CHE 414 Part 1

Covenant University
KM. 10 Idiroko Road, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
Department of Chemical Engineering
CHE 414: Principles of Plant Design I

Text: Coulson & Richardsons CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME 6,
FOURTH EDITION, Chemical Engineering Design, R. K. SINNOTT
Daniel B. Ayo, PhD
Covenant University Department of Chemical Engineering . CHE 414: Principles of Plant Design - Daniel Ayo, PhD.
Course Outline
Process Design Principles

Flow sheets
Chemical Engineering Design of Mass and Heat Transfer
Equipment (Plate columns, absorption towers, distillation
columns, heat exchangers, evaporators etc).
Mechanical Design of Equipments - Pressure vessels,
columns, storage tanks, heat exchanger, etc.
Piping and instrumentation.

Costing and Project Evaluation
Course Outline
WEEK
TOPIC
Flow sheets,
Chemical Engineering Design of Mass and
Heat Transfer Equipment (Plate columns,
absorption towers, distillation columns, heat
exchangers, evaporators etc).
Mechanical Design of Equipments Pressure vessels, columns, storage tanks,
heat exchanger, etc.
Piping and instrumentation.
Costing and Project Evaluation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Fundamentals of Energy Balances

Conservation of Energy
Note:
Computer Applications are readily available to determine many of the
parameters and properties discussed in this course. However the basis and the
concepts are discussed to give a more complete understanding of the subject.
This ensures correct interpretation of computer generated results.
Furthermore, it provides foundation for students who may want to delve into
development of Computer-Aided Process applications in future
Nature of design and design objective

Design is a creative activity
The synthesis, the putting together, of ideas to achieve a
desired purpose.
the conversion of an ill-defined requirement into a
satisfied customer
Main Objective: Profit

Sub Objectives: Minimize Production cost, minimize heat
loss, maximize conversion or yield etc.
Process Design Principles.
Design Constraints
Design Process
Data collection
Accuracy required depends on:

The level of design
The reliability of the design methods
The sensitivity to the particular property
Sources of information on manufacturing processes and physical

properties
Companys process files
General literature - initial stages of process design, for
screening potential process
Technical Publications e.g. International Critical Tables
(1933) - comprehensive
World wide Web
General Sources of physical properties

BOUBIK, T., FRIED, V. and HALA, E. (1984) The Vapour Pressures of Pure Substances, 2nd edn (Elsevier).
BOUL, M., NYVLT and SOHNEL (1981) Solubility of Inorganic Two-Component Systems (Elsevier).
CHRISTENSEN, J. J., HANKS, R. W. and IZATT (1982) Handbook of Heats of Mixing (Wiley).
DREISBACH, R. R. (1955-61) Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds, Vols. I, II, III (American Chemical Society).
DREISBACH, R. R. (1952) Pressure-volume-temperature Relationships of Organic Compounds, 3rd edn (Handbook Publishers).
FENSKE, M., BRAUN, W. G. and THOMPSON, W. H. (1966) Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining (American Petroleum Institute).
FLICK, E. W. (ed.) (1991) Industrial Solvent Handbook, 4th edn (Noyes).
GALLANT, R. W. (1968) (1970) Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons, Vols. 1 and 2 (Gulf).
LANGE, N. A. (ed.) (1961) Handbook of Chemistry, 10th edn (McGraw-Hill).
MAXWELL, J. B. (1950) Data Book on Hydrocarbons (Van Nostrand).
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (1951) Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties, Circular C500 (US Government Printing Office).
PERRY, R.H., GREEN, D. W. andMALONEY, J. O. (eds) (1997) Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th edn. (McGraw-Hill).
RENON, H. (1986) Fluid Properties and Phase Equilibria for Chemical Engineers (Elsevier).
ROSS, T. K. and FRESHWATER, D. C. (1962) Chemical Engineers Data Book (Leonard Hill).
ROSSINI, F. D. (1953) Selected Values of Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds (American Chemical Society).
SEIDELL, A. (1952) Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, 3rd edn (Van Nostrand).
SOHNEL, O. and NOVOTNY (1985) Densities of Aqueous Solutions in Organic Substances (Elsevier).
SPIERS, H. M. (ed.) (1961) Technical Data on Fuel, 6th edn (British National Committee, Conference on World Power).
STEPHEN, T. and STEPHEN, H. (1963) Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, 2 vols. (Macmillan).
STEPHENSON, R. M. (1966) Introduction to Chemical Process Industries (Reinhold).
TAMIR, A., Tamir, E. and STEPHAN, K. (1983) Heats on Phase Change of Pure Components and Mixtures (Elsevier).
TIMMERMANNS, J. (1950) Physico-chemical Constants of Pure Organic Compounds (Elsevier).
TIMMERMANNS, J. (1959) Physico-chemical Constants of Binary Systems, 4 vols. (Interscience).
VISWANATH, D. S. and NATARAJAN, G. (1989) Data Book on Viscosity (Hemisphere).
WEAST, R. C. (ed.) (1972) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 53rd edn (the Chemical Rubber Co.).
WASHBURN, E. W. (ed.) (1933) International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, 8 vols. (McGraw-Hill).
DESIGN INFORMATION AND DATA 357
WISNIAK, J. and TAMIR, A. (1980) Liquid-liquid Equilibria and Extraction: A Literature Source Book, Parts A and B.
WISNIAK, J. and HERSKOWITZ, M. (1984) Solubility of Gases and Solids, 2 vols. (Elsevier).
YAWS, C. L. (1977) Physical Properties (McGraw-Hill).
YAWS, C. L. (ed) (1999) Chemical Properties Handbook (McGraw-Hill).
Yaws Handbook of Thermodynamic and Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds (2003) Knovel.
Internet Sources of physical properties (Useful Sites/Gateways)

Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers: www.nsche.org
Herriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK: www.hw.ac.uk/lib
Edinburgh, UK: www.eevl.ac.uk
University of Florida, USA: www.che.ufl.edu/
Karlsruhe, USA: www.ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de/chem-eng
EEVL (Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library) Internet Guide to
Engineering,
Mathematics and Computing, www.eevl.ac.uk
Herriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
World-Wide Web Virtual Library: www.che.ufl.edu/WWWCHEindex.html
University of Florida, USA
International Directory of Chemical Engineering URLs: www.ciw.unikarlsruhe.de/chemeng.html
Karlsburg University, Germany
Generation of Possible Design Solutions
Chemical engineering projects can be divided into three types:

Modifications, and additions, to existing plant; usually
carried out by the plant design group.
New production capacity to meet growing sales demand, and
the sale of established processes by contractors. Repetition of
existing designs, with only minor design changes.
New processes, developed from laboratory research, through
pilot plant, to a commercial process. Even here, most of the
unit operations and process equipment will use established
designs.
Design selection
Selection process can be considered to go through the following

stages:
Possible designs (credible) within the external constraints.
Plausible designs (feasible) within the internal constraints.
Probable designs likely candidates.
Best design (optimum) judged the best solution to
the problem
Anatomy of a Chemical Manufacturing Process
Continuous and Batch Processes
Continuous processes
Designed to operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week, throughout the year.
Some down time will be allowed for

maintenance and, for some processes, catalyst
regeneration.
The plant attainment usually 90 to 95%.
Continuous processes
Production rate greater than 5 X 106 kg/h
Single product
No severe fouling
Good catalyst life
Proven processes design
Established market
Batch Processes
Batch processes are designed to operate
intermittently. Some, or all, the process units
being frequently shut down and started up.
Batch processes are used where some
flexibility is wanted in production rate or
product specification.
Batch Processes
Annual production = quantity produced per batch x batches per year.
Plant attainment is the fraction of the total hours in a

year (8760) that the plant is in operation.
Batch Processes
Production rate less than 5 X 106 kg/h
A range of products or product specifications
Severe fouling
Short catalyst life
New product
Uncertain design
Organization of a Chemical Engineering Project
Organization of a Chemical Engineering Project
Project Documentation
1. General correspondence within the design group and with:

government departments; equipment vendors; site personnel; the
client
2. Calculation sheets
design calculations
costing
computer print-out
3. Drawings flow-sheets
piping and instrumentation diagrams
layout diagrams
plot/site plans
equipment details
architectural drawings
design sketches
Project Documentation
4. Specification sheets for equipment, such as:

heat exchangers
Pumps
5. Purchase orders
quotations
invoices
Codes and Standards
Modern engineering standards cover:

Materials, properties and compositions.
Testing procedures for performance, compositions,
quality.
Preferred sizes; for example, tubes, plates, sections.
Design methods, inspection, and fabrication.
Codes of practice, for plant operation and safety.
Codes and Standards
Organizations that issues standards of interest to chemical

engineers:
Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON)
Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (NSChE)
Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria
(COREN)
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI),
The American Petroleum Institute (API)
The American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
(pressure vessels).
British Standards Institute
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
coordinates the publication of international standards.
Factors of Safety
To allow for uncertainties in physical and chemical properties,

design methods, fabrication and operating loads
The greater the uncertainty in the design methods and data, the
bigger the design factor that must be used
Avoid overdesign
(Preferred terminology: Design factor) Factor of safety historical
Systems of Units
SI unit is favoured in academics

In practice the design methods, data and standards often only available in
the traditional scientific and engineering units.
Need to be familiar with CGS and MKS systems, the American

Engineering System and British engineering systems.
Some bizarre traditional units; such as degrees Twaddle (density) and
barrels for quantity.
Systems of Units
Systems of Units
Note:
The electrical supply frequencies vary from one country to
another; 60 Hz in the US, 50 Hz in the UK and Nigeria. So a pump
specified running at 1750 rpm (revolutions per minute) in the US
would have its motor speed reduced to 1460 rpm in Nigeria and UK.
American catalogue in US gallons or gpm (gallons per minute) will

have only 80 per cent of the rated capacity when measured in
imperial gallons.
Degrees of Freedom and Design Variables
Degrees of freedom: The difference between the number of variables involved in a design
and the number of design relationships.
Nd= Nv- Nr
Nv = the number of possible variables in a design problem
Nr= the number of design relationships
Nd = Degrees of freedom
Flash distillation
F = stream flow rate,
P = pressure,
T = temperature,
xi = concentration, component i,
q = heat input.
Suffixes, 1 = inlet, 2 = outlet vapour, 3 = outlet liquid.
Variable
Streams 1
Still
Number
Stream1
C+2
Stream 2
C+2
Stream 3
C+2
Pressure
1
Temperature
1
Heat input
1
Nv(Total 3C+9
Relationship
Number
Material balance (each component)

Heat balance (overall)
Vapour-Liquid-Equilibrium
Relationships (for each component)
Equilibrium still restrictions
Nr
C
1
C
4
2C+5
Nd= Nv- Nr
Nd= (3C+9) - (2C+5) = C+4
Equilibrium separation implies that the outlet streams and

the still are at the same temperature and pressure. This gives
four equations:
P2 = P3 = P
T2 = T3 = T
Hence Equilibrium still restrictions 4 implies the total
degrees of freedom is (C + 4)
Feed composition and feed conditions will be fixed by the
upstream processes; the feed will arise as an outlet stream
from some other unit. Defining the feed fixes (C +2)
variables, so the designer is left with:
(C+ 4)-(C + 2) =2
as design variables.
Optimization
For a chemical process, the overall objective for the operating

company will be to maximise profits. This will give rise to subobjectives, which the designer will work to achieve.
The main sub-objective will usually be to minimise operating
costs.
Other sub-objectives may be to reduce investment, maximise
yield, reduce labour requirements, reduce maintenance, and
operate safely.
Recall Maxima and Minima problems (Further mathematics)
Sometimes the minimum point may not be the optimum point
as a result of constraints:
Optimization
Effects of Constraints on Optimum Conditions

Optimization
Plot of two variable problem

Optimization
The values of the objective function as contour lines,

Seeking the optimum likened to seeking the top of a hill (or bottom of a valley),
and a useful technique for this type of problem is gradient method
(method of steepest ascent, or descent),
Linear programming : an optimisation technique that can be used when the
objective function and constraints can be expressed as a linear function of the
variables
Dynamic programming: a technique developed for the optimisation of large
systems. The system is divided into convenient sub-systems and each sub-system
optimised separately, while taking into account the interactions between the subsystems
Fundamentals of Material Balances
The equivalence of mass and energy:

Einstein: E = mc2
Invoked only in Nuclear reactions
Conservation of mass:
Material out = Material in + Generation - Consumption - Accumulation
Units used to express compositions:
Weight, molar or volume.
The abbreviations w/w and v/v are used to designate weight basis and
volume basis
Stoichiometry
Write out and balance the overall equation for the manufacture of vinyl
chloride from ethylene, chlorine and oxygen
Write out the equation using letters for the unknown number of
molecules of each reactant and product. Make a balance on each
element. Solve the resulting set of equations.
Consider the reaction:
A(C2H4) + B(Cl2) + C(O2) = D(C2H3Cl) + E(H2O)

Balance on carbon
2A =2D, A= D
on hydrogen
4A = 3D + 2E
substituting D = A gives E =A/2
on chlorine
2B = D, hence B =A/2
on oxygen
2C = E, C = E/2=A/4

Consider the reaction:
A(C2H4) + B(Cl2) + C(O2) = D(C2H3Cl) + E(H2O)

putting A = 1, the equation becomes
C2H4 + 1/2Cl2 + 1/4O2 = C2H3Cl + 1/2H2O
multiplying through by the largest denominator to remove the fractions
4C2H4 + 2Cl2 + O2 = 4C2H3Cl + 2H2O
Choice of system boundary

General rules:
With complex processes, first take the boundary round the complete process
and if possible calculate the flows in and out. Raw materials in, products and byproducts out.
Select the boundaries to sub-divide the process into simple stages and make a
balance over each stage separately.
Select the boundary round any stage so as to reduce the number of unknown
streams to as few as possible.
As a first step, include any recycle streams within the system boundary

Choice of basis for calculations
Guide rules:
Time: choose the time basis in which the results are to be presented; for
example kg/h, tonne/y.
For batch processes use one batch.
Choose as the mass basis the stream flow for which most information is
given.
It is often easier to work in moles, rather than weight, even when no reaction
is involved.
For gases, if the compositions are given by volume, use a volume basis,
remembering that volume fractions are equivalent to mole fractions up to
moderate pressures.

Constraints on flows and compositions
The sum of the individual component flows in any stream cannot
exceed the total stream flow
The sum of the individual molar or weight fractions must equal 1.
Hence, the composition of a stream is completely defined if all but one
of the component concentrations are given.
The component flows in a stream (or the quantities in a batch) are

completely defined by any of the following:
Specifying the flow (or quantity) of each component.
Specifying the total flow (or quantity) and the composition.
Specifying the flow (or quantity) of one component and the
composition.
Problem:
The feed stream to a reactor contains: ethylene 16 per cent, oxygen 9 per
cent, nitrogen 31 per cent, and hydrogen chloride. If the ethylene flow is 5000
kg/h, calculate the individual component flows and the total stream flow. All
percentages are by weight.
Solution:
General rule: the ratio of the flow of any component to the flow of any other
component is the same as the ratio of the compositions of the two components.
The flow of any component could have been calculated directly from the ratio of
the percentage to that of ethylene, and the ethylene flow.
Tie Component
Flow of any component is in the same ratio to the flow of any other component, as
the ratio of the concentrations of the two components.
If one component passes unchanged through a process unit it can be used to tie the
inlet and outlet compositions. (Nitrogen in combustion)
Problem:
Carbon dioxide is added at a rate of 10 kg/h to an air stream and the air is
sampled at a sufficient distance downstream to ensure complete mixing. If the
analysis shows 0.45 per cent v/v CO2, calculate the air-flow rate.

Solution:
Excess reagent
In industrial reactions the components are seldom fed to the reactor
in exact stoichiometric proportions.
A reagent may be supplied in excess

to promote the desired reaction;
to maximise the use of an expensive reagent; or
to ensure complete reaction of a reagent, as in combustion.
Problem:
To ensure complete combustion, 20 per cent excess air is supplied to a
furnace burning natural gas. The gas composition (by volume) is
methane 95 per cent, ethane 5 per cent.
Calculate the mols of air required per mol of fuel.

Solution:

Conversion versus Yield
Stoichiometric factor = Stoichiometric mols of reagent

required per mol of product produced

Problem
In the manufacture of vinyl chloride (VC) by the pyrolysis of dichloroethane (DCE), the
reactor conversion is limited to 55 per cent to reduce carbon formation, which fouls
the reactor tubes. Calculate the quantity of DCE needed to produce 5000 kg/h VC.
Solution: Text Example 2.10

Problem
In the production of ethanol by the hydrolysis of ethylene, diethyl ether is produced

as a by-product. A typical feed stream composition is: 55 per cent ethylene, 5 per
cent inerts, 40 per cent water; and product stream: 52.26 per cent ethylene, 5.49
per cent ethanol, 0.16 per cent ether, 36.81 per cent
Recycle Processes
Production of vinyl chloride from ethylene.

Recycle Processes
Flow stream returned (recycled) to an earlier stage in the processing
e.g. Recycle of unreacted expensive reagent
Two approaches to the solution of recycle problems are possible:
The cut and try method. The recycle stream flows can be estimated and the
calculations continued to the point where the recycle is calculated. The estimated
flows are then compared with the calculated and a better estimate made. The
procedure is continued until the difference between the estimated and the
calculated flows is within acceptable limits.
The formal, algebraic, method. The presence of recycle implies that some of the
mass balance equations will have to be solved simultaneously. The equations are
set up with the recycle flows as unknowns and solved using standard methods for
the solution of simultaneous equations.

Problem
Problem
Production of vinyl chloride from ethylene.

Purge
A portion of a recycle stream bled off to prevent the build-up of unwanted material
Under steady-state conditions:

Loss of inert in the purge = Rate of feed of inerts into the system
The required purge rate can be determined from the following relationship:
[Feed stream flow-rate] X [Feed stream inert concentration] =
[Purge stream flow-rate] X [Specified (desired) recycle inert concentration]
Problem:
In the production of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen the conversion, based on
either raw material, is limited to 15 per cent. The ammonia produced is condensed from
the reactor (converter) product stream and the unreacted material recycled. If the feed
contains 0.2 per cent argon (from the nitrogen separation process), calculate the purge
rate required to hold the argon in the recycle stream below 5.0 per cent. Percentages
are by volume.

By-Pass
A flow stream divided and some part diverted (bypassed) around some units often used to control
stream composition or temperature.
Material balance calculations similar to those
involving recycle, except that the stream is fed forward
instead of backward

Unsteady-State Calculations
Accumulation not zero, varying stream flow-rates and

compositions (with time)
Steady state calculations are usually sufficient for the
calculations of the process flow-sheet
Unsteady state observed in :
process start-up
Process shut-down
response to process upsets
Batch Processes

Problem:
A hold tank is installed in an aqueous effluent-treatment process to
smooth out fluctuations in concentration in the effluent stream. The
effluent feed to the tank normally contains no more than 100 ppm of
acetone. The maximum allowable concentration of acetone in the
effluent discharge is set at 200 ppm. The surge tank working capacity is
500 m3 and it can be considered to be perfectly mixed. The effluent flow
is 45,000 kg/h. If the acetone concentration in the feed suddenly rises to
1000 ppm, due to a spill in the process plant, and stays at that level for
half an hour, will the limit of 200 ppm in the effluent discharge be
exceeded?

General Procedures for Material-Balance Problems
Step 1. Draw a block diagram of the process.
Show each significant step as a block, linked by lines and arrows to show the stream
connections and flow direction.
Step 2. List all the available data. Show on the block diagram the known flows (or
quantities) and stream compositions.
Step 3. List all the information required from the balance.
Step 4. Decide the system boundaries.
Step 5. Write out all the chemical reactions involved for the main products and by
products.
Step 6. Note any other constraints, such as: specified stream compositions; azeotropes;
phase equilibria; tie substances.
Step 7. Note any stream compositions and flows that can be approximated.
Step 8. Check the number of conservation (and other) equations that can be written, and
compare with the number of unknowns. Decide which variables are to be design
variables; (Used only for complex problems).
Step 9. Decide the basis of the calculation

Conservation of Energy
Energy Out =Energy In + Generation - Consumption Accumulation

Forms of Energy
For isothermal expansion (expansion at constant temperature):

Pv = Constant
For reversible adiabatic expansion (no heat exchange with the surroundings):
Pv = Constant
where = ratio of the specific heats, Cp/Cv.

Forms of Energy

Energy Balance
General Steady State Process

Energy Balance
H= U+Pv
- Enthalpy is a function of temperature and pressure

(can be calculated from Specific Latent heat data).
H2 - H1= Q - W
Q=H2-H1
Q=Qp +Qs
- without kinetic and potential energy terms

- where work =0
Qs=Heat generated in the system and Qp=Heat added

to system
Qp =H2-H1-Qs
H1= Enthalpy of inlet stream, H2=Enthalpy of outlet stream

Problem:
Estimate the steam and the cooling water required for the distillation column
shown in the figure. Steam is available at 25 psig (274 kN/m2 abs), dry
saturated. The rise in cooling water temperature is limited to 300C. Column
operates at 1 bar.

Calculation of Specific Enthalpy
No Phase transition.
where
HT = specific enthalpy at temperature T,
Cp = specific heat capacity of the material, constant pressure,
Td = the datum temperature
Phase transition takes place.
where Tp D phase transition temperature,

Cp1 = specific heat capacity first phase, below Tp,
Cp2 = specific heat capacity second phase, above Tp.

Energy Balance
The specific heat at constant pressure will vary with temperature
For Solids
Absolute (K) or relative (0C) temperature scales
Absolute (K) or relative

Problem

Mean Heat Capacities
facilitates the calculation of sensible-heat changes

tabulated in various handbooks
change in enthalpy between temperatures t1 and t2 (tr = reference Temp):
If Cp is represented by polynomial:
Then.

Mean Heat Capacities
If the reference temperature is taken at 00C then :
and the enthalpy change from t1 to t2 .

Problem
The gas leaving a combustion chamber has the following composition:
CO2 7.8, CO 0.6, O2 3.4, H2O 15.6, N2 72.6, all volume percentage. Calculate
the heat removed if the gas is cooled from 800 to 2000C.
Mean Heat capacities from Literature:

The Effect Of Pressure On Heat Capacity
on Cp refers to ideal gas state
Excess heat capacity chart (Sterbacek et

al. (1979)) - based on hydrocarbons, but
can be used for other materials to give
an indication of the likely error if the
ideal gas specific heat values are used
without corrections
Tr = Reduced temperature
Pr = Reduced pressure

The Effect Of Pressure On Heat Capacity
Excess heat capacity chart (Sterbacek et al. (1979))

Problem
The ideal state heat capacity of ethylene is given by the equation:
Estimate the value at 10 bar and 300 K.

Enthalpies of Mixtures
For gases:
negligible heats of mixing
heat capacities and enthalpies can be taken as additive
For Liquids:
negligible heats of mixing not negligible
Heat of mixing considered in calculation of enthalpies .
For binary mixture.

integral heat of solution
Heats of solution are dependent concentration.
The integral heat of solution = cumulative heat released, or absorbed, in preparing the
solution from pure solvent and solute. (standard integral heat of solution at infinite
dilution.)
From Tables and plots
used to calculate the heating or cooling required in the preparation of solutions,

Enthalpy-Concentration Diagrams
facilitate the calculation of
energy balances involving
concentration and phase
changes

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Covenant University

KM. 10 Idiroko Road, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

Department of Chemical Engineering

CHE 414: Principles of Plant Design I

Daniel B. Ayo, PhD

Process Design Principles

Piping and instrumentation.

Fundamentals of Energy Balances

Process Design Principles

Process Design Principles

Nature of design and design objective

Main Objective: Profit

Process Design Principles.

Process Design Principles

Process Design Principles

Accuracy required depends on:

Sources of information on manufacturing processes and physical

General Sources of physical properties

Process Design Principles

Internet Sources of physical properties (Useful Sites/Gateways)

Generation of Possible Design Solutions

Chemical engineering projects can be divided into three types:

Selection process can be considered to go through the following

Process Design Principles

Anatomy of a Chemical Manufacturing Process

Process Design Principles

Continuous and Batch Processes

Some down time will be allowed for

Process Design Principles

Continuous and Batch Processes

Process Design Principles

Continuous and Batch Processes

Process Design Principles

Continuous and Batch Processes

Annual production = quantity produced per batch x batches per year.

Plant attainment is the fraction of the total hours in a

Continuous and Batch Processes

Process Design Principles

Organization of a Chemical Engineering Project

Process Design Principles

Organization of a Chemical Engineering Project

Process Design Principles

1. General correspondence within the design group and with:

4. Specification sheets for equipment, such as:

Process Design Principles

Codes and Standards

Modern engineering standards cover:

Process Design Principles

Codes and Standards

Organizations that issues standards of interest to chemical

To allow for uncertainties in physical and chemical properties,

Process Design Principles

SI unit is favoured in academics

Need to be familiar with CGS and MKS systems, the American

Process Design Principles

Process Design Principles

American catalogue in US gallons or gpm (gallons per minute) will

Process Design Principles

Degrees of Freedom and Design Variables

Process Design Principles

Degrees of Freedom and Design Variables

Degrees of Freedom and Design Variables

Process Design Principles

Degrees of Freedom and Design Variables