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DEFINITION
ELEMENTS
Distinctions
POLICE POWER
EMINENT DOMAIN
TAXATION
As to
regulation/extent
of power
Regulates both
liberty and
property rights
Regulates only
property rights
Regulates property
rights only
As to who may
exercise
Only the
government
The government
and some private
entities
Only the
government
As to the property
taken
Destroyed because
its obnoxious
Wholesome: taken
for public use or
purpose
Wholesome: taken
for public use or
purpose
As to
compensation
Intangible altruistic
feeling that a
person has
contributed to the
general welfare
Protection and
public
improvements for
the taxes paid
LIMITATIONS:
1. May not be exercised arbitrarily to the prejudice of the Bill of Rights.
2. Subject at all times to the limitations and requirements of the Constitution
and may in proper cases be annulled by the Courts i.e. when there is grave
abuse of discretion.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
POLICE POWER: is the inherent power of the state to promote the welfare of the
society by restraining and regulating the use of property and liberty.
General Coverage
"The police power of the State," one court has said, "is a power
coextensive with self-protection, and is not inaptly termed the 'law of overruling
necessity.' [Rubi v. Provincial Board (1919)
]The state, in order to promote the general welfare, may interfere with personal
liberty, with property,and withbusiness and occupations. Persons may be subjected
to all kinds of restraints and burdens, in order to secure the general comfort health
and prosperity of the state and to this fundamental aim of our Government,
the rights of the individual are subordinated. [Ortigas and Co.,
LimitedPartnership v. Feati Bank and Trust Co. (1979)
has been properly characterized as the most essential, insistent and the
least limitable of powers, [Ermita-Malate Hotel and Motel Operators Assoc. v.
Mayor of Manila (1967) Cf. Ichong v. Hernandez, (1957)] extending as it does "to all
the great public needs."[Noble State Bank v. Haskell, 219 U.S. 412]
Police Power cannot be bargained away through treaty or contract. [Ichong v.
Hernandez (1957
Specific Coverage
(1) Public Health
(2) Public Morals
(3) Public Safety
(4) Public Welfare
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SCOPE OF POLICE POWER:
1. Cannot be bargained away thru the medium of a treaty or a contract.(IChong vs.
hernandez)
2. may use taxing power as its implement ( Tio vs. Videogram Regulatory Board)
3. May use Eminent Domain as its implement ( Association of small landowners
4. Could be given retroactive effect and may reasonably impair vested rights or
contracts
5. Dynamic,not static and must move with the moving society as it supposed to
regulate.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. What is the scope of the police power?
"The Supreme Court has said that police power is so far-reaching that it has
almost become impossible to limit its sweep. It derives its existence from the very
existence of the State itself, it does not need to be expressed or defined in its
scope; it is said to be co-extensive with self-protection and survival, and as such it is
the most positive and active of all governmental processes, the most essential,
insistent and illimitable. Especially it is so under the modern democratic framework
where the demands of society and nations have multiplied to almost unimaginable
proportions. The field and scope of police power have become almost boundless,
just as the fields of public interest and welfare, they cannot delimit beforehand the
extent or scope of the police power by which and through which the state seeks to
attain or achieve public interest and welfare. " (Ichong vs Hernandez)
Police power does not involve the taking or confiscation of property with the
exception of a few cases where there is the need to destroy it for the purpose of
protecting the peace and order and of promoting the general welfare as for
instance, the confiscation of an illegally possessed article, such as opium and
firearms.(City Government of Quezon City vs Ericta)
THE LEGISLATURE(inherent)
The president( by delegation)
Administrative Board(by delegation)
Lawmaking bodies on all municipall levels, (including brgy(delegated)
Municipal Governments/LGUs conferred by statute = through= general
welfare clause of RA 7160
Limitations
1. The limit to police power is reasonability. The Court looks at the test of
reasonability to decide whether it encroaches on the right of an individual.
So long as legitimate means can reasonably lead to create that end, it is
reasonable. [Morfe v. Mutuc (1968)]
2. The legislative determination as to what is a proper exercise of its police
powers is not final or conclusive, but is subject to the supervision of the
court.[US v. Toribio (1910) citing Mr. Justice Brown in his opinion in the case
of Lawton v. Steele (152 U.S., 133, 136)]
3. The SC upheld the validity of Administrative Orders which converted
existing mine leases and other mining agreements into productionsharing agreements within one year from its effectivity. The subject