

FG P
T=
2 S

F
G
P
S
T

=
=
=
=
=

1.25
12
350
17,500
1.06

inches
psig
psi
inches

TEMA gives precise rules for determining the variables F, G, P, and S for exchanger design. For estimating
purposes, however, these terms can be taken as:
T = Tubesheet thickness, inches
F = a factor
= 1.0 for stationary and floating-head tubesheets
= 1.25 for U-tube tubesheets
G = shell internal diameter, as calculated from transfer surface and tube dimensions, inches
P = design pressure, psig
S = tubesheets' material allowable stress, psi
Values of S for some common materials are shown in the following table. With this table and the other terms,
tubesheet thickness can be calculated in this spreadsheet.
Material
SA-516 Grade 70
Stainless Steel
1.25Cr - 0.5Mo - Si Steel
Monel
SB-171 Naval Brass
SB-402 Copper Nickel
SB-11 Copper

100
17,500
-15,000
17,500
-12,500
6,600

Temperature, oF
200
300
400
17,500
17,500
17,500
17,700
16,100
15,900
15,000
15,000
15,000
16,500
15,500
14,800
12,500
10,500
2,000
10,500
10,400
10,400
5,700
5,000
--

Page 38 of 49

500
17,500
-15,000
14,700
-10,400
--

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: TubeSheet

Art Montemayor

November 11, 1997

Rev: 0

Tubesheet Layout
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER TUBESHEET LAYOUTS (TUBE COUNTS)
Source: "Process Heat Transfer"; Donald Q. Kern, McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1950); page 841

3/4" O. D. tubes on 1-inch square pitch

Shell I. D.
Inches
8
10
12
13-1/4
15-1/4
17-1/4
19-1/4
21-1/4
23-1/4
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39

1" O. D. tubes on 1-1/4 inch square pitch

1-1/4" O. D. tubes on 1-9/16 inch square pitch

1
2
4
6
8
1
2
4
6
8
1
2
4
6
TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass
32
52
81
97
137
177
224
277
341
413
481
553
657
749
845
934
1049

26
52
76
90
124
166
220
270
324
394
460
526
640
718
824
914
1024

20
40
68
82
116
158
204
246
308
370
432
480
600
688
780
886
982

20
36
68
76
108
150
192
240
302
356
420
468
580
676
766
866
968

60
70
108
142
188
234
292
346
408
456
560
648
748
838
948

21
32
48
61
81
112
138
177
213
260
300
341
406
465
522
596
665

16
32
45
56
76
112
132
166
208
252
288
326
398
460
518
574
644

14
26
40
52
68
96
128
158
192
238
278
300
380
432
488
562
624

24
38
48
68
90
122
152
184
226
268
294
368
420
484
544
612

36
44
64
82
116
148
184
222
260
286
358
414
472
532
600

16
30
32
44
56
78
96
127
140
166
193
226
258
293
334
370

12
24
30
40
53
73
90
112
135
160
188
220
252
287
322
362

10
22
30
37
51
71
86
106
127
151
178
209
244
275
311
348

16
22
35
48
64
82
102
123
146
174
202
238
268
304
342

Note: These tube counts can be taken only as an estimate. For accurate tube counts, an actual scaled layout should be done.
Kern does not reveal where he obtained this information and he is not specific in giving details to what TEMA type, orientation, and Outer Tube Limits (OTL) this data
Consequently, the user is advised to scrutinize this information before using it.
Another estimating method for tube counts is found in "Petroleum Refinery Engineering"; Nelson; McGraw-Hill; Page 544:
The number of heat exchanger tubes can be estimated from the equation

N = C * (L/P)2
where,
C = 0.75 (a constant for Square pitch)
P = the tube spacing, in inches
L = the Outer Tube Limit, in inches
Page 39 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Square Pitch

Art Montemayor

Tubesheet Layout

November 11, 1997

Rev: 0

The OTL is about 1-1/2" less than the inside diameter of the shell in floating head exchangers.
It is about 5/8" less than the shell inside diameter of fixed-head or U-tube construction.
Tube Spacing =
Outer Tube Limit =

1.5 inches
13.5 inches
Number of Tubes =

61

Page 40 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Square Pitch

Art Montemayor

uare pitch

Tubesheet Layout

November 11, 1997

Rev: 0

1-1/2" O. D. tubes on 1-7/8 inch square pitch

8
1
2
4
6
8
TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass

16
22
31
44
56
78
96
115
140
166
193
226
258
293
336

16
22
29
39
50
62
78
94
112
131
151
176
202
224
252

16
22
29
39
48
60
74
90
108
127
146
170
196
220
246

12
16
25
34
45
57
70
86
102
120
141
164
188
217
267

12
16
24
32
43
54
66
84
98
116
138
160
182
210
230

22
29
39
50
62
78
94
112
131
151
176
202
224

) this data applies.

Page 41 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Square Pitch

Art Montemayor

Tubesheet Layout

Page 42 of 49

November 11, 1997

Rev: 0

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Square Pitch

November 11, 1997

Rev: 0
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER TUBESHEET LAYOUTS (TUBE CO
Source: "Process Heat Transfer"; Donald Q. Kern, McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1950);

Art Montemayor

Tubesheet Layout

3/4" O. D. tubes on 15/16-inch triangular pitch

Shell I. D.
Inches
8
10
12
13-1/4
15-1/4
17-1/4
19-1/4
21-1/4
23-1/4
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39

3/4" O. D. tubes on 1-inch triangular pitch

1
2
4
6
8
1
2
4
6
TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass
36
62
109
127
170
239
301
361
442
532
637
721
847
974
1102
1240
1377

32
56
98
114
160
224
282
342
420
506
602
692
822
938
1068
1200
1330

26
47
86
96
140
194
252
314
386
468
550
640
766
878
1004
1144
1258

24
42
82
90
136
188
244
306
378
446
536
620
722
852
988
1104
1248

18
36
78
86
128
178
234
290
364
434
524
594
720
826
958
1072
1212

37
61
92
109
151
203
262
316
384
470
559
630
745
856
970
1074
1206

30
52
82
106
138
196
250
302
376
452
534
604
728
830
938
1044
1176

24
40
76
86
122
178
226
278
352
422
488
556
678
774
882
1012
1128

24
36
74
82
118
172
216
272
342
394
474
538
666
760
864
986
1100

Note: These tube counts can be taken only as an estimate. For accurate tube counts, an actual scaled layout should be
Kern does not reveal where he obtained this information and he is not specific in giving details to what TEMA type,
As an example of a discrepancy, refer to the 8" shell with 3/4" tubes on 15/16" triangular pitch and 2-passes. An ac
Consequently, the user is advised to scrutinize this information before using it.
Triangular pitch should never be used with a dirty or fouling fluid on the shellside of an exchanger. This configuratio

Another estimating method for tube counts is found in "Petroleum Refinery Engineering"; Nelson; McGraw-Hill; Pag
The number of heat exchanger tubes can be estimated from the equation

N = C * (L/P)2
where,
C = 0.86 (a constant for Triangular pitch)
P = the tube spacing, in inches
L = the Outer Tube Limit, in inches
The OTL is about 1-1/2" less than the inside diameter of the shell in floating head exchangers.
It is about 5/8" less than the shell inside diameter of fixed-head or U-tube construction.
Tube Spacing =
Outer Tube Limit =

1.5 inches
17.5 inches
Number of Tubes =

Page 43 of 49

117

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Triangular Pitch

Art Montemayor

November 11, 1997

Rev: 0

Tubesheet Layout

ET LAYOUTS (TUBE COUNTS)

raw-Hill Book Co. (1950); page 842

h triangular pitch

1" O. D. tubes on 1-1/4 inch triangular pitch

1-1/4" O. D. tubes on 1-9/16 inch triangular pitch

8
1
2
4
6
8
1
2
4
6
TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass

70
74
110
166
210
260
328
382
464
508
640
732
848
870
1078

21
32
55
68
91
131
163
199
241
294
349
397
472
538
608
674
766

16
32
52
66
86
118
152
188
232
282
334
376
454
522
592
664
736

16
26
48
58
80
106
140
170
212
256
302
338
430
486
562
632
700

14
24
46
54
74
104
136
164
212
252
296
334
424
470
546
614
688

4
50
72
94
128
160
202
242
286
316
400
454
532
598
672

20
32
38
54
69
95
117
140
170
202
235
275
315
357
407
449

18
30
36
51
66
91
112
136
164
196
228
270
305
348
390
436

14
26
32
45
62
86
105
130
155
185
217
255
297
335
380
425

22
28
42
58
78
101
123
150
179
212
245
288
327
374
419

l scaled layout should be done.

etails to what TEMA type, orientation, and Outer Tube Limits (OTL) this data applies.
pitch and 2-passes. An actual layout yields 48 tubes with 3/16" OTL, as compared with the listed 32 tubes.

changer. This configuration is impossible to clean mechanically.

Nelson; McGraw-Hill; Page 544:

Page 44 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Triangular Pitch

Art Montemayor

inch triangular pitch

Tubesheet Layout

November 11, 1997

Rev: 0

1-1/2" O. D. tubes on 1-7/8 inch triangular pitch

8
1
2
4
6
8
TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass TubePass

20
26
38
54
69
95
117
140
170
202
235
275
315
357
407

18
27
36
48
61
76
95
115
136
160
184
215
246
275
307

14
22
34
44
58
72
91
110
131
154
177
206
238
268
299

14
18
32
42
55
70
86
105
125
147
172
200
230
260
290

12
16
30
38
51
66
80
98
118
141
165
190
220
252
284

12
14
27
36
48
61
76
95
115
136
160
184
215
246
275

Page 45 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Triangular Pitch

Art Montemayor

November 03, 1997

Rev: 0

Exchanger Shell Size

TOTAL NUMBER OF TUBES IN AN EXCHANGER, Nt:

If not known by direct count, find in the tube count table, Table III, as a function of D otl, the tube pitch, p, and the
layout. The shell diameter Di and outer tube limit Dotl given in the table are those for a conventional split-ring
floating head design, fully tubed out. For a given shell diameter, the value of D otl will be greater than that shown for
a fixed tube sheet design and smaller for a pull-through floating head. In any case, the tube count can be
reasonably interpolated from the Table using the known or specified D otl, asuming that the tube count is proportional
to (Dotl)2. All tube count tables are only approximate since the actual number of tubes that can be fitted into a given
tubesheet depends upon the pass partition pattern, the thickness of the pass dividers and exactly where the drilling
pattern is started relative to the dividers and the outer tube limit. Additional tubes will be lost from the bundle for a
U-tube design because the minimum bending radius prevents tubes from being inserted in some, or all, of the
possible drilling positions near the centerline of the U-tube pattern. Tubes will also be lost if an impingement plate
is inserted underneath the nozzle. For a no-tubes-in-the-window design, the actual number of tubes in the bundle is
FcNt. Fc is the fraction of total tubes in crossflow.

Outer Tube
Tube OD
Tube
Limit
in
Pitch, in.
Diameter, in.
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
8.071
0.75
1.0000
6.82
(Sch. 30)
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
10.02
0.75
1.0000
8.77
(Sch. 40)
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
12.00
10.75
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
13.25
12.00
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
15.25
14.00
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
17.25
16.00
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
19.25
18.00
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
21.00
19.25
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
23.25
21.50
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
25.00
23.25
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
27.00
25.25
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
29.00
27.25
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375
0.75
1.0000
0.75
1.0000
31.00
29.25
1.00
1.2500
1.00
1.2500
0.75
0.9375

Shell ID
in.

33.00

31.25

Tube
Layout
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.

Number of Tube Passes

1

2
38
32
37
21
22
62
52
61
32
37
109
80
90
48
57
127
95
110
60
67
170
138
163
88
96
239
188
211
112
130
301
236
273
148
172
361
276
318
170
199

4
32
26
30
16
18
56
52
52
32
32
98
72
84
44
52
114
90
101
56
63
160
132
152
82
92
224
178
201
110
124
282
224
256
142
162
342
264
308
168
188

Page 46 of 49

6
26
20
24
16
16
47
40
48
26
28
86
68
72
40
44
96
81
90
51
56
140
116
136
75
86
194
168
181
102
116
252
216
242
136
152
314
246
279
157
170

8
24
20
24
14
14
42
36
48
24
28
82
68
70
38
42
90
77
88
46
54
136
112
133
70
84
188
164
176
98
110
244
208
236
129
148
306
240
269
150
164

18

36

60
68
36
40
86
70
74
44
50
128
108
110
64
72
178
142
166
82
94
234
188
210
116
128
290
234
260
148
160

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Total Tubes

Art Montemayor

33.00

31.25

35.00

33.25

37.00

35.25

39.00

37.25

42.00

40.25

44.00

42.25

48.00

46.00

52.00

50.00

56.00

54.00

60.00

58.00

Exchanger Shell Size

0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00

1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500
0.9375
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500
0.9375
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500
0.9375
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500
0.9375
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500
0.9375
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500
0.9375
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500
0.9375
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500
0.9375
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500
0.9375
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.2500

November 03, 1997

Rev: 0

Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Triang.
Square
Triang.
Square
Triang.

Page 47 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Total Tubes

Art Montemayor

Tube Layouts

TUBE PITCH PARALLEL TO FLOW, PP, AND NORMAL TO FLOW, PN

These quantities are needed only for the purpose of estimating other parameters. If a detailed drawing of the
exchanger is available, or if the exchanger itself can be conveniently examined, it is better to obtain these
other parameters by direct count or calculation. The quantities are described by Figure 5.2-1 and read from
Table IV for the most common tube layouts.

Pp, in.

Pn, in.

0.8125

0.704

0.406

0.750

0.9375

0.814

0.469

0.750

1.0000

1.000

1.000

0.750

1.0000

0.707

0.707

0.750

1.0000

0.866

0.500

1.000

1.2500

1.250

1.250

1.000

1.2500

0.884

0.884

1.000

1.2500

1.082

0.625

Tube OD, in.

Tube Pitch, in.

0.625

Layout

November 03, 1997

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor

Heat Exchanger Tube Layouts

March 12, 1997

Rev: 0

Flow

30o Triangular

60o Rotated Triangular

Note: Flow arrows are perpendicular to the baffle cut edge

Flow

Rotated Square

Square

Page 49 of 49

FileName: 329088605.xls
WorkSheet: Tube Pitch Types