Office Expert'15

-:COMPUTER BASIC:Introduction to Computer
1: Getting to Know Computers

2: Understanding Operating Systems
3: Understanding Applications
4: Web Apps and the Cloud
5: Basic Parts of a Desktop Computer
6: Buttons, Sockets and Slots on a Desktop Computer
7: Inside a Desktop Computer
8: Laptop Computers and Netbooks
9: Getting to Know Mobile Devices
10: Setting Up a Computer
Getting to Know Computers
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or "data." It has the ability to
store, retrieve, and process data. You can use a computer to type documents, send email, and
browse the internet. You can also use it to handle spreadsheets, accounting, database management,
presentations, games, and more.
Computers Simplified
For beginning computer users, the computer aisles at an electronics store can be quite a mystery,
not to mention overwhelming. However, computers really aren't that mysterious. All types of
computers consist of two basic parts:
Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the computer
monitor or keyboard.
Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It is what guides the
hardware and tells it how to accomplish each task. Some examples of software are web
browsers, games, and word processors such as Microsoft Word.
What are the Different Types of Computers?
When most people hear the word "computer" they think of a personal computer such as a desktop
or laptop computer. However, computers come in many shapes and sizes, and they perform many
different functions in our daily lives. When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the
store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of computer.
Desktop Computers
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Many people use desktop computers at work, home, school, or the library. They can be small,
medium, or large in style, and usually sit on a desk. Once you add a monitor, mouse, and a keyboard,
you
have
what
is
typically
known
as
a
desktop
computer.
Most desktop computers are easy to upgrade and expand, or add new parts. Another benefit of
desktop computers is the cost. If you compare a desktop and a laptop with the same features, you
will most likely find that the desktop computer is priced lower.
Some desktop computers have a built-in monitor to save space. These are often called all-in-one
desktop computers.
Laptop Computers
The second type of computer that you may be familiar with is a laptop computer, or laptops as they
are often referred to. Laptops are battery or AC-powered personal computers that are more
portable than desktop computers, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.
Since a laptop is smaller than a desktop, it's more difficult to access the internal components. That
means you may not be able to upgrade them as much as a desktop. However, it's usually possible to
add more RAM or a bigger hard drive.
A laptop computer is sometimes called a notebook computer because of its size.
Servers
A server is a computer that "serves up" information to other computers on a network. Many
businesses have file servers that employees can use to store and share files. A server can look like a
regular desktop computer, or it can be much larger.
Servers also play an important role in making the internet work: they are where web pages are
stored. When you use your browser to click a link, a web server delivers the page you requested.
Other Types of Computers
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Today, there lots of everyday devices that are basically specialized computers, even though we don't
always think of them as computers. Here are a few common examples:
The iPad, a type of tablet computer

Tablet Computers: These use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. Since they don't
require a keyboard or mouse, tablet computers are even more portable than laptops. The iPad is
an example of a tablet computer.
Mobile Phones: Many mobile phones can do a lot of things a computer can do, such as browsing
the internet or playing games. These phones are often called smartphones.
Game Consoles: A game console is a specialized kind of computer that is used for playing video
games. Although they are not as fully-featured as a desktop computer, many newer consoles,
such as the Nintendo Wii, allow you to do non-gaming tasks like browsing the internet.
TVs: Many TVs now include applications (or apps) that let you access various types of online
content. For example, you can view your Facebook news feed or watch streaming movies on
Netflix.
PCs and Macs
Personal computers come in two main "styles": PC and Mac. Both styles are fully functional, but they
do have a different look and feel, and many people prefer one or the other.
A PC
A Mac
PC: This type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981. Other
companies began to create similar computers, which were called IBM PC Compatible (often
shortened to PC). Today, this is the most common type of personal computer, and it typically
includes the Microsoft Windows operating system.
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Mac: The Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold personal
computer with a Graphical User Interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). All Macs are made by one
company, Apple Inc., and they almost always use the Mac OS X operating system.
Although PC can refer to an IBM PC Compatible, the term can also be used to refer to any personal
computer, including Macs.
Anything you buy for your computer can be classified as either hardware or software. Once you
learn more about these items, computers are actually very straightforward.
The first electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), was
developed in 1946. It took up 1,800 square feet and weighed 30 tons.
Operating Systems:
What is an Operating System?
An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the
computer's memory, processes, and all of its software and hardware. It also allows you to
communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's "language."
Without an operating system, a computer is useless.
The Operating System's Job
You've probably heard the phrase boot your computer, but do you know what that means? Booting
is the process that occurs when you press the power button to turn your computer on. During this
process (which may take a minute or two), the computer does several things:
It runs tests to make sure everything is working correctly.
It checks for new hardware.
It then starts up the operating system.
Windows 7 startup screen

Once the operating system has started up, it manages all of the software and hardware on the
computer. Most of the time, there are many different programs running at the same time, and they
all need to access your computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The
operating system coordinates all of this to make sure that each program gets what it needs. Without
the operating system, the software wouldn't even be able to talk to the hardware, and the computer
would be useless.
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Windows 7, after starting up

Types of Operating Systems
Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer that you buy. Most people use the
operating system that comes with their computer, but it is possible to upgrade or even change
operating systems.
The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Apple
Mac OS X, and Linux.
The Windows, OS X, and Linux logos

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface, or GUI (pronounced "gooey"). A GUI lets
you use your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the
screen using a combination of graphics and text.
Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a different operating
system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy
to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.
The Windows GUI
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The OS X GUI
Before GUIs, computers had a command-line interface, which meant the user had to type every
single command to the computer, and the computer would only display text.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been
many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 8 (released in 2012),
Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes preloaded on most new PCs, which
helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.
If you're buying a new computer or upgrading to a newer version of Windows, you can choose from
several different editions of Windows, such as Home Premium, Professional, and Ultimate. You may
need to do some research to decide which edition is right for you.
Windows 7
Apple Mac OS X
Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple Inc. It comes preloaded on all new Macintosh
computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as Mac OS X (pronounced Mac O-S Ten),
and their specific version names are Mountain Lion (released in 2012), Lion (2011), and
Snow Leopard (2009). Apple also offers a version called Mac OS X Server, which is designed to be
run on servers.
According to StatCounter Global Stats, Mac OS X users account for 7.5% of the operating systems
market as of January 2013 - much lower than the percentage of Windows users (over 90%). One
reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people prefer
the look and feel of Mac OS X.
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Mac OS X Lion
Linux
Linux (pronounce LINN-ux) is a family of open source operating systems, which means that they can
be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is very different from proprietary
software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft). The
advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions (or versions) that
you can choose from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most popular ones
include Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora.
Linux is named after Linus Torvalds, who created the Linux kernel in 1991. The kernel is the
computer code that is the central part of an operating system.
According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 1% of the operating systems
market as of January 2013. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to
customize.
Ubuntu Linux
Operating Systems for Mobile Devices
The operating systems that we've been talking about were designed to run on desktop or laptop
computers. Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers, and mp3 players are very different
from desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating systems that are designed specifically for
mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS, Windows Phone, and
Google Android.
Operating Systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully-featured as those made for desktop or
laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software. However, you can still do a
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lot of things with them, such as watching movies, browsing the internet, managing your calendar,
playing games, and more.
Apple iOS running on an iPad

Applications:
What is an application?
You may have heard people talking about using an application or an app. But what exactly does that
mean? An application (or app) is a type of software that allows you to perform specific tasks.
Applications for desktop or laptop computers are sometimes called desktop applications, and those
for mobile devices are called mobile apps. When you open an application, it runs inside the
operating system until you close it. Much of the time, you will have more than one application open
at the same time, and this is known as multitasking.
App is a very common term for an application, especially for simple applications that can be
downloaded cheaply or even for free. Many apps are also available for mobile devices and even
some TVs.
Types of Desktop Applications
There are countless desktop applications out there, and they fall into many different categories.
Some are more full-featured (like Microsoft Word), while others may only do one or two things (like
gadgets). Below are just a few types of applications that you might use:
Microsoft Word
Word Processors: A word processor allows you to write a letter, design a flyer, and create many
other kinds of documents. The most well-known word processor is Microsoft Word.
Personal Finance: Personal finance software, such as Quicken, allows you to keep track of your
income and expenses, create a budget, and more. Most personal finance programs can
automatically download information from your bank, so you don't have to manually type in all of
your transactions.
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Web Browsers: A web browser is the tool that you use to access the World Wide Web. Most
computers come with a web browser pre-installed, but you can also download a different one if
you prefer. Examples of browsers include Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari.
Games: There are many different games that you can play on your computer. They range from
card games such as Solitaire, to action games like Halo 2. Many action games require a lot of
computing power, so they may not work unless you have a newer computer.
Watching a movie in Windows Media Player

Media Players: If you want to listen to mp3s or watch movies that you've downloaded, you'll
need to use a media player. Windows Media Player and iTunes are popular media players.
Gadgets: Sometimes called widgets, these are simple applications that you can place on your
desktop (or on the Dashboard if you're using a Mac). There are many different types of gadgets,
and they include calendars, calculators, maps, news headlines, and more.
Mobile Apps
An iPhone running a mobile app

Desktop and laptop computers aren't the only devices that can run apps. You can also download
apps for mobile devices like smartphones and tablet computers, which opens up a lot of new
possibilities. Here are a few examples of mobile apps:
RedLaser: You can use RedLaser to compare prices while shopping. You simply scan an item's
barcode using your phone's built-in camera, and the app searches the web for the best price.
Word Lens: Word Lens is a language translator app. Like RedLaser, it uses your phone's camera
to take a picture of a sign, menu, or other text that you want to translate, and then it displays
the translation for you.
Foursquare: If you're going out to a restaurant, bar, or mall, you can "check in" with Foursquare
to find nearby friends and also let your friends know where you are. Foursquare can also show
you a list of nearby businesses (using your phone's built-in GPS), which can help you discover
places that you've never been to before.
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Compared to traditional applications, mobile apps are relatively cheap. Many of them cost as little
as 99 cents, and others are free. If your mobile device has an internet connection, you can download
apps directly onto the mobile device. Otherwise, you can download them to your computer and then
transfer them over.
Web Apps and the Cloud:
What is the Cloud?
You may have heard people using terms like the cloud, cloud computing, or cloud storage. But what
exactly is the cloud? Basically, the cloud is the internet - more specifically, it's all of the things that
you can access remotely over the internet. When something is in the cloud, that means it is stored
on servers on the internet, instead of on your computer. It lets you access your calendar, email, files
and more, from any computer that has an internet connection.
The Cloud
If you've ever used web-based email, then you've used the cloud - all of the emails in your Inbox are
stored on servers. However, there are many other services that use the cloud in different ways. Here
are just a few examples:
Dropbox is a cloud storage service that lets you easily store and share files with other people, and
it lets you access your files from a mobile device as well.
Evernote lets you type notes, clip web pages, take photos, and organize all of them from your
computer or mobile device.
Mozy and Carbonite can automatically back up your data in case your computer is lost, stolen, or
damaged.
Why Use the Cloud?
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Using Mozy to back up files

There are many reasons to use the cloud, but the main reasons are convenience and reliability.
In the past, if you wanted to bring a file with you, you would have to save it to a USB flash drive,
external hard drive, or CD-R disc. Saving a file to the cloud ensures that you'll be able access it
with any computer that has an internet connection, so you don't have any physical media to
keep track of. The cloud also makes it much easier to share a file with coworkers or friends,
making it possible to collaborate over the internet.
With the cloud, you're much less likely to lose your data, since it is stored on servers. However,
just like anything online, there is always a risk that someone may try to gain access to your
personal data, so it's important to choose a strong password and pay attention to any privacy
settings for the service you're using.
What is a Web App?
Gmail
Previously, we talked about how desktop applications allow you to perform tasks on your computer.
However, there are also web applications (or web apps), which run in the cloud and do not need to
be installed on your computer. These are sometimes called cloud apps.
Examples of Web Apps
Here are a few examples of web apps:
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Facebook
Online Email Services: Services like Gmail and Yahoo! Mail run within your browser and can do
many of the same things that email programs like Microsoft Outlook can do. After you sign up
for an online email service, you can begin using it immediately - no installation is required.
Instead of being stored on your computer, your emails are stored in the cloud.
Google Docs: Google Docs is an office suite that runs within your browser. Much like Microsoft
Office, you can use it to create documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more. Your
documents are stored in the cloud, which makes it easy to share your documents with other
people.
Facebook: Facebook lets you create an online profile and interact with your friends. Profiles and
conversations are constantly evolving, so Facebook uses web app technologies throughout the
site to keep the information up-to-date. There are also games and other web apps that you can
add to your Facebook profile.
Web apps are becoming more and more integrated with websites, and it may be hard to distinguish
between a web application and a "regular" website. In many cases, you may be using a web
application without even knowing it!
How Do Web Apps Work?
When you use a web app, you are working from your computer or mobile device, but much of the
actual processing is done by a network of servers. These servers can pool all of their processing
power in order to handle requests from all over the world. They also use specialized servers to store
the data that you're working with, as well as the data from all of the other users. All of this happens
very seamlessly, so it looks almost like the application is running on your computer.
For example, if you open a document with Google Docs, your web browser will communicate with
the network of servers to display your document. As you edit the document, your browser will work
closely with the servers to make sure everything is kept up-to-date.
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Google Docs
Basic Parts of a Desktop Computer:
Introduction
The basic parts of a desktop computer are the computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and
power cord. Each part plays an important role whenever you use a computer.
A computer case
The computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the main components of the
computer. It houses the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), the power supply, and more.
Computer cases come in different shapes and sizes. A desktop case lies flat on a desk, and the
monitor usually sits on top of it. A tower case is tall and sits next to the monitor or on the floor. The
front of the case usually has an on/off switch and one or more optical drives.
Most of the personal computers you can purchase today include tower cases, rather than desktop
cases; however, some computers are being made with all of the internal components built into the
monitor, which completely eliminates the tower.
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An all-in-one iMac
Monitor
A monitor
The monitor works with a video card, located inside the computer case, to display images and text
on the screen. Newer monitors usually have LCD (liquid crystal display) or LED (light-emitting diode)
displays. These can be made very thin, and they are often called flat panel displays. Older monitors
use CRT (cathode ray tube) displays. CRT monitors are much bigger and heavier, and they take up
more desk space.
Most monitors have control buttons that allow you to change your monitor's display settings, and
some monitors also have built-in speakers.
LED displays are actually LCD displays that are backlit with light-emitting diodes. This allows for
greater contrast than a traditional LCD display.
Power Cord
A power cord connected to a surge protector

The power cord is the link between the power outlet and the power supply unit in the computer
casing. If the power cord is not plugged in, the computer will not power on. To protect your
computer from voltage spikes, you can plug the power cord into a surge protector. You can also use
an Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS), which acts as a surge protector and also provides
temporary power if there is a blackout
Keyboard
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The keyboard is one of the primary ways we communicate with the computer and enter data. There
are many different types of computer keyboards such as wired, wireless, ergonomic, multimedia,
and more. Although there may be differences in the location of some keys or features, keyboards
are very similar and allow you to accomplish basically the same tasks.
Review the interactive below to learn about the different parts of the keyboard.
Mouse
A mouse
The mouse is a peripheral that is known as a pointing device. It lets you point to objects on the
screen, click on them, and move them.
There are two main types of mice: optical and mechanical. The optical mouse uses an electronic eye
to detect movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to detect
movement. Generally, a mechanical mouse is cheaper, although it may require regular cleaning to
keep it working properly.
Traditionally, a mouse connects to the computer using a USB or PS/2 connection. However, you can
also buy a wireless mouse, which can reduce clutter on your desktop.
Mouse Alternatives
There are other devices that can do the same thing a mouse can do, but with a different look and
feel. Many people find them to be easier to use, and they also require less desk space than a mouse.
The most common mouse alternatives include:
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A touchpad on a laptop
Trackball: A trackball has a ball on top that can rotate freely. Instead of moving the device like a
mouse, you can simply roll the ball with your fingers to move the pointer. Some mobile devices
have miniature trackballs that can be controlled with your thumb.
Touchpad: A touchpad (also called a trackpad) is a touch-sensitive pad that lets you control the
pointer by making a "drawing" motion with your finger. Touchpads are very common on laptop
computers.
Buttons, Sockets and Slots on a Desktop Computer:
Introduction
Take a look at the front and back of your computer case and count the number of buttons, sockets, and
slots you see. Now, look at your monitor and count any that appear there. You probably counted at least
20.
Each computer is different, so the buttons, slots, and sockets will vary from computer to computer.
However, there are certain features you can expect to find on most desktop computers. Being familiar
with the names of each and how they are commonly used will help you later on when you connect that
new printer, mouse, digital camera, or other device.
Front of Computer Case
Click the buttons in the interactive below to become familiar with the front of a computer.
Back of Computer Case

On the back of the computer case are connection ports that are made to fit specific devices. The
arrangement of these vary from computer to computer, and many companies have their own special
connectors for the specific devices. Some of the ports may be color coded to match a color on the device,
which will help you determine which port is used with a particular device.
Click the buttons in the interactive below to become familiar with connection ports.
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Peripherals You Can Use with Your Computer

The most basic computer setup usually includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse,
but you can plug many different types of devices into the extra ports on your computer. These
devices are called peripherals. Below are a few examples of peripherals.
A printer
Printers: A printer is used to print documents, photos, or anything else that appears on your
screen. There are many types of printers available, including inkjet, laser, and photo printers.
You can also buy an all-in-one printer, scanner, and copier.
Scanners: A scanner allows you to copy an image or document and save it to your computer as a
digital (computer-readable) image. Many scanners are included as part of an all-in-one
printer/scanner/copier, although you can also buy a separate flatbed or hand-held scanner.
Speakers/Headphones: Speakers and headphones are output devices, which means that they
are devices that communicate information from the computer to the user. They allow you to
hear sound and music. Depending on the model, they may connect to the audio port or the USB
port. Some monitors also have built-in speakers.
Computer speakers
Microphones: A microphone is a type of input device, or a device that receives information from
a user. You can connect the microphone to the computer and use the computer to record sound
or to communicate with another computer user over the internet. Many computers come with
built-in microphones.
Web Cameras: A web camera, or webcam, is a type of input device that can record videos or
take pictures. It can also transmit video over the internet in real time, allowing you to do video
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chat or video conferencing with somebody in a different part of the world. Webcams are used
often in business, and they also help many friends and families stay connected.
A webcam
Joystick or Game Controller: A joystick is a lever that is used to control computer games. There
are various other types of controllers that you can use, and you can also use your mouse and
keyboard to control most games.
Digital Cameras: A digital camera lets you capture a picture or video in digital form. By
connecting the camera to your computer's USB port, you can transfer the images from the
camera to the computer. You can then print the images, email them to a friend, or post them on
the web.
Mobile Phones, MP3 Players, Tablet Computers and Other Devices: When you buy an electronic
device such as a mobile phone or mp3 player, check to see if it comes with a USB cable. If it does,
that means you can connect it to your computer. With many devices, you can synchronize (or
sync) them with your computer, which automatically keeps your contacts, music, and other data
up-to-date whenever you connect the device to your computer.
Inside a Desktop Computer:

Inside a Desktop Computer
Have you ever looked inside a computer case before, or seen pictures of the inside of one? The small
parts may look complicated, but the inside of a computer case really isn't all that mysterious. This lesson
will help you master some of the basic terminology and understand a little about what goes on inside the
computer casing.
A Look Inside a Desktop Computer
Let's explore the inside of a computer tower.
CPU/Processor
A CPU
The Central Processing Unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on the
motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands.
Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application, you're sending instructions to the
CPU.
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The CPU is generally a 2-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually about
the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat
sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU.
A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per second, and
gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more
quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different components
- not just the processor.
There are many processor manufacturers for personal computers, but the most well-known ones are
Intel and AMD.
Motherboard
A motherboard
The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory,
connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, as well
as connections to your computer's ports (such as the USB ports). The motherboard connects directly or
indirectly to every part of the computer.
Power Supply Unit
A power supply unit

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power
needed by the computer. It sends power through the cables to the motherboard and other components.
If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the computer first. Before
touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded metal object (or a metal part of the
computer casing) to discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the
computer circuits and ruin them.
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RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM
RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it
temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.
This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a document,
spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is
written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage.
RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you have, the more things your
computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is
sluggish when you have several programs open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their
computers to improve performance.
A bit is the smallest unit of data in computer processing. A byte is a group of eight bits. A megabyte
contains about one million bytes, and a gigabyte is about one billion bytes.
Hard Drive
A hard drive
The hard drive is the data center of the computer. This is where the software is installed, and it's also
where your documents and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term storage, which means the
data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it.
When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto
the RAM so that it can access the data more easily. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the
hard drive. The faster the hard drive is, the faster your computer can start up and load programs.
Most hard drives are hard disk drives, which store data on a magnetic platter. Some computers now use
solid-state drives (also called flash hard drives). These are faster and more durable than hard disk drives,
but they are also more expensive.
A USB flash drive is basically a small, removable flash hard drive that plugs into a USB port. These are a
convenient way to bring your files with you and open them on a different computer.
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If you're using Windows, you can view information about your computer's RAM and processor speed
without opening up your computer. Just go to the Control Panel (in the Start menu) and click System and
Security. In Mac OS X, you can view this information by clicking the Apple icon and selecting About This
Mac.
Expansion Cards
Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of
expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) cards. You may
never have to add any PCI cards, as most motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other
capabilities. However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the capabilities
of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some of the most common types
of expansion cards:
Video card
A video card
The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU (Graphics
Processing Unit) built into the motherboard, instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing
graphics-intense games on the computer, you can add a faster video card to one of the expansion slots
to get better performance.
Sound Card
The sound card, also called an audio card, is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or
headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card
for higher quality sound.
Network Card
The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the internet. It can
either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection (often called Wi-Fi). Many
motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can also be added to an expansion
slot.
Bluetooth Card
A Bluetooth dongle
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Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in computers
to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's often built into the motherboard or
included in a wireless network card. For computers that don't have Bluetooth, a USB adapter (called a
dongle) can be purchased.
Laptop Computers and Netbooks:
What is a Laptop Computer?
A laptop is a battery or AC-powered personal computer that can be easily carried and used in a
variety of locations. Many laptops are designed to have all of the functionality of a desktop
computer, which means they can generally run the same software and open the same types of files.
However, some laptops, such as netbooks, sacrifice some functionality in order to be even more
portable.
How is a Laptop Different From a Desktop?
Since laptops are designed for portability, there are some important differences from desktop
computers. A laptop has an all-in-one design, with a built-in monitor, keyboard, touchpad (which
replaces the mouse), and speakers. That means it is fully functional even when there are no
peripherals attached to it. A laptop is quicker to set up, and there are fewer cables to get in the way.
You also have the option of connecting a regular mouse, a larger monitor, and other peripherals.
This basically turns your laptop into a desktop computer, with one main difference: You can easily
disconnect the peripherals and take the laptop with you wherever you go.
Here are the main differences that you can expect with a laptop:
A touchpad on a laptop
An AC adapter plugged into a laptop

Touchpad: A touchpad (also called a trackpad) is a touch-sensitive pad that lets you control the
pointer by making a "drawing" motion with your finger. Many touchpads now include multitouch gestures, which allow you to perform specific tasks by making gestures with more than
one finger. For example, a pinch gesture is often used to zoom in or out.
Battery: Every laptop has a battery which allows you to use the laptop when it's not plugged in.
Whenever you plug the laptop in, the battery recharges. Another benefit of having a battery is
that it can provide backup power to the laptop if the power goes out.
AC Adapter: A laptop usually has a specialized power cable called an AC adapter, which is
designed to be used with that particular kind of laptop. Some of these cables use magnetic
22
MagSafe connectors that will safely pull out if someone trips over the power cable. This helps to
prevent damage to the cable and the laptop.
Ports: Most laptops have the same types of ports that desktop computers have (such as USB),
although they usually have fewer ports to save space. However, some ports may be different,
and you may need an adapter in order to use them. For example, the monitor port is often a Mini
DisplayPort, which is a smaller version of the normal DisplayPort.
Since some ports have a similar appearance, you may need to consult your manual to determine
what types of ports your laptop has.
What is a Netbook?
A netbook is a type of laptop that is designed to be even more portable. Netbooks are often
cheaper than laptops or desktops. They are generally less powerful than other types of computers,
but they provide enough power for email and internet access, which is where the name "netbook"
comes from.
In order to save space, netbooks generally have smaller screens and keyboards. Many netbooks also
lack certain hardware such as optical drives. However, there are many different models available,
and in some cases there isn't much difference between a large netbook and a "regular" laptop.
Using a netbook
Since netbooks are less powerful, they sometimes use a more simplified operating system. Many
new netbooks use Windows 7 Starter, but some use simplified versions of Linux.
Getting to Know Mobile Devices:
What is a Mobile Device?
A mobile device is basically any handheld computer. It is designed to be extremely portable, often
fitting in the palm of your hand or in your pocket. Some mobile devices are more powerful, and they
allow you to do many of the same things you can do with a desktop or laptop computer. These
include tablet computers, e-readers, and smartphones.
Tablet Computers
Using a virtual keyboard on an iPad

23
Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable. However, they provide a very different
computing experience. The most obvious difference is that tablet computers don't have keyboards
or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive, allowing you to type on a virtual
keyboard and use your finger as a mouse pointer.
Tablet computers are mostly designed for consuming media, and they are optimized for tasks like
web browsing, watching videos, reading e-books, and playing games. For many people, a "regular"
computer like a desktop or laptop is still needed in order to use some programs. However, the
convenience of a tablet computer means that it may be ideal as a second computer. Below are some
of the main features that you can expect with a tablet computer:
Mobile OS: Different types of tablets use different operating systems. Examples include Android
and iOS. You'll usually be able to download free updates to your OS as they become available.
Solid-State Drives: Tablet computers usually use solid-state drives, which allow the computer to
boot up and open programs more quickly. They are also more durable than hard disk drives.
Wi-Fi and 3G/4G: Since they are optimized for internet use, tablet computers have built-in Wi-Fi.
For a monthly fee, you can also purchase a 3G or 4G data plan, allowing you to access the
internet from almost anywhere.
Bluetooth: In order to save space, tablet computers have very few ports. If you want to use an
external keyboard or other peripherals, they will often use a wireless Bluetooth connection.
E-Book Readers
A Kindle e-reader with an e-paper display
A Nook Color with an LCD display

E-book readers (also called e-readers) are similar to tablet computers, except they are mainly
designed for reading e-books (digital, downloadable books). Examples include the Amazon Kindle
and the Barnes & Noble Nook.
E-book readers have either an e-paper display or an LCD display:
E-Paper: Short for electronic paper, this type of display can usually only display black and white.
It is designed to look a lot like an actual page in a book. Unlike an LCD display, it is not backlit, so
the text stays readable even outdoors in full sun. Many people consider e-paper to be more
pleasant to read, as it causes less eye strain. However, it generally can't be used for videos or
other applications because the refresh rate is too low.
LCD: This is the same type of screen found on tablet computers and laptops. It's more versatile
than e-paper, but it's often more difficult to view in bright sunlight, as the image becomes
washed out. Since an LCD screen can display colors, this type of e-reader is better for viewing
24
magazines or books with photos. Many LCD e-readers (such as the Nook Color) are basically
tablet computers, as they can do many different tasks in addition to displaying e-books.
You don't need an e-reader in order to read an e-book. E-books can usually be read on tablet
computers, smartphones, laptops, and desktops.
Smartphones
Using an iPhone
A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is designed to run a variety of applications in
addition to phone service. They are basically small tablet computers, and they can be used for web
browsing, watching videos, reading e-books, playing games and more.
Smartphones use touchscreens and operating systems similar to those used by tablet computers.
Many of them use a virtual keyboard, but others (such as the BlackBerry Bold) have a physical
keyboard, which allows the entire screen to be used for display purposes.
Internet access is an important feature of smartphones. Generally, you will need to purchase a 3G or
4G data plan in addition to normal cell service. Smartphones can also connect to Wi-Fi when it is
available, which is usually faster than 3G.
A personal digital assistant (PDA) is a mobile device that is used for managing phone numbers,
addresses, calendars, and other information. Before smartphones existed, a PDA was usually a
separate device. Today, smartphones combine the functionality of a PDA and a mobile phone.
Setting Up a Computer
You have a new computer and are ready to set it up. While this may seem like an overwhelming and
difficult task, it is really very simple. It does not matter what name brand of computer you have, as
most computers are set up in a very similar way.
If you are setting up a newly purchased computer that is still in the box, you will probably find a
how-to guide in the packaging that includes step-by-step details. However, even if it didn't include
instructions, you can still set up the computer in just a few easy steps. In this lesson, we'll go
through the different steps that are needed to set up a typical computer.
Setting Up a Laptop Computer
Charging a laptop
If you have a laptop, then setup should be very easy: just open it up and press the power button. If
the battery isn't charged, you'll need to plug in the AC adapter. You can continue using the laptop
while it charges.
25
If your laptop has any peripherals, such as external speakers, you may want to read the instructions
below, since laptops and desktops generally use the same types of connections.
Setting Up a Desktop Computer
Step 1
After unpacking the computer and peripherals

Unpack the monitor and computer case from the box. Remove any plastic covering or protective
tape. Place the monitor and the computer case where you wish on the desk or work area.
Think about where you want your desk or work area to be located, and where you want your
monitor, computer case, and other hardware. Be sure to place your computer case in an area that is
well ventilated and that has good air flow. This will help to prevent overheating.
Step 2
A VGA cable
Locate the monitor cable. It will usually be either a VGA or a DVI cable. VGA cables will often have
blue connectors to make them easier to identify. (If you have an all-in-one computer that's built into
the monitor, you can skip to Step 4).
Step 3
Connecting the monitor cable to the VGA port

Connect one end of the cable to the monitor port on the back of the computer case, and the other
end to the monitor. Hand-tighten the plastic-covered screws on the monitor cable to secure it.
Many computer cables will only fit a specific way. If the cable doesn't fit, don't force it, or you might
damage the connectors. Make sure the plug aligns with the port, and then connect it.
Step 4
26
Plugging the keyboard into a USB port

Unpack the keyboard and determine whether it uses a USB (rectangular) connector or a PS/2
(round) connector. If it uses a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the
computer. If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the purple keyboard port on the back of the
computer.
Step 5
Plugging the mouse into a USB port

Unpack the mouse and determine whether it uses a USB (rectangular) connector or a PS/2 (round)
connector. If it uses a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the computer.
If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the back of the computer.
If your keyboard has a USB port, you can connect your mouse to the keyboard instead of connecting
it directly to your computer.
If you have a wireless mouse or keyboard, you may need to connect a Bluetooth dongle (USB
adapter) to your computer. However, many computers have built-in Bluetooth, so a dongle may not
be necessary.
Step 6
Plugging the speakers into the audio port

If you have external speakers or headphones, you can connect them to your computer's audio port
(either on the front or the back of the computer case). Many computers have color-coded ports.
Speakers or headphones connect to the green port, and a microphone can connect to the pink port.
The blue port is the line in, which can be used with other types of devices.
Some speakers, headphones, and microphones have USB connectors instead of the usual audio plug.
These can be connected to any USB port. In addition, many computers have speakers or
microphones built into the monitor.
27
Step 7
Plugging the power cable into a surge protector

Locate the two power supply cables that came with your computer. Plug the first power supply
cable into the back of the computer case, and then into a surge protector. Then, using the other
cable, connect the monitor to the surge protector.
Step 8
Plugging the surge protector into a wall outlet

Finally, plug the surge protector into a wall outlet. You may also need to turn the surge protector on
if it has a power switch.
If you don't have a surge protector, you can plug the computer directly into the wall. However, this is not
recommended, as electrical surges.
28
MICROSOFT
WORD
DAY -1
Type following paragraph in notepad and save it in your folder.
Ipod
The iPod is a combination portable digital media player and hard drive from Apple Computer. The
original version was about the size of a deck of playing cards, with a monochrome screen and a
5 gigabyte capacity. iPods can be now be purchased with up to 60 GB of hard drive capacity and color
screens capable of playing television shows, videos or movies uploaded from a PC.
An iPod can be connected to a computer with either a FireWire or USB port, with many of the latest
versions depending upon USB 2.0. iPods have a reputation for being user -friendly. Users navigate with
what Apple calls a "touch wheel," a centrally-placed circular disk designed for one-hand operation.
Popular iPod features include a calendar, address book, to -do list, alarm clock with sleep timer, games
and text reader.
While the iPod was originally platform dependent, after July 2004 iPods (and Apple's iTunes software,
included with each unit) worked on either Windows or Mac. iTunes makes it possible to load an entire CD
onto an iPod in as little as ten seconds, organize thousands of songs into favorite playlists, purchase
songs, albums, videos and movies from the online store and subscribe to podcasts.
The iPod supports most audio file formats including MP3, WAV, and AAC. As of October 2006, the iPod
was the world's most popular portable digital media player, with more than 60 million units sold
worldwide.
DAY -2
Type the paragraph given in day-1 and apply your style on it.
Create your own style and save it with your name.
Your style should include Font and Paragraph formatting.
Apply Bullet and tab formatting on your paragraph .
DAY -3
Type below document in your word file and apply formatting as given in it. Save this file
in your folder by giving appropriate name.
Summer Equipment Showcase

T O OUR VALUED CUSTOMERS:
YOU ARE INVITED TO ATTEND OUR SUMMER FITNESS EQUIPMENT SHOWCASE NEXT MONTH AT THE
CENTRAL VALLEY CONVENTION CENTER. DIRECTIONS TO THIS EVENT APPEAR BELOW. JOIN OVER 50
EXPERTS FROM MORE THAN 20 EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS FOR DEMONSTRATIONS OF THEIR NEW
PRODUCT LINES. T HERE WILL ALSO BE WORKSHOPS ON EQUIPMENT SALES AND PRODUCT TRAINING.
IN ADDITION TO DEMONSTRATIONS AND WORKSHOPS, YOU CAN LOOK FORWARD TO:
Special offers
Discounts
Meet Field Experts
Free samples
Promotional items
MORNING: Special appearances by professional baseball and football players, as well as
former Olympic figure skating and gymnastics medalists.
Midday: Refreshments served on the mezzanine and lower levels of the convention center.
Lunch tickets are available for $5.00 in advance, $6.00 at the door. Free coffee/tea.
Evening: Drawings for door prizes. Grand prize - Complete Build-a-Body Flex-All System. Other
prizes include merchandise certificates ranging from $25 to $500.
The hours for the Equipment Showcase are 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. We look forward to
seeing you at the convention center.
Thanks.
DAY -4
India Education
Today education system in India can be divided into many stages.
1. Pre- Primary - It consists of children of 3-5 years of age studying in nursery, lower kindergarten and
upper kindergarten. At this stage student is given knowledge about school life and is taught to read and
write some basic words.
2. Primary - It includes the age group of children of 6-11 years studying in classes from first to fifth.
3. Middle - It consists of children studying in classes from sixth to eighth.
4. Secondary - it includes students studying in classes ninth and tenth.
5. Higher Secondary - Includes students studying in eleventh and twelfth classes.
6. Undergraduate - Here, a student goes through higher education, which is completed in college. This
course may vary according to the subject pursued by the student. For medical student this stage is of
four and a half years plus one year of compulsory internship, while a simple graduate degree c an be
attained in three years.
7. Postgraduate - After completing graduation a student may opt for post-graduation to further add to his
qualifications.
Education Governing Bodies

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE): This is the main governing body of education
system in India. It has control over the central education system. It conducts exam and looks after the
functioning of schools accredited to central education system.
The Council of Indian School Certificate Examination (CISCE): It is a board for Anglo Indian
Studies in India. It conducts two examinations 'Indian Certificate of Secondary Education' and 'Indian
School Certificate'. Indian Certificate of secondary education is a k-10 examination for those Indian
students who have just completed class 10th and Indian school certificate is a k-12 public examination
conducted for those studying in class 12th.
The State Government Boards: Apart from CBSE and CISCE each state in India has its own State
Board of education, which looks after the educational issues.
The National Open School: It is also known as National Institute of Open Schooling. It was
established by the Government Of India in 1989. It is a ray of hope for those students who cannot
attend formal schools.
The International School: It controls the schools, which are accredited to curriculum of international
standard.
DAY -5
Create your own cover page and save it as template
Create template of invoice.
DAY -6
Create below mentioned information in your word file and apply formatting using
appropriate tools. Apply watermark BIT and page border and color on your page.
WEBCAM
A webcam, or web camera, is the loosely used
term for any camera that generates images
that can be accessed by and displayed on the
world wide web through a server. A webcam
is essentially just a camera that is connected
to a computer, either directly or wirelessly,
and gathers a series of images for remote
display elsewhere. Webcam technology is
widely used by all sorts of people for all sorts
of different reasons.
In 1991, the first webcam was up and running
at Cambridge University's Computer Science
Department, but since then, webcams have
crept into homes, businesses, public streets
and buildings. Webcams are often used for
personal use in the home by parents who
want to give distant relatives visual access to

their children or want to monitor what goes
on in the home while they are at work. People
might also use webcams in the home to keep
an eye on things while they are out of town or
even just to see what their pets do all day.
The uses of a webcam are limitless.
Businesses often use webcams for video
conferencing, and webcam technology is used
by numerous other entities to give the public
access to a variety of information, from
weather and traffic to the feeding habits of
the most recently acquired zoo animal. Some
schools and day care facilities use a webcam
to allow parents to see what their children do
at school.
Create Index using Table of Content on first page of your document.

4
DAY -7
Advertising Formats for Internet Marketing

The format of an advertisement refers to its type and the position it occupies on a page. Web
based advertising formats are most similar to the types used in traditional print media
advertising because of the visual medium of both. There are a variety of advertising formats to
consider when you are looking to strategically market your business.
Banner Ads
The granddaddy of internet
marketing advertisements is
the banner ad, a clickable
rectangular
image,
displayed across the top of a
web page. The placement of
an ad at the head of the
page is a strategic choice.
Westerners are taught to
read top to bottom, left to
right,
so
whatever
information appears at the
top of the page is in a
targeted real estate area for
grabbing
attention.
Banner ads were one of the
original internet advertising
tools, have enjoyed a great
deal of success, and are
reliable and proven way to attract customers to your business and services, and your website.
Banner ads however are not foolproof or one hundred percent successful. Banner ads have
become so prevalent that web users have started to get desensitized to the images, sometim es
ignoring the images altogether. This phenomenon was first described by researchers at Rice
University as banner blindness, and it is this issue that eventually gave rise to other forms of
internet advertising.
The next phase

The market saturation with banner ads prompted a new crop of internet ads to be born. Tower
ads, inline ads, sliding ads, pop-up ads, and video based ads are all popular forms of web
advertising you see on just about every web page now, and are types of ads that morphed out
of the success of the original banner add.
Most of these advertising types are a variation on the format of the banner ad, changing the
placement, orientation and style of the ad to gain more of an edge for visually capturing one's
attention. A tower ad is a vertical rectangle banner placed either to the left of right of the web
page content. An inline as is a smaller, more narrow banner ad that is inserted into the middle of
web page content.
5
DAY -8
Agreement No: _______________________ Recipient ________________________________
Effective Date: ______________ Expiration Date: _____________ Today's Date: ___________
Fund Source: ___________________ Amount of Grant/Loan from Fund: __________________
Circle one: (Initial Projection, Projection Revision) Page: ______ of ________________
Prepared by: _______________________ Signature: __________________________
Cumulative Amount Requested (if any)

YEAR
MONTH in which payment

request is anticipated
ESTIMATED AMOUNT
of payment request
TOTAL REQUEST
DAY -9
DAY -10
Community Meeting
Wednesday, February 25, 2004
3:30 PM
Community Center
Agenda
I.
Call to Order
II.
Opening Ceremonies
III.
Roll Call
IV.
Approval of Last Meetings Minutes
V.
Report of Officers, Boards and Standing Committee
VI.
Report
President
Vice President
Secretary
Treasurers Report
Historian
Bylaws
of Special Committees
VII. Special Orders

VIII. Unfinished Business
IX.
New Business
X.
Annoucements
XI.
Program
XII. Adjourn
DAY -11
Coupons
Designing coupons can be a fun way for you to show off your creative side. But
there are some important features that all coupons should contain whether they are
for products or services. The right coupon campaign can bring in repeat business,
attract new customers, and move merchandise cheaper than full-blow ad
campaigns.
Coupon Expiration Dates: All coupons should have an expiration date.
Design Tips For Coupons: In general, coupons should have some color and at least one
image. Coupons that contain selected images showing a product are more likely to catch the
eye.
Text to Include on Coupons: Be careful not to overdue your coupon with images because
text is also important. Be sure to include store location, hours, a phone number, or website
to make it easier for customers to find you.
If your location is hard to find it is helpful to include a small map or brief directions.
DAY -12
Prepare following document in word file and apply document protections on
it. Check your Spelling and Grammar mistakes.
Debits and Credits vs. Account Types
Debits and CreditsThese are the backbone of any accounting system. Understand how debits and
credits work and you'll understand the whole system. Every accounting entry in
the general ledger contains both a debit and a credit. Further, all debits must
equal all credits. If they don't, the entry is out of balance. That's not good. Out-ofbalance entries throw your balance sheet out of balance.
Therefore, the accounting system must have a mechanism to ensure that all
entries balance. Indeed, most automated accounting systems won't let you enter
an out-of-balance entry-they'll just beep at you until you fix your error.
Depending on what type of account you are dealing with, a debit or credit will
either increase or decrease the account balance. (Here comes the hardest part of
accounting for most beginners, so pay attention.) Figure 1 illustrates the entries
that increase or decrease each type of account.
Account
Assets
Liabilities
Income
Expenses
Type Debit
Increases
Decreases
Decreases
Increases
Credit
Decreases
Increases
Increases
Decreases
10
DAY -13
IPAD
IPAD is a new mix of the iPhone to Apple, Apple iTouch, and a full notebook / laptop. Using the touch
screen you can use the Internet for research applications, listen to music, movies and games this new
Apple iPad.
1.
Surf the Internet
iPad is the best way to experience the web. View whole pages in portrait or landscape on the large
Multi-Touch screen. And let your fingers do the surfing. You can sync your bookmarks from your Mac
or PC, and add even more right from your iPad. Besides, Mobile Me keeps your Safari bookmarks in
sync on your iPad, iPhone, Mac, and PC - wirelessly and automatically.
2.
E-mail
It's ideal for checking e-mail and sending short e-mails, especially when you're on the go. There's
nothing like the Mail app on iPad. With a split-screen view and expansive onscreen keyboard.
3.
Recipe book
TheiPad is the world's biggest cookbook. It's great to have in the kitchen with you when you need to
follow a recipe since it takes up much less space than a laptop, especially since it s its perfectly in a
cookbook stand.
4.
Photo storage and viewing
TheiPad is great for storing and viewing your photos because of the large display and the way that you
can flip easily from one photo to the next, and jump between folders with ease.
Tips: If you want to transfer photos from computer to your iPad, we recommend you this iPad
Transfer.
5 . E-reader
With the new iPad. you can access all of the books on Amazon, just like a Kindle, but the display is
much bigger. You can view your book in portrait or landscape, and the way the pages flip is awesome
- you flip it with your finger and it looks just like a real book.
6.
Music
The big, beautiful iPad display lets you browse your music collection by song, artist, album, genre, or
composer with the touch of a finger. See your music as full-size album art. Flip through all your
albums and tap to choose what you want to hear. iPad makes music look as good as it sounds.
7. Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) i.e. Skype
The iPad has a speaker and built-in microphone so it's ideal for making phone calls over the Internet,
as long as you don't mind not having the video feature.
8.
Games
It's great for playing simple little games. There are many free gaming applications for the iPad
already. If you're willing to pay for games, then there are many to choose from, As a rule, I suggest
that you pick games that have been developed for the iPad, not both the iPad and iPhone, because
these won't be nearly as good.
9.
Movies
Great for using on airplanes or even at the gym, the iPad has a big screen and is great for watching
films, especially when compared with a cell phone or an iPod. If you want to watch your DVD or videos
on iPad, here is ipad converter site .
10. Weather & News
Apart from e-mail and Internet, this is probably what the iPad is most used for at our house. There are
plenty of great apps for quick news and weather reports at your fingertips, many of which you can
customize to your own interests.
11
DAY -14
iPhone
iPhone is a smartphone made by Apple that combines an iPod, a tablet PC, a digital camera and
a cellular phone. The device includes Internet browsing and networking capabilities.
iPhone is extremely thin (only 11.6 millimeters thick) but wider and longer than many
comparable devices. The display area is a 3.5-inch wide screen multi-touch interface with
unusually high resolution (160 pixels per inch). Unlike most other smartphones, iPhone does
not use a hardware keyboard or a stylus. To navigate, a user uses multiple taps and drags to
navigate through a mobile version of Apple's OS X operating system. Like iPod, iPhone
synchronizes data with a user's personal computer, using iTunes as a client software and
Apple's proprietary USB port. iPhone is compatible with Microsoft's Windows operating
systems, includingVista.
iPhone's networking features include:

Automatic detection of WiFi networks.
Support for the 802.11b and 802.11g standards.
The use of quadband GSM and SIM cards to access cellular networks.
EDGE support for high-speed data transfer where available.
Bluetooth connectivity for short range networking with peripherals, other iPhones and PCs.
Apple says that iPhone carries 8 hours of life on the internal lithium-ion battery for talk or
video, and up to 24 hours for music mode. The device ships with either a 4 or 8 GB hard drive,
an Intel CPU and Apple's OS X operating system, modified for mobile use.
iPhone comes preloaded with a suite of media management software and communications
software, including iTunes, the Safari Web browser and iPhoto. iPhoto may be used in
combination with the 2 megapixel camera on the back of the device. Google's search and
mapping services are fully integrated, including the ability to initiate phone calls from within
Google Maps. Users can also view YouTube videos on the device, along with Microsoft Office
documents and most imaging formats, including .JPEG, .GIF and .TIFF. A partnership
with Yahoo allows iPhone users to send and receiverich HTML email.
Other IMAP or POP3e-mail services are integrated as well, along with webmail access in the
browser.
While iPhone was released under an exclusive two-year partnership with AT&T Wireless, it took
less than three months for hackers working in concert worldwide to unlock the device for use
on any GSM network, though the process involved a level of technical sophistication well
beyond the consumer level.
12
DAY -15
Resume
Srikrishnakiran
Email:test@test.om
Tel:9999999999
Career Objective
Having experience in Microsoft Technologies like .NET frame work 2.0, ASP.NET, ADO.NET,
SQL Server and associated technologies like XML, XSL transformations, JavaScript and VB Script
etc. My work experience involves right from Desktop development to enterprise rich Internet
Applications.
Academic Credentials
B. Tech
College Name, J.N.T University,

Hyderabad
60%
Jul-2009
Intermediate
Board of Intermediate, Bangalore
75%
Nov-2007
SSC
State Board Of Education, Vizag.
75%
Nov-2006
IT Skill set
Languages
VB.NET, C#. NET
Technical Tools
Asp.net, Ado.net
Database
SQL Server 2000
Operating system
Windows 2000 / 2003
Software Packages
MS-Office
Designing Tools
HTML, ASP.NET, Java Script
Certifications
MCSD
70-528 Microsoft .NET

framework 2.0 Web-Based
Client Development
13
Apr/2009
Project Work
Title
Project Title
Client
Client Name
Role
Team Lead
Tenure
Apr-2009 to Jul-2009
Team Size
Environment
ASP.NET, C#, MS SQL Server 2005 and Windows

Server 2003
Description
For example, a library may have a wired or wireless LAN for users to interconnect
local devices (e.g., printers and servers) and to connect to the internet. On a wired
LAN, PCs in the library are typically connected by category 5 (Cat5) cable, running
the IEEE 802.3 protocol through a system of interconnected devices and eventually
connect to the Internet.
Responsibilities
Devising stored procedures and functions for the entire application
Involving in designing, coding, Unit Testing and database creation.
Personal Dossier
Date of Birth
28-09-75
Father's Name
M.K.N.Rao
Languages known
English,Telugu,Kannada
Passport Number
Passportnumber
Validity
Sep-2009 to Sep-2020
Place of Issue
Hyderabad
Address
18-27-567-H9
Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh-500028, INDIA
14
DAY -16
Sample Letter Confirming/Scheduling Interview
<<name>>
<<Address>>
<<City>>, << State >>
Dear <<name>>:
Thank you for applying for the position of <<post> with the United
States Department of Agriculture (USDA), AGENCY.
This letter is to CONFIRM/SCHEDULE your interview for the position.
Your interview has been scheduled for <<DATE>>, <<TIME>>, AND
<<LOCATION>>.
(The selecting official may wish to provide specific information on the
type of interview to be conducted, i.e., general or panel interview, and
any details on advance preparation for the interview, if appropriate).
Please note that if you do not appear for this interview, we will
conclude that you are not available for this position. Please call me at
PHONE NUMBER or e-mail me at usda.yahoo.com, if you have any
questions.
Sincerely,
USDA Agenecy
15
DAY -17
[Your Name]
[Street Address]
[City, ST ZIP Code]
February 8, 2011
[RecipientName]
[Title]
[Company Name]
[Street Address]
[City, ST ZIP Code]
Dear[Recipient Name]:
Needy families and individuals in our community go without proper food, shelter,
and essential medical care every day due to a variety of factors including low
wages, job loss, injuries, illness, age, domestic violence, or divorce. While all of us
are susceptible to hard times, children and the elderly are at the most risk, and
they make up the largest number of clients we serve.
Would you like to help us make a difference? We need people like you to donate
time, energy, and experience in a variety of areas, including food pickup and
delivery, administration, home visits, individual transportation, and more.
Together, we will be able to help many of these families and individuals not only
to meet essential daily needs, but to work toward a brighter future with programs
in job training, education, counseling, elderly assistance, and temporary housing.
Our volunteers say they feel rewarded many times over for the help they provide
in making a difference in the lives of others.
Please call us today at [phone number] to find out more about how you can help,
or visit our Web site at [URL].
Thank you, and we look forward to hearing from you!
Sincerely,
[Your Name]
[Title]
16
MICROSOFT
EXCEL
Microsoft Excel Assignments
DAY - 1
Type in the following spreadsheet, and format it to look like the sample below.
Instructions
1) Type in all text and numbers shown in the spreadsheet below.
2) Format all numbers as a currency.
3) Center the spreadsheet heading 'Sales for the Month' across the spreadsheet.
4) Format all text as displayed in the sample below.
5) Create formula's to display a total for each sales rep.
6) Create formula's to display a total for each product.
7) Create a formula to calculate the total sales for all sales rep's for the month.
DAY 2
Instructions
2) Format all numbers as a currency.
3) Center the spreadsheet heading 'Sales And Produce Department' across the
spreadsheet.
5) Create formula's to display a total for each fruit.
6) Create formula's to display a total for each month.
7) Create a formula to calculate the total sales for all fruit items for the year to date
DAY 3
Instructions
2) Format all numbers with appropriate format's.
3) Center the spreadsheet heading 'Mike's Stationery Order' across the spreadsheet.
4) Format all text as displayed in the sample below, including the rotated text labels.
5) Create formula's to display a total for each stationery item ordered.
6) Create a formula to calculate the total for the stationery order.
DAY - 4
Instructions
2) Format all numbers with appropriate format's).
3) Center the spreadsheet heading 'Travel Expenses For The Month Of May' across the
spreadsheet.
4) Format all text as displayed in the sample below, including the rotated text labels.
5) Create formula's to display a total for each Sales Rep.
6) Create formula's to calculate the amount due to each sales rep, on the basis that each
rep is reimbursed 0.63 cents per kilometer traveled.
7) Apply all borders and shading (colour) shown in the sample below, feel free to
experiment with your own colour schemes.
DAY 5
Instructions
2) Format all numbers with appropriate format's).
3) Center the spreadsheet heading "Weekly Income Schedule" across the spreadsheet.
5) Create formula's to display a total for each item in the Lunch Bar.
6) Create formula's to calculate the Total Exp (Total Expenditure).
7) Create formula's to calculate the profit.
8) create formula's to calculate the totals for each column.
9) Apply all borders and shading (colour) shown in the sample below, feel free to
experiment with your own colour schemes .
DAY 6
Instructions
1)
Enter the raw data below, applying as many presentation Features (Font, Font Size,
Font Colour, Number Formats and Colour, Cell Shading, Text Rotation, etc) to it as
you wish.
2)
Apply appropriate number formats to your numbers.
3)
Center your spreadsheet horizontally on the page
4)
Give your spreadsheet an appropriate title and center it across your spreadsheet.
5)
Select the best page orientation for your spreadsheet.
6)
Adjust the column width and row height to suit the layout you have selected.
7)
Create formula's to calculate totals for each month.
8)
Create formula's to calculate totals for each fruit item.
9)
Setup an appropriate header for this spreadsheet.
10) Setup a page number for this spreadsheet and place it in the footer.
Apples
January
Bananas
2298
January
6899.21
February
3512.56
February
6755.33
March
April
4929.67
5883
March
April
6541
6032.79
May
6237.77
May
5822.72
June
6566.78
June
July
6213.88
July
6333.33
August
6544.11
August
6001
5968
September
5799.69
September
6845.45
October
November
5527
3914.55
October
November
7000.01
7216.27
December
2564.99
December
7283
Oranges
Kiwifruit
January
4923.88
January
3349.12
February
4444.99
February
3899.87
March
3851
March
4336
April
3399.88
April
4892.01
May
June
3020.03
3411.89
May
June
5217.97
4764.10
July
3567.09
July
4523.22
August
3999.91
August
September
4255.88
September
4219.91
October
3877.49
October
4873
4501
November
5214.95
November
3712.12
December
5521.17
December
3555.56
Pears
January
Grapes
3310
January
4847.23
February
March
4524.65
5992.76
February
March
5361.58
5899.24
April
6961.44
April
6853.01
May
7447
May
5471.34
June
4534.22
July
4222.83
June
7583.87
July
7393
August
7110.10
August
4137
September
6637.96
September
3998
October
November
6275
4841.71
October
November
3556.36
3111.44
December
3456.11
December
2789.74
Peaches
Nectarines
January
5902.44
January
February
7234.12
February
March
5110
March
5310
7772.71
8219
April
3521.87
April
6989.33
May
1276.34
May
4535.52
June
1227.30
June
1873.38
July
August
1199.99
1242.09
July
August
1198
1241.63
September
1189.73
September
1187.57
October
1195.42
October
1222.21
November
1213.14
November
1432.43
December
1887.49
December
2137.78
Use the Fruit Sales spreadsheet to create the Pie Chart below.
Create similar Pie Charts for the other Fruits in this Spreadsheet. Hint: use the CTRL
key to highlight or select the cells or columns you need to create these charts.
Use the Fruit Sales spreadsheet to create the Line Chart below.
DAY 7
Create a spreadsheet using the following information.
1)
you wish.
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Create formula's to calculate totals for each stationery item.
8)
Create a formula to calculate the order total for the month.
9)
Create a formula to calculate the G.S.T or V.A.T component of the order. Note all
prices include G.S.T or V.AT., and the value of G.S.T or V.A.T is 12.5% or divide by
9.
10) Create a formula to calculate the net total (pre G.S.T or V.A.T total) of the order for
the month.
11) Setup an appropriate header for this spreadsheet.
Description
Quantity
Cost per item
Note Pad
202
2.85
Highlighter Pen
280
2.95
Ball Point Pen Blue (pkt)
520
2.50
Ball Point Pen Red (pkt)
340
2.50
Ball Point Pen Green (pkt)
250
2.50
Exercise Book 1B
35
4.95
Cello-tape
75
2.95
100
2.95
A4 Refill Pad
90
5.95
Writing Pad
86
3.95
110
0.95
80
3.85
Manila Folders
Pencil Sharpeners
Crayons (pkt)
Pencils
603
0.5
Colour Pencils (pkt)
50
2.95
Felt Pens (pkt)
40
3.95
Staples (pkt)
75
3.50
Stapler
30
9.95
Hole Punch
25
14.95
Ring Binder
45
10.95
DAY 8
Create a spreadsheet using the following information.
1)
you wish.
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Create formula's to calculate the percentage of the total number of people surveyed
that preferred a specific fizzy drink as their first preference.
8)
Create formula's to calculate the percentage of the total number of people surveyed
that preferred a specific fizzy drink as their second preference.
9)
Setup an appropriate header for this spreadsheet.
Drink
1st
Preference
2nd
Preference
Pepsi
342
403
Coca Cola
359
367
7Up
238
290
Lift
215
190
Mountain Dew
321
311
Fanta
Ginger Beer
103
180
80
380
Leed Lemonade
217
120
Lemonade
L&P
215
425
105
414
Vanilla Coke
203
67
Don't Knows
182
273
DAY 9
Create a spreadsheet using the following information
1)
you wish.
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Create formula's to calculate the profit / loss as a currency for each month.
8)
Create formula's to calculate the profit / loss as a percentage for each month.
9)
Create formula's to calculate the Annual Totals for the Income, expenditure, and
profit / loss.
10) Create a formula to calculate the profit / loss for the whole year.
11) Setup an appropriate header for this spreadsheet.
Month
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
Income
1259.9
1163.98
1533
1774
1631
1658
1781
1821.54
2233.82
2537.22
1650
1623
Expenditure
1410.45
1499.10
1370.25
1440.8
1530.25
1490.55
1369
1420
1611.81
1577.63
1423.98
1598.12
DAY 10
Consider a worksheet containing following details:
Region
East
Product Date
Customer
XYZ
1/1/2008 Exclusive Shovel Traders
Quantity
1000
Central
DEF
1/2/2008 Bright Hairpin Company
100
East
DEF
1/4/2008 Cool Jewelry Corporation
800
East
XYZ
1/4/2008 Tasty Kettle Inc.
400
East
ABC
Remarkable Meter
1/7/2008 Corporation
400
East
DEF
Central
ABC
Central
XYZ
1/10/2008 Safe Flagpole Supply
900
Central
ABC
1/12/2008 Reliable Tripod Company
300
East
XYZ
1/14/2008 Matchless Vise Inc.
100
East
ABC
500
East
West
ABC
DEF
Appealing Calculator
600
100
East
ABC
1/21/2008 Best Vegetable Company
800
1/7/2008 Wonderful Jewelry Inc.

Remarkable Meter
1000
800
Use the Pivot Table facility to create the summary.
DAY 11
Consider a worksheet containing following details:
1. You would like to sort the restaurant sales data by ingredients for a Pepperoni
Pizza as followsRed Onions
Pepperoni
Mozzarella cheese
Tomatoes
2. Use Filter to show only those with the above product names
3. Use Conditional Formatting to change to red all the products in the ProductsName
that start with an "R"
10
OrderDate
ProductID
ProductName
Quantity
UnitPrice
Customer
04-Jan-05
22
Mozzarella cheese
41
24.00
The Station
04-Jan-05
16
Romaine lettuce
90
14.70
The Station
05-Jan-05
30
Red onions
27
12.50
Bert's Bistro
06-Jan-05
16
Romaine lettuce
67
14.70
Smoke House
07-Jan-05
Black olives
79
12.00
Flagstaff House
07-Jan-05
16
Romaine lettuce
46
14.70
Two Bitts
07-Jan-05
16
Romaine lettuce
52
14.70
Pierce Arrow
08-Jan-05
30
Red onions
39
12.50
Mamm'a Pasta
Palace
09-Jan-05
16
Romaine lettuce
66
14.70
The Dandelion
10-Jan-05
16
Romaine lettuce
58
14.70
Carmines
10-Jan-05
39
Pineapple
40
32.80
The Station
11-Jan-05
39
Pineapple
71
32.80
The Dandelion
14-Jan-05
16
Romaine lettuce
18
14.70
Carmines
14-Jan-05
16
Romaine lettuce
28
14.70
Flagstaff House
15-Jan-05
85
Pepperoni
33
53.00
Smoke House
15-Jan-05
Parmesan cheese
14
7.45
Smoke House
DAY 12
Write an IF statement so that if the number in Data is less than 100 the formula
displays the status Within budget, otherwise the formula displays the text
Over budget.
data status
120
90
100
178
DAY 13
Write an IF statement to assign a letter grade to the score. If Score is Then return
Greater than 89 A
From 80 to 89 B
From 70 to 79 C
From 60 to 69 D
Less than 60 F
score grade
90
30
68
78
11
DAY 14
First Name Last Name Full Name Uppercase Lowercase Propercase
Ram
Mohan
Luke
Watson
Sammy
Ponting
Sunny
Dev
Nand
Kishore
Ramesh
Saxena
Mark
Augstin
David
Miles
Jeff
Harris
Rohan
Shetty
Write an excel function to display Full Name. Display the Full Name in Uppercase,
Lowercase and Proper case
Write an excel function to display Current date and Current time in Above Worksheet in a
new separate column. Then change the format of date.
DAY 15
Calculate Salary of following Employees according to instructions given.
Designation
Basic
salary
E_Code
E_Name
E_001
ANIL
20000
E_002
VIJAY
10000
E_003
MUKESH
15000
E_004
DINESH
7000
E_005
SURESH
8000
DA
HRA
TA
PF
Instructions:
1) Apply designation of employee on the basis of salary slab provided to you
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Basic salary
Above 20000
:
Manager
20000 10000
:
officer
Below 10000
:
clerk
Calculate DA as 5 % of Basic Salary
HRA is 10% of Basic only for Manager and Officer
TA is 10% of Basic for clerk and 5% for others
PF is calculated as 12% of Basic Salary
Calculate Net salary.
12
Net
Salary
MICROSOFT
POWER POINT
Powerpoint Assignment
Microsoft Power Point Presentation Assignment
DAY 1
Make a Power Point Presentation on topic Computer Education. The Presentation should have at
least five slides. Your Presentation must contain following MS PowerPoint Features:
Slide Template
Animations
WordArt
Shapes
Text format may be Bold /Italic/Underline
Different Fonts Style
Font Color, Text Highlights Color
Tables
Pictures
Headings
Alignment
Bullets & Number Style
Give timing to each slide using Rehearse Timing.
DAY 2
1. Start Microsoft PowerPoint presentation
2. Start a new blank presentation
INDIA
Mera Bharath Mahaan
3. Your first Slide is going to be a Title Slide

4. Write the Text as in the preview below
5. Make the Font of INDIA Arial Black and size 70 and subtitle Mera Bharat Mahaan with font size 30.
6. Insert a second slide as in preview below.
The subcontinent of India lies in south Asia, between Pakistan,

China and Nepal. To the north it is bordered by the world's highest
mountain chain, where foothill valleys cover the northernmost of
the country's 26 states. Further south, plateaus, tropical rain
forests and sandy deserts are bordered by palm fringed beaches .
7. Write the Text as with appropriate font and color.
8. Insert a third slide this should be in bulleted list.
5,000 year old civilization

325 languages spoken 1,652 dialects
18 official languages
29 states, 5 union territories
3.28 million sq. kilometers - Area
7,516 kilometers - Coastline
9. Insert a fourth slide this should be in SmartArt
Indian Independence
15th August , 1947
26th January , 1950
Republic- India
.
10. Insert a fifth slide, this should be in table.
National Emblem
Truth alone triumphs
National Animal - tiger
National Bird - Peacock
National Flower - Lotus
11. Insert a sixth slide, this should be following format:
Aryabhatta Invented the Zero
Mahatma Gandhi Father of the nation

Ramanujam Great Indian Mathematician
Rabindranath Tagore (1913) Nobel Prize in Literature
12. Insert a seventh slide with Title - Places of historic importance

:
Tirumala - Tirupati
Worlds richest
temple
Saint Thomas
Cathedral
Statue of Virgin
Mary
Jamma Masjid
The biggest
mosque in India
Add 3 more shapes with information.

13. Insert the last slide.
Amazing India!
DAY 3
Make a Power Point Presentation on topic E Commerce.
Slide 1
Slide 2
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
-:INTERNET:Millions of people throughout the world use the internet. They use it for communication with
individuals and with groups to share information and ideas by electronic mail (e-mail). They use it to
connect to other computer systems so they can look up information and retrieve files, documents,
data, programs, and images. They use to search for information on all sorts of topics in this arts,
science, recreation, humanities, business, and social issues. All this activity is possible because tens
of thousands of networks are connected to the internet and exchange information in the same basic
ways.
What is internet?
There are several ways to describe and understand internet :
The internet is millions of people communicating, sharing ideas and information. They communicate
electronically on a one to one basis or in groups. The internet is a vast collection of information that
can be searched and retrieved electronically. This collection includes advice on all sorts of topics,
data. Electronic texts. Government information , images, museum exhibits, scholarly papers.
Software, and access to commercial activities.
The internet is a network of tens of thousands of computer networks. Together, the networks
making up the internet consist of over a million of computer systems. Theses computers and
networks communicate by exchanging data according to the same rules, even thought the networks
and computer systems individually use different technologies.
The internet is nothing more than an network a very large network. Just about any information
imaginable can be accessed on the internet. With some databases, for instance, you know how to
find what you want, but often that information is not available. Exactly the opposite is true of the
internet: navigating the system is the real problem. The information usually is there you just have to
know how to get to it.
Tense of millions of people throughout the world have access to the internet. They use it to
communicate with one another. They send and receive messages, some personal and some for wide
distribution. Any individual on the internet can communicate with anyone else on the internet. Each
user has an electronic address and all uses are equally accessible regardless of where they are since
its beginnings. The internet has been a place where people can communicate with others no matter
where they are, their status, or their expertise.
Many of the people on the internet form personal or group relationships, or keep in touch with old
friends. Electronic communication doesnt give you the opportunity to see someone and talk with
them face to face so you might think its impersonal. Yet there is something very personal about
writing to someone through e-mail.
People communicate on the internet in a variety of ways:
Electronic mail (e-mail):
This is a basic internet service that allows individuals to communicate. Its the basis for how
discussion or interest groups operate, and it can be used for access to other internet services.
Discussions in a group using e-mail :
Some names for these groups are interest groups, listener, and mailing lists. Internet users join,
contribute to , and messages to the entire group through e-mail. Several thousand different groups
exist, they are used to share opinions and experiences, ask and answer questions, or post
information.
Group discussion, asking questions, and sharing information through Usenet (also known as
internet news):
The messages are called articles and are grouped into categories called newsgrops. Individuals
can read articles, reply to articles, and post articles, reply to articles, and post articles to specific
232
groups. The communication here is from one computer system to another.

There is no organization or agency controlling activity on internet. Control is in the hands of
individuals and local organizations, schools, or business. This allows for the formation of discussions.
The exchange of ideas, and the spread of information in a free and open manner.
The users come from a variety of countries, and cultures, and this diversity and open two way
communication contribute to the internets utility and vigor. Some people describe internet as
a form of anarchy because there isnt any central control.
In spite of internets size and diversity, however, there are three basic things that make the internet
work, and these components fill the same roles regardless of how big the network gets or what it is
used for.
The internets most basic components is a physical network. The internet behaves as thought all the
computers in all the participating networks were joined by an giant cable. In fact, all the computers
on the internet are joined by connectors not by one cable, but by thousands. All these connectors
are coordinated to work like a single cable linking all the computers on the internet. Many features
of the internet can be attributed directly to this physical network the cabling that holds it all
together.
The cabling, however, it is just a starting point. The physical network can transmit data as easily as it
carries real information. What makes the traffic over the internets many cables meaningful is the
language in which the information is broadcast. The internet has a language of its own; in fact it has
several. The languages are protocols. Protocols are languages through which the computers on the
internet communicate. They divvy up the physical network into discreet locations and enable on
location to sent messages to another. Finally neither the cable not the network protocols are things
that human beings directly interact with. Most of what you will see when you use the network are
software tools or applications. But network applications are different from single user applications
on standalone computer. The distinguishing feature of network application is its structure or
architecture, and it is not possible to do justice to the internet without talking about network
applications.
Almost all of the information is shared free of any charges except what you pay to access the
internet. Because sharing information and resources is at the basis of the internet. Accessing some
information or getting articles from recently published magazines does carry and extra charge.
Conducting secure business transactions on the internet. Which includes charging for information is
becoming more commonplace. One of the fastest growing sectors of work on the internet is in the
area of commercial applications. As internet use becomes more available and common, it is being
viewed as a viable means of doing business and marketing.
You access the information or communicate with others on the internet by using a collection of
tools and services that give you access to people, information, and resources. There are three
basic services:
Electronic Mail (e-Mail): An efficient and convenient means of user to user communication.
Telnet: allows you to connect to and log into a remote computer. You can access any of the
public services or tools at the remote site. Telnet can be used for access to libraries, databases,
and other internet services.
FTP: Lets you transfer files from one computer on the internet to another. FTP stands for file
transfer protocol. Many systems on eh internet make archives or collections of files available
through anonymous FTP.
A number of other tools and services have been built to take advantage of these basic services,
to make them easier to use, and to extend their use. Some of these tools are designed to search
the internet for resources.
233
Hytelnet: A collection of sites and services available through Telnet. The sites are arrange into
categories based on the services they provide. Hytelnet also gives easy access to these sites.
Archie : This service lets you search the archives of files accessible by anonymous FTP. You give the
complete or partial name of a file and Archie returns the internet address and location of files for
you to use with anonymous FTP.
Gopher : A menu based document delivery system. An individual use Gopher to access various
types of information such as files, documents, address books, and images. Gopher also allows access
to FTP, Telnet, and searchable databases. All of this is done by selecting items from menus.
Wais: Stands for wide area information system.
The newer tools and programs provide a common method to access almost all the others. Having a
single way to access all the internet services means more than having one super-duper program or
exceptional tool. You need those, but you also need a standard. Internet wide way to indicate which
service to use, which site to contact, and what to do at that site. The idea behind the world wide
web (WWW) is just that, a single means of access to virtually everything available through the
internet : services, resources, tools, and information.
World Wide Web : This gives hypertext, even hypermedia, access to all varieties of resources and
services on the internet. There are several programs used to work with the internet in this fashion
including Lynx and Mosaic.
How the internet Works?
The Internet is a network connecting thousands of other networks. Each network on the internet has
a unique address, and the computer systems making up a network have an address based on the
networks address. At a basic level the addresses are numeric, a sequence of four numbers (each
between 0 and 255 ) separated by periods. An Example is 192.65.245.76. you dont need to
memorize the addresses as numbers; they can also be specified as names such as sage my.edu. each
piece of information passed around the internet contains the senders address and the delivery
address. As information is passed around the internet each network decides whether to accept it or
pass it on. Once information is accepted within a network, its networks job to get it to a specific
computer system.
The internet is designed so the computer systems within one network can exchange information
with computers on other networks. The rules that govern this form of communication are called
protocols. Using the same protocols allows different types of networks and computer systems to
communicate with each other. Each needs to have the software and hardware in so it can deal with
information in the form specified by the protocols. This means a computer system or network has to
be able to transform information from its won form into the form(s) designated by the protocols,
transform information from the protocols form to its own form, and be able to send and receive
information in that form. Two protocols used are internet protocol (IP) and transmission control
protocol(TCP).
Packets of characters (bytes), like envelopes holding messages, carry information on the internet.
Using the IP protocol, a message consisting of no more than 1500 bytes or characters is put into a
packet. Each packet has the address of the destination. These addresses, mentioned above, are
called IP addresses. Using the TCP protocol a single large message is divided into a sequence of
packets, and each is put into and IP packet. The packets are passed from one network to another
until they reach their destination. At the destination the TCP software reassembles the packets into
a compete message. If packets are lost or damaged, a request is sent out to resend them. It isnt
necessary for all the packets in a single message to take the same route through the internet, or for
the same message to take the same route each time its sent. The internet is a packet switched
234
network. The emphasis is ontransimitting and receiving packets, rather than on connecting
computer systems to each other. When telnet it used, for example, it appears as if there is a direct
connecting between two computer on different parts of the internet. However, it is a virtual
connection. Many of the internet services operate according to a scheme called client server. A user
on one computer system starts a program that contacts another computer system. The client is the
program the user is running and the server is running on the remote system. The user gives
command to the client. Which passes the information to the server. The server interprets those
commands and returns information to the client. Which passes the information to the user. The
information is passed as packets between the server and the client.
How the Internet Developed
In the late 1960s the United States Department of Defense, through it Advanced research Projects
Agency(ARPA), funded research into the establishment of a decentralized computer network. Form
the beginning, some of the developers and researchers saw the advantages of a network in which
computer systems of different types could communicate. They also foresaw the development of
community from among the users of this network. The network was named ARPANET. It linked
researchers at universities, research laboratories, and some military labs.
The 1970s saw the further development of the ARPANET and the establishment of connections
networks in other countries., there were a relatively small number of sites or hosts on these
networks. In the early 1980s other networks, in the U.S. and elsewhere, were established.
In the late 1980s National Science Foundation (U.S.) funded the development of a network
named NFSNET to connect supercomputer centers in the united states. Many colleges and
universities were encouraged to connect to that network.
Usenet, the Users Network, originated in 1979. It allowed people to share information in the
form of articles arranged into newsgroups. Usenet was developed separately from the internet,
but programs and protocols for distributing articles on the internet are readily available. A
number of commercial networks and some others using technologies that cant be adapted to
internet protocols came into being in the 1970s and 1980s.
The basics about E-mail: Electronic mail, or E-mail, lets you communicate with other people o
the internet. E-mail is one of the basic internet services, and by far the most popular. You can
use it for any type of conversation; its a way to keep in touch with friends, get information, start
relationships, or express you opinion. Much of the time youll be exchanging message in special
formats such as spreadsheets, files for word processors, images, or programs. You can use email
to join interest groups and access many other internet services. You can send messages to
anyone with an internet address, and likewise you can receive e-mail from anywhere on the
internet.
You can a mail program on your computer to compose, send and read e-mail. Once you
compose a message, its sent in electronics form, usually passing through several other sites on
the internet. E-mail is held at its destination until the person to whom its addresses reads it,
saves it in a file, or deletes it. The recipients dose not have to be logged in or use his/her
computer for the e-mail to be delivered.
How E-mail Works: Electronics mail lets you send messages and receives messages in electronic
form. The person you communicate with could be any other user on the internet, someone
using the same computer system as you, or someone on a computer system thousands of miles
away. The e-mail is transmitted between computer systems which exchange messages or pass
them on to other sites according to certain internet protocols or rules for exchanging
e-mail.
Sending e-mail is similar to sending something by a postal service. If youre sending a letter
or a package to someone you follow these steps;
235
1. Write the letter or make up the package.

2. Put an address on it.
3. Put on the proper postage or pay the charge to send it.
4. Drop t off somewhere so it can be sent on its way and eventually delivered.
With e-mail you follow similar steps:
1. Start an e-mail program.
2. Give the address of where to send the e-mail.
3. Compose a message using that e-mail program.
4. Give a command to send the message.
E-mail programs are called mail user-agents, because they act on the users behalf. The user
agent lets you prepare and send messages and also work with the mail youve received. The email
program acts as the go-between with you and computer systems, and the computer
systems handle the details of delivering and receiving mail.
Messages are sent from one site to another on the internet in this way. When you compose
your message its all in one piece, but when its sent out to the internet. Its divided into several
pieces called packets. The number of packets depends on the size of the message. Each of the
packets contains, among other things:
1. The e-mail address of the person who sent the mail, the sender
2. The e-mail address of the person to receive the mail, the recipient
3. Between 1 and 1500 character of the message.
The packets are sent to the destination, passing through several internet sites. Thousands
of networks and millions of computers make up the internet, and packets are passed from
system to system. Each site accepts the packets addressed to it, but passes on the message
destined for another address. The packets can travel or arrive at their destination in any order
and they dont all have to take the same path. When you communicate with a remote site, you
may think you have direct connection, but thats usually not the case. At the destination the
packets are collected and put in order, so the e-mail appears to be in the same form it was sent.
If there are errors in the packets or if some are lost, the destination sends a request back to the
source, asking for the message to be resent. All of this takes place according to SMTP, simple
Mail Transfer Protocol, the protocol the internet uses to transport messages between computer
systems.
A message sent by a e-mail is divided into packets, and the packets are sent ( possibly by
different paths and passing through different sites) to the destination where they are
reassembled into the original message
Advantage and Limitation or E-mail:
Advantages
E-mail has a number of advantages over some other forms of communication. Its quick,
convenient, and non-intrusive.
a) You can communicate quickly with anyone on the internet. E-mail usually reaches its
destination in a matter of minutes or seconds.
b) The cost of communicating with someone has nothing to do with distance, and in many cases
the cost is based on no of messages, not where theyre sent. Also, charges are often the same
regardless of the size of the message. E-mail is a cost-effective way to communicate with
friends, colleagues, or business associates regardless of where they are physically located.
c) You can send letters, notes, files, data, or reports all using the same techniques. Once you
learn how to use your e-mail program, everything is sent the same way.
d) You dont have to worry about interrupting someone when you send e-mail. The e-mail is
sent and delivered by one computer system communicating with the internet. Although it is put
into someones mailbox, the recipient isnt interrupted by the arrival of e-mail.
236
e) You can deal with your e-mail at a convenient time. You dont have to be interrupted when email
arrives, and you can read it or work with it when you have the time. Also, you can send it at
a convenient time. It doesnt have to be written or sent at a time when you know the recipient
will be available.
f) You dont have to play phone lag or make an appointment to communicate with someone.
Limitations:
a) E-mail isnt necessarily private. Since messages are passed from one system to another and
sometimes through several systems or networks, there are many opportunities for someone
to intercept or read e-mail. Many types of computer systems have protections built in to stop
users from reading other users e-mail on a system or for someone to bypass the security of a
computer system.
b) Its difficult to express emotion using e-mail.
c) You can receive too much e-mail and you have to take the time to deal with it. If you join an
interest group it is possible that you will be flooded with messages that may be of little value
or even offensive.
d) Its possible to forge e-mail. This is not common, but it is possible to forge the address of the
sender. You may want to take steps to confirm the source of some e-mail you receive.
e) Some e-mail systems can send or receive text files only.
MIME ( Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
Understanding Internet E-mail addresses
An e-mail address on the internet usually has the from local- address@ domain-name
The local- address part is often the users log in name. Thats followed by the character @,
called the at sign. To its right is the domain name of the computer system that handles the
e-mail for the user.
Dissecting a Piece of E-mail ; Headers, Message, Signature
One piece of e-mail has three main parts:
1) Headers
2) Message body
3) Signature
The headers are pieces of information that tell you and e-mail system a number of thing
about a particular piece of e-mail. Each of tehse headers has a specific name and a specific
purpose.
Here is a list of the most common headers.
Return-path: The address to use to replay to the e-mail
Date: When the e-mail was sent
From; The email address of the sender
To: The e-mail address of the recipient
Subject: The subject of the e-mail
The message body or the body of the message is the content of the e-mail what you send
and what you receive. When youre sending email to a computer system where your
message will be interpreted by a computer program, youll be given instructions to use
specific words or phrases in the message body.
The signature isnt a signed name but a sequence of lines usually giving some information
about the person who sent the e-mail. Its optional and it is made up of anything the user
wants to include. Usually a signature has the full name of the sender and some information
about how to contact the person by e-mail,
Phone, or fax.
Some signatures also contain a favorite quotation or some graphics created by characters
237
typed from the keyboard. Since the signature is included with every piece of e-mail, You
should make sure its not too long.
The following example shows an e-mail message dissected into its parts:
Headers, body and signature:
From Ernie@wmc.edu by great.place.edu with ESMTP (1.37.109.11/16.2) id AA175730671;
Thu, 19 Sep 1995 20:37:51 -0400
Return-Path: ernie@mwc.edu
Working with an E-mail Program:
When you connect to an e-mail service, youll use a program called a mailer If youve subscribed to
an e-mail only service (like Eudora or MCIMail or SprintMail) You probably wont have a choice of
mailers. If youve subscribed to an internet access provided or to a conferencing system, the
computer where you send and receive mail may offer a choice of mailers, through there should be a
default program. Choosing a mailer is a matter of personal preference, and without looking very
hard, youll encounter a wealth of opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of different
mailers.
The users can use UNIX mail program for conventional dial-up and the Eudora mailer available in
Windows and Macintosh versions for protocol dial-up users. To use Eudora, you should already have
installed and tested your network protocol software. Eudora is written and maintained by
Qualcomm, Inc. Which distributes two versions of the program: an unsupported freeware version
that you can download from internet, and a commercial version with more advanced features and
help desk access.
Following are the general options provided by any e-mail program:
1. Reading e-mail
2. Saving messages
3. Deleting messages
4. Composing and sending E-mail
5. Replying to a message
6. Forwarding e-mail
7. Working with folders
8. Working with an Address Book
a) Adding Addresses
b) Working with a distribution list or group address
c) Deleting addresses
d) Using addresses
9) Printing messages
10) Sending Attachments
a) Viewing
b) Launching associated application
11) Working with Non-text files
a) Sending Non-text files.
b) Receiving Non-text files today, more people are connecting to the internet from home using a
personal computer, a modern and internet access provider to establish a temporary point of
contact with the internet. There are two ways to get internet access via phone, and its worths
considering each in detail so you can choose the alternative that is best for you. The two choice
are conventional dial-up and protocol dial-up.
How It Works : Conventional Dial up
Conventional dial up connections are similar to the connections you use when you dial up a bulletin
board. You use your5 computer, a modem, and communications software ( a terminal emulation
238
program to place a call offer you home phone to your access providers computer. When the modem
on
the other end answers, it puts you directly in contact with the computer at the site. Your computer
acts
like a terminal that is attached directly to the remote computer, rather than the self contained
computer yourre familiar with.
What you need
To establish a conventional dial up connection to the internet, youll need the following :
1. A home telephone
2. A computer with a serial port or an expansion slot
3. A modem
4. Communication software
For e.g. windows Explorer
An account with an internet access provider
Today, more and more people are connection to the internet form home using a personal computer.
A modem, and an internet access provider to establish a temporary point of contact with the
internet.
LAB EXERCISE FOR INTERNET
1. Create your e-mail Id in either of the following:
a. G-mail
b. Yahoo
c. Hotmail
2. Use Internet to find Computer Books on Microsoft Office, CorelDraw, Photoshop and WebDesigning.
3. Use Internet to find information on the company whose computer you are using.
4. Use Internet to find information on latest Hindi Movies and also find the availability of
tickets
5. Download your 5 favourite hindi songs
6. Do a research on the Internet to gather information on Health and Yoga . Also make a
Powerpoint presentation
7. Using the Internet, find information about your favourite sports person or your favourite
musician. Give a one-page report on the person.
8. Using the Internet find information about 2 Fashion-Designing Institutes in your city. Give
the site addresses.
9. Check the availability of trains from Vadodara to Mumbai. Find the availability of seats in
those trains.
10. Find out job from naukari.com or moster.com Register your resume on website.
11.
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-:COMPUTER BASIC:Introduction to Computer

1: Getting to Know Computers

The iPad, a type of tablet computer

Windows 7 startup screen

Windows 7, after starting up

The Windows, OS X, and Linux logos

The Windows GUI

Apple iOS running on an iPad

Watching a movie in Windows Media Player

An iPhone running a mobile app

Using Mozy to back up files

What is a Web App?

A power cord connected to a surge protector

Back of Computer Case

Peripherals You Can Use with Your Computer

Inside a Desktop Computer:

Power Supply Unit

A power supply unit

RAM (Random Access Memory)

An AC adapter plugged into a laptop

Using a virtual keyboard on an iPad

A Kindle e-reader with an e-paper display

A Nook Color with an LCD display

After unpacking the computer and peripherals

Connecting the monitor cable to the VGA port

Plugging the keyboard into a USB port

Plugging the mouse into a USB port

Plugging the speakers into the audio port

Plugging the power cable into a surge protector

Plugging the surge protector into a wall outlet

Create your own style and save it with your name.

Your style should include Font and Paragraph formatting.

Apply Bullet and tab formatting on your paragraph .

Summer Equipment Showcase

Education Governing Bodies

Create template of invoice.

want to give distant relatives visual access to

Create Index using Table of Content on first page of your document.

Advertising Formats for Internet Marketing

The next phase

Cumulative Amount Requested (if any)

MONTH in which payment

Approval of Last Meetings Minutes

Report of Officers, Boards and Standing Committee

VII. Special Orders

Debits and Credits vs. Account Types

Surf the Internet

Photo storage and viewing

iPhone's networking features include:

College Name, J.N.T University,

Board of Intermediate, Bangalore

State Board Of Education, Vizag.

VB.NET, C#. NET

SQL Server 2000

Windows 2000 / 2003

HTML, ASP.NET, Java Script

70-528 Microsoft .NET

ASP.NET, C#, MS SQL Server 2005 and Windows

Microsoft Excel Assignments

Microsoft Excel Assignments

Microsoft Excel Assignments

Microsoft Excel Assignments

Apply appropriate number formats to your numbers.

Center your spreadsheet horizontally on the page

Office Expert'15

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