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Computer Terms

What they mean

Access

Thereadingorwritingofdatatogainentry

BestBooksForSSCCGLexamA
CompleteList

todata.Mostcommonlyusedinconnection

BooksForRBIGradeBOfficerExam

withinformationaccess,viaauserID,and

AccessControlList

qualifiedbyanindicationastothekindsof

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accessthosearepermitted.

PostsAndSalary

(ACL)Alistoftheservicesavailableona
server,eachwithalistofthehosts
permittedtousetheservice.

AccessTime

Thetimeintervalbetweentheinstantthat
dataisrequestedandtheinstantthatitis

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received.
AccountName

electronicname.SameasloginIDoruser
ID.

Address

Aregister,alocationorsomeotherdata
sourceordestination.

Algorithm

Asetofrulesforsolvingaproblemina
givennumberofsteps.

Analog

AmethodofstoringinformationAnanalog
deviceusesaphysicalquantity,suchas
lengthorvoltage,torepresentthevalueof
anumber.Bycontrast,digitalstoragerelies
onacodingsystemofnumericunits.

Application

Theusetowhichadataprocessingsystem
isputwithinagivendiscipline,e.gan
airlinereservationapplicationoranetwork
application.

ApplicationSoftware

Agroupofprogramsdesignedtoperform
tasksthatcanbetailoredtoausersspecific
needs.

Argument

Synonymouswithparameter.Itisavalue
suppliedtoaprocedure,macro,subroutine,
orcommandthatisrequiredinorderto
evaluatethatprocedure,macro,subroutine,
orcommand.

ASCII

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AmericanStandardCodeforInformation

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Interchange.Theforminwhichtext

NavalAcademyAndNDA

charactersarehandledinmostcomputer

Examination2016Notification

systemsandnetworks.ASCIItexthasno
specialcharactersforformattingsuchas
underlinedorboldcharacters,font
changes,etc.,thuscanbeviewedonany
personalcomputerorterminal.
Assembler

ATM

CompleteDetails
TamilnadMercantileBank
Recruitment2016

Aprogramthatconvertssymbolicallycoded

SSCStenographerExamination

programsintoobjectlevel,machinecode.

PreviousYearCutoffs

(AsynchronousTransferMode)Astandard
forcellrelaythatusesfixedlengthcellsof

SSCStenographerExamSyllabus

53bytes,5bytesofwhichareheaders.

andPaperPattern

Cansupportmultipleservicesincluding

Audit

voice,videoanddata.

BankofIndiaRecruitmentForVarious

Apersonalorcomputerizedreviewprocess

Posts2016

thataccountsfortheadequacy,
effectiveness,securityandoverall
functionalityofadataactivity.
BackgroundProcessing

Acomputerprocessthatrunsbehindthe
scenes(i.e.inthebackground)andwithout
userintervention..

Backup

Tosaveasintomakeacopyincaseof
futurefailureorcorruption.

Bandwidth

Ameasurementofbitrateofavailableor
consumeddatacommunicationresources
expressedinbitspersecondormultiplesof
it(bit/s,kbit/s,Mbit/s,Gbit/s,etc.).The
digitaldataratelimit(orchannelcapacity)
ofaphysicalcommunicationlinkis
proportionaltoitsbandwidthinhertz.

Baseband

Anetworkmediumthatusesonlyone
carrierfrequency.ExamplesareEthernet
andPhoneNet.

Basic

BeginnersAllpurposeSymbolicInstruction
Code.Acommonlyusedpersonal
computerlanguage,firstdevelopedat
Dartmouthduringthe1960s.

BatchProcessing

executionofaseriesofprograms(jobs)
onacomputerwithoutmanualintervention.

Binary

Abase2numeralsystem,represents
numericvaluesusingtwosymbols:typically
0and1

Bit

Abinarydigit,eithera0or1.InU.S.,8bits
makeuponebyteinEurope,byteequals
oneword.

Block

Asequenceofwordsorcharacterswritten
contiguously,suchasintoagroup,bya
computerandstoredonadisk,diskette,
magnetictape,etc.

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Boot

Turningonthecomputer.

Bridge

Filtersdatatrafficatanetworkboundary.
Bridgesreducetheamountoftrafficona
LANbydividingitintotwosegments.

Broadband

Acommunicationsmediumonwhich
multiplesignalsaresimultaneously
transmittedatdifferentfrequencies.In
telecommunicationsitisdefinedasany
channelwithabandwidthgreaterthan
voicegrade(4KHz).

Browser

Asoftwaretoolusedtoreadelectronic
documents.Crome,NetScapeetc.arethe
mostpopularbrowsers.

Buffer

asoftwareapplicationdesignedtomanage
socialnetworks,byprovidingthemeansfor
ausertoschedulepoststoTwitter,
FacebookandLinkedin.

Bug

Anerror.Canbeahardwaremalfunctionor
asoftwareprogrammingerror.

BUSTopology

NetworkwiringcommonlyusedbyEthernet
inwhichallnodesonthenetworkseeall
packets.

CDROM

CompactDiskReadOnlyMemory.
Optical(CD)disksthataremasteredand
thedatacannotbemanipulated,removed,
etc.

Channel

Anymediumbywhichinformationcanbe
transmitted.

Chip

Atinypieceofsemiconductivematerial,
usuallybasedonsilicon,usedinthe
manufactureofelectroniccomponents.

Client

Acomputerprogramthatusestheservices
ofanothercomputerprogram.Softwarethat
extractsinformationfromaserveryour
autodialphoneisaclient,andthephone
companyisitsserver.

ClientServerInterface

adistributedapplicationstructurethat
partitionstasksorworkloadsbetweenthe
providersofaresourceorservice,called
servers,andservicerequesters,called
clients.

COBOL

CommonBusinessOrientedLanguageThe
firststandardizedcomputerlanguage.

CommunicationsLine

Aphysicalmedium(wire,microwavebeam)
usedtotransmitdata.

Compiler

Aprogramthattranslateshumanreadable
programsintoaformthecomputer
understands.

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Cursor

ComputerTerminologyCompetitionDigest

Asymbolonadisplayscreenthatindicates
thepositionatwhichthenextcharacter
enteredwillbedisplayed.Thesymboloften
blinkssothatitcanbeeasilynoticed.

Data

Informationsuitableforcommunication,
interpretationorprocessingbyacomputer.

DataProcessing

Thesystematicperformanceofoperations
upondata,forexample,handling,merging,
sortingandcomputing.

Database

Acollectionofinterrelateddatavaluesthat
maybeintegratedpermanentlyintoasingle
connectedstructureorintegrated
temporarilyforeachinterrogation

DatabaseManagementSystem

DBMS.Asystematicapproachtostoring,
updating,securingandretrieving
informationstoredasdataitems,usuallyin
theformofrecordsinoneormorefiles.

Debug

Todetect,traceandeliminateerrorsin
computerprograms.

Digital

Usedincomputerstodescribeinformation
thatcanberepresentedbyacollectionof
bits.

DiskOrDiskette

Asmall,flat,eitherrigidorfloppymagnetic
diskforstoringdatapermanently.

DistributedFileSystem

Allowsfilesonremotenodesofanetwork
toappearlocallyconnected.

Documentation

Acollectionoforganizeddocumentsorthe
informationrecordedindocuments.

DOS

DiskOperatingSystem.AMicrosoft
programthatcontrolsacomputerstransfer
ofdatatoandfromahardorfloppydisk.

Drive

Agenerictermusedtoidentifythe
equipmentthatservesasaplayeror
recorderforastoragemedium.

EMail

electronicmail.Informationexchangedby
electronicmeansinamanneranalogousto
thatprovidedbythepostalservice.

EMailServer

AcomputersystemthatprovidesMTA,
mailboxstorageanddirectoryservicesand
optionallyUAservices.

Encapsulation

Combiningordefiningadatastructureof
attributesandagroupofassociated
functionsandbehaviorsasasingleobject.

Ethernet

Aphysicalanddatalinklayertechnology
forlocalareanetworks(LANs).Ethernet
wasinventedbyengineerRobertMetcalfe.
SystemscommunicatingoverEthernet
divideastreamofdataintoshorterpieces

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calledframes.Eachframecontainssource
anddestinationaddressesanderror
checkingdatasothatdamageddatacanbe
detectedandretransmitted.AspertheOSI
modelEthernetprovidesservicesuptoand
includingthedatalinklayer.
FiberOptics

Ahighspeedchannelfortransmittingdata.
Madeofhighpurityglasssealedwithinan
opaquetube.

File

Acollectionofanyformofdatathatis
storedbeyondthetimeofexecutionofa
singlejob.Afilemaycontainprogram
instructionsordata,whichmaybe
numerical,textualorgraphicalinformation.

Folder

Aplacewhereausersemailmessages
maybestored.Everyuserhasafolderfor
newmessages,andonmostsystemsmay
createotherfoldersforspecificpurposes.

Format

Toputdataintoapredeterminedstructure
ordivideastoragemedium,suchasadisk
intosectors,sothatitisreadytoreceive
data.

FORTRAN

FOrmulaTRANslation.Ahighlevel
scientificprogramminglanguage.

Frame

Apacketsentoveraseriallink.

FTP

FileTransferProtocol.Aprogramthat
allowsforfiletransfersovertheInternet.

Gateway

Anelectronicdoorbetweenonecomputer
networkandanother.

GIF

GraphicInterchangeFormat.Introducedby
CompuServes.Itisnonplatformspecific
formatforlowresolution,compressed
graphicsinterchange.

GUI

GraphicalUserInterface.Definesaformat
forscrollbars,buttons,menus,etc.,and
howtheyrespondtotheuser.

HardDisk

Adatarecordingsystemusingsoliddisks
ofmagneticmaterialturningathighspeeds.

Header

Theportionofamessage,precedingthe
actualdata,containingsourceand
destinationaddressanderrorchecking
fields.

HTML

HypertextMarkupLanguage.Aconvention
ofcodesusedtoaccessdocumentsover
theWorldWideWeb.WithoutHTMLcodes,
adocumentwouldbeunreadablebyaWeb
browser.

HTTP

HyperTextTransferProtocol.Extremely
fastprotocolusedfornetworkfiletransfers

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intheWWWenvironment.
Hub

Adevicethatisacenterofnetworkactivity
becauseitconnectsmultiplenetworks
together.

Hyperlink

areferencetodatathatthereadercan
directlyfolloweitherbyclickingorby
hoveringorthatisfollowedautomatically.

InformationServer

AcomputerontheInternetwhichactsasa
libraryofdocumentsandfilesthatusers
candownload.

IP

InternetProtocol.TheInternetstandard
protocolthatprovidesacommonlayerover
dissimilarnetworks,usedtomovepackets
amonghostcomputersandthrough
gateways.

IPAddress

Thenumericaddressofacomputer
connectedtotheInternetalsocalled
Internetaddress.

JPEG

JointPhotographicExpertsGroup.TheISO
proposedstandardforcompressionof
digitaldata,especially24bitcolorimages.

Kilobyte(Kb)

1,024bytes,oftenusedtomean1,000
bytes.

Link

Aformofmarkupwhichdesignatesthat
datawithinadocumentwillautomatically
connectwitheithernesteddataoran
outsidesource.Usedinthedesignof
hypertext.

Load

Totransferaprogramheldonsome
externalstoragemedium(suchasmagnetic
tapeordisk)intothemainmemoryofthe
machineinaformsuitableforexecution.

LoginOrLogon

Theopeningsequenceofkeystrokesused
viacomputerscreeninstructionstoconnect
toasystemorbeginoperationsona
computer.

Mainframe

Thecabinetthathousesthecentral
processingunitandmainmemoryofa
computersystem,separatefromperipheral
devicessuchascardreaders,printers,disk
drives,etc.anddevicecontrollers.

Megabytes(MB)

1,048,576bytes,oftenusedtomeanone
millionbytes(1,000,000)bytes.

Modem

ShortforMOdulation/DEModulation,itisa
devicethatcanconvertadigitalbitstream
intoananalogsignal(modulation)andcan
convertincominganalogsignalsbackinto
digitalsignals(demodulation).

Module
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Alogicallyselfcontainedanddiscretepart
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ofalargercomputerprogram.
Multiplexer

Adevicethatmergesinformationfrom
multipleinputchannelstoasingleoutput
channel.

Nesting

Placingdocumentswithinotherdocuments.
Nestingallowsausertoaccessmaterialin
anonlinearfashionthisistheprimary
factorneededfordevelopinghypertext.

NetScape

Oneofthemostrecentdevelopmentsin
browsingtechnology,itisconsideredtobe
fasterthantheoriginalMosaic.

OSI

OpenSystemsInterconnect.An
internationalstandardsuiteofprotocols
definedbyInternationalStandards
Organization,thatimplementstheOSI
referencemodelfornetwork
communicationsbetweencomputers.

OperatingSystem

softwarethatcontrolsthebasic,lowlevel
hardwareoperations,andfilemanagement.
Itisprovidesthelinkbetweentheuserand
thehardware.Popularoperatingsystems
include:DOS,MacOS,VMS,VM,MVS,
UNIX,andOS/2

Pixel

PictureElement.Incomputergraphics,the
smallestelementofadisplayspacethat
canbeindependentlyassignedcoloror
intensity.

Port

Thatportionofacomputerthroughwhicha
peripheraldevicemaycommunicate.Often
identifiedwiththevariouspluginjackson
thebackofyourcomputer.

Program

Asetofactionsorinstructionsthata
machineiscapableofinterpretingand
executing.

Prompt

Acharacterormessageprovidedbyan
operatingsystemorprogramtoindicate
thatitisreadytoacceptinput.

Protocol

Anagreementthatgovernstheprocedures
usedtoexchangeinformationbetween
cooperatingentitiesandusuallyincludes
howmuchinformationistobesent,how
oftenitissent,howtorecoverfrom
transmissionerrorsandwhoistoreceive
theinformation.

PublicDomain

Notprotectedbycopyrightonemayfreely
makecopiesanddistributethemyoumay
makederivativeworks.

Query

Arequestthatspecifiesthemannerin
whichdataistobeextractedfromoneor

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moredatabases.
Queue

Asequenceofstoredcomputerdataor
programsawaitingprocessingthatare
processedintheorderfirstinfirstout
(FIFO).

RAM

RandomAccessMemory.Memoryinwhich
eachelementcanbeindividuallyaddressed
andaccessedwiththesamespeedasany
otherelementofthememory.Afastermore
recentformofRAMiscalledDynamic
RAM.

Realtime

Pertainingtoanapplicationinwhich
responsetoinputisfastenoughtoaffect
subsequentinputsandguidetheprocess
andinwhichrecordsareupdated
immediately.

ROM

Readonlymemory.Informationisstored
once,usuallybythemanufacturer,that
cannotbechanged.Mostcompactdiscs
areROM.

RootDirectory

Thedirectorythatcontainsallother
directories.

Router

Adeviceconnectingseparatenetworksthat
forwardsapacketfromonenetworkto
anotherbasedonlyonthenetworkaddress
fortheprotocolbeingused.Forexample,
anIProuterlooksonlyattheIPnetwork
number.

Shell

Atermthatusuallyreferstotheuser
interfaceofanoperatingsystem.Ashellis
thecommandprocessorthatistheactual
interfacebetweenthekernelandtheuser.

Simulation

Animitationofthebehaviorofsome
existingorintendedsystem,orsome
aspectofthatbehavior.

Software

Computerprogramsthatperformvarious
tasks.Wordprocessingprograms(like
WordPerfectorMicrosoftWord),
spreadsheetprograms(likeLotusorExcel),
ordatabaseprograms(likedBaseIII+,
Foxbase,orFileMaker)areallsoftware.

SoftwareTool

Aprogramthatisemployedinthe
development,repairorenhancementof
otherprograms.Toolsincludeeditors,
compilersandlinkers.Alsoreferstoutilities,
suchasformattersandfileutilities.

SourceCode

Theprograminalanguagepreparedbythe
programmer.Thiscodecannotbedirectly
executedbythecomputerandmustfirstbe
translatedintoobjectcode.

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SPARC

ComputerTerminologyCompetitionDigest

ScalableProcessorARChitecture.
TrademarkofSunMicrosystems32bit
RISCmicroprocessorarchitecture.The
architectureisopeninthesensethatother
vendorscanobtaintheprocessorchipsand
documentationsufficienttobuildcomputers
usingit.

SPOOL

SimultaneousPeripheralOperationsOn
Line.Aschemethatallowsmultipledevices
tosimultaneouslywriteoutputtothesame
devicesuchasmultiplecomputersprinting
tothesameprinteratthesametime.The
dataareactuallywrittentotemporaryfiles
whileaprogramcalledaspoolersendsthe
filestothedeviceoneatatime.

SQL

StructuredQueryLanguage.ANSIstandard
datamanipulationlanguageusedinmost
relationaldatabasesystems.Alanguage
forrequestingdatafromarelational
database.

Striping

Diskstripingcopiesblocks,bytesorbits
acrossmultipledisksinsuchawaythatif
onediskislost,thedatacanbecreated
usingtheblocksorbitsontheremaining
disks.

TCP/IP

TransmissionControlProtocol/INTERNET
Protocol.Thecommunicationprotocolson
whichtheInternetisbased.

Terminal

Adeviceconnectedtoacomputernetwork
thatactsasapointforentryorretrievalof
information.

Terabyte(TB)

1,099,551,627,776bytes,oftenusedto
meanonetrillionbytes
(1,000,000,000,000).

Unix

Apopularcomputersoftwareoperating
systemusedonmanyInternethost
systems.

URL

UniformResourceLocater.Aschemeused
tolocateadocumentaccessibleoverthe
Internet.

Usenet

ThenetworkofUNIXusers,generally
perceivedasinformalandmadeupof
looselycouplednodesthatexchangemail
andmessages.StartedbyDukeUniversity
andUNCChapelHill.Aninformation
cooperativelinkingaround16,000computer
sitesandabout1millionpeople.Usenet
providesaseriesofnewsgroups
analogoustoonlineconferences.

Variable
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Insocialscienceresearch,foreachunitof
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analysis,eachitemofdata(e.g.,ageof
person,incomeoffamily,consumerprice
index)iscalledavariable.
VMS

VirtualMemorySystem.Anoperating
systemfortheVAXandAlphacomputersof
DigitalEquipmentCorporation.

Virus

Aprogramthatcanmakeacopyofitself
withoutyounecessarilybeingawareofit
somevirusescandestroyordamagefiles,
andgenerallythebestprotectionisto
alwaysmaintainbackupsofyourfiles

Windows

AtrademarkofMicrosoftCorporationfora
softwareproductthatprovidesan
environmentforagraphicaluserinterface
forDOSandDOSapplications.

WordProcessor

Aprogramusedtoenteroredittext
informationinpersonalcomputers,often
usedtocreateafilebeforeitisuploadedto
anetworkmayalsobeusedtoprocess
textafterithasbeendownloaded.

WordWrap

Aneditorfeaturethatcausesawordthat
willnotfitonalinetobemovedinits
entiretytothenextlineratherthanbesplit
attherightmargin.

WorkSpace

Diskspacemadeavailabletothesystemto
providetemporarystoragespaceforfiles
toolargetofitwithinauserspermanent
diskstoragequotaorforfilesnotneeded
beyondasinglerunofaprogramorsetof
programs.

WWW

WorldWideWeb.Awideareahypermedia
informationretrievaltechnologythat
interconnectsinformationaroundtheworld.
Itallowsyoutotravelthroughthe
informationbyclickingonhyperlinksthat
canpointtoanydocumentanywhereonthe
Internet.

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