History of municipal solid waste management in Japan is started since

hundreds year ago, the history mainly is divided into 2 mains era, before world war II
and after world war II (Yamamoto, 2002). Modernization and industrialization in
Japan was started since this country opened to foreign relation as impacts of the
Meiji Restoration beginning in 1868. However, the restoration had negative impacts,
opened foreign relation increase spread plague of disease such as cholera,
dysentery into Japan. To tackle this situation the Government of Japan initiated to
established public work and made guided for citizen on how to dispose garbage
properly. As the result, the Filth Cleansing Law was promulgated in 1990, the law
given responsibility for each cities in Japan to manage municipal solid waste which is
generated in its jurisdiction.
However, some cities such as Tokyo and Osaka failed to manage their solid
waste autonomously due to the limitation of lands were used as landfill sites. The
cities had to research other waste treatment methods such as composting, recycle
and gasification. In 1930, the Government of Japan stipulated under the Waste
Cleansing Law that incineration was mandatory as a method to manage solid waste.
Although incineration systems can reduce significant amount of garbage. However,
the incineration plants induced several negative impacts such as insufficient
performance and pollution and they were not solved until middle of 1960s
(Yamamoto, 2002).
Many infrastructures including incinerator plants were had destroyed as
impacted of World War II, so wastes should be landfilled. Shortly thereafter, the
damaged plants were restored and some new incineration plants were constructed,
both all of them induced environmental issues same as before the war (Yamamoto,

2002). Therefore, to tackle environmental issues Government of Japan was repealed

the Filth Cleansing Law and stipulated the Public Cleansing Law in 1954.
The evolution of Japan waste management as depicted on table is divided
into 3 (three) approaches. 1.) Hygiene approach, 2). Environmental Pollution
approach anionic d 3). Sound Material-Cycle Society approach.
The law of Waste management based on Hygienic approach was introduced
in the beginning of 1954 by stipulated Public Cleansing Law. At the end of 1954s
government of Japan. Rapid Japan economic growth started in 1960, this cause the
expansion of industrial zones in cities of Japan. Although they can brought prosperity
to Japanese. Nevertheless, the growth induced an increase amount of municipal
solid waste. Due to the lack of suitable lands for landfilling, some cities in Japan
constructed an incineration system. However, the incinerator technology was used at
the time caused severe air pollution problems. Facing the air pollution problems, in
early of 1960, the Government of Japan promulgated the Law which concerned on
environmental pollution issues particularly that is emitted from Industrial activities.
Japan is undertaking the transition of waste management to a Sound
Material-Cycle Society approach. This approach is established by promoting
reduction, reuse, recycling and appropriated disposal, Sound Material-Cycle Society
has aims to minimized the consumption of natural resource and reducing the
environmental oad as much as possible (Ministry of Environmental of Japan, 2010) .
The milestones of Sound Material-Cycle Society was started when the Oil
Crisis attacked Japan in 1973 and 1979, Japanese be aware that the resources in
the Earth had limitation and resource conservation was important (Yamamoto, 2002).
Many Japanese concerned on recycle the waste. In early of 1990s, Japanese
Government started to promote the importance of waste reduction and waste

recycling, substantial Waste Disposal Laws were revised to establish a Sound

Material-Cycle Society.

History of Japans Legislative Framework Development for a sound Material-Cycle

Society
Era
Situations
Establishment of Law
Post
-Waste Management for good -Public Cleansing Law (1954)
environmental hygienic
WWII 1950s -Keep the environment hygienic
and comfortable
1960s - Clear increase of industrial -Basic Law for Environmental Pollution
waste
etc.
and
Control (1967)
~1970
Environmental
Pollution
-Waste
Management Law (1970)
s
with the high Economic -Amended Waste Management Law
Growth
(1976)
- Waste
management
for
environmental protection
1980 ~ - Promotion of the development -Law for Bay Area Marine and
of facilities for waste
Environment Consolidation Centers
management
(1981)
- Environmental Protection on
-Septic Tank Law (1983)
Waste Management
1990s - Reduce/Recycle of Waste
- Amended Waste Management
- Establishment of Recycling
Law(1991)
- Law to Promote the Development of
Laws
- Measures against hazardous
Specified Facilities for the Disposal
materials (Inc. Dioxins)
of Industrial Waste (1992)
- Appropriate
waste - Fundamental Environmental Law
(1993)
management depends on
the
diversity
of
the - Container and Packaging Recycling
types/properties of wastes
Law(1995)
- Amended Waste Management
Law(1997)
- Home Appliances Recycling Law(1998)
- Law Concerning Special Measures
against Dioxins(1999)
2000 ~ - Promotion of 3R towards the - Fundamental Law for Establishing a
establishment of a Sound
Sound Material-Cycle Society(2000)
Material Cycle Society
- Construction/Food Waste Recycling
- strengthen the measures for
Laws(2000)
industrial
waste - Amended
Waste
Management
management
Law(2000)
- Strengthen measures against - Law Concerning Special Measures
illegal dumping
Against PCB Waste (2001)
- End-of-life
Vehicles
Recycling
Law(2000)
- Law on Special Measures Concerning

Removal of Environmental Problems

Caused by Specified Industrial
Wastes(2003)
- Amended
Waste
Management
Law(2003-2006)
Source : (Yatsu , 2010)

Kyoto is a city is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu,
Japan, the city is It is surrounded by the Higashiyama, Kitayama, and Nishiyama
mountain ranges and has two main rivers, the Kamo in the east, and the Katsura in
the west. The total area is 827.90 square kilometre. In 2011, 1,473,746 of people
were recorded living in Kyoto.
Kyoto was established in 794 as the imperial capital of Japan for more than one
thousand years
The historical city of Kyoto offers a vast pool of shrines, temples, and cultural
facilities, and a long tradition of numerous grand festivals and traditional events
which attracted tourist to visit. The city of Kyoto is also home to numerous traditional
and modern industrial. Popular public and private universities such as Kyoto
University and Ritsumeikan University are also located in the city
Garbage management in Kyoto
In Kyoto city, garbage is mainly divided into four type: burnable garbage,
cans/bottles/PET bottles, plastic containers and packages and small metal items,
garbage must be separated accordingly and be disposed into designated places and
day.

Garbage collection can be done by the Kyoto city government or contracted to

private sectors. When the garbage is managed by the Kyoto city government,
garbage have to place in a special designated garbage bags, placed garbage in an
incorrect bag will not be collected. These bags can be found at retail stores,
supermarkets, convenience stores, and other such venues with variety prices
depend on their volume capacities. For garbage is collected by private businesses, it
is not necessary to use special garbage bags

They main aim of this study was to identify the underlying factors that affect waste
management
in Saboba and also suggest ways to ensure proper waste management in the town. The study
gathered data from both primary and secondary sources. Field investigation, questionnaire
survey and face-to-face interviews were employed in collecting the data. The study identified
the
main factors affecting waste management as;
Inadequate resources, including inadequate funding, inadequate collection containers,
lack of a final disposal site and inadequate human capital.
Poor public education.
These factors led to indiscriminate dumping and irregular collection of waste in the town.
To solve these problems, the study recommended that the waste management department be
well
resourced to carry out its functions. The study also suggested that residents be made to bear
some
of the cost of waste disposal. Another suggestion was that public education be conducted to
school the people on proper waste management.

In 2012, total amount of garbage was generated by inhabitants of Kyoto City was 1318 tons of garbage per day, each
inhabitants contributes an average of 0.83 kg of garbage per day. Most of these garbage, 64.6%, was imposed incineration

treatment. The incineration is a burning treatment of garbage for reducing its quantity. While, total amount of waste recovery has
contributed 23.5% for Kyotos solid waste management. Only 0.6% of waste turn into fertilizer or feed and the remaining 11.3%
went to a landfilling process.

The total cost was spent in 2013 by the Kyoto city for garbage treatment activities worth 27,330,700,000 or approximately
equal with $270,573,930. The largest expenditures are used 43.69% for Environmental services costs. While, disposal costs such
as collection and transportation shared about 33.61% of cost. To finance the expenditures, Kyoto only earned
13,438,000,000/$133,036,200. This means Kyoto City had financial burden because had to give subsidy around 50.8% for
managing solid waste.

Expenses for solid waste management of Kyoto City fiscal Year 2013
Expenses
No

Expenditures

Descriptions
(Yen)
Salaries, cost for industrial waste processing guidance,

Environmental services costs

Environmental protection Costs

Disposal costs

11,942,863,000
waste reduction promotion, environmental conservation
644,098,000 Global Warming and Pollution Control Costs
Operational costs for garbage collection and transportation,
9,188,121,000
recycle, incineration and landfilling

4
5

Manure Treatment Costs

Equipment and Materials Cost
Environmental facility

6
maintenance costs
Total Expenses

580,145,000 Fertilizer, feed and public toilet maintenance

238,930,000 Maintenance for vehicles
City beautification, Ash melting facility
4,736,543,000
maintenance,Landfilling development, vehicles purchase
27,330,700,000

Revenue for solid waste management of Kyoto City fiscal Year 2013

No

Types of Revenue

subrogation

Commissions and fees

Central Government Funds

Property Income

Money Transferred

Various Revenue

7
8

Municipal Bonds
Total Expenses

Revenues

Descriptions

10,000,000 Waste processing payment

Garbage fees, charge for use of government facilities, waste services
4,317,669,000
license
7,759,000 Environment conservation aid, waste subsidy, environmental research
Land and building loan revenue, naming rights revenue, recycling
revenue
2,708,048,000 Business Cooperation
Loan principal and interest revenue, Public Work Project, indemnity,
4,087,290,000
toilet revenue, canned sales
2,225,000,000 13,438,000,000 -

Activities
Collection and
Transportation
Incineration
Fracture
Recycling
Landfill
Total Expenses

Expenses
(JPY)
(USD)
9,324,887,150
10,942,552,426
1,629,950,141
16,136,506
2,664,075,807
4,377,182,788
43,334,109
28,938,648,312

Capacity
(tons)
242,120
460,831
25,163
28,105
65,812
-

Cost per ton of

garbage
(JPY)
(USD)
38,513
381
23,745
235
64,776
641
94,790
938
66,510
658
-