MITIGATION

AND

TRANSIENT

ANALYSIS

OVER

TRANSFORMER

IN

VERY

FAST

VOLTAGES(VFTOS)

OF

765KV

OF

GAS

INSULATED

SUBSTATION (GIS) USING WAVELET TRANSFORM

K.Prakasam1, Prof. M. Surya Kalavathi2, D.Prabhavathi3
1

Department of EEE, JNTUCEA, JNTUA, (India)

2

Department of EEE, JNTUHCEH, (India)

Department of EEE, JNTUCEA, JNTUA, (India)

ABSTRACT
Mitigation and analysis of very fast transient over voltages (VFTO) is very important in gas insulated substations
(GIS) .In this paper a power transformer rating of 400MVA in 765kV/400kV gas insulated substation has been
considered and different techniques for mitigation and analysis of very fast transient over voltages (VFTOs) at the
transformer are applied and the same results are analyzed by the application of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as
wavelet transform gives the accurate results. The proposed system has been designed with Mat Lab software
platform and the system is simulated to evaluate the peak values of VFTOs generated at the both at transformer and
open end with and without damping methods (Ferrite ring and nono crystalline). The results show that the peak
value of VFTOs can be considerably reduced by introducing the above damping methods. The outcomes are
explored to wavelet transform for transient information. By the application of wavelet transform it has concluded
that an exact measurement VFTOs can be obtained

Keywords: Damping, Ferrite, Peak, Transient, Surges, Wavelet.

I. INTRODUCTION
During switching operation of disconnecting switches in gas insulated substations number of re strikes and pre
strikes occurs and due to which voltage collapses with in very short duration (nanoseconds) at switching gap. The
travelling surges generated by the switching operations travel either direction of the system. The super imposition of
these reflected waves cusses rise of voltage which is known as very fast transient over voltages(VFTOs).The VFTO
in GIS are greater concern if GIs is operating at higher voltage level. The major problems associated with the very
fast transient over voltages (VFTOs) generated in GIS causes , Flash over to ground at the disconnecting switch
(DS) switch contacts, Failure of electronic control circuits connected to GIS due to electromagnetic interference of

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VFTOs, Di-electric strength is reduced under VFTOs, if non-uniform electric field is formed by the particles
(primarily metallic), effect on equipments such as bushing, power transformer and instrument transformers,
Transient Enclosure Voltage (TEV) on external surface of the sheath. This may cause flashovers to nearby grounded
objects. Which necessitates suppressing the magnitude of VFTOs?

II. MITIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF VFTOS

The new approaches are presented in this paper. A matched ferrite ring, nanocrystalline and RF resonator formed by
shielding inside the GIS. The very fast transient over voltages (VFTOs) in the proposed system has been studied
well and the most suitable methods (ferrite ring and nanocrystalline) have been chosen for mitigation of VFTOs and
are presented in the following section. The parameters of proposed system have been estimated based on very fast
transient nature. The surge impedance (Z0), velocity of propagation () and formative time () can be evaluated from
the following equations.

As per the literature survey it has been observed that, the VFTOs can damp to a great considerable level of peak
using ferrite rings. The most of the authors tested the ferrite ring under low voltage and low frequency and
conventional comparison given between the shunt resistor and ferrite ring, this paper introduced a new method of
analysis of very fast transient over voltages VFTOs which is known as wavelet transform as the VFTOs are concern
to high frequency transients. The comparable circuit of ferrite ring is shown in the following figure3.

Fig.1.Equivalent circuit of ferrite ring

Most of the authors tested the ferrite ring under low voltage and low frequency and conventional comparison given
between the shunt resistor and ferrite ring and the ferrite ring has its own disadvantage that at high frequency it may

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gets saturation. Since the nanocrystalline exhibits enhanced electrical property in the high frequency range (100
KHz to 3MHz) and have high Dielectric strength. The nanocrystalline is modeled as R, L connected in series and
connected in parallel with capacitor. The parameters of R= 150, L=0.002mH and C = 0.001nF chosen in the
design of nanocrystalline. The equivalent circuit of nanocrystalline is shown in the following figye4.

Fig.2.Equivalent circuit nanocrystalline

The RF resonator is a high frequency radio frequency device tuned to a dominant harmonic frequency. The RF
resonator can be electrically treated as LC circuit tuned to high frequency and low quality factor. The estimated peak
magnitudes of VFTOs with RF resonator have been produced in the next section. From the outcomes of the
proposed system it has been cleared that the peak magnitude of VFTOs can be considerably reduced.
2.1 Modelling of Proposed system
The simulation model of proposed system has been done using mat lab platform. The parameters of the system are
estimated based on very fast transient nature (VFT).
765kV/400kV GIS Simulation Model

242

51

120nf4

120nf6

120nf8

120nf9
120nf20

58

4nF

120nf1

80pF1

120nf3

120nf7

80pF

120nf21

120nf23

120nf24
120nf22

120nf12

120nf13

120nf14

120nf16

120nf18
58

4nF1

120nf10

120nf11

80pF

120nf19
120nf25

120nf17

120nf27
120nf26

-KVtr

Gain1

T o Workspace1

+ v
-

120nf29
120nf38

Voltage Measurement1
120nf34

120nf33

120nf36

Discre te ,
T s = 5e -005 s.

120nf37

-K-

Scope1

120nf31

120nf32

120nf35

120nf30

120nf28

vds

Gain

T o Workspace

po we rgui

Conn1

Conn2

DS

+ v
-

Vcb
+ v
-

120nf52

Voltage Measurement
120nf50

T o Workspace2

Voltage Measurement2

Scope

OHT L
Scope2

120nf39

DC Voltage120nf42
Source

120nf40

120nf41

120nf43

120nf45

120nf44

120nf47

120nf48

120nf46
120nf49

Fig.3.Mat Lab Based Simulation Diagram 765/400kV GIS

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III. SIMULATION TEST RESULTS

The simulation test has been carried at transformer and at open end to estimate the magnitude of very fast transient
over voltages (VFTOs) and rise time. The simulation outcomes of the proposed system have been presented in this
section.
Fig.4.VFTO at Transformer under no damping
Fig 4 represents the VFTO at the transformer under no damping conditions. From the figure 4 it can be observed that
the peak magnitude of VFTO is 2.09p.u and the rise time is 48ns

Fig.5.VFTO at Transformer with wavelet transforms (Db4)

Fig 5 represents the VFTO at the transformer under no damping conditions estimated with wavelet transform (Db4).
From the figure 5 it can be observed that the peak magnitude of VFTO is 2.02p.u.
VFTO at Transformer (Vtr) with Ferrite ring
1.5
Peak

Magnitude of Voltage in p.u

1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0

50

100
150
Time in (ns)

200

250

Fig.6.VFTO at Transformer with ferrite ring

Fig 6 represents the VFTO at the transformer with ferrite ring. From the figure 6 it can be observed that the peak
magnitude of VFTO is 1.28p.u and the rise time is 41ns.

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Fig.7.VFTO at Transformer with ferrite ring

Fig 7 represents the VFTO at the transformer with ferrite ring with wavelet transform (Db4). From the figure7 it can
be observed that the peak magnitude of VFTO is 1.38p.u.
VFTO at Transformer (Vtr) with Nanocrystalline
1.5

Magnitude of Voltage in p.u

1
Peak
0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

50

100
150
Time in (ns)

200

250

Fig.8.VFTO at Transformer under no damping

Fig 8 represents the VFTO at the transformer under with ferrite ring. From the figure 8 it can be observed that the
peak magnitude of VFTO is 1.18p.u and the rise time is 32ns

Fig.9.VFTO at Transformer under no damping

Fig 9 represents the VFTO at the transformer with ferrite ring with wavelet transform (Db4). From the figure it can
be observed that the peak magnitude of VFTO is 1.25p.u.

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2
Peak
1

-1

-2

50

100

150

200

250

Fig.10.VFTO at open end under no damping

Fig 10 represents the VFTO at the transformer under no damping. From the figure it can be observed that the peak
magnitude of VFTO is 1.81p.u and the rise time is very more.

Fig.10.VFTO at open end under no damping

Fig 10 represents the VFTO at the transformer under with ferrite ring. From the figure 10 it can be observed that the
peak magnitude of VFTO is 1.81p.u and the rise time is very more.
VFTO at Openend (Voc) with Ferrite ring
1.5
Peak

Magnitude of Voltage in p.u

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

50

100
150
Time in (ns)

200

250

Fig.11.VFTO at open end with ferrite ring

Fig 11 represents the VFTO at open end with ferrite ring. From the figure 11 it can be observed that the peak
magnitude of VFTO is 1.27p.u and the rise time is >200ns.

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Fig.12VFTO at open end with ferrite ring

Fig 12 represents the VFTO at open end with ferrite ring with wavelet transform (Db4). From the figure12 it can be
observed that the peak magnitude of VFTO is 1.25p.u.
VFTO at Open end (Voc) with Nanocrystalline
1.5

Magnitude of Voltage in p.u

Peak

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0

50

100
150
Time in (ns)

200

250

Fig.13.VFTO at open end with ferrite ring

Fig 13 represents the VFTO at open end with nanocrystalline. From the figure 13 it can be observed that the peak
magnitude of VFTO is 1.27p.u and the rise time is >200ns.

Fig.14.VFTO at open end with ferrite ring

Fig 14 represents the VFTO at open end with nanocrystalline. From the figure 14 it can be observed that the peak
magnitude of VFTO is 1.27p.u.

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VFTO at Transformer with RF Resonator

1.2
1

Peak

Magnitude of Voltage in p.u

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

50

100
150
Time in (ns)

200

250

Fig.15.VFTO at transformer with RF resonator

Fig 15 represents the VFTO at transformer with RF resonator. From the figure 15 it can be observed that the peak
magnitude of VFTO is 1.02p.uand rise time is 18ns.

Fig.16.VFTO at transformer with RF resonator

Fig 16 represents the VFTO at transformer with RF resonator with wavelet transform (Db4). From the figure 16 it
can be observed that the peak magnitude of VFTO is 1.02p.uand rise time is 16.7ns.
VFTO at Open end (Voc) with RF Resonator
1.5

Magnitude of Voltage in p.u

Peak

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3

50

100
150
Time in (ns)

200

250

Fig.17.VFTO at open end with RF resonator

Fig 17 represents the VFTO at open end with RF resonator. From the figure 17 it can be observed that the peak
magnitude of VFTO is 1.02p.uand rise time is 24ns.

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Fig.18.VFTO at open end with RF resonator

Fig 18 represents the VFTO at open end with RF resonator. From the figure 18 it can be observed that the peak
magnitude of VFTO is 1.02p.uand rise time is 16.7ns.
TABLE 1 PEAK MAGNITUDE OF VFTO IN P.U

Test Results

Method

Vtr

Voc

No Damp

Direct

2.09

1.82

Wavelet

2.02

1.67

Direct

1.45

1.24

Wavelet

1.48

1.22

Direct

1.17

1.12

Wavelet

1.15

1.15

Direct

1.02

1.1

Direct

1.02

1.07

Ferrite ring

Nanocrystalline

RF Resonator

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The peak magnitude of VFTOs of proposed system has been estimated with no damping and with
proposed damping and the outcomes of the proposed methods has been analyzed using wavelet transform.
In this research work wavelet transform Db4 has been employed for extraction of high frequency transient
information and analyzed with and without wavelet transform. From the outcomes of the proposed
methods the following significance has been observed.

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By employing the ferrite ring, the peak magnitude of VFTO at transformer has been reduced by 30.62%
and with nanocrystalline it has been reduced by 46.55% as well as with RF resonator the peak magnitude
reduced by 51.12%. In the second stage of research work the peak magnitude of VFTO at open end has
been reduced by 32.97% and with nanocrystalline it has been reduced by 39.45% similarly with RF
resonator it has been reduced by 42.16%.
In the proposed system the percentage of reduction has been analyzed with reference to no damping
conditions. However the accurate estimation of peak magnitudes of VFTOs has been achieved by the
application of wavelet transform (Db4).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to Dr.M Surya Kalavathi, madam garu who has

encouraged me to pursue this work and taught me the art of Analysis and Mitigation methods Very Fast
Transients over Voltages (VFTOs) in gas insulated substations and Applications of Wavelet Transform
in Electrical Engineering is my pleasure to acknowledge role of my co author D.Prabhavathi in
completion of this work.
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