UNIT-1

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
In the structure of fiber optic cable, the refractive index of core is always _______the refractive index
of cladding.
(a). Less than
(b). Equal to
(c). Greater than
(d). None
In the structure of a fiber, which component provides additional strength and prevents the fiber from
2.
any damage?
(a). Core
(b). Cladding
(c). Buffer Coating
(d). Jacket
Which among the following is provided by an optical receiver for the regeneration of data signal with
3.
minimum error?
(a). Photo-diode
(b). Signal Processing Circuits (c). Linear Circuitry
(d). None
1.

4. Light is confined within the core of a simple optical fiber by

(b). Total internal
(c). Total internal reflection
(a). Refraction
reflection at the outer
at the core cladding
edge of the cladding
boundary.
5. What makes optical fibers immune to EMI?
(b). They are too small
(a). They transmit
(c). Magnetic fields cannot
for magnetic fields to
signals in as light rather
penetrate the glass of the
introduce current in
than electric current.
fiber.
them.
6. The type of light source opt for single-mode fiber
(a). LASERs

(b). LEDs

(c). Both LASERs and LEDs

(b). LEDs.

(c). Both A & B

(b). 0.39 0.77 m

(b). 6.62x10-34 J.min

13. Sum of these is unity

(b). Reflectivity +
(a). Reflectivity
Refractivity
14. Metals can ________ the light beams.
(a). Reflect

(b). Refract
(b). Opaque
(b). Visible light

(c). 6.62x10-34 Cal.sec

(b). 0.50

(c). Transmit

(c). 0.95

18. Refractive index of materials is approximately equal to square root of

(a). electrical
(b). magnetic
(c). electrical permittivity x
permittivity
permeability
magnetic permeability
19. Snells law relates ____________.
(a). Light relfection

(b). Light refraction

(c). Light transmission

(b). Light transmission

(c). Light refraction

21. Sky looks blue because the sun light is subjected to __________.

(d). None
(d). None
(d). x-rays
(d). None
(d). None

(d). Light Absorption

20. Bouguers law relates ____________.

(a). Light relfection

(d). None

17. Reflectivity of metals

(a). 0.05

(d). 6.62x10-34 Cal.min

(c). Reflectivity + Refractivity

+ Transmitivity

(c). Microwaves

(d). 0.39 0.77 cm

16. Metals can transmit these ____.

(a). Radio ways

(d). None

(c). 0.39 0.77 nm

(c). Translucent

(d). None

15. Metals are _______.

(a). Transparent

(d). They are

readily shielded by
outer conductors in
cable.

11. Visible lights wavelength range ______________.

(a). 0.39 0.77 mm
12. Plancks constant
(a). 6.62x10-34 J.sec

(d). Reflection
from the fiber's
plastic coating.

7. Speeds of laboratory fiber optic Local Area Networks are now in the range of
(a). 1 Mbits/s. (b). 10 Mbits/s. (c). Gigabits per second.
(d). 100s of megabits per second.
8. What method allows large number of independent, selectable channels to exist on a single fiber?
(a). Frequency Division (b). Time Division
(d). Phase
(c). Analog Modulation
Multiplexing.
Multiplexing
Modulation
9. What type of optical fiber would best be used in the Multiple Channel Architecture (MCA)?
(a). Refractive-Index.
(b). Step-Index.
(c). Graded-Index.
(d). None
10. The type of light source opt for multi-mode fiber
(a). LASERs

(d). Light Absorption

(a). Rayleigh scattering

(b). Compton scattering

(c). Both A and B

22. Luminescence is because of

(a). Photons emitted while
(b). Knocking out of
excited electrons drops down
electrons by photons
23. Fluorescence occurs within _______.
(a). 10-5 s

(b). 10-5 ms

(d). None

(c). Photons stimulated by

photons

(c). 10-5 s

(b). Electrical insulators

(c). p-n junctions

(b). Photo-conduction

(c). Thermal emission

(b). Photo-conduction

27. Optical fiber operates on the principle of

(a). Total internal
(b). Tyndall effect
reflectance
28. The first semiconductor used in optical fiber is
(a). GaAs

(b). GaAsP

(c). Thermal emission

(c). Photo-electric effect
(c). InGaAsp

29. WDM stands for

(a). Wide division
(b). Wavelength
(c). Wave division
multiplexing
division multiplexing
multiplexing
30. The boundary between truly guided modes and leaky modes are defined as
(a). Cutoff conditions

(b). Active condition

(c). Saturation condition

(d). All
(d). Tyndall effect

26. Solar cell works based on

(a). Laser technology

[
(d). 10-5ns

25. Pyrometer works based on

(a). Laser technology

(d). All

24. Electro-luminescence occurs in _________.

(a). Electrical conductors

(d). Tyndall effect

(d). Laser
technology
(d). GaAlAs
(d). Whole wave
division multiplexing
(d). None

31. The modes are cutoff when =

2

(a). n2k
(b). n1k
(c). n2k*n1k
(d). n1k
32. Each LP0m mode is derived from an
(a). HE0m
(b). TE1m
(c). HE1m
(d). TM0m
The modes propagate with different phase velocities, and the difference between their effective
33.
refractive indices is called the fiber
(a). Beat length
(b). Birefringence
(c). V number
(d). Degenerative mode
34. The number of degenerative modes for LP02 is
(a). 1

(b). 2

(c). 3

(d). 4

35. The number of degenerative modes for LP11 is

(a). 1

(b). 2

(c). 3

(d). 4

36. The _____ of a mode is equal to the number of field zeros across the guide.
(a). Leaky

(b). Radiation

(c). Order

(d). Degenerative

37. In which generation optical amplifiers are used as replacement for repeaters
st

(a). 1 generation

nd

rd

(b). 2 generation

(c). 3 generation

th

(d). 4 generation

38. The operating wavelength of optical cable in the 2nd generation is

(a). 1.3m

(b). 0.8m

(c). 1.55m

(d). 2.6m

39. The pulses that can preserve their shape by counteracting the negative effects of dispersion is
(a). Optical solitons

(b). Optical solutions

(c). Optical amplifier

(d). Opto-coupler

40. The maximum angle in which the light incidents on fiber to propagate down the fiber is
(a). Numerical aperture

(b). Critical angle

(c). Acceptance angle

2 Marks Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Define Total internal reflection?

Differentiate between step index & graded index?
Classify types of modes in short?
What is V-number?
How the cutoff value is selected in optical fiber?
List the applications of Optical fiber.
What are the main drawbacks of Optical fiber?
What are the advantages of optical fiber?
Derive Snells Law in Optics?

(d). Skew rays

10. Define Critical angle?

11. Define Acceptance angle with diagram?
12. Define Numerical Aperture?
13. Draw the block diagram of an optical transmission link?
14. Define Skew rays and meridional ray?
15. A light ray is incident from glass to air. Calculate critical angle? (problem)
16. Consider multimode fiber that has a core R.I of 1.480 and core cladding index difference 2.0%. Calculate NA
and Acceptance angle?
17. Briefly explain the 4th and 5th generations of optical fiber.
18. Define Linearly polarization?
19. Define Refraction and Index of Refractive of Ray theory transmission?
20. Give an overview of modes in mode theory for Circular waveguides?
10 Marks Questions
1. a) Explain the function of each block with a help of neat block diagram of a digital optical fibre
communication system?
b) A light wave is travelling in a semiconductor medium (GaAs) of refractive index 3.6.It is
incident on a different semiconductor medium (Al GaAs) of refractive index 3.4 & angle of incidence is 80.
Calculate numerical aperture & a .Will it result in total internal reflection comment on the result?
2. Using ray theory transmission approach , explain
(i)
Total internal reflection & critical angle
(ii)
Acceptance angle
(iii)
Numerical aperture
3. a) List the applications of optical communication?
b) Consider multimode fiber that has a core R.I of 1.480 and core cladding index difference 2.0%.
Calculate NA, Critical angle and acceptance angle?
4. a) With the help of electromagnetic spectrum, explain about the historical development of optic fiber
communication?
b) List the advantages of optical communication?
5. a) Write about total internal reflection with the help of suitable optical cable setup?
b) What is MFD of single mode fiber? Explain with suitable structure
6. a) Draw the block diagram of an optical fiber transmission link? Explain briefly?
b) Explain numerical aperture?
7. a) Determine the propagation modes in single mode fibers?
b) Fiber has normalized frequency 26.6 & operating wavelength 1300nm, if the radius
of the fiber core is 25m. Compute the numerical aperture.
8. a) Compare step index & graded index fiber?
b) Calculate number of modes of an optical fiber having diameter of 50m & n1 =1.48 &
n2=1.46 having operating wavelength 0.82m.
9. Explain in detail about fiber optic communication system? Differentiate general
communication with optic fiber system.
10. a) Illustrate about the propagation modes in single mode fibers?
b) Illustrate about the propagation modes in multi mode fibers?

UNIT-11
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
41.

Signal attenuation is also known as

42.

(a). Fiber loss

(b). Bending loss
(c). Absorption loss
(d). Cladding loss
_______ determines the maximum transmission distance between a transmitter and a receiver or an
in-line amplifier
(a). Amplifier
(b). Repeater
(c). Attenuation
(d). None

43.

The basic mechanisms in a fiber are

(a). Absorption
44.

(b). Decreases

(c). Constant

(d). None

(b).dB/m

(c). dBm

(d).dB

Attenuation coefficient is commonly expressed in units of_______

(a). dB/Km

47.

(d). All

Optical powers are commonly expressed in units of_____

(a). dB/Km

46.

(c). Radiation loss

As light travels along a fiber, its power ______ exponentially with distance.
(a). Increases

45.

(b). Scattering

(b).dB/m

(c). dBm

(d).dB

Absorption is caused by
(a). Atomic defects

(b). Impurity atoms

(c). Basic constituent atoms

(d). All

48.
49.

____ Damage effects depend on the energy of the ionizing particles or rays, the radiation flux and
the fluence.
(a). Leaky
(b). Radiation
(c). Order
(d). Mode

Impurity absorption losses occurs because of

(a). Electronic
(b). Charge transitions
(c). Both a & b
(d). Only a
transition
______ Occurs when a photon interacts with an electron in the valence band and excites it to higher
energy level
(a). Absorption
(b). Scattering
(c). Radiation
(d). Order
When the material is in a perfect state with no density variations, impurities, material
inhomogeneities is called
(a). External absorption
(b). Internal absorption
(c). Scattering loss
(d). Fiber loss

Empirical relationship of Urbachs rule

The higher the radiation level, the attenuation will be

(a). Smaller

50.

51.

52.
53.

(b). Equal

(a). uv=CeE/E0
54.

uv=Ce

E/E0

(b). uv=CeE0/E

57.
58.
59.

60.

(b). Bending losses

65.

66.

67.
68.

69.

(c). Both A & B

(d). Leaky losses

(d). None

By extruding a compressible jacket over the fiber can minimize

(a). Macrobending
(b).Bending
(c). Microbending
(d). Random microscopic
losses
losses
losses
bends
Different indices of refraction, composition and attenuation coefficients is known as
(b). Bending losses (c). Macrobending losses

(d). Leaky loss

The speed at which energy in a particular mode travels along the fiber
(b). Intramodal delay

(c). Intermodal delay (d). Group velocity

A measure of the information capacity of an optical waveguide is specified by the

(b). BW product

(c). Distance measure

(d). None

Material Dispersion is also known as ___________ dispersion

(a). Waveguide

64.

(d).Urbachs rule

(a). Macroscopic bends

(b). Random microscopic bends
(c). Both A & B
(d). None
The bends caused either by nonuniformities in the manufacturing of the fiber or by nonuniform
lateral pressures created during the cabling of the fiber is
(a). Leaky loss
(b). Packaging loss
(c). Bending loss
(d). Core loss

(a). Bw-distance product

63.

(c). Maxwell rule

The radius that are large compared with the fiber diameter is called
(b). Random microscopic
(a). Macroscopic bends
(c). Both A & B
bends
The fiber axis that can arise when the fibers are incorporated into cables.

(a). Bandwidth delay

62.

(d). None

Large curvature radiation losses are also known as

(a). Core & Cladding loss

61.

(c). uv=CeE0/E2

(b). Neper rule

(a). Macrobending losses

56.

(d). Larger

is known as

(a). Allwave rule

55.

(c). Very low

(b). Chromatic

(c). Intermodal

(d). Intramodal

The variation of the refractive index of the core material as a function of wavelength is
(a). Waveguide
(b). Intermodal
(d). Intramodal
(c). Material Dispersion
Dispersion
Dispersion
Dispersion
A single mode fiber confines only about 80% of the optical power to the core is
(a). Waveguide
(b). Intermodal
(d). Intramodal
(c). Material Dispersion
Dispersion
Dispersion
Dispersion
Material Dispersion and Waveguide Dispersion are the main causes of
(a). Intermodal
(b). Intramodal
(c). Both A & B
(d). None
Dispersion
Dispersion
Each mode having a different value of group velocity at a single frequency is known as
(a). Bandwidth delay
(b). Intramodal delay
(c). Intermodal delay
(d). Group delay
The resulting difference in propagation times between the two orthogonal polarization modes
will result in pulse spreading is called
(a). Intermodal
(b). Polarization mode
(d). Material
(c). Intramodal delay
dispersion
dispersion
Dispersion
Tmod =

70.

71.

(a). Tmax-Tmin
(b). Tmax+Tmin
(c). Tmin +Tmax
(d). Tmin -Tmax
A fiber with a given index profile will exhibit different pulse spreading according to the source
wavelength used is generally called
(a). Polarization mode
(d). Waveguide
(b). Material Dispersion (c). Profile Dispersion
dispersion
Dispersion
Pulse distortion will increase less rapidly after a certain initial length of fiber because of
(a). Mode coupling

72.

(b). Differential mode loss

(b). Depressed-cladding

(c). TM01

(b). Strucural Imperfections

(c). Both A & B

(b). 100 g

(c). 100 g/erg

(b). Infrared absorbtion

(c).Isothermal loss

(d). TE01
(d). Only A
(d). 100 erg/g

For wavelengths below about 1 m is

(a). Dominant loss

(d). None

1 rad(Si) =
(a). 100 erg

77.

(c). Dispersion shifted

Scattering is associated with

(a). Fiber Material

76.

(b). LP01

(d). None

The cutoff wavelength of the first higher order mode is

(a). LP11

75.

(c). Matched cladding

The cladding portion next to the core has s lower index than the outer cladding region is known as
(a). Matched cladding

74.

(b). Dispersion shifted

(d). None

The method to reduce fiber dispersion by spreading the dispersion minimum out over a wide range.
(a). Dispersion Flattening

73.

(c). Both A & B

(d). None

78.

For wavelengths longer than 1 m is

79.

(a). Dominant loss

(b). Infrared absorbtion
(c).Isothermal loss
(d). None
If the bend radius is made a bit smaller once this threshold point has been reached, the loss
suddenly becomes
(a). Small
(b). Constant
(c). Extremely Large
(d). Medium

80.

For LEDs the rms spectral width is approximately ____ of a central wavelength.

(a). 0.5%

(b).10%

(c). 15%
2 Marks Questions

1. What are the loss or signal attenuation mechanisms in a fiber?

2. Give a simple derivation for attenuation unit.
3. What are the different mechanisms for the cause of absorption?
4. Explain in detail about absorption by atomic defects in a glass fiber?
5. What is Scattering loss?
6. Explain the phenomenon of Rayleigh scattering in scattering loss?
7. Define macro bending losses?
8. What is packing or cabling losses?
9. Define micro bending losses?
10. How to minimize the micro bending losses in the fiber?
11. Explain how core and cladding losses are occurred in fiber?
12. What is Chromatic dispersion?
13. Define Group velocity dispersion?
14. Define Intermodal delay?
15. Explain Material dispersion?
16. Explain Waveguide dispersion?
17. Derive Signal distortion in single mode fibers?
18. What is Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)?
19. Define dispersion flattening?
20. Calculate theoretical cutoff wavelength for single mode fiber?
10 Marks Questions
1. How attenuation is caused by scattering losses & bending losses?
2. a. Define linear scattering? Explain about Rayleigh & Mie scattering?
b. Derive the expression for waveguide dispersion.
3. Explain dispersion occurring in multimode fibers in detail with expressions?
4. a. Distinguish between intrinsic & extrinsic Absorption ?
b. Determine the theoretical cutoff wavelength for single mode fiber?
5. Describe attenuation caused by absorption, scattering losses & bending losses?
6. a. What is attenuation? Explain in detail?

(d). 5%

b. Derive the expression for material dispersion.

7. a. What is dispersion? Explain in detail?
b. List and explain types of dispersion?
8. a. Explain in detail about polarization mode dispersion?
b. Define Intermodal distortion?
9. Analyze pulse broadening in graded index waveguides?
10. a. Derive the total dispersion in single mode fiber?
b. How refractive index profile optimizes the design in a single mode fiber?

UNIT-111
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
81.

The principal light sources used for fiber optic communications applications are
(a). LASER

82.

(b). LED

(c). Both A & B

(b). Homojunction

(c). ILDs

(b). Incoherent

(c). Monochromatic

(d). None
(d). None

The optical output from an LED is

(a). Coherent

(d). All

A ________ consists of two adjoining semiconductor materials with different band-gap energies
(a). Heterojunction

84.

(c). ILDs

Heterojunction structured semiconductors are

(a). LASER

83.

(b). LED

(d). Spectral

85.

The optical output from an LASER is

86.

(a). Coherent
(b). Incoherent
(c). Monochromatic
(d). Spectral
LEDs have been employed in high speed local area applications in which one wants to transmits several
wavelengths on the same fiber, this technique is called
(a). Monochromatic
(b). Homojunction
(c). Spectral Slicing
(d). Coherent

87.

In a pure crystal at low temperature, the conduction band is completely _______ of electrons

The simplest recombination process of electrons and holes, having the same momentum value is called
[
(a). Indirect band
(b). Lattice constant
(c). Epitaxial
(d). Direct band gap
gap
The conduction band minimum and the valence band maximum energy levels occurs at different values of
[
momentum is called
(a). Indirect band gap
(b). Lattice constant
(c). Epitaxial
(d). Direct band gap
The spacing between the atoms or groups of atoms is called the
[

(a). Empty
88.

90.
91.

(a). Lattice constant

92.

(b). Full

(b). Lattice Spacing

(d). None

(c). Medium

(c). Both A & B

(d). None

]
]

(d). Lattice

In fiber transmission applications an LED must have a

(b). Fast emission
(c). High quantum
response time
efficiency
Surface emitters and edge emitters are the two basic configurations of
(a). High radiance output

93.

(c). Medium

In a pure crystal at low temperature, the valence band is completely _______ of electrons
(a). Empty

89.

(b). Full

(d). All

(a). LASER
94.

(b). LED

(d). All

The Plane of the active light emitting region is oriented perpendicular to the axis of the fiber
(a). Surface emitters

95.

(c). ILDs

(b). Edge emitters

(c). Lattice

(b). Edge emitters

(c). Lattice

(d). None

The sources of the incoherent light, and two guiding layers is

(a). Surface emitters

(d). None

96.

The isotropic pattern from a surface emitter is called a

97.

(a). Surface emitters (b). Edge emitters

(c). Lambertian pattern
(d). Lattice
The peak output power occurs at 810nm, The width of the spectral pattern at its half power point is known
as
(a).FWHM
(b). FMHW
(c). FHMW
(d). None

98.

99.

FWHM stands for

(a). Full width
(b). Full width half
(c). Full wide half
(d). Full wide half minimum
half minimum
maximum
maximum
The fraction of the electron hole pair that recombine radiatively is known as

(a). Internal quantum efficiency

(b). External quantum efficiency (c). Both A & B (d). None
100. The ratio of the photons emitted from the LED to the number of internally generated photons
(a). Internal quantum
(b). External quantum
(c). Both A & B
(d). None
efficiency
efficiency
Stimulated emission will exceed absorption only if the population of the excited states is greater than that
101.
of the ground state. This condition is called
(a). Internal quantum (b). External quantum
(c). Population
(d). Full width half
efficiency
efficiency
Inversion
maximum
102. The extrapolation of the lasing region of the power versus current curve is defined as
(a). Threshold current

(b). Threshold density

(c). Density curve

(d). None

103. The central region has a higher refractive index than the outer regions
(a). Positive index

(b). Negative index

(c). Neutral index

(d). None

104. The central region of the active layer has a lower refractive index than the outer regions
(a). Positive index
(b). Negative index
(c). Neutral index
(d). None
The _____ method creates regions of high resistivity, thus restricting the current to a narrow path between
105.
these regions
(a). Neutron
(b). Electron
(c). Proton Implantation
(d). None
Implantation
Implantation
106. The average time that the photon resides in the lasing cavity before being lost by absorption is called
(a). Photon lifetime

(b). DBR

(c). Spontaneous lifetime

(d). None

107. The _____ is a function of the semiconductor band structure and the carrier concentration
(a). Photon lifetime

(b). DBR

(c). Spontaneous lifetime

(d). None

108. When any losses that are speckle pattern dependent are present in a link is
(a). Leaky noise

(b). Modal noise

(c). Thermal noise

(d). Photon noise

109. Intensity fluctuations in the longitudinal modes of a laser diode is caused by

(a). Leaky noise
(b). Modal noise
(c). Thermal noise
(d). Mode partition noise
110. The coupled efficiency of a fiber is defined as
(a). =PE/PF
(b). =PF/PE
(c). =PF/PS
(d). =PS/PF
111. A device with a short length of optical fiber, attached in an optimum power coupling configuration is
(a).Fly lead/ Pigtail

(b). Fly load

(c). Radiance

(d). None

112. The reflection coefficient is the ratio of

(a). r = (n-n1)/(n1+n)

(b). r = (n1+n)/(n1-n)

(c). r = (n-n1)/(n+n1)

(d). r = (n1-n)/(n1+n)

113. R = (n1-n / n1+n)2 , Where R is the

(a). Reflection coefficient

(b). Fresnel reflection

(c). Radiance reflection

(d). None

114. If the source emitting area is larger than the fiber core area then the optical power coupled into fiber is
(a). Maximum

(b). Minimum

(c). Medium

(d). Constant

115. A permanent bond connection of fiber is generally referred to as a

(a). Connector

(b). Splice

116. A demountable joint connection of fiber is known as

(c). Lead

(d). Node

(a). Connector
(b). Splice
(c). Lead
(d). Node
Edge emitting diode have an emission pattern , in the plane perpendicular to active region, has a FWHM
117.
of
(a). 15-55 o
(b). 5-10 o
(c). 30-50o
(d). 30-60 o
118. Edge emitting diode have an emission pattern , in the plane parallel to the junction, has a FWHM of

119. The fiber to fiber coupling loss LF is given in terms of F

(a). -10 log F

(b). 10 log F
(c). 20 log F
(d). None
120. When the two axes form an angle so that the fiber end faces are no longer parallel is called

(a). 15-55 o

(a). Axial
displacement

(b). 5-10 o

(b). Longitudinal
displacement

(c). 30-50o

(d). 30-60 o

(c). Angular misalignment

(d). None

2 Marks Questions
1. List the various connectors used in fiber optics?
2. Explain direct and indirect band gaps?
3. What is lattice spacing or lattice constant?
4. Give the ideal properties of LED.
5. Draw the schematic diagram of a high radiance surface-emitting LED.
6. Explain modulation of an LED with relevant equations?
7. Differentiate between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission?
8. How to select a threshold condition in LASER diodes?
9. Derive rate equation for LASER diode?
10. What is external quantum efficiency?
11. What is a pig-tailed device?
12. Equate Fresnel reflection?
13. Differentiate power launching versus wavelength?
14. Explain Laser diode to fiber coupling?
15. List the principal requirements of a good connector design of an optical fiber?
16. Define source output pattern of an optical fiber?
17. With Schematic diagram explain optical source coupled to an optical fiber?
18. Define vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs)?
19. Explain the connector types?
20. How connector return loss is occurred in optical fiber?
10 Marks Questions
1. Draw and explain the structure of LED with help of cross sectional and energy band diagrams which shows
the variation in the refractive index.
2. a). Determine the possible losses due to lateral and angular misalignment in an optical fiber?
b). Explain the various connectors used in fiber optics?
3. a). Illustrate the factors involved in launching optical power from a light source to a fiber
b). What is a pig-tailed device?
4. a).What is fiber joint? Explain joint losses and alignment losses
b). List out the advantages and disadvantages of pig tailing either as fiber optic source or as fiber optic
detector.
5. Explain the following:
(i) Passive optical couplers

(ii) Active optical components

6. a). Derive an expression for power coupling from a large surface emitting LED into smaller step index fiber.
b). Explain about lensing scheme for coupling improvement.
7. a). Differentiate between dispersion limited and an attenuation limited fiber optic links
b). Discuss about the point to point fiber optical link.
8. a). Explain about cylindrical ferrule connectors?

b). An LED has a 500 f space charge capacitance, 1.003 A saturation current and a 5 ns minority carrier
lifetime find out the half current and 10 to 90 percent risk time when the drive current is
(i) 50mA and (ii) 100mA respectively.
9. a). Derive the expression for lasing and threshold condition of LASER.
b). What power is radiated by an LED if its quantum efficiency is 3% and the peak wavelength is 670 nm ?
10. a). AGaAs optical source with a refractive index of 3.6 is coupled to a silica fiber that has a refractive index
is 1.48. If the fiber and the source are in close physical contact then find the Fresnel reflection at the interface
and power loss in dB.
b). Explain about fusion splicing & mechanical splicing?
UNIT-1V
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

121.

_____ photo detectors involve the conversion of photons to heat

122.

(a). Pyroelectric
(b). Photomultiplier
(c). Photoconductor
(d). Photodiodes
A photocathode and the electron multiplier packaged in a vacuum tube are capable of very high gain and
very low noise is
(a). Pyroelectric
(b). Photomultiplier
(c). Photoconductor (d). Photodiodes

123.

The current flow in an external circuit, with one electron flowing for every carrier pair generated is called

(a). Photocurrent
124.

(b). Photomultiplier

(b). 1.6 m

128.
129.

(b). 1.6 m

(a). IP/ P0

(c). nq/ nh

(b). P0/ IP
(b). Quantum efficiency
(b). Medium
(b). Reach through
(b). Reach through construction

(d). None

(c). Increases

(d). Constant

(c). Quantum

(d). Impact ionization

(c). Quantum

(d). Impact ionization

(b). Reach through

(c). Quantum

(d). Impact ionization

(b). p-np+ structure

(c). npn structure

(d). p-pn- structure

The average number of electron-hole pairs created by a carrier per unit distance traveled is called the
(b). Impact rate

(c). Ionization rate

(d). None

Electron ionization rate is denoted with

(b).

(c).

(d).

Hole ionization rate is denoted with

(a).

138.

(c). Response speed

The configuration, where boron and silicon are used as a dopants for silicon is

(a).
137.

(d). hv/ nq

In normal usage, the _______ is operated in fully depleted mode

(a). Quantum rate

136.

(d). None

A commonly used structure for achieving carrier multiplication with very little excess noise is the___

(a). p+pn+ structure

135.

(d). 1.06 m

The carrier multiplication mechanisms is called

(a). RAPD
134.

(d). 1.06 m

Avalanche photodiode ______ receiver sensitivity

(a). RAPD
133.

(d). Photocurrent

In most photodiodes the power level falling on the detector at a given photon energy is independent of

(a). RAPD
132.

(c). 1.75 m
(c). Both A & B

(a). Decreases
131.

(c). 1.75 m

The important characteristics of photodector are its

(a). Quantum
(b). Response speed
efficiency
Responsivity R=

(a). Responsivity
130.

(c). Carrier lifetime

The cutoff wavelength for Ge in PIN photodector is about

(a). 1.25m

127.

(b). Photocarrier

The cutoff wavelength for Si in PIN photodector is about

(a). 1.25m

126.

(d). Photodiodes

The time taken by an electron or hole to recombine is known as

(a). Diffusion length

125.

(c). Photoconductor

(b).

(c).

(d).

The ratio k =
(a). /

(b). /

(c). /

(d). /

139.

To generate a large signal power, the photo detector must have a _____ Quantum efficiency

158.

(a). Ne/ Bt
(b). Ne/ Nt
(c). Both A & B
(d). None
The minimum received optical power required for a specified BER performance in a digital system is
called
(a). Minimum detectable signal
(b). ISI
(c). Quantum limit
(d). None

159.

The Rise time of Ge for avalanche photodiodes is

(a). Medium
140.

142.

(b). Quantum noise

(b). Unity

157.

(c). Both A & B

(d). None

(b). Avalanche photodiodes

(c). Both A & B

(d). None

(b). s/ 1

(c). s/ p

(d). None

(b). 0.6-0.4

(c). 0.4-0.6

(d). 0.3-0.7

(b). Spontaneous error

(c). Bit error

(d). Average error

(b). External Noise

(c). Thermal Noise

(d). None

(b). External Noise

(c). Thermal Noise

(d). None

(b). External Noise

(c). Thermal Noise

(d). Shot Noise

The unwanted noise from atmosphere and equipment-generated is called

ISI stands for
(a). Inter symbol
interference
BER =

(a). 0.4-0.6
160.

(b). Avalanche photodiodes

The discrete nature of current flow in the device causes

(a). Internal Noise

156.

(c). Quantum current ((d). Reverse current

The random motion of electrons in a conductor generates

(a). Internal Noise

155.

(b). Surface dark current

The noise caused by spontaneous fluctuations of current or voltage in electric circuits is

(a). Internal Noise

154.

(d). Reverse current

The criterion for measuring the performance of a digital communication system is the ___Probability

(a). Internal Noise

153.

(c). Quantum current

The responsivity of silicon for PIN photodiodes is

(a). Error source

152.

(d). Reverse current

To achieve a high quantum efficiency, the depletion layer width W must be much larger than

(a). 0.5-0.8
151.

(d). High

The thermal noise is less important and the photo detector noises usually dominate in

(a). 1/ s
150.

(c). Low

The detector load resistor and the active elements of the amplifier circuitry dominates noises in

(a). PIN photodiode

149.

(d). None

The mean square value i2DS = 2DS = 2qILB is

(a). PIN photodiode

148.

(c). Both A & B

The current which is dependent on surface defects, cleanliness, bias voltage, and surface area is

(a). Bulk dark current

147.

(d). Constant

(b). Surface leakage current ((c). Quantum current

(a). Bulk dark current (b). Surface leakage current

146.

(c). High

Electrons or holes which are thermally generated in the pn junction of the photo diode gives raise to
(a). Bulk dark current

145.

(b). Low

For PIN photodiode, M (multiplication) and F(M) noise figure are

(a). Constant

144.

(d). Constant

The sensitivity of a photo detector in optical fiber communication system is describable in terms of
(a). Minimum detectable
(b). Maximum detectable
(c). Threshold
(d). None
optical power
optical power
voltage
The statistical nature of the production and the collection of photo electrons generates the
(a). Shot noise

143.

(c). High

The photo detector and amplifier should be kept as ________ as possible.

(a). Medium

141.

(b). Low

(b). External Noise

(b).Inter signal interference

(b). 0.7-0.9

(c). Thermal Noise

(c). Intra
signal interact

(c). 0.6-0.8

(d). Shot Noise

(d). Interaction symbol

interference

(d). 0.5-0.8

The bandwidth of InGaAs for PIN photodiodes

(a). 1-2

(b). 2-3

(c). 3-4

2 Marks Questions
1. Draw and explain the schematic representation of a PIN photodiode circuit?
2. Define quantum efficiency?

(d). 4-5

3. With diagram explain RAPD?

4. What is avalanche photodiode?
5. What are the conditions to be met to achieve a high S/N ratio?
6. Define S/N ratio of an optical fiber with equation?
7. How shot noise is occurred in optical signal?
8. On which factors the response time of a photo diode depends?
9. List the operating parameters of Si, Ge, InGaAs for PIN diode?
10. List the operating parameters of Si, Ge, InGaAs for avalanche photodiode?
11. Define average error probability of an optical receiver?
12. Show the signal path through an optical data link?
13. How thermal noise is occurred in optical receiver?
14. Define intersymbol interference with diagram?
15. Draw the schematic diagram of a typical optical receiver?
16. Define bit error rate?
17. Define quantum limit?
18. Show the probability distributions for received logical 0 and 1?
19. With diagram explain the mechanism of noise sources and disturbance in the optical pulse detection?
20. Show the simple energy band diagram for a PIN photodiode?
10 Marks Questions
1. a). Explain the principle behind the operation of an avalanche photo diode.
b). Give the comparison of PIN and ADP photo detectors.
2. a). Explain the principle behind the operation of an PIN photo diode.
b). Draw and explain the simple energy band diagram for a PIN photodiode?
3. a). Illustrate how noises are entered into photo detector?
b). With simple model and equivalent circuit, explain photo detector receiver?
4 .a). Derive the equation for S/N ratio of an optical fiber?
b). Explain surface dark current and bulk dark current?
5. a). Derive the expression for response time of a photodiode?
b). Explain the working of depletion layer photocurrent with diagram?
6. a). List the operating parameters of Si, Ge, InGaAs for PIN diode and avalanche photodiode?
b). A given silicon avalanche photodiode has a quantum efficiency of 65% at a wavelength of 900
nm. Suppose 0.5 W of optical power produces a multiplied photocurrent of 10 A. Calculate the
multiplication M?
7 .a). Explain the digital signal transmission for an optical receiver?
b). How the noise sources are generated in optical receiver?
8. a). Briefly explain about receiver configuration of optical receiver?
b). Define the quantum limit?
9. Determine the probability of error of an optical receiver?
10. a). Explain the mechanism of noise sources and disturbance in the optical pulse detection with
diagram?
b). Define intersymbol interference with diagram?

UNIT-V

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
161.
162.

The better fiber-optic system is

(a). 3 repeaters
(b). 8 repeaters

(c). Decreases

(b). 490 nm

(c). 480 nm

(b). Spectral response

(d). 940 nm

One of the following is not a characteristic of light detectors

(a). Responsitivity

(d). None

The typical wavelength of light emitted from epitaxially grown LEDs is

(a). 840 nm

164.

(b). Stabilizes

(d). 20 repeaters

In an optical network, increase in the number of lasers ________the bit rate.

(a). Increases

163.

(c). 11 repeaters

(c). Transmit time

(d). Dispersion

165.

The unit of responsitivity is given as

166.

(a). Ampere/volt
(b). Ampere/watt
(c). Watt/ampere (d). Volts/ampere
The parameter of light detector that determines the range or system length that can be achieved for a
given wavelength is
(a). Transit time
(b). Spectral response
(c). Dark current
(d). Responsitivity

167.

What is used to block light from a laser and let other light through

173.

(a). Link power budget

(b). System time budget
(c).Both A & B
(d). None
_______ Determines the power margins between the optical transmitter output and the minimum
receiver sensitivity
(a). Link power budget
(b). System time budget (c).Both A & B
(d). None

174.

In carrying out a link power budget, we first decide at which ______ to transmit.

175.

(a). Frequency
(b). Bandwidth
(c). Attenuation (d). Wavelength
The distance where the data are to be transmitted is not too far means ,the wavelength can be
operated in
(a). 800-900 nm
(b).1300-1550nm
(c).900-1100 nm (d). 1100-1350nm

176.

The distance where the data are to be transmitted is too long means , wavelength can be operated in

(a). Neutral density

168.

169.

172.

(b). BER

(b).1300-1550nm
(b). 40
(b).> 40

(d). 1100-1350nm

(c). 5

(d). 20

(c). > 5

(d). >20

(b). Maximum optical Power

(c). Very high power

(b). Narrower

(c). Shallow

(b). 10 to 20 dB

(c). 10 to 15dB

(b). LASER

(d). 20 to 25 dB

(c). Both A and B

(d). None

A single mode fiber can provide the ultimate bit rate distance product, with values of over
(a). 200 Gb/s

(b). 300 Gb/s

(c). 400 Gb/ s

(d). None

(d). None

_____ tends to be used with multimode fibers

(a). LED

183.

(c).900-1100 nm

Laser diodes typically couple from

(a). 5 to 10 dB

182.

(d). None

The spectral output of LASER is

(a). Broad

181.

(c). FEC

In choosing a particular photo detector, we must need to determine

(a). Minimum optical Power

180.

(d). None

Avalanche photodiode bias voltages ranges from

(a). >10

179.

(c). First error correction

PIN photo diode bias voltages are normally less than

(a). 10

178.

(b). Forward error correction

The system requirements needed to analyze a link are

(b). Channel
(a). Transmission distance
(c). BER
(d). All
Bandwidth
The analyses to ensure that the desired system performance can be met by

(a). 800-900 nm
177.

(d). Spatial

To increase the end to end fidelity of an optical transmission line,we can use
(a). FER

171.

(c). Interference

An important requirement for successful transmission system using light

(a). Powerful, reliable (b). Strong
(c). Reliable, high cost
(d). Powerful regenerators
light source
glass
transmission medium
FEC stands for
(a). Fast error correction

170.

(b). Color

(d). 500 Gb/s

184.

For higher values, a laser must be used at these wavelengths

(a). 3600 Mb/s

185.

(b). Decreases

(c). Constant

(b). Relative intensity noise

(b). Medium

(c). Real intra noise

(c). Greater

(b). Rise time Budget

(d). None
(d). None

(d). Unity

The _____ is derived from the sequential loss contributions of each element in the link
(a). Link loss budget

[
(d). 0.21

With increasing , dispersion becomes

(a). Smaller

189.

(c). 0.02

RIN stands for

(a). Real inter noise

188.

(b). 0.36

(d). 2800 Mb/s

As increases, correspondingly the fiber coupled power

(a). Increase

187.

(c). 4000 Mb/s

If the core-cladding index difference = 0.01, the numerical aperture NA =

(a). 0.12

186.

(b). 2500 Mb/s

(c). System Budget

(d). Power Budget

190.

Loss= 10 log Pout/ Pin

191.

(a). Rise time Budget

(b). Link loss budget
(c). System Budget (d). Power Budget
The analysis to allow for component aging, temperature fluctuations and losses arising from
components is
(a). Rise time Budget
(b). Power Budget
(c). Link power margin
(d). System Budget

192.

The generally used link power margin for the systems is

(a). 6-8 dB
193.

(b). 7-9 dB

(b). Link loss budget

(b). 10-90% rise time

198.

(d). Power Budget

(c). 20-100% rise time

(d). 80% rise time

(b). Hybrid fiber cable

(c). Hyber fi cable

(d). Hole fine cable

(b). Signal impairments

(c). Hybrid fiber/ coax

(d). None

To send a signal free of linear distortion, the fiber should have a

(a). Flat amplitude

200.

(c). System Budget

The simplest form used by optical fiber links is

(a). Amplitude
(b). Frequency
(c). Direct intensity
(d).Phase modulation
modulation
modulation
modulation
Harmonic distortions, inter modulation products, RIN in the laser , and the laser clipping is called
(a). Signal pairments

199.

(d). Ps-PR

HFC stands for

(a). Hybrid fiber/ coax

197.

(c). PR +Ps

The time interval between g(t) = 0.1 and g(t) = 0.9, is known as
(a). 10-20% rise time

196.

(b). PR -Ps

The convenient method of analysis for determining dispersion limitation of an optical fiber link is
(a). Rise time Budget

195.

(d). 8-10 dB

The total power loss PT is given as

(a). Ps+PR

194.

(c). 5-7 dB

(b). Group delay response

ASE stands for

(a). Amplified spontaneous
emission

(c).Both A and B

(b). Analog signal emission

(d). None

(c). Analog Sign

Entry

2 Marks Questions
1. Draw the block diagram of simplex point to point link.
2. List the key requirements needed to analyze a link.
3. Explain the bit error rate.
4. List the characteristics of multimode or single mode fiber used for point to-point link.
5. List the characteristics of optical source used for point to-point link.
6. List the characteristics of PIN or avalanche photo diode used for point to-point link.
7. What are the analyses used to ensure that the system performance can be met.
8. Explain link power budget analysis.
9. Explain rise time budget analysis.

(d). None

10. Explain relative intensity noise (RIN).

11. Draw the block diagram of analog link.
12. Calculate receiver rise time, if receiver bandwidth is 25 Mhz.
13. With diagram show the losses occurred in an optical power for a Point to Point link.
14. Derive carrier power for C/ N ratio?
15. Derive the expression for the photo diode and preamplifier noises?
16. Calculate the mean square noise current in RIN?
17. How reflection effects on RIN?
18. Give an over view about limiting conditions of RIN?
19. List the applications of PIN and Avalanche diode?
20. Compare LED and LASER light sources?
10 Marks Questions
1. Describe the power penalties with suitable equations.
2. a. Analyse the system performance using link power budget of analog systems.
b. How responsivity and sensitivity of optical receiver will effect on system performance.
3. a. Analyse the system performance using rise time budget for digital system.
b. LED spectral width of 40nm has rise time of 15ns, tmat is 21ns, trx is 14ns and tmod is 3.9ns. Find total system
rise time.
4. a. Explain optical power loss model for a point to point link.
b. What is the significance of system consideration in point-to-point fiber links? Explain?
5. a. Draw and explain block diagram of analog link.
b. Explain carrier-to-noise ratio.
6. a. Define CNR. Derive the mathematical form.
b. Write short notes on receiver sensitivity of digital system.
7. a. What is meant by detector response type?
b. Calculate the responsivity of a detector of with quantum efficiency of 10% at 800nm.
8. a. Considering the probability distributions for log 0 and 1 signal pulses, Derive the expression for BER and error
function.
b. List the system specification for the design of digital system and explain it?
9. a. Derive the system performance using bandwidth budget for analog system.
b. An optical transmission system is constrained to have 500 GHZ channel spacing. How many wavelength
channels can be utilized in the 1536 to 1556 nm spectral band?
10. a. Analyze the system performance using link power budget of digital systems.
b. Write short notes on multichannel frequency modulation?