10 271307 Biofilter Design Guide Version 1.0 - May 2010

ODOUR MANAGEMENT
A design guideline
for managing odour from sewers
Version
1.0
Printed
7 May 2010
Accepted
Contributing Authors
Graeme Black
Mike Bourke
Bryan Hickling
Li Li
Yvonne McDonald
Greg McPhail
Prawindra Mukhia
Daniela Murugesh
Franz Resl
Howard Simpson
Neville Stewart
John Walter
13 May 2010
Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline
Contents
1
2
3
4
Introduction.................................................................................. - 1 Background .................................................................................. - 1 Application.................................................................................... - 2 Initial Data Gathering ................................................................... - 3 4.1

Data held by the Council....................................................................................- 3 4.2
Site information .................................................................................................- 3 4.3
On-site measurement of the humidity................................................................- 7 4.4
On-site measurement of the airflow and H2S ....................................................- 4 4.4.1
Equipment and software ............................................................................- 5 4.4.2
Initialising and downloading the data ........................................................- 5 4.4.3
Installing the Odalogger.............................................................................- 6 4.4.4
H2S mass calculation..................................................................................- 7 5 Parameters.................................................................................... - 8 5.1
Determining the airflow rate parameter.............................................................- 9 5.2
Determining the H2S mass parameter ................................................................- 9 6 Concept design ........................................................................... - 11 6.1
Options.............................................................................................................- 11 6.1.1
Low H2S...................................................................................................- 11 6.1.2
High H2S ..................................................................................................- 11 6.1.3
Medium H2S (25ppm)..............................................................................- 12 6.2
Biofilters ..........................................................................................................- 12 7 Detailed design ........................................................................... - 13 7.1
Media bed.........................................................................................................- 13 7.2
Media specification..........................................................................................- 14 7.3
Airflow velocities.............................................................................................- 15 7.4
Plenum .............................................................................................................- 16 7.5
Fans ..................................................................................................................- 17 7.6
Irrigation ..........................................................................................................- 18 7.7
Operation and Maintenance requirements .......................................................- 19 8 Construction ............................................................................... - 21 9 Commissioning ........................................................................... - 21 10
Monitoring ............................................................................... - 21 11
Maintenance ............................................................................ - 23 12
Glossary .................................................................................. - 24 13
References ............................................................................... - 24 14
Appendices .............................................................................. - 25 14.1 Design Checklist ..............................................................................................- 26 14.2 Commissioning Checklist ................................................................................- 27 14.3 Commissioning Manual for CWTP Odour Control Upgrade ..........................- 28 14.4 McCormacks Bay Operations and Maintenance Manual ................................- 29 14.5 Design and Monitoring of In-ground Biofilters for Long Life and Low
Maintenance.................................................................................................................- 30 -
13 May 2010
Introduction
Engineers involved in the construction of sewer systems have highlighted a lack

of design guidance within Council around the control and treatment of odour
from sewer systems. This issue was considered at the time of drafting the
Infrastructure Design Standard but there was insufficient agreed knowledge
available at that stage to incorporate it. Over the intervening period,
requirements have been clarified to the stage where it was considered appropriate
to write this guide.
This document is intended to provide a guide to current best practice in
Christchurch. It is not comprehensive and as the treatment of odours itself is
evolving, this document will be revised at regular intervals. New information or
technologies will be considered and incorporated where appropriate over time.
Background
Odour creation in sewers is affected by a number of factors including residence

time and turbulence. Where the odour becomes either a nuisance to nearby
residents or H2S exacerbates pipe corrosion in concrete and asbestos cement
pipes, it becomes necessary to remove it.
The design for methods of treatment or removal of odours from sewers is largely
empirical. Research into the interacting factors and their impact on the design
components is ongoing. Currently designs are largely based on empirical evidence
and previous constructions. A study carried out by WEF1 that is appended
illustrates some of this research.
There are a number of accepted methods to remove odour in use in New Zealand
and elsewhere. Biofilters are the preferred treatment option in Christchurch.
Biofilter functions by passing the gas from the waste water system
through a media bed, to allow the adsorption of the gases onto the media
surfaces, where they are degraded by micro-organisms.
Design and Monitoring of In-ground Biofilters for Long Life and Low Maintenance
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Other methods include:
Activated carbon filter - functions by passing the gas from the waste water
system through a carbon bed. The gas condenses onto or attaches to the
carbon.
Biological scrubber functions by passing the gas from the waste water
system through a liquid, allowing the gas to either react or dissolve into
the liquid.
These are generally used in plant locations.
Chlorine dioxide scrubber chlorine dioxide reacts with and removes

odour causing compounds as the gas is passed through the scrubber.
Trickling filter waste water flows down through a media bed. A microbial
slime forms on the media as organic compounds are absorbed or adsorbed.
Application
This guideline is intended to ensure any design considers all possible influences
on the effectiveness of the treatment option. It suggests initial parameters
determined through previous Council practice. It also provides direction in the
compiling of documentation to support the design.
The design process is the first step in the effective treatment of odours. The
ongoing effectiveness of the treatment option is dependent upon adequate
monitoring and appropriate maintenance. This document provides direction on
writing operation manuals to facilitate this and gives examples of these
documents.
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Initial Data Gathering
Background data provides conditions which will impact directly on both the
selection of the treatment option and how it will be operated. This data can
include historic data, site information and on-site measurements.
4.1
Data held by the Council
Council will have an historic record of odour complaints received and their
locations. This may provide information on seasonal variations also.
Council will also hold information on the pipe material and any closed circuit
television (CCTV) records. If the pipe material is concrete or asbestos cement (AC)
and H2S is present, examine the CCTV record of the sewer to determine if
corrosion is an issue. If this is not already available for these pipe materials,
arrange for a CCTV inspection to be undertaken.
4.2
Site information
The initial site assessment should include an investigation into whether:
the site is experiencing an odour problem,
the site is experiencing pipe or manhole corrosion
both issues are present.
Odour is generally mostly composed of H2S but does include organic components
that give sewage its characteristic odour.
Environmental factors to be evaluated include:
groundwater levels,
whether the site or any below ground structures will be susceptible to

surface flooding,
possible effects of sewer main blockages downstream,
the sites proximity to housing with relation to noise and odour impacts,
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the ambient noise environment,
the upstream pipework including possible sources of odour and humidity,
local weather conditions e.g. prevailing wind direction, high rainfall,
physical constraints e.g. shade, fencing requirements, public access over

the site, maintenance access, the shape of the site.
4.3
On-site measurement of compounds within the

airflow
An important component of the on-site measurement is measuring H2S and other

components within the airflow, to provide background data including:
upstream and downstream H2S intensities, to provide a longitudinal view,
other compounds present in the air stream,
results at a range of airflows, including the static situation,
the situation throughout the year.
Where corrosion is an issue, use a portable extraction fan to draw measured

rates of air out of a manhole and record the H2S intensities and airflow rates both
upstream and downstream of this point. Test through extracting air at several
locations on the system affected.
Measure the dissolved sulphide content and, if an air scrubber may be an option,
measure methyl mercaptans and the ratio with H2S. If there is the possibility of
using a carbon filter at the site, also determine the volatile organic compound
(VOC) content.
Log H2S intensities in the sewer: at both the complaint locations and at the upper
and lower end of the sewer in question. In this way, optimum air-extraction
locations and the possible effects of various airflow extraction rates on H2S
intensities may be determined. This data will be used in the design. The tested
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rates of air extraction should cover the range of possible airflows through the
treatment device, to mimic the design situation as closely as possible.
When gathering base data, it is desirable that measurements include at least part
of the mid-summer period, as H2S intensity is highest in warm temperatures.
Conversely, immediately during and after severe wet weather, the H2S will drop,
particularly in the outfall sewers of large older catchments with groundwater
inflow.
Where possible, assess the sewer over the full year, to estimate the annual peak
load time.
4.3.1 Equipment and software

H2S is monitored with Odaloggers supplied by Associated Process Controls Ltd,
Auckland ( www.apc.co.nz). Two instruments are held by Capital Programme
Group, both 200ppm maximum by 0.1ppm resolution. City Water and Waste
Asset Management has instruments that record 2ppm, 50ppm and 1000ppm
maximum readings.
Software, supplied by Associated Process Controls Ltd, is on two discs - Odalog
V3.0 and Odastat V1.0.16. Discs are held by Paul Sheppard, IM&CT. Odalog
V3.0 must be installed first then install the upgrade Odastat V 1.0.16. Capital
Programme Group has copies of the operation manuals.
4.3.2 Initialising and downloading the data

An infrared serial interface is required. Capital Programme Group has one.
Before recording the data, programme the computer with the job name and
logging interval through the infrared link. The normal recording interval is 60
seconds, giving about one week of readings but it can be any integer from five
seconds to hours.
Downloading the data to the computer is done through the infrared link and the
software allows graphing or spreadsheet (.csv) reporting of the data. It is
important to save to a new file name that describes the project, including at least
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the location and date, as the default filename is a combination of the instrument
serial number and the date and this becomes meaningless in a very short time.
4.3.3 Installing the Odalogger

Select an Odalogger with a data range appropriate to the H2S intensity expected:
In gravity sewers other than those close to rising main discharge locations,
a 0-200ppm range will generally be adequate.
If testing near a rising main discharge, start with a 0-1000ppm Odalogger.
Set the Odalogger as low in the manhole as reasonable but above the highest
sewage levels, to remove the danger of it being swamped. Frequent operational
high levels will show on the manhole walls. If the sewer is known to gorge in wet
weather, retrieve the Odalogger from the manhole on receipt of a wet weather
forecast.
Odaloggers are reasonably waterproof when hung vertically. Beware of splashes
that could wet the H2S sensor in the bottom of the unit.
Hang the Odaloggers in the manhole by:
using a plastic manhole dust tray. Drill a hole in the tray and pass a
polypropylene rope through into the manhole. Tie the rope to the trays
lifting handle and suspend the logger below. Note that there are two dust
tray sizes in Christchurch and if the smaller one is used in the larger
opening size it may fall in.
fixing a stainless steel bracket with a rawl plug bolt in the manhole neck.
Tie the rope to this and suspend the logger below.
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4.3.4 H2S mass calculation

The H2S mass is an important parameter for determining the carbon bed media
life. H2S mass affects the life of the media because a high mass produces more
acid in the media and faster degradation of the media.
Multiplying the H2S intensity by the airflow rate determines the gas mass but
airflow velocity in gravity sewers is not convenient to measure. The airflow, in a
sewer flowing at less than 0.25m depth, is likely to be very slow and it is highly
influenced by wind shear from air coming in road vents.
Drawing air out of a manhole with an extractor fan at a known airflow rate and
recording the H2S gives an accurate estimate of mass. The downside is that
odour will be created during the test, so this test is only suitable for a remote
location or a location/ tester with very good public relations.
4.4
On-site measurement of the humidity
Humidity of the airflow impacts on the effectiveness of some treatment options.

The humidity is measured using a hydrometer. Measurements of the moisture
content and temperature are taken over a 24 hour period to return a plot of the
relative moisture content.
The humidity of the inflow is particularly important for treatment options other
than biofilters e.g. activated carbon filters. Typically sewage airflows have
moisture contents over 95%.
Investigate upstream to determine possible sources of humidity.
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Parameters
It is important to determine as accurately as possible the parameters, to then

select the best design solution.
Revisit the parameters at regular intervals during the design process to

ensure they are still appropriate to the proposed solution.
When laying out the parameters, ensure that constraints in their

applicability to a particular solution are stated if appropriate i.e. the
assumptions upon which the parameters are based.
Environmental constraints may restrict the available treatment options

and therefore the achievable level of odour.
Projections of future loadings are required.
A suggested design checklist upon which to record the parameters is appended.

The selection of a treatment system is influenced by the following factors:
The airflow rate required to adequately ventilate the sewer or pumping

station.
The peak and average H2S and the H2S mass (measured at the proposed
airflow rate).
The factor of safety against inadvertent odours affecting close residential

uses.
If pipe corrosion is serious enough to renew the sewer, assess the increase in H2S
that will occur after renewal. This increase in H2S intensity is due to the
reduction in thiobacillus bacteria on the pipe wall after renewal. The bacteria act
in a similar way to a biofilter using up the H2S. Increases in H2S of the order of
400% have been observed after changing from corroded asbestos cement to
polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Odour complaints have also commenced after the
renewal when none were previously recorded.
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5.1
Determining the airflow rate parameter
If the reason is purely odour nuisance value, the airflow at the air extraction
location need be only that necessary to prevent the escape of odour.
If H2S causing corrosion must be removed, then the airflow rate must be
adequate to reduce the residual H2S down to a low value (<1ppm average) along
the whole length of sewer. Sewage causing corrosion will contain dissolved
sulphide, which comes out of solution, supplying H2S continuously down the
sewer with the intensity higher at turbulence spots. The gas may need to be
extracted at multiple locations and not just at the downstream location, to
maintain low average levels.
Whenever possible, locate a treatment system at the downstream end of a length
of pipeline to get an advantage from the induced airflow caused by the shear
effect of moving sewage in a pipe. An airflow with fan assistance of 1m/s velocity
in the normal airspace area of the pipe is a reasonable target.
Note that the length of sewer that can be ventilated from one location is limited
by short-circuiting from road vents (that can be sealed if necessary) and house
laterals.
5.2
Determining the H2S mass parameter
An example of a high H2S mass biofilter (reference number OCS 474 Beach Rd)
was operated on the verge of producing daily odours with the following
parameters:
Bed area
- 150m2
Media depth
- 1.0 metre
Airflow
- 600 l/s (4 l/s/m2 of area)
Average H2S
- 30ppm
Peak H2S
- 300ppm
Empty Bed Residence Time (EBRT)

H2S mass
- 250 seconds
- 2 kg/day (13g H2S/m3 of media/day)
This biofilter had 20 metres separation from residential use on the wind line.
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At this duty there was very little safety margin against producing unacceptable
odour. The media life between each scheduled maintenance (turning over the
bark bed and washing the fines out) was about two years.
This biofilter operated reliably at a reduced maximum H2S of 160ppm. Based on
the data above, for a reliable 4-year period between major maintenance, a
maximum H2S mass limit of 6g/m3 of media/day is recommended for biofilters.
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Concept design
When carrying out the comparison of the options, ensure life cycle costs are
included. Media replacement, including its installation, can be significant.
Indicate where outcomes conflict e.g. ventilation required in the reduction of
odour may increase the concrete pipe degradation.
6.1
Options
The options currently available in Christchurch include:
a biofilter
an activated carbon filter
a biological scrubber.
Information from Armatec Environmental Ltd on the life cycle costs of some of
these options is summarised below.
Councils preference is for a biofilter. Biofilters can be designed to treat all
concentrations of H2S and should be considered as an option in all situations.
Carbon filters are generally installed to provide polishing of the airflow.
6.1.1 Low H2S

The activated carbon filter has the lowest life cycle cost when the inlet H2S
concentration is low, e.g. an average of 2.4 ppm. It is lowest because the
activated carbon filter only needs to be changed out every five years. Also the
activated carbon filters simple design minimises power consumption. An average
H2S concentration of 2.4ppm is typical for vented pump stations.
6.1.2 High H2S

The activated carbon filter has the highest life cycle cost when the inlet H2S
concentration is high at 100 ppm. At this H2S concentration, the carbon needs
changing eight times per year. Biological scrubbers can readily handle H2S
concentrations over 30ppm.
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6.1.3 Medium H2S (25ppm)

The three technologies have similar life cycle costs at medium H2S
concentrations. At this concentration, factors other than life cycle cost decide the
technology choice:
Maintenance and Servicing: Activated carbon filters need less servicing

than biological scrubbers.
Relative humidity: Activated carbon filters require a drier incoming airflow

to operate efficiently. This may necessitate the installation of a heater or
other form of moisture control or remove this option in areas of high
relative humidity.
6.2
Biofilters
A biofilters efficiency is very dependent on treatment being carried out under the
optimum conditions. A robust process for determining and maintaining the
parameters for these conditions will ensure a biofilter performs as designed.
Backpressure - Biofilters should be designed to operate at a maximum

back pressure in the distribution system of 700Pa. This reduces fan
running costs.
pH - The optimum pH of the media bed should be in the range of four to

six, to foster the health of the bacteria.
Monitoring and carrying out design reviews of Councils current biofilters would
provide empirical evidence to verify or refine the selection of these parameters.
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Detailed design
The design should aim to ensure that there is an even distribution of flow
through the bed and should prevent short-circuiting of gas, which can cause
odours or prevent the achievement of adequate H2S residence times.
Detailed design includes:
the constructed items
commissioning
monitoring requirements including frequency and monitoring points
maintenance and its interaction with monitoring results.
Include the expected performance criteria in the design report.
7.1
Media bed
Factors to be determined are the beds:
shape
cross-section
depth
The plan shape is not critical and the available location often dictates the plan
layout. Generally, it is best to avoid long narrow rectangles unless air inlets are
provided at the third or quarter points, to reduce the pressure drop in the header
pipes. Digger constraints during maintenance restrict the bed to a maximum
width of 6m.
Sloping sides are preferred to avoid the effects of media shrinkage separating the
media away from the vertical sides, causing gas leakage.
The media depth must be adequate to prevent short-circuiting. The minimum
depth for new biofilters should be 1.0 metre. Recommended depths in studies
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reported by the WEF2 on successful biofilters suggest between 0.9m and 1.5m.
For high peak H2S and high airflow, depths to 1.5m are recommended.
Practically, the maximum bed depth is 2m. Increasing the bed depth reduces the
likelihood of bed short-circuiting and reduces the site footprint.
Place one layer of shade cloth e.g. Agpac (which is available in 1.8m width rolls in
most garden supply shops) between the media and the stone plenum.
7.2
Media specification
Factors to be determined are the medias:
type
surface area
composition
air voids
pH
The media used in a biofilter should be organic (preferably bark nuggets),

homogeneous and well graded, with a particle size between 20 - 50mm.
The WEF3 report argued that the surface area of bark nuggets in the biofilters
inspected was generally much greater than needed for adequate H2S reduction
and that 99% of odours were removed in the first 25% of media and the next 25%
polished the effluent.
If mercaptans are present in the airflow, the addition of compost may be
appropriate. Compost is also sometimes used in retrofitting an underperforming
biofilter with high odour levels. It should be placed only in the top layer and not
mixed in with the bark during routine maintenance. Additional depth in the
media bed and methods for separately handling the compost during bed turning
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may therefore be required. The WEF3 report indicates other problems and
constraints with the addition of compost.
The media should not include limestone (calcium carbonate) as the WEF3 report
found that it may cause blockage of the holes in the air distribution pipes in high
H2S conditions. The addition of shells may be an option to counter highly acidic
sites, provided that the distribution line design prevents the holes being blocked
over time.
If fertilisers are required to maintain the correct media pH, detail specifics in the
Operations and Maintenance Manual.
7.3
Airflow velocities
The distance separation of the biofilter from residential properties and the shortterm peak H2S intensity influence the choice of Empty Bed Residence Time
(EBRT). Maximise the Empty Bed Residence Time in the design, to increase the
factor of safety.
Recommended Empty Bed Residence Times to achieve 99% H2S removal are:
Location
H2S level
EBRT
Close residential
low peak H2S

(<5ppm)
300 seconds
high peak H2S

(>200ppm)
500 seconds
low peak H2S
150 seconds
high peak H2S
500 seconds
<25m separation on wind

line
Close residential
<25m separation on wind
line
Distant residential
>200m separation on wind
line
Distant residential
>200m separation on wind
line
Note that the H2S intensities quoted are as measured at the airflow rate being fed to the
biofilter.
3
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H2S peak to average ratios greater than 10:1 pose critical demands on removing
the H2S within the contact time with the media. The real contact time is possibly
only 10-15% of the Empty Bed Residence Time, because of the difference in the
void volume compared with the empty bed volume. To provide security against
short-term odours, choose a long Empty Bed Residence Time when treating high
peak H2S intensity.
Empty Bed Residence Times can vary from 500 seconds (old Christchurch
Drainage Board standard 700mm depth biofilter) to 72 seconds at 95% reduction
of H2S (Auckland Regional Council 1.0m depth biofilter).
7.4
Plenum
Factors to be determined are the plenums:
metalcourse
distribution pipe spacing
pipe hole size
drainage.
The plenums function is to distribute the inlet airflow evenly over the whole area
of the biofilter, to minimise short-circuiting of the gas. The success of the
biofilter depends on designing the distribution manifold and the stone plenum to
maintain its ability to distribute the air with minimal rise in backpressure over
time.
Construct the plenum from a washed free-draining rounded well graded
metalcourse with a grading between 25 and 40mm. Place a 300mm deep layer
below the air distribution pipes.
Distribution piping should be drilled PVC-u pipes. Detail the lateral pipes at 0.9m
spacing. Standard practice in Christchurch City has been 1.5m spacing. The
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WEF4 study of successful biofilters found that spacing as close as 0.75m to 0.9m
was optimum.
The WEF4 study found that drilled hole sizes 12mm and smaller blocked in high
H2S conditions. This has been observed in the Beach Road biofilter with 8mm
holes. For high H2S (>30ppm average) conditions use PVC-u pipe with drilled
14mm diameter holes. The maximum recommended size for the air holes is
16mm.
Extend one airline through the bed and up to the surface of the biofilter to
provide an airflow monitoring point. Do not drill the section above the plenum
and cap the end of the line.
Allow adequate bed base slope towards one side to facilitate drainage. Place
drilled PVC-u piping at 4m centres in the bottom 300mm of the plenum to
provide drainage. Detail a 200mm depth water trap in the drainage outfall pipe to
prevent the escape of odour.
7.5
Fans
Factors to be determined are the fans:
corrosion resistance
performance range
noise levels
Polypropylene or PVC integrated fan and motor assemblies are recommended as

steel and cast iron materials corrode in H2S environments. Variable speed drives
are recommended and are essential in higher H2S situations, to control the
loading and avoid odour nuisance during start-up.
Check the noise level of the selected fan to ensure it complies with the site noise
constraints. These may be set out in the City Plan or site specific. A physical
constraint on the revolutions may be needed as a means of achieving this.
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Detail a shielded cable between the motor and variable speed drive where they
are separately located, to prevent radio interference in adjacent properties.
7.6
Irrigation
Moisture is essential for the growth of thiobaccillus bacteria in the media.

The primary requirement for irrigation is to maintain the upper half of the
biofilter in an evenly moist state (approx. 65% moisture content). This can be
achieved with a time clock controller with seasonally adjusted ON times.
Currently, ensuring the design and installation of the surface sprinkler system
provides even coverage is more important than attempting to provide automatic
electronic moisture control in the inherently acidic environment.
In summer, late spring and autumn, media surface irrigation is needed. Full
automatic moisture control (time clock with moisture control override) has been
installed on several recent new installations with mixed success but no
monitoring and recording of moisture levels has been done in Christchurch on
sewer reticulation biofilters to fully evaluate irrigation options.
Christchurch sewers are very humid in the cooler months with recent (October)
measurements recording 99% relative humidity. Splash structures installed to
deliberately reduce dissolved sulphide from rising main discharges produce
condensing atmospheres. Hence the moisture levels deep in a biofilter will be
moist in most seasons and may be over-wet at times.
Monitoring would quickly provide local data for seasonal settings.
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7.7
Operation and Maintenance requirements
Factors to be addressed are:
access
cleaning of pipes
an asset register
commissioning
the manual
the impact of the measured values on the scheduled maintenance
checksheets for operations and management
monitoring
Look at all aspects from a maintenance perspective. Consider access for cleaning,
durability of components and ease of replacement.
Provide the ability to clean the distribution piping and clear the holes if
necessary. The plenum will require cleaning from the inside. Provide riser pipes
at the end of each lateral, capped at the surface to allow the entry of medium
pressure waterblast equipment. Provide the ability to clean the drainage piping
with the same equipment. The maintenance manual must include precautions to
prevent damage to the Hi-Way Drain pipe, either through the application of
excessive pressure or the use of sharp or large nozzles that could catch and tear
the pipe.
Ensure the site layout provides adequate access for machinery to maintain the
media bed.
State details of all specified assets.
Provide a commissioning plan.
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Detail a comprehensive Operation and Maintenance Manual, including the design

parameters upon which this is based e.g. the bed surface area, the filter media
make up and depth, media void ratio, airflow rates, moisture content and
temperature, the pH, normal operation back pressure, ventilation rate and the
EBRT. Detail when maintenance will be required through referencing these
parameters. An example of an Operations and Maintenance manual is appended.
The field O&M manual should fit on one two-sided A4 sheet. The O&M sheet
serves as a checklist and reminder of the biofilters operation without being a
cumbersome document. The data and record keeping sheet should also fit on one
A4 sheet. These sheets should be designed for the specific biofilter design and
each monitored parameter should be useful.
Provide a monitoring schedule for the airflow velocity, moisture contents, media
pH, backpressure and any other items necessary for the efficient operation of the
biofilter.
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Construction
Keep an accurate record of the final construction details, to allow later design
review.
Commissioning
Commissioning cannot be carried out until the as-built records are available.
Ensure the design documentation reflects this. These records include the
Operation and Maintenance Manual, the asset list and the records from the first
performance monitoring.
Pine bark has few resident bacteria and the media requires time for bacteria to
acclimatise, possibly four weeks or more. Ensure this aspect is considered when
assessing performance after commissioning.
An example of a commissioning checklist, incorporating the minimum items
which should be assessed at commissioning is attached. An example of a
comprehensive Commissioning Manual is appended for information.
10
Monitoring
The most important part of improving biofilter design and performance is a very
good source of performance data. Monitoring also provides a means of early fault
detection, through mapping trends i.e. it provides comparative data, rather than
absolute data. Use the data gathered to map the trends over time, to highlight
possible problems and maintenance requirements.
The fortnightly monitoring should include:
a general check of the fan
manometer reading
irrigation operation.
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At bi-monthly intervals, monitoring should include data collection for:
H2S inlet and exhaust intensities.
Inlet airflow.
Inlet humidity.
Biofilter back pressure in both the plenum and at the end of a distribution
line.
Fan inlet pressure.
Media moisture content.
Monitoring should also include, at differing frequencies:
water levels in beds
the temperature of the intake
the medias pH
the medias moisture retention ability
the medias particle size.
These items all impact on the projected life of the media.

Relate all measurements to the design parameters as detailed in the Operation
and Maintenance manual.
Some monitoring will require auditing by Water and Waste Staff e.g. a visual
inspection of the base of the media bed when it is being turned over to assess the
remaining life. Ensure these requirements are noted in the Operation and
Maintenance manual.
IMPORTANT: The operators should be thoroughly trained on the biofilter
operation and maintenance and on how to sample the biofilter and record data.
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11
Maintenance
Maintenance is carried out to ensure the biofilter operates as designed. This will
remove the potential for odour complaints and reduce corrosion in the pipework.
Maintenance items can include:
Media rework the scheduled turning and washing of the media, to

maintain void ratios as designed and remove short-circuiting.
Media replacement when the existing media has decomposed or can no

longer absorb gases.
Addition or top-up of media material or supplements to preserve the

media depths and the media health
Plenum or distribution pipe cleaning to preserve the even flow of gases

through the media bed through washing and pipe pressure cleaning.
13 May 2010
- 23 -
12
Glossary
AC
asbestos cement
CCTV
closed circuit television
DN
diameter nominal
EBRT
empty bed residence time
H2S
hydrogen sulphide
IM&CT ??
O&M
operations and maintenance
ppm
parts per million
PVC
polyvinyl chloride
VOC
volatile organic compound
WEF
Water Environment Federation
13
References
Harvey Wayne Sorensen, OCTC Inc.; 8220 Jones Road, Suite 500; Houston, TX
77065 Marinus Baadsgaard, Clark County Water Reclamation District,
Nevada. Design and Monitoring of In-ground Biofilters for Long Life and
Low Maintenance. Water Environment Federation/Air & Waste
Management Association, Odors and Air Emissions 2008 (WEF)
13 May 2010
- 24 -
14
Appendices
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
13 May 2010
Design checklist
Commissioning checklist
Commissioning Manual
McCormacks Bay Operations and Maintenance
Manual
Design and Monitoring of In-ground Biofilters for
Long Life and Low Maintenance
- 25 -
14.1 Design Checklist

Completed by:
Date:
Parameter
Note any constraints or assumptions that impact on the application of the below
information
Revisited after
detailed design
1. Reason for treatment (possibly extracted from project brief or historic data)
2. Future projections (possibly extracted from project brief)
3. Site constraints (e.g. water table, location)
4. On-site measurements (relate results to its test location/s and airflow)

H2S
Location
Airflow
Humidity
Location
Airflow
Other compound
Location
Airflow
5. H2S mass, peak and average (determined from on-site measurements)

Mass
Peak
Average
13 May 2010
- 26 -
14.2 Commissioning Checklist

Completed by:
Date:
Item
1.
Check inlet airflows

The design inlet airflow is:
l/s
Airflow set at commissioning:
l/s
Checked using:
State method
Set by damper settings:
State setting
or fan speed
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fans
Fan speed at commissioning:
rpm
With a noise rating of:
dBA
Measured by:
State method
Backpressure
The design backpressure:
mm water head
Backpressure at:
mm water head
Measured by:
State method
Media moisture content

Design media moisture content:
% or visual
Moisture content at commissioning:
% or visual
Checked by:
State method
Irrigation coverage confirmed by:
State method
Underdrain air block

Checked by:
visual
Smoke test
Smoke test results:
Final item
visual
13 May 2010
- 27 -
14.3 Commissioning Manual for CWTP Odour Control

Upgrade
13 May 2010
- 28 -
CWTP ODOUR CONTROL UPGRADE
COMMISSIONING MANUAL
Revision 3
1st April 2009
CWTP Odour Control Upgrade Commissioning Manual
Page 1 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
Prepared by:
hvac asist limited for G & T Construction Ltd
Reviewed by:
Page 2 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
Table of Contents
1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Contractors and Suppliers ................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Purpose of Manual .............................................................................................................................. 4
1.3 Reference Documents ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Overview............................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Process Control.................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.1 Fan Flow and Differential Pressure Measurement ........................................................................ 6
2
BIOFILTER 2 FOUL AIR SYSTEM ....................................................................... 8
2.1 Ducting and Ventilation ..................................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Fan Information .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Biofilter Design .................................................................................................................................... 9
DAMPERS ........................................................................................................... 10
VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES ............................................................................... 10
BIOFILTER IRRIGATION .................................................................................... 10
CONTROLS ......................................................................................................... 11
6.1 Ventilation .......................................................................................................................................... 11

6.1.1 Sludge Thickening Grit Tanks Fans 1A 1D .......................................................................... 11
6.1.2 Bio-Solids Fans 2A & 2B ......................................................................................................... 11
6.1.3 Control Points ............................................................................................................................... 13
COMMISSIONING ............................................................................................... 15
7.1 Bio-Solids Dewatering....................................................................................................................... 15

7.1.1 Flow Measurements ..................................................................................................................... 15
7.1.2 Pressure Measurements ................................................................................................................ 15
7.1.3 Commissioning Equipment .......................................................................................................... 16
7.1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 16
7.1.5 Test / Check Sheets ...................................................................................................................... 18
FAN DETAILS ..................................................................................................... 19
8.1
8.2
Fan Data Sheets ................................................................................................................................. 19

Fan Performance Data...................................................................................................................... 23
APPENDIX A DRAWINGS ....................................................................................... 24

APPENDIX B COMMISSIONING CHECK SHEETS ................................................ 25
APPENDIX C MANUFACTURERS INFORMATION ............................................... 26
Page 3 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS
Design Engineers
CH2M BECA Ltd

PO Box 25112
Christchurch
Contractor
G & T Construction Ltd
PO Box 333
Kaiapoi
Electrical Services Sub-Contractor
Melray Electric Ltd
PO Box 9044
Christchurch
Fans
Windsor Engineering
Control System
Industrial Controls
Pressure Transmitters & Flow Measuring Yokogawa (NZ) Limited
Devices (Torbars)
Damper Motors (Rotork)
Streat Control
PO Box 36-667
Christchurch
1.2
PURPOSE OF MANUAL
The purpose of this manual is to set out details of the systems installed under this contract and the
proposed method of commissioning these systems. At this stage the commissioning procedures are
provided only for Biofilter 2 and the associated fans, 2A & 2B.
1.3 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

This document should be read in conjunction with the following documents:
Description
Revision
CWTP Odour Control Upgrading
E
Specification as prepared by CH2M Beca Ltd,
dated December 2007
CWTP Odour Control Upgrading Design
C
Features report as prepared by CH2M Beca
Ltd, dated December 2007
Biosolids Dewatering Schematic (Rev 2)
Isometric Duct Layout Drawing
Proposed Measurement Locations (Rev 2)
Location
Original
contract
documents
Appendix A
Appendix A
Appendix A
It is noted that this document contains extracts from the Design Features Report.
Page 4 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
1.4 OVERVIEW
The odour control system upgrade carried out under this contract is designed to treat odour (foul air)
generated from the areas as indicated below, with the air being discharged via two different systems to
the two biofilters.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Discharged To Biofilter 2 via Fans 2A & 2B

Existing belt presses located in the Biosolids Dewatering Building.
Biosolids Holding Tank 1
Biosolids Holding Tank 2 (Future)
Digester 5 & 6 Buffer Tank
Bypass Channel
Primary Return Channel
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Discharged To Biofilter 1 via Fans 1A & 1B

Thickener 1 and 2 (Existing) and Thickener 3 (Future)
Grit Tanks 1 through 5
Primary Sludge Sump
Plant Drainage Sump
Primary Inlet Channel
Secondary Return Channel
Grit Classifiers (Existing and Future).
The ventilation systems remove foul air, using centrifugal fans, which convey the air to biofilters
through glass-fibre-reinforced plastic (GRP) ducts. On both systems the two fans are operated in a
duty / standby arrangement. The nominal design fan duties are as follows:Biofilter 1 (fans 1C & 1D):
Biofilter 2 (fans 2A & 2B):
4.8 m3/s @ 2.4 kPa

6.9 m3/s @ 2.6 kPa
Foul air collected from areas 1-6 is treated and discharged via the new Biofilter 2, while foul air from
areas 7-13 is conveyed through new and original ducting to the original Biofilter 1 for treatment and
discharge.
Foul air from the collection and conveyance system is distributed to the biofilter via a system of
perforated laterals overlain by a layer of distribution stone. Foul air passes up through the biofilter
media and biological activity treats the odorous compounds. Biofilter 2 comprises a dual-bed system.
The biofilter media includes the air distribution layer, the blinding layer, the coarse bark layer, the
bark/compost layer, and the bark/compost/shell layer.
1.5 PROCESS CONTROL
The volume of foul air being discharged is kept within the specified range for each system, in order to
maintain sufficient odour extraction, whilst not compromising the level of odour treatment provided
by the biofilters. Pressure across the fans, as well as the pressure and flow at the fan outlets is
monitored by the control system and the fan speeds adjusted by the operator as necessary to maintain a
Page 5 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
reasonably constant flow rate through the system. (This is achieved by flow and pressure transducers
at the fans, and includes a flow measurement device installed on the original foul air duct from the
trickling filters to Biofilter 1.)
Each fan has a variable-speed drive, which are on/off controlled in duty/standby configurations, with
automatic duty changeover each day. Interlocks prevent more than one fan in each system running at
any time. Motorised valves on the discharge of each fan allow both remote and automatic isolation of
the fan, and also act as check valves. Interlocks prevent these valves being closed while the associated
fan is running and prevent a fan starting when its associated valve is closed.
The instruments, actuators and variable speed drives (VSDs) are linked to the plant control system,
and alarms programmed to alert operators when parameters are too high or low.
1.5.1
Fan Flow and Differential Pressure Measurement
The flow rate in the discharge ducting from both sets of new fans is measured using a Torbar flow
measurement device (similar to an averaging pitot tube), which provides a differential pressure input
to a transducer having a non-linear, (square root), output. In addition a flow measuring device has
been installed in the existing 1200mm diameter duct from the Biofilter Fans 1 & 2 which discharges
into the Biofilter Beds 1A & 1B, after combining with the flow from the new fans 1C & 1D.
Two differential pressure instruments are used to measure (a) the pressure drop across each pair of
fans and (b) the static pressure within the ducting downstream of the fans relative to atmosphere.
A differential pressure transmitter measures the pressure drop across the fans using pressure tappings
on the inlet plenum, and on the discharge duct, downstream of the combined fan outlets.
A second differential pressure transmitter measures the static pressure in the discharge duct, relative to
atmospheric pressure. The high pressure tapping of the transducer is connected to the static pressure
tapping of the Torbar flow measuring device, (i.e. the lower of the two pressures from the Torbar),
while the low pressure tapping is open to atmosphere.
Details of the differential pressure transmitters and the flow measuring devices are as follows:-
Page 6 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
Sludge Thickening & Grit Tanks

MEASUREMENT
Fans 1C / 1D
differential
pressure.
Fans 1C / 1D
discharge
duct
pressure.
Fans 1C / 1D flow.
TAG
REFERENCE
605.0.BP001.PT01
605.0.AL003.PT01
MEASURING DEVICE
OPERATING PARAMETERS
EJX110A-ELS4G919EB/SU2/X2/DOCTA
-1.0 kPa Suction

Pressure
+2.5
kPa
Discharge
Pressure
Flow range 0-20m3/s.
Design flow 4.8m3/s.
605.0.AL003.FT01
Differential
pressure transducer.
with output
Torbar
Flow in existing
duct from Biofilter
Fans 1 & 2.
402-800-SS-00-SS-003
605.0.AL001.FT01
Differential
pressure transducer.
with output
Torbar
402-1200-SS-00-SS-003
2.5 kPa
Discharge
Pressure
Relative to
atmosphere
Duct size: 800mm (nominal)

Input to transducer = 292.9 Pa
Flow:
1 fan operating: 9m3/s
2 fans operating: 14m3/s

Input to transducer = 299.6 Pa
Biosolids Dewatering Area - Fans 2A & 2B

MEASUREMENT
Fans 2A / 2B
differential
pressure.
Fans 2A / 2B
discharge
duct
pressure.
Fans 2A / 2B flow.
TAG
REFERENCE
610.0.BP001.PT01
610.0.AL002.PT01
MEASURING DEVICE
OPERATING PARAMETERS
-0.9 kPa Suction

Pressure
+1.9
kPa
Discharge
Pressure
Flow range 0-20m3/s.
Design flow 6.9m3/s.
Initial flow 6.2m3/s
610.AL002.FT01
Differential
pressure transducer
with output
Torbar
402-800-SS-00-SS-003
Page 7 of 26
1.6 kPa
Discharge
Pressure
Relative to
atmosphere

Input to transducer
~ 73.6 Pa @6.2m3/s;
~ 120 Pa @ 6.9m3/s.
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
2 BIOFILTER 2 FOUL AIR SYSTEM

2.1 DUCTING AND VENTILATION
This system consists of three sections serving: the biosolids dewatering building; the digested sludge
holding tank; and the primary return and bypass channels which run adjacent to the biosolids building.
The belt presses in the biosolids dewatering building are covered by hoods, and have 500mm ducts
extending as far as the wall of the building. The new system extends these ducts, as well as bringing a
600mm duct from the primary return and bypass channels and a 500mm duct from the sludge holding
tank to a central 1100mm diameter plenum outside the biosolids building, where it is discharged to a
1070mm duct to a new biofilter.
Provision has been made for future connections from a second digested sludge holding tank. The
ventilation volumes and rates for this system are shown in the table below.
Biofilter 2 Ventilation Volumes and Design Extraction Rates
Space
Ventilation Volume m
Biosolids Dewatering
Press 1
Biosolids Dewatering
Press 2
Bypass Channel (a)
Primary Return
Channel (a)
Biosolids Holding
Tank 1
1631 (half the building)
1,800
1631 (half the building)
1,800
901
892
500
1,240
2
5
Biosolids Holding
Tank 2 (Future)
Sludge Buffer Tank
(Digesters 5&6)
Total Flow (Final)
Ventilation Rate l/s
Air Changes/hour
2592 (at lowest level)
690
1 at lowest level, 2 at
average level
700
170
1 at lowest level, 2 at
average level
1.9 at lowest level, 3.6
at target operating level
Total Flow (Initial)
6,900
6,200
Note:
(a) The two channels are normally interconnected and the extract ventilation will self balance between
the two channels.
The 1070mm duct to the biofilter is run underground, along with the ducts from the channels and the
sludge tanks.
2.2 FAN INFORMATION

Two centrifugal fans, 2A (north) and 2B (south), configured in a duty/standby arrangement, have been
installed on a concrete pad located at the end of the canopy outside the Biosolids Building.
These fans are fed from a 1200mm diameter vertical plenum, and discharge to the 1070mm diameter
underground duct to the biofilter. The fans are designed to operate at relatively low speed to reduce
Page 8 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
noise. To minimise the risk of explosion and fire, and to comply with the relevant standards, viz.
AS/NZS 1359, the motors are both Exn and Exd rated (non-sparking and flameproof).
Power to the fans is provided from MLC G in the Biosolids Building. VSDs, valve actuators and other
instrumentation associated with the fans (including flow and pressure measurement) are controlled and
monitored via PLC 2.
Fan design details are as follows:-
Biofilter 2 Fan Details (Fans 2A & 2B)

Parameter
Suction Pressure [kPa]
Discharge Pressure [kPa]
Duty Flow [m3 /s] (final)
Duty Flow [m3/s] (initial
Head at Duty Flow [kPa]
Value
-0.6
1.9
6.9
6.2
2.6 (a)
Note:
Includes 0.1 kPa margin.
2.3 BIOFILTER DESIGN

Biofilter 2 consists of two equally sized beds fed by 800mm sub-headers and 160mm laterals. Design
information for this biofilter is as below.
Parameter
Media
Bed Area [m2 ]
Individual Bed Length [m]
Individual Bed Width [m]
Bed Depth [m]
Foul Air Flow (a) [m3 /s]
Foul Air Flow [l/s/m2]
Irrigation Flow [l/s]
Irrigation Period [min/day]
Value
Bark/compost mixture
Total: 621 Each bed: 311
11.9
26
1
6.9 - final flow rate; 6.2 initial.
11. / 10.
1.82
20
Note: The initial design flow rate is 6.2m3/s; 6.9m3/s is the final design flow rate.
Page 9 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
3 DAMPERS
Single blade balancing dampers are provided in the branch ducts at each foul-air process area pickup
while motorised dampers are provided at the discharge of each fan. Manually operated dampers are
provided at the inlet to each bed of Biofilter 2.
FRP flap gates, for isolation purposes, are installed in the splitter box at the inlet to each header for
Biofilter 1. The gates are normally open and are fixed in position by a chain.
Damper actuators for the dampers adjacent to the fans are Rotork AWT Series on Fans 1A & 1B and
IQT Series Electric actuators on Fans 2A & 2B. These have an operating time (for moving through
90) of between 15 and 60 seconds (adjustable).
4 VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES

Variable speed drives are provided for each of the new fans. These are as follows:Fans 1A & 1B:
Fans 2A & 2B:
18.5kW
30.0kW
Schneider model ATV61WD18N4A24 (rated at 18.5kW.)

Schneider model ATV61WD30N4A24 (rated at 30.0kW.)
5 BIOFILTER IRRIGATION
Biofilter 2 is provided with a zoned irrigation system designed to evenly irrigate the entire surface of
each biofilter bed independently.
The irrigation application flow rate for each bed is 2.0 l/s.
The water supply is via a 50 mm HDPE water main connection to the existing water line with inline non-return/anti-siphon valves. A 50mm HDPE header has been installed around the periphery
of each bed with 20mm spring retractable sprinkler upstands with wiper seals.
Sprinklers are rotor type with 180 arcs capable of evenly irrigating the entire surface of each biofilter
bed independently.
Motorised solenoid valves have been provided to allow control of each zone.
Control of the irrigation is by way of a Hunter XC programmable irrigation controller.
Page 10 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
6 CONTROLS
6.1 VENTILATION
The two systems are controlled by two PLCs as follows:6.1.1
Sludge Thickening Grit Tanks Fans 1A 1D
This sequence controls the duty/standby of the bio-filter fans 1C and 1D in the Sludge Thickening and
Grit Tanks areas:
Both odour collection systems have been designed to run with minimal operator input after initial flow
balancing. Flows through the system are maintained by adjusting the fan speed as the back pressure
from biofilter media compaction increases over time.
Pressure across the fans, as well as the pressure and flow at the fan outlets is monitored and adjusted
by the operator using the VSD drives which are linked to the plant SCADA system.
The flow in the existing duct from the trickling filters to Biofilter 1 (from the fans 1A and 1B) is also
measured.
The fan motors are connected to variable speed drives, which are also linked to the plant SCADA
system, allowing operators to adjust flows remotely.
Automatic feed-back control of the fans using flow or pressure measurements is not provided.
Provision is made for automatic start of the standby fan if the duty fan stops or fails; alarms are also
generated in the event of fan failure.
6.1.2
Bio-Solids Fans 2A & 2B
The following provides a summary of the controls sequence for the duty/standby operation of the biofilter fans 2A & 2B in the Bio Solids Area:
Both odour collection systems have been designed to run with minimal operator input after initial flow
balancing. Flows through the systems will decrease, at a given fan speed, due to the increase in
resistance of the biofilter, due to compaction of the filter over time. The flow through the filter is able
to be increased by manually increasing the fan speed to compensate for the increase in back pressure.
Instrumentation is installed which will provide the operator with the following information:
The volumetric flow rate to the biofilters, as measured by a Torbar flow measuring device.
The static pressure in the duct supplying the biofilters (relative to atmosphere), as measured at
the Torbar.
The differential pressure across the fans.
Page 11 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
(These are linked to the plant SCADA system via the PLC, and alarms are programmed to alert
operators when parameters are too high or low.)
Automatic feed-back control of the fans using flow or pressure measurements is not provided.
However, this sequence allows for automatic start of the standby fan if the duty fan stops or fails, with
the appropriate alarms.
Page 12 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
6.1.3
Control Points
The control points used for the two systems are as per the following table:CWTP6050_CV001_OPN
CWTP6050_CV001_CLS
CWTP6050_CV002_OPN
CWTP6050_CV002_CLS
CWTP6050_AL001_FT01
CWTP6050_BP001_PT01
CWTP6050_AL003_PT01
CWTP6050_AL003_FT01
CWTP6050_CV001_ZSC
CWTP6050_CV001_ZSO
CWTP6050_CV001_FLT
CWTP6050_CV002_ZSC
CWTP6050_CV002_ZSO
CWTP6050_CV002_FLT
OD01_6050_CV001_EN
OD01_6050_CV002_EN
OD01_6050_BP001_EN
OD01_6050_BP002_EN
OD01_6050_BP_DUTY
CWTP6050_BP001
CWTP6050_BP001_SP001
CWTP6050_BP002
CWTP6050_CV001
CWTP6050_CV002
CWTP_Odour01_SP001
CWTP_Odour01_SP002
CWTP_Odour01_SP003
CWTP_Odour01_SP004
CWTP6100_CV001_OPN
CWTP6100_CV001_CLS
CWTP6100_CV002_OPN
CWTP6100_CV002_CLS
CWTP6100_CV001_ZSC
CWTP6100_CV001_ZSO
CWTP6100_CV001_FLT
CWTP6100_CV002_ZSC
CWTP6100_CV002_ZSO
CWTP6100_CV002_FLT
CWTP6100_AL002_PT01
CWTP6100_AL002_FT01
CWTP6100_BP002_PT01
OD02_6100_CV001_EN
OD02_6100_CV002_EN
OD02_6100_BP001_EN
OD02_6100_BP002_EN
OD02_6100_BP_DUTY
CWTP6100_BP001
CWTP6100_BP002
16
17
18
19
300053
300054
300055
300056
10057
10058
10059
10060
10061
10062
Enable
Enable
Enable
Enable
FLAG
DriveATV71
Setpoint
Setpoint
DriveATV71
Setpoint
Setpoint
ValveMOV
ValveMOV
Setpoint
Setpoint
Setpoint
Setpoint
%I82
%I83
%I84
%I85
%M54
%M55
%M56
%M57
%M58
%M59
%IW31
%IW32
%IW33
Flag
Flag
Flag
Flag
Flag
DriveATV71
DriveATV71
BioFilterFan1CDamperOpen
BioFilterFan1CDamperClose
BioFilterFan1DDamperOpen
BioFilterFan1DDamperClose
FlowFromBioFilterFans1A&1B
DifferentialPressureAcrossFans1C&1D(Biofilter)
BioFilterFans1C&1DDischargePressure
BioFilterFans1C&1DDischargeFlow
BioFilterFan1CDamperClosed
BioFilterFan1CDamperOpen
BioFilterFan1CDamperFLT
BioFilterFan1DDamperClosed
BioFilterFan1DDamperOpen
BioFilterFan1DDamperFLT
BioFilterFan1CDamper
BioFilterFan1DDamper
BioFilterFan1CEnable
BioFilterFan1DEnable
24HrDutyTimerFlagForBioFilterOneArea
BioFilterFan1C
BioFilterFan1C RunSpeed
BioFilterFan1C RampRate
BioFilterFan1D
BioFilterFan1D RunSpeed
BioFilterFan1DRampRate
BioFilter Fan1CDamper
BioFilterFan1DDamper
BioFansForBioFilterBed1 HourToChangeDuty
BioFansForBioFilterBed1 MinuteToChangeDuty
BioFansForBioFilterBed1SpareSetpoint
BioFansForBioFilterBed1 SpareSetpoint
BioFilterFan2ADamperOpen
BioFilterFan2ADamperClose
BioFilterFan2BDamperOpen
BioFilterFan2BDamperClose
BioFilterFan2ADamperClosed
BioFilterFan2ADamperOpen
BioFilterFan2ADamperFLT
BioFilterFan2BDamperClosed
BioFilterFan2BDamperOpen
BioFilterFan2BDamperFLT
PressureAfterBioFilterFans2A&2B
FlowToBioFilters2A&2B
BioFilterFans2A&2BDifferentialPressure
BioFilterFan2ADamperEnable
BioFilterFan2BDamperEnable
BioFilterFan2AEnable
BioFilterFan2BEnable
24HrDutyTimerFlagForBioFilterTwoArea
BioFilterFan2A
BioFilterFan2B
Page 13 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
CWTP6050_CV001
CWTP6050_CV002
CWTP6100_Odour02_SP001
ValveMOV
ValveMOV
Setpoint
Setpoint
Setpoint
Setpoint
Setpoint
BioFilterFan2A
BioFilterFan2B
ForBioFilterBed2FansHourToChangeDuty
ForBioFilterBed2Fans MinuteToChangeDuty
BioFilterFan2ARunSpeed
BioFilterFan2B RunSpeed
BioFilterFansRampRates
Page 14 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
7 COMMISSIONING
7.1 BIO-SOLIDS DEWATERING FANS 2A & 2B
7.1.1
Flow Measurements
Measurements of the flow rates in the ducting will be carried out using a pitot-static tube and an
electronic manometer where pressures are high enough to obtain an accurate reading. For locations
with low pressures a hot wire anemometer will be used. Measurements will be based on the six point
Log-Linear procedure using a single diameter and will be carried out at the locations shown on the
drawing in Appendix A. (Locations B1-B3, C1 & C2, D1 & D2 and A.)
Flow to Fans
Nominal Duct
Diameter (mm)
Nominal Velocity
(m/s)
Nominal
Pressure for
Pitot (Pa)
(a)
Measuring Location
(refer drawing
Appendix A)
345
500
1.8
B1
690
500
3.5
B2
Buffer Tank (Digesters 5 & 6)
170
200
5.4
18
B3
Bypass Channel
500
300
7.1
30
C1
Primary Return Channel
1,240
610
4.2
11
C2
Biosolids Dewatering Press 1
1,800
500
9.2
51
D1
Biosolids Dewatering Press 2
1,800
500
9.2
51
D2
6.9
29

(N-West)
(combined)
Total Flow To Fans

Flow from Fans
To Biofilters
Design Flow
(l/s)
6,200
Design Flow l/s
Nominal Duct
6,200
1070
(a) Pressures are based on a density for the air being measured of ~ 1.2256 kg/m3.
(It has been assumed that this figure is acceptable for the gas involved at the normal operating
temperatures and pressures encountered.)
Velocity (m/s) = 4x(h/10), where h= pitot differential pressure in Pa.
7.1.2
Pressure Measurements
Pressure measurements will be carried out using an electronic manometer.
Page 15 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
7.1.3
Commissioning Equipment
Duct Flow & Pressure Measurements
Reference Manometer
TSI VelociCalc
Model:
TSI 9555-P
Serial No:
955P0737031
Range:
-3735 to +3735 Pa
Accuracy:
1 % of reading 1 Pa 0.02%/oP (0.03%/C)
Resolution:
1 Pa (0.1mm wg)
Calibrated:
January, 2009 (Pressure calibration by Teltherm.)
Original factory calibration dated 12/09/2007.
In addition a hot wire anemometer is used on the TSI9555-P, which is a multi-function
instrument.
Bio-Filter Flow Uniformity
Checks on the uniformity of the airflow through the bio-filter will be carried out using smoke
tests.
7.1.4
Methodology
The following checks and measurements will be carried out.

7.1.4.1 Fans & Ducting
Pre Start Up Checks
The following will be carried out prior to starting the fans:
Operation of the two 500mm dampers on the duct from the Biosolids dewatering presses to be
checked. Dampers to be left open.
Operation of the dampers on the branches from the Primary Return Channel and the Bypass
Channel to be checked. Dampers to be left open.
Operation of the dampers on the two ducts from the Biosolids Holding tank to be checked.
Dampers to be left open.
Operation of the dampers on the two ducts to the Biofilter to be checked. Dampers to be left
open.
Page 16 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
Operation of the motorised dampers on the fan discharges to be checked. Interlocks in regard to fans
and dampers to be checked to ensure the following signals are present and that the PLC control logic is
set to ensure the following:
Dampers on the fan discharges close when a fan motor stops.

Interlocks prevent a discharge damper being closed when its associated fan is running or a fan
starting when its associated damper is closed.
The interlocks prevent more than one fan running at a time.
Instrumentation:
Pressure transducers (fan differential, flow and duct static pressure) to be checked to ensure
that they are connected properly and are functioning. (Provision for checking transducer
pressures, using a manometer, is to be made by the provision of valved tees on the pipework.)
Refer to the pre-commissioning check sheet.

Biofilter Smoke & Flow Uniformity Testing
As the ducting from the dewatering presses cannot be connected until the system is ready for final
operation, and as the branches from the dewatering presses are to be used for the injection of smoke
for the smoke tests, the initial testing to be carried out will involve checking the biofilter for uniform
flow.
This will involve injecting smoke into the system with a fan running and then carrying out visual
observations of the flow through the biofilter. These observations will need to be carried out during
calm conditions in order to obtain useful results.
The specification requires the tests to be carried out in accordance with the following:Thewatercontentandbeddensityofeachbiofiltercellistobeestablishedpriortostartingthesmoketest.
Theflowrateandpressurerelativetoatmospherewillberecordedpriortostartingthesmoketest,whichwill
beconductedforaminimumof10minutes,duringwhichtimetheContractorandEngineersRepresentative
will walk over the biofilter. Any points of leakage will be noted on a drawing. Particular attention shall be
giventothefollowingareas:
Jointbetweenthelateralsandmainduct
Aroundtheleachatedrainpenetration
Aroundtheperimeterofthebiofilter
Thesmoketestshallberepeatedafterwateringthebedforaperiodof20minutes.
AsuccessfulsmoketestshallbeassessedbytheEngineerandshallbedeterminedfromanevenriseofsmoke
overtheentirebiofilterbed,withnoleakagepoints.
Page 17 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
Balancing of Air Flows
Measurements of flows will be made at the seven measuring locations with all dampers open and then
the dampers adjusted as necessary to ensure that the flows are proportionally balanced.
Once the proportional balance has been completed, the individual flow volumes at the measuring
points in the ducts supplying air to the fans will be checked against the volume as indicated by the
Torbar on the supply to Biofilters 2A & 2B. (Provision has also been made for measuring the flow
downstream of the fans, (location A), however due to the proximity to bends this volume may not be
particularly accurate.)
The flow measurements will be made with each of the fans operating and the flow rate versus VSD
frequency measured, together with the fan differential pressures and the discharge pressure relative to
atmosphere.
7.1.5
Test / Check Sheets
Copies of the check sheets are provided in Appendix B.
Page 18 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
8 FAN DETAILS
8.1 FAN DATA SHEETS
Fans 1A & 1B
Project No.
M E C H AN I C AL E Q U I P M E N T D A T A
SHEET
6513956
Document No.
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
6513956-M01
Prepared by:
SYZ
Checked by:
Date
19/07/07
Date
Tag N
GMH
19/07/07
Revision N
Date
Date
08/10/07
FAN-1C, FAN-1D P&ID Drawing N
Equipment ID(s)
Equipment Function
Approved by:
6513956-
To draw air from grit tanks 1 to 5, thickener hoods, grit classifiers, primary inlet and secondary return
channels, primary sludge sump, plant drainage sump and discharge to existing biofilter 1.
Equipment Data
Units
Fan Type
Requirements
Supplier s Offer
Centrifugal
Manufacturer
1C&1D
WINDSOR
AF800B
Wellington
Windsor
Model No.
Place of Manufacture
Design Standard
CE Standard
Suction Connection (NB)
mm
700 Approx.
Discharge Connection (NB)
mm
700 Approx.
Flange Standard (drilled off centre)
AS2129 Table E
Horizontal Suction/Discharge, Variable
Installation
Ancillaries Included
Fluid Properties
Supplier to state
Units
DIA630mm
800x458mm
Speed, Direct Drive

N/A
Requirements
Fluid Description
Air
Approximate Composition (% vol.)
N 2 :78%, O2 :21%, Inerts:1%

H 2 S: up to 100 ppm
Corrosives
Temperature at Inlet
Relative Density (to air)
Fluid Behaviour
0 to 25
1
Newtonian
Viscosity
cP
*Temperature at Viscosity Value
15
Units
Requirements
Operating Conditions
0.018 *
Duty Flow
l/s
4800
Head at Duty Flow
kPa
2.6gauge)
Pressure
Static Head
at Suction
kPa
-0.7(gauge)
at Discharge
kPa
kPa
1.9(gauge) (assumes 1.5 kPa drop over biofilter)

0
Run Time
100%
Ambient Temperature
-5 to 40
Performance Data
Fan Curve No.
Efficiency at Duty
Units
rpm
Fluid Temperature Rise
Noise Level (fan & motor) at 1 m
Motor Details
m
dB A
Units
Supplier s Offer
attached
74%
1700rpm
N/A
5.2kPa
85dBa
Speed
Shut off Head
Requirements
text
Requirements
Page 19 of 26
Supplier's Offer
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
Manufacturer
text
Motor Model No.
text
ABB, WEG
Installed Rating
kW
Power Supply
text
400 V, 3 phase, 50 Hz
Poles
No.
4 pole
Maximum Absorbed Power
kW
Starter Type
text
WEG
MEPSExd
18.5KW
17.5kw
VSD
Page 20 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
Fans 2A & 2B
TBA
Tag N
Equipment Function
FAN-2A, FAN-2B P&ID Drawing N
Equipment ID(s)
Equipment Data
Units
Fan Type
Requirements
Centrifugal
Manufacturer
Model No.
Place of Manufacture
Design Standard
CE Standard
Suction Connection (NB)
mm
700 Approx.
Discharge Connection (NB)
mm
700 Approx.
Flange Standard (drilled off centre)
AS2129 Table E
Supplier s Offer
2A &2B
Windsor
AF800B
Wellington
630dia
800x458mm
Horizontal Suction/Discharge, Variable

Speed, Direct Drive
Installation
Ancillaries Included
Fluid Properties
N/A
Units
Requirements
Fluid Description
Air
Approximate Composition (% vol.)
N 2 :78%, O2 :21%, Inerts:1%
Corrosives
H 2 S: up to 100 ppm
Temperature at Inlet
Relative Density (to air)
Fluid Behaviour
0 to 25
1
Newtonian
Viscosity
cP
*Temperature at Viscosity Value
Operating Conditions
Units
Duty Flow
l/s
6900
Head at Duty Flow
kPa
2.4(gauge)
kPa
-0.8(gauge)
kPa
1.6(gauge)
(assumes 1.5 kPa drop over biofilter)
at Suction
Pressure
6513956-PR002
To draw air from belt presses, bypass channel, primary return channel, and biosolids holding tanks and
discharge to biofilter 2.
at Discharge
0.018 *
15
Requirements
Static Head
kPa
Run Time
100%
Ambient Temperature
Performance Data
Units
Fan Curve No.
text
Efficiency at Duty
Speed
rpm
Fluid Temperature Rise
Shut off Head
Noise Level (fan & motor) at 1 m
dB A
Motor Details
Units
Manufacturer
text
Motor Model No.
text
-5 to 40
Requirements
Supplier s Offer
attached
63%
1900rpm
N/A
5.2Kpa
85dBA
Requirements
ABB, WEG
Installed Rating
kW
Power Supply
text
400 V, 3 phase, 50 Hz
Poles
No.
4 pole
Maximum Absorbed Power
kW
Starter Type
text
VSD
Page 21 of 26
Supplier's Offer
WEG
MEPSExd
30KW
27KW
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
M E C H AN I C AL E Q U I P M E N T D A T A
SHEET
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
Tag N
TBA
P&ID Drawing N
Motor Details Cont.
Units
Protection
IP##
Requirements
IP65
Full Load Speed
rpm
Supplier to state
Motor Rating
text
ATEX Zone 1
Insulation Class
text
Supplier to state
Temperature Rise
Supplier to state
Service Factor
1.15
Bearing Life, Time & Basis
hrs
100,000 - L1 0 h
Construction Details
Units
Pressure Rating
bar
Supplier's Offer
1700RPM
ClassF
80K
Requirements
Supplier to state
Hydrostatic Test Pressure
kPa
Supplier to state
Casing Material
text
316 Stainless Steel
Supplier's Offer
N/A
N/A
Shaft Material
text
316 Stainless Steel
Sleeve Material
text
316 Stainless Steel
Impeller Material
text
316 Stainless Steel
Seal Type
text
Supplier to state
Seal Materials
text
Supplier to state
Seal Make and Model
text
Supplier to state
Wear ring material
text
Supplier to state
Bearing Life, Time & Basis
hrs
100,000 - L1 0 h
Dry Weight of Fan
kg
Supplier to state
Weight of Motor
kg
Supplier to state
Total Weight (including baseplate,

couplings, etc)
kg
Supplier to state
500KG
300KG
800KG
Internal Surfaces, Corrosion and

Erosion Protection
text
Supplier to state
316StainlessSteel
External Surfaces, Corrosion

Protection
text
Supplier to state
316StainlessSteel
Spare Parts
Supplier to list spare parts and who is to hold them
6513956-PR001
3inchC.G.
Rubbing
UNMWPE
Windsor
UHMWPE
Held by
(attach additional pages if more lines required)
Vendor, Agent, or Principle
For 12 Month Operation
Page 22 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
8.2 FAN PERFORMANCE DATA

The following three pages include the following:
the fan performance data as provided by Windsor Engineering,

fan performance curves plotted for a series of flow rates from this data, and
the motor performance curves for the fans.
Page 23 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
Pressure(P
Pa)
1400
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1500
1600
FanSpeed(rpm)
1700
1800
1900
Fan2A&2BDuty:6.2m3/s@2100Pa
WindsorAF800BFanPerformance
2000
7.48
6.86
6.23
5.61
4 99
4.99
Nr.:
Windsor Engineering
Date: 26/06/2008
PERFORMANCE CURVES RELATED TO RATED OUTPUT

Three-phase Induction Motor - Squirrel Cage
1.0
90
0.9
80
0.8
2.0
70
0.7
3.0
60
0.6
50
0.5
40
0.4
0.0
C
A
1.0
4.0
5.0
B - Power factor
40
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
D - Current at 415V (A)
80
60
A - Efficiency (%)
C - Slip (%)
100
0
100 110 120 130
Percent of rated output

Customer
Product line
: Robert Hughes
: Low Voltage Motors - IEC Hazardous Area Application - Explosion Proof (Ex d) Efficiency E2
Output
Frame
Rated speed
Frequency
Rated voltage
Insulation class
Rated current
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
30 kW
200L
1475
50 Hz
415 V
F
53.6 A
Il/In
Duty cycle
Service factor
Design
Locked rotor torque
Breakdown torque
:
:
:
:
:
:
7.0
S1
1.00
N
250%
260%
Notes: Please consider enclosure as IP65
*The values shown are subject to change without prior notice.
Performed:
Rafael Nunes
Checked:
Rafael Nunes
Version 6.0.3
Nr.:
Windsor Engineering
Date: 26/06/2008
PERFORMANCE CURVES RELATED TO SPEED

Three-phase Induction Motor - Squirrel Cage
10.0
4.5
9.0
4.0
8.0
B
3.5
7.0
A - Torque related to full load torque
3.0
6.0
A
2.5
5.0
2.0
4.0
1.5
3.0
1.0
2.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Percent of synchronous speed
80
90
100
B - Current related to full load current
5.0
0.0
Customer
Product line
: Robert Hughes
: Low Voltage Motors - IEC Hazardous Area Application - Explosion Proof (Ex d) Efficiency E2
Output
Frame
Rated speed
Frequency
Rated voltage
Insulation class
Rated current
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
30 kW
200L
1475
50 Hz
415 V
F
53.6 A
Il/In
Duty cycle
Service factor
Design
Locked rotor torque
Breakdown torque
:
:
:
:
:
:
7.0
S1
1.00
N
250%
260%
Notes: Please consider enclosure as IP65
*The values shown are subject to change without prior notice.
Performed:
Rafael Nunes
Checked:
Rafael Nunes
Version 6.0.3
APPENDIX A DRAWINGS
The following drawings are provided to assist with the commissioning process.
1. Drawing showing measuring locations.
2. Schematic showing the design flow rates, duct sizes and transducer details.
3. Drawing of biofilter 2 mark any areas of concern in regard to uniformity of flow or leaks on
this drawing.
4. The ducting isometric drawing showing the overall ductwork layout.
Refer also to the BECA drawings.
Page 24 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
ISSUED FOR APPROVAL,

WORK MAY NOT PROCEED.
APPENDIX B COMMISSIONING CHECK SHEETS

The following check sheets are provided:Summary sheet
Pre-commissioning
Fan 2A VSD speed, pressure measurements and flow as measured at Torbar
Fan 2B VSD speed, pressure measurements and flow as measured at Torbar
Flow measurements at locations B1, B2 & B3, C1 & C2 and D1 & D2 plus Torbar
Software Alarms
Pressure Transducers
Page 25 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
345
345
170
500
1240
1800
1800
6200
VOLUME
DIAMETER
(Internal)
500
500
200
300
610
500
500
1070
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
D1
D2
LOCATION
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
OFFSETDISTANCE
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxSummary10:26p.m.31/03/2009
Note:Futureadditionsincreasethedesignflowratetosome6,900l/s.
BiosolidsHoldingTank1West
BiosolidsHoldingTank1East
BufferTank(Digesters5&6)
BypassChannel
PrimaryReturnChannel
BiosolidsDewateringPress1
BiosolidsDewateringPress2
TotalFlowTOFans
BRANCH
630 mmdia
800x458 mmdia
30 kW
27 kW
SchneiderATV61WD30N4A24
30 kW
MotorSize:
Maxabsorbedpower
VSD
Rating:
Suctionconnection
Dischargeconnection
WindsorModelAF800B
4800 l/s@2.6kPa
1.9 kPa
0.7 kPa
5.2 kPa
1700 rpm
Fans:
Duty:
Dischargepressure:
Suctionpressure:
Shutoffhead
Fullloadfanspeed:
DesignBiofilterbackpressure=1.5kPa
BiosolidsDewateringAreaFans2A&2B
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
COMMISSIONINGCHECKSHEET
CWTPODOURCONTROLCONTRACT
Checked
WindsorModelAF800B
30 kW
27 kW
SchneiderATV61WD30N4A24
30 kW
OPEN
TRANSDUCER
rpm
Hz
MANOMETER
PLC
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxPrecommissioning10:26p.m.31/03/2009
Fanspeed
VSDFrequency
Pressures
Fandifferentialpressure(~2.6kPa)
Torbardifferentialpressure(~70Pa)
Ductstaticpressure(lowpress.sideofTorbar)~1.9kPa
CLOSED
FAN2A(NEAST) FAN2B(SWEST)
MEASURETHEFOLLOWINGWITHTHEDUCTSTATICPRESSUREATAPPROX1.9kPa
Damperoperatingcorrectly
Positionindicationsignalchecked
Positionforinitialcommissioning
Comments
NOTES
FAN2A(NEAST) FAN2B(SWEST)
Precommissioning
CONFIRMTHEOPERATIONOFDISCHARGEDAMPERSONFANS2A&2B
Damper
BiosolidsDewateringPress1(NEast)
BiosolidsDewateringPress2(SWest)
BypassChannel
PrimaryReturnChannel
BiosolidsHoldingTank1(bothconnections)
BufferTank(Digesters5&6)
FlowtoBiofilter2A(NWest)
FlowtoBiofilter2B(SEast)
CHECKTHATTHEFOLLOWINGDAMPERSAREFULLYOPEN
Fans:
MotorSize:
Maxabsorbedpower
VSD
Rating:
SYSTEM
FUNCTION
hvac asist ltd
WindsorModelAF800B
Fan:
EJX110AELS4G919EB/SU2/X2/DOCTAwithoutput
402800SS00SS003
FlowPresureTransducer
Torbar
0.74
73.6
Expecteddp
m2
1013 hPa
MEASURED
TRANSDUCER
PLC
DISCHARGEDUCTSTATICPRESSURE
mbar
Pascals
bar
m/s
m3/s
SerialNo
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxFAN2A10:27p.m.31/03/2009
1.00
AtmosphericPressure
FANSPEED
1.00
SpecificGravity
VSDSETTING
6.89
25.00
Temperature
6.20
Volume
Avvelocity:
0.90
Ductarea
FAN
EJX110AELS4G919EB/SU2/X2/DOCTA
DischargePressureTransducer
0.7474
TorbarCoefficient:
Model
DiffPressureTransducer
DesignSuction
TSI9555P
Transducer
1.9 kPa
0.7 kPa
DesignDischarge
PRESSUREMEASUREMENTS
Instrument
6W0813000
VSDSerialNo:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
SchneiderAltivar61ATV61WD30N4A24
VSDModel:
Motor(30kW):
SerialNo:
BiosolidsDewateringAreaFan2A(NEast)
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
TagNo
MEASURED
TRANSDUCER
FANDIFFERENTIALPRESSURE
101300 Pa
610.AL002.FT01
610.0.AL002.PT01
610.0.BP001.PT01
PLC
PLC
TORBARFLOW
TRANSDUCER
COMMENTS
WindsorModelAF800B
Fan:
402800SS00SS003
Torbar
MEASURED
TRANSDUCER
DISCHARGEPRESSURE
SerialNo
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxFAN2B10:27p.m.31/03/2009
FANSPEED
FAN
VSDSETTING
Model
DiffPressureTransducer
DesignSuction
TSI9555P
Transducer
1.9 kPa
0.7 kPa
DesignDischarge
PRESSUREMEASUREMENTS
Instrument
6W0813000
VSDSerialNo:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
SchneiderAltivar61ATV61WD30N4A24
VSDModel:
Motor(30kW):
SerialNo:
BiosolidsDewateringAreaFan2B(SWest)
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
INLET
PRESSSURE
MEASURED
TagNo
MEASURED
TRANSDUCER
DIFFERENTIALPRESSURE
610.AL002.FT01
610.0.AL002.PT01
610.0.BP001.PT01
TRANSDUCER
TORBARFLOW
COMMENTS
750
949
1059
0.679
0.865
VOLUME(l/s)
AVERAGE(m/s)
0.968
366
0.321
167
0.135
VelocityMeasured1
57
Insertiondepth
DesignPressure(mmwg)
0.032
FAN(AorB)
VSDSETTING
POINT
6.89 m/s
0.899 m2
23 mm
1070 mm
6200 l/s
TSI9555P
2.97
VelocityMeasured2
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxPOINTA10:31p.m.31/03/2009
DesignVelocity
NetArea
Offsetdistance
Ductinternaldiameter
6pointloglinearonasinglediameter
Method:
DesignVolume:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
Instrument
MEASURINGPOINTAFANDISCHARGE
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
COMMISSIONINGSHEET
VelocityMeasured3
29.12 Pa
VelocityMeasured4
(1mmwg=9.807Pa)
COMMENTS
POINT
91
184
363
456
507
0.135
0.321
0.679
0.865
0.968
VOLUME(l/s)
AVERAGE(m/s)
39
Insertiondepth
0.032
FAN(AorB)
VSDSETTING
1.76 m/s
0.196 m2
23 mm
500 mm
345 l/s
Instrument
VelocityMeasured1
TSI9555P
0.19
VelocityMeasured2
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxPOINTB110:28p.m.31/03/2009
DesignVelocity
NetArea
Offsetdistance
Method:
DesignVolume:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
MEASURINGPOINTB1FLOWFROMBIOSOLIDSHOLDINGTANK1WEST
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
COMMISSIONINGSHEET
VelocityMeasured3
1.89 Pa
VelocityMeasured4
(1mmwg=9.807Pa)
COMMENTS
POINT
507
0.968
VOLUME(l/s)
AVERAGE(m/s)
363
456
184
0.321
0.679
91
0.135
0.865
39
Insertiondepth
0.032
FAN(AorB)
VSDSETTING
3.51 m/s
0.196 m2
23 mm
500 mm
690 l/s
Instrument
VelocityMeasured1
TSI9555P
0.77
VelocityMeasured2
DesignVelocity
NetArea
Offsetdistance
Method:
DesignVolume:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
MEASURINGPOINTB2FLOWFROMBIOSOLIDSHOLDINGTANK1WEST+EAST
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
COMMISSIONINGSHEET
VelocityMeasured3
7.56 Pa
VelocityMeasured4
(1mmwg=9.807Pa)
COMMENTS
POINT
50
87
159
196
217
0.135
0.321
0.679
0.865
0.968
VOLUME(l/s)
AVERAGE(m/s)
29
Insertiondepth
0.032
FAN(AorB)
VSDSETTING
5.41 m/s
0.031 m2
23 mm
200 mm
170 l/s
Instrument
VelocityMeasured1
TSI9555P
1.83
VelocityMeasured2
DesignVelocity
NetArea
Offsetdistance
Method:
DesignVolume:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
MEASURINGPOINTB3FLOWFROMDigesters5&6BufferTank
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
COMMISSIONINGSHEET
VelocityMeasured3
17.94 Pa
VelocityMeasured4
(1mmwg=9.807Pa)
COMMENTS
227
283
313
0.679
0.865
VOLUME(l/s)
AVERAGE(m/s)
0.968
119
0.321
64
0.135
VelocityMeasured1
33
Insertiondepth
0.032
FAN(AorB)
VSDSETTING
POINT
7.07 m/s
0.071 m2
23 mm
300 mm
500 l/s
Instrument
3.13
VelocityMeasured2
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxPOINTC110:29p.m.31/03/2009
DesignVelocity
NetArea
Offsetdistance
Method:
DesignVolume:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
TSI9555P
MEASURINGPOINTC1FLOWFROMBYPASSCHANNEL
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
COMMISSIONINGSHEET
VelocityMeasured3
30.65 Pa
VelocityMeasured4
(1mmwg=9.807Pa)
COMMENTS
437
551
613
0.679
0.865
VOLUME(l/s)
AVERAGE(m/s)
0.968
219
0.321
105
0.135
VelocityMeasured1
43
Insertiondepth
0.032
FAN(AorB)
VSDSETTING
POINT
4.24 m/s
0.292 m2
23 mm
610 mm
1240 l/s
Instrument
1.13
VelocityMeasured2
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxPOINTC210:29p.m.31/03/2009
DesignVelocity
NetArea
Offsetdistance
Method:
DesignVolume:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
TSI9555P
MEASURINGPOINTC2PRIMARYRETURNCHANNEL
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
COMMISSIONINGSHEET
VelocityMeasured3
11.03 Pa
VelocityMeasured4
(1mmwg=9.807Pa)
COMMENTS
363
456
507
0.679
0.865
VOLUME(l/s)
AVERAGE(m/s)
0.968
184
0.321
91
0.135
VelocityMeasured1
39
Insertiondepth
TSI9555P
0.032
FAN(AorB)
VSDSETTING
POINT
9.17 m/s
0.196 m2
23 mm
500 mm
1800 l/s
Instrument
5.25
VelocityMeasured2
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxPOINTD110:30p.m.31/03/2009
DesignVelocity
NetArea
Offsetdistance
Method:
DesignVolume:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
MEASURINGPOINTD1FLOWFROMBIOSOLIDSDEWATERINGPRESS1(EAST)
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
COMMISSIONINGSHEET
VelocityMeasured3
51.47 Pa
VelocityMeasured4
(1mmwg=9.807Pa)
COMMENTS
363
456
507
0.679
0.865
VOLUME(l/s)
AVERAGE(m/s)
0.968
184
0.321
91
0.135
VelocityMeasured1
39
Insertiondepth
TSI9555P
0.032
FAN(AorB)
VSDSETTING
POINT
9.17 m/s
0.196 m2
23 mm
500 mm
1800 l/s
Instrument
5.25
VelocityMeasured2
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxPOINTD210:31p.m.31/03/2009
DesignVelocity
NetArea
Offsetdistance
Method:
DesignVolume:
Date:
Measuredby:
Ambienttemperature
Ambientpressure
MEASURINGPOINTD2FLOWFROMBIOSOLIDSDEWATERINGPRESS2(WEST)
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
COMMISSIONINGSHEET
VelocityMeasured3
51.47 Pa
VelocityMeasured4
(1mmwg=9.807Pa)
COMMENTS
Operator
Operator
Systemflow5.27m3/sorless
3
Systemflow7.13m /sormore
1.45kPaorless
1.96kPaormore
2.13kPaorless
2.88kPaormore
LowFlow
HighFlow
LowPressure
HighPressure
LowDiffPressure
HighDiffPressure
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxSOFTWAREALARMS12:25p.m.30/03/2009
Operator
Operator
Operator
Operator
Automaticinitiationofdutychangeover
Fanfault
Fanfault
RESPONSE
VALUE
ALARM
SOFTWAREALARMS:BIOFILTERFANS2A&2B
Date:
Checkedby:
hvac asist ltd
CHECKED
DATE&TIME
COMMENTS
402800SS00SS003
Torbar
VSDFrequency
FAN2B
FanSpeed
Transducer
Transducer
\\Compaq8510w\c\asist\CWTPOdourControl\CommissioningSheets\CWTPCommissioningSheets.xlsxPRESSTRANSDUCERS10:26p.m.31/03/2009
VSDFrequency
FAN2A
610.AL002.FT01
610.0.AL002.PT01
610.0.BP001.PT01
TagNo
SerialNo
PLC
PLC
Manometer
Manometer
FanDifferentialPressureTransducer
FanSpeed
PressureChecks
Model
TSI9555P
FanDifferentialPressureTransducer
Instrument
FANS2A&2BPRESSURETRANSDUCERS
Transducer
Ambientpressure
Ambienttemperature
Measuredby:
Date:
SYSTEM
hvac asist ltd
PLC
Manometer
DuctStaticPressureTransducer
Transducer
Transducer
PLC
FlowPressureTransducer
Manometer
APPENDIX C MANUFACTURERS INFORMATION

This is provided as follows:Torbar
Torbar Calculation Report for Fans 2A&2B
Pressure Transducer
Page 26 of 26
Revision 3. 01/04/2009
----
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE CALCULATIONS" RESONANCE FREQUENCY CHECK

TORBAR COEFFICIENT K
FLOW TO OP
MODEL NUMBER
LIQUIDS (Volumetric)
DP=
[K~::4~~B5J
2 mb"
PIPE SIZE
]01
"101
402
511
(tnternal
III
411
412
811 all
diam eter)
6 11
701
102
711
712
GASES (Volumetric)
rl
x (Tf + 273)
DP=
Pf
lr
[i< x A x
QB
2
mb"
LKXAX66.839 j
:C J
2 mb"
x 4.62B5
ISYMBOLS
& UNITS
QA=
Q8=
Flow (mllhr)
QC =
Flow (kglhr)
s=
Specific Gravity (Air = I)

DenSity at actual conditions (kg/ml)
8151' Demity of Wlter at 'i'e = 999.971 kglml
D=
Flow (Nm1/hr) It O'C. I ~tms (1.0 1] bu)
Density olwutr u IS.5S'C

SlS t Density of Air at O'C
A=
Tf=
Pf =
K "
601
ACtu11 Pressure (bar Absolute)

Torbu Co-efficient (see uble)
Copl~ . 01 th~ derivltiom 01 thtl~ lonnulu .. ~ .vaH.bte on req"u~
THE CALCULATION SOFTWARE (TORWIN) IS AVA ILABLE
FREE OF CHARGE BY POST OR EMAI L. ALSO
DOWNLOADABLE FAOM OUR WE8SITE
50
0.6483
(Actu,'
7S
0.7027
100
0.7497
0.617'"
150
0.7671
0.6505
25.
lOO
0.6794
0.6941
0.702'1
35.
0.7160
0.7)0)
MODEL
YL (H/SEC)
lOi
JII
LbOI
.01
.02
."
412
L701
L702
H601
H701
H702
H611
H71I
H7I2
511
512
H81t
Haf2
L=
10"
WALL=
SO"
LV =
0.472 + l2
0."'72+L2
0.'172 + L2
1.84) + L2
8.08 + L2
1.841+L2
8.08+L2
1.8"') + L2
8.08+L 2
0.472 + l2
1.84] + l2
8.08+l2
0.472 + L2
l.B-l] + l2
B.08+l 2
10.88 + L2
47.65 + l2
10.8S+L2
017.65 + L2
II
VH ( MISEC)
0.728+l2
0.728 + L2
0.728 + L2
2.B"'0 + L2
12.44+L2
2.B"'0 + L2
12.44 + L2
2.B40+l2
12.44 + l2
0.728 + l2
2.840+L2
12.44+L2
0.728 + l2
2.8'10+l2
12.44+l2
16.766+l2
73.4) + L2
16.76b+L2
7M] + L2
Flow(Q) = ..}DP x
(Nor mal
[..)Sx..}(Tr+273}
conditions)
0.6876
<00
0.7380
0.7564
<50
0.7~02
0.76'1'1
600
0.70168
0.7815
900
0.7473
0.7847
1200
0.7475
0.78"'9
1500
0.7"'76
0.7850
0.7"'76
0.7850
N m)/hr
LIQUIDS I GASES I STEAM (Mm)

Flow(Q) = ,f5P x (KxAx,JDx4.62B5) kg/hr
ISYMBOLS
A
Tf
Pf
K
EXTRAPOLATION
& UNITS
Differential Pressure (mb~r)

Specific GI""lIYity (Air = I)
DenSity It Actull Conditions (kglml)
Bue Density of Witer it -l'C
999.972 kglml
Density of Water it IS.SSC 990.012 kglml
Density or Air at O'C
1.292 kglm 1
Pipe In terNI x-section Are.l (cm)
Actull Tempel""llt1Jre ("C)
Actual Prenure (Bar A) (Absolute)
TORBAR CoEfficient (see Table)
DP
5
D
FOR SIZES NOT SHOWN ABOVE. OETERf'IINE K B'I'
Normal Conditions O'C, I Atmosphere (LOll bar)

For 110dcls 121. 122, 123 (~II siles)
STATEMENT OF ACCURACY: The ulcutued dfferenti!1 prenure

wi'llie v.ith!n an unceruinty bmd of +1- '" with 95%confidence if the
TORSAR is illl~Jled stricu., in aCcordlll(e with the published Insulbtion
Innrocllons. For Jpp'.!Gtioos ..... hich do not conform to those inn.ructions,
it is rtcommended that In on site ulbntion is perlormed in order to
nhle\'e the optimvm ncunq.
K= I
IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE ANSWERS FROM THm

EQUATIONS ARE VOOFIED WITH THE FACTOIlY Oil TOllBAR
ACCIlEDITED SUPFtIEll. BEfORE USE WITH YOUR SYSTEM
This check is not necessary for LI QUID FLOWS. because the maximum allowable DP is
reached before resonance occurs (see table opposite) or Models 121, 122. and 123
For Gas and Vapour flows a Resonance Frequency Check MUST be made. Equations have
been derived for the various TORBAR models to determine lOW and HIGH critical
velocities (Vl and VH) which define the narrow resonance band of velocities which
shou ld be outside the continuous operating fl ow range of the TORBAR.
The table below lists those equations to calculate the Vl and VH. If the calculation shows
Vl to VH to be within the continuous operating flow range. then an alternative. suitable
model of TORBAR should be selected to give acceptable values of Vl and VH.
Always check that the maximum flow DP is less than the 'Maximum Allowable OP' as
shown in the opposi te table.
VELOCITIES
KxAx,J(Tf+27J)J AmJ/hr
KxAx66.BJ9X,JPf J
0.6647
and above
KxAx462B5
,JD
]ml/hr
Sx4.0J2Jx,JPf
conditions)
or
200
1800
r
L
GASES ( Volum e tric)

Flow(Q) = ..}DP x
I RESONANCE FREQUENCY CHECK I
CRITICAL
Flow(Q) = ,JDP x
= 999.012 kglml
I ATMOS (LOll bH) = 1.292 kglml

Pipe Internal X-Section Area (em1)
ActUll Tl!'mpenture CC)
TORBAR
512
(mms)
LIQUIDS I GASES I STEAM (Mass)

DP=
OP TO FLOW
LIQUIDS (Volumetric)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OP
Depending on the model and size of TORBAR there is a maximum figure
of Differential Pressure above which the TORBAR should NOT be used
due to the imposition of excessiye mechanical stresses. Check the table
below to ensure that the application is suitable. If the calculated OP
exceeds the maximum shown below, then select an other appropriate
model t o suit the application. For BI-Directional con figurations
(accessory code BW), use 50% of the figures in this table.
FOR LIQUID FLOW APP LICATIONS WHERE THERE IS A POSSIBI LI TY
OF PROCESS PU LSATI ONS OR INTERMITTENT EXCESSIVE FLOW
VE LOCITY , T HEN THE ENDSUPPORT MODELS SHO ULD ALWAYS BE
SelECTED FOR P IPE SIZES OVER 150mm DIAMETER (400 AND 700
SERIES) AND 600mm (SOO ANO SOO SERIES).
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH
L (METRES) (see below)
ID + WALL + O.OS
10 + WALL + SO
10 + WALL + 0.Q2
10 + WALL + 0.08
10+2xWALL+0.IIS
10 + WALL + SO
10 -I- 2 x WALL + SO + 0.05
ID + WAll + 0.05
10 + 2 x WAll + 0.10
10 + WAll + O.OS
10 + WALL + 0.05
10+2xWAll+0.10
10 + WAll + SO + lV + 0.05
10 + WAll + SO + lV + 0.05
10 + 2 x WALL +SO + LV+ 0.10
10 + WALL + SO
10 + 2 x WAll + SO + 0.08
10 + WALL + SO + LV + 0.05
10 + 2 x WALL + 50 + LV + 0.1)
UNSUPPORTED lENGTH (METRES)

PIPE INTERNAL DIAMETER (METRES)
PIPE WALL THICKNESS (METRES)
OVERALL LENGTH OF FLANGED PIPE FinING (METRES) (See page 9)
OVERALL LENGTH OF ISOLATION VALVE (METRES) (See page 9)
THE ABOVE EQUATIONS ARE DER IV ED FRO M TOR8AR RE SO NA NC E FREQ UENCY

DATA AND CALCULATIONS . FU LL DETA ILS ARE AVA IL ABLE O N REQ UEST.
TORBAA BASE MODEL NUMBR.

PIPE SIZE
(Inlemll DtJ.)
lOi
)11
601
'101 411
701 711
<CO2 412
702 712
6"
(inS)
(mms)
5.
75
100
15.
200
Mv"mum
6250
2790
1565
605
~!!owable
511
'"
512
812
DP In mblr
5100
2285
128S
12
25.
lOO
82'
570
]250
2250
14
]5'
1680
1725
"
<00
32.
25.
1285
1015
1]]5
lOSS
.,,5
1<0
5.
JO
20
570
590
265
1<5
2375
1055
10
18
<50
600
900
.
J6
48
1200
72
1500
1800
10
25'
1<0
90
HOO
2350
90
65
590
38.
265
Above 1800 mm - conSl,llt bctory

FOR SIZES NOT SHOWN ABOVE DETERMINE f'IAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DP B'I'
EXTRAPOLATION
* For models 121 . 122, 123 (~II siles) Maximum DP v~ll,le Is 2SOO mbar.
TH E ABOVE fiGUR ES AM THEORETICALLY DERIVED AN D INCLUDE A. XIO SAFETY
FACTOR OVER AND ASOVE 8ASIC STANDAkD S AND SPEC IFICATIO N f ULL
THEORETICAl OATA IS AVAIlABLE ON REQUEST
II
TORWIN V4.0 Lite

Calculation Report
Client :
Client Reference :
Item Number :
Tag Number :
Serial Number :
Job Reference :
Calculation Issue :
Calc. No. :
Date Issued :
TORBAR Model :
001
1
01,April,2009
402
Input Data
Fluid :
Operating Pressure :
Operating Temperature :
Operating Density :
Base Density / Z :
Viscosity :
Meter Maximum Flow :
Maximum Flow :
Normal Flow :
Minumum Flow :
Pipe Internal Diameter :
Rectangular Length :
air
1.9
35
1.167
0.9996
Liquid
kPa [G]
Deg C
kg/m3
kg/m3
10
10
6.2
0
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
1017
mm
mm
Resonance Length :
mm
Calculated Results
DP @ Meter Maximum Flow :
DP @ Maximum Flow :
DP @ Normal Flow :
DP @ Minimum Flow :
1.915
1.915
0.736
0.000
mBar
mBar
mBar
mBar
Velocity @ Normal Flow :

Upper Critical Velocity :
Lower Critical Velociy :
7.632
0.000
0.000
m/s
m/s
m/s
Pressure Loss @ Meter Maximum Flow :

Pressure Loss @ Maximum Flow :
Pressure Loss @ Normal Flow :
Pressure Loss @ Minimum Flow :
0.060
0.060
0.023
0.000
mBar
mBar
mBar
mBar
Operating Density :
1.167
kg/m3
K-Factor :
0.7474
Comments
Resonant Frequency Consideration [Gas / Vapour only]

Use of the TORBAR at velocities that lie within the Critical Velocity limits (Vh-Vl) shown above should be restricted to
transient / short-term flow conditions. Refer to page 11 of the TORBAR brochure for more details.
<<Contents>> <<Index>>
General
Specifications
EJX110A
Differential Pressure Transmitter
GS 01C25B01-01E
[Style: S2]
The high performance differential pressure transmitter

EJX110A features single crystal silicon resonant
sensor and is suitable to measure liquid, gas, or
steam flow as well as liquid level, density and pressure. EJX110A outputs a 4 to 20 mA DC signal
corresponding to the measured differential pressure.
Its highly accurate and stable sensor can also measure the static pressure which can be shown on the
integral indicator or remotely monitored via BRAIN or
HART communications. Other key features include
quick response, remote set-up using communications,
self-diagnostics and optional status output for pressure
high/low alarm. FOUNDATION Fieldbus protocol type
is also available. All EJX series models in their
standard configuration, with the exception of the
Fieldbus type, are certified by TV as complying with
SIL 2 for safety requirement.
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
Refer to GS 01C25T02-01E for Fieldbus communication type marked with .
SPAN AND RANGE LIMITS

Measurement
Span/Range
kPa
inH2O(/D1)
Measurement span
Reference
accuracy
0.04% of Span
X span
X span
X
URL (upper range limit)
(0.0150.005 URL/span)% of Span

2 kPa (8 inH2O)
10 kPa (40 inH2O)
T03E.EPS
mbar(/D3)
mmH2O(/D4)
Span
1 to 100
0.4 to 40
0.1 to 10
10 to 1000
Range 10 to 10
40 to 40
100 to 100
1000 to 1000
Span
50 to 10000
0.5 to 100
5 to 1000
2 to 400
M
Range 100 to 100
400 to 400 1000 to 1000 10000 to 10000
25 to 5000
2.5 to 500
Span
10 to 2000
0.025 to 5 kgf/cm2
H
Range 500 to 500 2000 to 2000 5000 to 5000
5 to 5 kgf/cm2
Square Root Output Accuracy

The square root accuracy is a percent of flow span.
Output
Accuracy
50% or Greater
Same as reference accuracy
50% to Dropout point
Reference accuracy50
Square root output (%)
T01E.EPS
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
Zero-based calibrated span, linear output, wetted
parts material code S and silicone oil, unless otherwise mentioned.
For Fieldbus communication type, use calibrated
range instead of span in the following specifications.
Specification Conformance
EJX series ensures specification conformance to at
least 3.
Reference Accuracy of Calibrated Span
(includes terminal-based linearity, hysteresis, and
repeatability)
Measurement span
X span
Reference
accuracy
X span
X
X span
Reference
accuracy
X span
Ambient Temperature Effects per 28C (50F)

Change
Capsule
Effect
H
M
L
(0.04% Span0.0125% URL)

(0.04% Span0.009% URL)
(0.055% Span0.09% URL)
Static Pressure Effects per 6.9 MPa (1000 psi)

Change
Span Effects
L, M and H capsules
0.075% of span
Effect on Zero
0.04% of Span
70 kPa (280 inH2O)
500 kPa (2000 inH2O)
T08E.EPS
Measurement span
T03E.EPS
0.04% of Span
10 kPa (40 inH2O)
100 kPa (400 inH2O)
Capsule
Effect
H
M
L
0.028% URL
0.02% URL
0.05% URL
Overpressure Effects
Overpressure condition: up to maximum working
pressure
M and H capsules
0.03% of URL
T02E.EPS
Yokogawa Electric Corporation

2-9-32 Nakacho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8750 Japan
Phone: 81-422-52-5690 Fax.: 81-422-52-2018
GS 01C25B01-01E
Copyright Feb. 2004
7th Edition Feb. 2006
Total Probable Error (M capsule)

0.12% of Span @1:1 to 5:1 Rangedown
Total probable error, known as a measure of the total
performance of the transmitters under the condition of
fixed line presurre.
Total Probable Error

E12E22E32
E1: Reference Accuracy of Calibrated Span
E2: Ambient Temperature Effects per 28 C change
E3: Static Span Effects per 6.9 MPa change
Total Accuracy (M capsule)

0.12% of Span @1:1 Rangedown
0.25% of Span @ 5:1 Rangedown
Total accuracy is a comprehensive measure of transmitter
total performance, covering all major factors in actual
installation, that cause errors in measurement.
As a standard measure, YOKOGAWA uses this to evaluate
transmitter performance.
Total Accuracy
E12E22(E3E4)2E52
E1: Reference Accuracy of Calibrated Span
E2: Ambient Temperature Effects per 28 C change
E3: Static Span Effects per 6.9 MPa change
E4: Static Zero Effects per 6.9 MPa change
E5: Overpressure Effects upto overpressure 25MPa
Not only a day-to-day changes in temperature can affect

the measurement and lead to unnoticed errors; fluctuaion
of line pressure, incorrect operation of three/five valve
manifold leading to over-pressure events, and other
phenomena can have the similar result. Total Accuracy
factors in such changes and errors and provides much
comprehensive and practical determination of how a
transmitter will perform under actual plant operation.
Stability (All normal operating condition, including
overpressure effects)
M and H capsules
0.1% of URL per 10 years
Power Supply Effects (Output signal code D and E)
0.005 % per Volt (from 21.6 to 32 V DC, 350 )
Vibration Effects
Amplifier housing code 1:
Less than 0.1% of URL when tested per the requirements of IEC60770-1 field or pipeline with high
vibration level (10-60 Hz, 0.21 mm peak to peak
displacement/60-2000 Hz 3 g)
Amplifier housing code 2:
Less than 0.1% of URL when tested per the
requirements of IEC60770-1 field with general
application or pipeline with low vibration level (10-60
Hz 0.15mm peak to peak displacement /60-500 Hz
2g)
Mounting Position Effects
Rotation in diaphragm plane has no effect. Tilting up to
90 degree will cause zero shift up to 0.4 kPa
(1.6 inH2O) which can be corrected by the zero
adjustment.
All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2004, Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Response Time (Differential pressure)

L, M and H capsules : 90 msec
When amplifier damping is set to zero and including
dead time of 45 msec (nominal)
Static Pressure Signal Range and Accuracy
(For monitoring via communication or on
indicator. Includes terminal-based linearity,
hysteresis, and repeatability)
Range
Upper Range Value and Lower Range Value of the
statice pressure can be set in the range between 0
and Maximum Working Pressure(MWP). The upper
range value must be greater than the lower range
value. Minimum setting span is 0.5 MPa(73 psi).
Measuring either the pressure of high pressure side
or low pressure side is user-selectable.
Accuracy
Absolute Pressure
1MPa or higher : 0.2% of span
Less than 1 MPa: 0.2%(1 MPa/span) of span
Gauge Pressure Reference
Gauge pressure reference is 1013 hPa (1 atm)
Note : Gauge pressure variable is based on the above
fixed reference and thus subject to be affected by
the change of atomospheric pressure.
FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS
Output
Two wire 4 to 20 mA DC output with digital communications, linear or square root programmable. BRAIN
or HART FSK protocol are superimposed on the 4 to
20 mA signal.
Output range: 3.6 mA to 21.6 mA
Output limits conforming to NAMUR NE43 can be
pre-set by option code C2 or C3.
Failure Alarm (Output signal code D and E)
Analog output status at CPU failure and hardware
error;
Up-scale: 110%, 21.6 mA DC or more (standard)
Down-scale: 5%, 3.2 mA DC or less
Damping Time Constant (1st order)
Amplifier damping time constant is adjustable from
0.00 to 100.00 sec by software and added to response time.
Note: For BRAIN protocol type, when amplifier software
damping is set to less than 0.5 sec, communication may occasionally be unavailble during the
operation, especially while output changes
dynamically. The default setting of damping
ensures stable communication.
Update Period
Differential pressure: 45 msec
Static pressure: 360 msec
Zero Adjustment Limits
Zero can be fully elevated or suppressed, within the
lower and upper range limits of the capsule.
External Zero Adjustment
External zero is continuously adjustable with 0.01%
incremental resolution of span. Re-range can be
done locally using the digital indicator with rangesetting switch.
GS 01C25B01-01E
Aug. 31, 2005-00
Integral Indicator (LCD display, optional)
5-digit numerical display, 6-digit unit display and bar
graph.
The indicator is configurable to display one or up to
four of the following variables periodically.;
Measured differential pressure, differential pressure
in %, scaled differential pressure, measured static
pressure. See also Factory Setting.
Minimum Pressure Limit

See graph below
Atmospheric
pressure
100(14.5)
Working
pressure
kPa abs
(psi abs)
Burst Pressure Limits

69 MPa (10,000 psi)
Applicable range
10(1.4)
Self Diagnostics
CPU failure, hardware failure, configuration error,
and over-range error for differential pressure, static
pressure and capsule temperature.
User-configurable process high/low alarm for
differential pressure and static pressure is also
available, and its status can be output when optional
status output is specified.
Signal Characterizer (Output signal code D and E)
User-configurable 10-segment signal characterizer
for 4 to 20 mA output.
Status Output (optional, output signal code D and E)
One transistor contact output (sink type) to output the
status of user configurable high/low alarm for
differential pressure/static pressure.
Contact rating : 10.5 to 30 V DC, 120 mA DC max.
Refer to Terminal Configuration and Wiring Example for Analog Output and Status Output.
SIL Certification
EJX series transmitters except Fieldbus communication type are certified by RWTV Systems GmbH in
compliance with the following standards;
IEC 61508: 2000; Part1 to Part 7
Functional Safety of Electrical/electronic/programmable electronic related systems; SIL 2 capability for
single transmitter use, SIL 3 capability for dual
transmitter use.
NORMAL OPERATING CONDITION

(Optional features or approval codes may affect
limits.)
Ambient Temperature Limits
40 to 85C (40 to 185F)
30 to 80C (22 to 176F) with LCD display
Process Temperature Limits
40 to 120C (40 to 248F)
Ambient Humidity Limits
0 to 100% RH
Working Pressure Limits (Silicone oil)
Maximum Pressure Limits
L capsule
16 MPa (2300 psi)
M and H capsules
25 MPa (3600 psi)
2.7(0.38)
1(0.14)
-40
(-40)
0
(32)
40
(104)
80
(176)
120
(248)
Process temperature C ( F)
F01E.EPS
Figure 1. Working Pressure and Process Temperature
Supply & Load Requirements

(Output signal code D and E. Optional features
or approval codes may affect electrical requirements.)
With 24 V DC supply, up to a 550 load can be
used. See graph below.
600
R=
External
load
resistance
E-10.5
0.0244
Digital
Communication
range
BRAIN and HART
250
R ()
25.2
10.5 16.6
Power supply voltage E (V DC)
42
F02E.EPS
Figure 2. Relationship Between Power Supply Voltage

and External Load Resistance
Supply Voltage
10.5 to 42 V DC for general use and flameproof type.
10.5 to 32 V DC for lightning protector (option code /
A. )
10.5 to 30 V DC for intrinsically safe, type n, or nonincendive.
Minimum voltage limited at 16.6 V DC for digital
communications, BRAIN and HART
Load (Output signal code D and E)
0 to 1290 for operation
250 to 600 for digital communication
GS 01C25B01-01E
Jan. 05, 2005-00
Communication Requirements
(Approval codes may affect electrical requirements.)
BRAIN
Communication Distance
Up to 2 km (1.25 miles) when using CEV polyethylene-insulated PVC-sheathed cables. Communication
distance varies depending on type of cable used.
Load Capacitance
0.22 F or less
Load Inductance
3.3 mH or less
Input Impedance of communicating device
10 k or more at 2.4 kHz.
HART
Cover O-rings
Buna-N
Name plate and tag
304 SST
Fill Fluid
Silicone, fluorinated oil (optional)
Weight
[Installation code 7, 8 and 9]
2.7 kg (6.0 lb) without integral indicator, mounting
bracket, and process connector.
Add 1.5 kg (3.3lb) for Amplifier housing code 2.
Connections
Refer to MODEL AND SUFFIX CODES.
< Related Instruments>
Communication Distance
Up to 1.5 km (1 mile) when using multiple twisted pair
cables. Communication distance varies depending on
type of cable used.
Use the following formula to determine cable length
for specific applications:
65 106 (Cf + 10,000)
L=
C
(R C)
Where:
L = length in meters or feet
R = resistance in (including barrier resistance)
C = cable capacitance in pF/m or pF/ft
Cf = maximum shunt capacitance of receiving devices
in pF/m or pF/ft
EMC Conformity Standards
EN 61326, AS/NZS CISPR11
Degrees of Protection
IP67, NEMA4X, JIS C0920
Power Distributor: Refer to GS 01B04T01-02E or

GS 01B04T02-02E
BRAIN TERMINAL: Refer to GS 01C00A11-00E
< Reference >

1. Teflon; Trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.
2. Hastelloy; Trademark of Haynes International Inc.
3. HART; Trademark of the HART Communication
Foundation.
4. FOUNDATION Fieldbus; Tradmark of Fieldbus
Foundation.
Other company names and product names used in this
material are registered trademarks or trademarks of
their respective owners.
European Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC

Sound Engineering Practice (for all capsules)
With option code /PE3 (for M and H capsules)
Category III, Module H, Type of Equipment: Pressure
Accessory-Vessel, Type of Fluid: Liquid and Gas,
Group of Fluid: 1 and 2
PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Wetted Parts Materials
Diaphragm, Cover Flange, Process Connector,
Capsule Gasket, and Vent/Drain Plug
Refer to MODEL AND SUFFIX CODES.
Process Connector Gasket
PTFE Teflon
Fluorinated rubber for option code N2 and N3
Non-wetted Parts Materials
Bolting
ASTM-B7M carbon steel, 316 SST(ISO A4-70)
stainless steel, or ASTM grade 660 stainless steel
Housing
Low copper cast aluminum alloy with polyurethane,
mint-green paint (Munsell 5.6BG 3.3/2.9 or its
equivalent), or ASTM CF-8M Stainless Steel
GS 01C25B01-01E
Aug. 31, 2005-00
14.4 McCormacks Bay Operations and Maintenance

Manual
13 May 2010
- 29 -
McCormacks Bay Biofilter

PS470
Operating Manual
Last Revision: 13 May 2006
McCormacks Bay Biofilter Manual - Version: 13 May 2006
McCormacks Bay Biofilter Operating Manual

Background
This manual describes the biofilter in McCormacks Bay Reserve and the monitoring
required to maintain optimum biofilter operation.
Biofilter Description
Leading into McCormacks Bay there is the 300mm diameter PM31 from Moncks Bay
combining with the 100mm PM30 from Beachville Rd to discharge to an unvented
manhole in opposite 17 Main Road.
This then extends 140m via a 400mm PVC gravity line to a vented manhole in the
grassed area at the junction of Main Rd and McCormacks Bay Rd. From here a gravity
pipe extends 88m via a 475mm PVC pipe and 140m via a 600mm RCRRJ pipe to the
biofilter air extraction manhole. The total distance from the pressure main discharge to
the air extraction point is 368m.
This manhole vent in the grassed area at the corner of Main Rd and McCormacks Bay
Rd has been the main source of odour local complaints with lesser complaints arising
near the vented manhole opposite 124 McCormacks Bay Rd 200m south of the air
extraction site.
Airlines to the biofilter are DN225 PVC and lead to a 40m x 3m x 650mm deep bark/soil
biofilter. Total bark volume is about 80m3. Air distribution is via twin perforated 150
Nexusflo twin wall polyethylene lines extending from the manifold half way along the
filter. Refer to Engineering Plan 14994.
Biofilter design
Filter Bed Sizing
The filter bed sizing has been based on an airflow equivalent to a velocity of 1m/s in the
vented gravity pipeline of 600mm diameter (approx 250L/s) plus an airflow rate through
the filter of 15m3/hr/m3filter as per standard CCC practice. This however makes no
allowance for actual H2S mass flow, that should be the real design criteria, but filter bed
sizes are usually adjusted up or down based actual H2S readings.
The latest thinking on biofilter media is to use 100% bark to at least 1m depth. At
McCormacks Bay however there is a need to keep above groundwater level (including
spring tides) and also to not protrude too far above ground level for aesthetic reasons. At
McCormacks Bay reserve a 300mm maximum height above ground was targeted
resulting in a maximum useable media depth of 650mm. This depth is similar to past
CCC biofilters using a bark/25% soil media, but at this location a bark + 10% soil
content was chosen to improve the habitat for the bacteria that reduce the sulphur.
Irrigation and Leachate Collection

For best filter operation of the biofilter media it is important to maintain optimum
conditions for the bacteria that do the real work of odour absorption. It is therefore very
important that moisture levels in the bark media do not drop too low. To this end the
biofilter incorporates an automated irrigation system regulated via a Hunter 6 station
programmable controller. This controller can accept moisture or weather input if
necessary but general opinion is that the best measure of bed moisture level is
determined by visual inspection. The cabling has been installed to the biofilter for a
moisture sensor but there is no probe at present.
The irrigation spray heads for the bed have been set up in two zones on opposite sides of
the bed and these are set to operate one following the other to make best use of available
water pressure.
A side effect of irrigation is production of acidic leachate that will drain to the base of
the filter. For this reason a liner has and drain have been included. Ideally crushed shells
are added to the bark mix to buffer the pH level but this has not been allowed for here
due to added cost and the expected low H2S levels.
Polypropylene Liner and Adjacent Timber
The leachate collection liner is 1.0mm GSE Proflex Polypropylene. This material is
easily welded should any damage occur. (Contact Skellerup)
The 150 half round posts and 20mm H4 treated ply has been included to give a flat
surface for the Polypropylene liner to terminate against. Half rounds have been included
on the outside to soften the appearance otherwise the edge with exposed posts would
look quite utilitarian.
Cabinet Fit Out
Note that the main components are also documented on the CWW SAP asset register.
Items included in the cabinet include:
A switch board with meter and fuses and mains switch
A 3 phase power socket:
Two single phase power sockets
A variable speed drive:
Xtravert X704
(ex PDL/Schneider)
A drive motor with belt linkage: WEG 80IEC - 4 pole 0.75kVA motor
An air extraction/blower fan:
Richardson model 0D (ex Taymac)
An irrigation controller:
Hunter EC - 4 channel controller
A manometer air pressure display: Dwyer MkII
(ex Homershams)
Groundwater
The base of the leachate liner is at about RL10.25, which is at spring tide level. It is
therefore likely that groundwater levels will rise above the base of the liner from time to
time but, provided the integrity of the liner is maintained, this will not cause flotation
due to the weight of the overlying gravel and bark. Checking of flow rate in the leachate
drain during a very high tide should be might reveal whether or not there are any
punctures in the liner.
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
Ongoing Monitoring
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
Air pressures, air flow rates, and bed humidity should be checked at least monthly
throughout summer (September to May) and recorded on a log sheet.
Note that if bed moisture levels are persistently low then the biofilter efficiency will
plummet.
Monitoring points have been included for the following:
Air pressure at the bed inlet
Differential air pressure across the fan
Airflow rates (by hot wire anemometer) on all air inlet and outlet lines.
Air stream humidity
Air inlet pipe H2S sampling access point
Anemometer access ports (for measuring air flow rates)
Leachate discharge access inspection chamber
Monitoring Items and Targets

Item Measurement
1a
Place H2S datalogger in inlet manhole
1b
Also check the manhole 200m downstream
Target Range
< 5 ppm H2S
< 5 ppm H2S
Check that the leachate drain flows freely
3
3a
3b
Fan Speed:
Set to about 3000rpm
Measure motor current
3000rpm
< 6amps
4
4a
4b
Noise:
Check fan noise at 1m
Check noise at 50m
< 60dBA
5
5a
5b
Air Pressures:
Measure air pressure at the bed inlet
Measure differential air pressure across the fan
6
6a
6b
Air Flow rates:

Determine airflow rates by hot wire anemometer
Check airflow through street manhole air vents.
Smoke test
8
8a
8b
8c
Humidity:
Measure humidity of inlet air stream
Measure humidity within biofilter bark at 500
depth
Visually inspect the bed moisture level
always damp
Monitor for odours around bed
Not detectable
>1 L/s
25mm water head; 100mm max

25mm water head; 100mm max
250L/s (6m/s in 225 dia pipe)
Noticeable breeze
Uniform emission
>90%
>90%
The critical parameters to monitor are:

H2S removal
Air flow rate
Biofilter back pressure
Uniform air emission from the bed
Fan speed should be adjusted up or down to achieve the air flow rate of 250L/s although
be aware than fan speeds above 3000 rpm can lead to noise issues.
If biofilter back pressure is above 100mm at 250L/s then it is time to loosen up or
replace the biofilter media.
If smoke emission is not uniform then it is time to loosen up or replace the biofilter
media.
Photos:
Photo A: The biofilter
Photo B: The fan cabinet
Photo C: The Xtravert VSD controller. Mounted on the panel door are a rotary speed
controller and LCD hour meter.
Photo D: The Dwyer Mark II manometer
Photo E: The power meter and trip switches
Photo F: The Hunter EC irrigation controller
Appended:
Monitoring Check Sheet

Local area sewerage reticulation map
Richardson model 0D fan performance curves
Biofilter As-built plans
Xtravert VSD manual (downloadable from the Schneider web site as a pdf file)
Hunter Irrigation controller: See manual in fan cabinet
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
Monitoring Check Sheet

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
Observer:
Item Measurement
1
Place H2S datalogger in inlet manhole
Date:
Target Range
< 5 ppm Avg
Check that the leachate drain flows freely
3
3a
3b
Fan Speed:
Set to about 3000rpm
Measure motor current?
3000rpm
???
4
4a
4b
Noise:
Check fan noise at 1m
Check noise at 50m
< 60dBA
5
5a
Air Pressures:
Measure air pressure at the bed inlet
5b
Measure differential air pressure across the

fan
6
6a
Air flow rates:

Determine airflow rates by hot wire
anemometer
Check airflow through street manhole air
vents.
6b
7
Check for bed compaction
Smoke test
9
9a
9b
Humidity:
Measure humidity of inlet air stream
Measure humidity within biofilter bark at
500 depth
10
Monitor for odours around bed
11
Check condition of timber surround
12
Check for odour complaints
>1 L/s
25mm water head;

100mm max
25mm water head;
100mm max
250L/s (6m/s in
225 dia pipe)
??
Loose
Uniform emission
No short circuiting
>90%
>90%
Not detectable
Sound
Nil
Observation
Non compliance actions:

Item Measurement
1
H2S at inlet manhole excessive (> 5 ppm
average)
2
Leachate ponding
Leachate flow excessive (>1 L/s)
3
3b
Fan Motor:
Motor current high
4
4a
4b
Noise:
Fan noise at 1m excessive
Fan noise at 50m excessive (> 60dBA)
5
5a
Air Pressures:
Air pressure at the bed inlet exceeds
100mm
Differential air pressure across the fan
exceeds 100mm
5b
6
6a
Air flow rates:

Airflow rate > 250L/s
Airflow rate < 100L/s
6b
Airflow through street manhole air vents

not noticable.
Check for bed compaction
Smoke test shows non uniform emission
9
9b
Humidity:
Humidity within biofilter bark at 500
depth < 90%
10
Excessive odours around bed
11
Check condition of timber surround
12
Check for odour complaints
Action
Increase air flow rate
Clear the drain line
Check flow source
Determine cause
Check fan and motor

Reduce fan speed
Loosen the bed or replace
media
Reduce fan speed

Increase fan speed and/or
check media
Find out why
Loose
Loosen or compact the bed
accordingly
Change irrigation regime
Find out why
Sound
Follow up
Reticulation Map:
Richardson 0D Mill Exhaust Fan Performance Curves

Richardson 0D Fan
4500
Fan Speed (rpm)
4000
3500
3000
260 l/s
2500
230 l/s
200 l/s
160 l/s
2000
120 l/s
70 l/ s
1500
1000
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Water Head (m m )
Fan Speed (rpm) versus Water Head and Air Flow Rate
Air Flow Water Head (mm)
(l/s)
25
51
1574
2111
70
1630
2155
80
1685
2200
90
1740
2245
100
1796
2289
110
1855
2335
120
1927
2388
130
2000
2442
140
2075
2499
150
2151
2558
160
2230
2623
170
2310
2691
180
2393
2764
190
2477
2838
200
2563
2915
210
2649
2991
220
2736
3068
230
2824
3145
240
2912
3223
250
3000
3300
260
3088
3377
270
250
500
Water Head (Pa)
76
2546
2583
2619
2655
2691
2729
2776
2823
2872
2923
2978
3036
3097
3160
3227
3295
3365
3436
3508
3580
3652
750
102
2932
2959
2986
3012
3039
3069
3114
3160
3206
3255
3306
3359
3414
3470
3528
3587
3647
3708
3769
3830
3891
1000
127
3268
3286
3304
3322
3341
3363
3405
3447
3491
3536
3585
3636
3689
3743
3799
3855
3911
3967
4024
4080
4136
1250
152
3584
3597
3611
3625
3639
3658
3697
3737
3777
3819
3862
3906
3952
4000
4050
4101
4155
4209
4264
4320
4376
1500
14.5 Design and Monitoring of In-ground Biofilters for

Long Life and Low Maintenance
13 May 2010
- 30 -
WEF/A&WMA Odors and Air Emissions 2008
DESIGN AND MONITORING OF IN-GROUND BIOFILTERS FOR LONG LIFE AND

LOW MAINTENANCE
Harvey Wayne Sorensen, OCTC Inc.; 8220 Jones Road, Suite 500; Houston, TX 77065
Marinus Baadsgaard, Clark County Water Reclamation District, Nevada
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the findings of long term monitoring and inspection of 33 operating inground biofilters in the United States and Canada. The objective of this paper is to identify and
correct common design mistakes, outline efficient operation and maintenance guidelines, and
develop an effective monitoring program. It is important to note that one design does not fit
every application; however, avoiding the common mistakes will greatly increase the performance
of a low cost in-ground biofilter.
INTRODUCTION
The majority of testing and analysis was performed in Clark County, NV (13 biofilters),
Columbus, Ohio (4 biofilters), Brownsville, TX (4 biofilters), and Ottawa, ON (4 biofilters).
Each location provided significant input; however, the majority of improvements were developed
and implemented while working with the Clark County Water Reclamation District (CCWRD) in
Las Vegas and Laughlin, NV. It is important to note that the large number of biofilters provided
cross checking of design parameters which was critical for evaluating which components were
good and which were bad. Sometimes 3/8 inch was the difference between success and failure.
The performance of biofilters is well documented in academia and full-scale operations;
however, almost all of the data is taken during the first few years of operations. There is very
little data the shows the trends in biofilter performance over long periods of time or shows the
performance of problem biofilters. The long-term performance is the true measure of the quality
of the biofilter design. It is also the best tool to maintain and improve biofilters. CCWRD
developed a sampling and monitoring system to track the performance of their biofilters and
schedule maintenance. The sample parameters were selected based on what were important and
eliminated samples that were redundant or valueless. This reduced sample collection time and
focused the operators on what was important.
INVESTIGATION AND FINDINGS
The study includes biofilters in the US and Canada ranging in size from 250 cfm to 85,000 cfm.
All of the biofilters were constructed between 1995 and 2005 and include a multitude of designs
and air plenums; however, the majority are perforated pipe in a rock air plenum and one is a
supported grate air plenum. Average inlet H2S gas ranges for 1800 ppm to 1 ppm, inlet relative
humidity ranges from 15% to greater than 85% and pressure drops range from 0.5 inches water
to 14-inches water column (WC) Developing an improved design and monitoring program was
simple, keep what works and eliminate what does not work. The large number of biofilters
provides a large selection of geometries, duct sizes, EBCTs, air plenum designs and media
selections to compare and crosscheck.
Copyright 2008 Water Environment Federation. All Rights Reserved
217
The problem biofilters generally have high backpressure, reduced airflow, and compacted media.
These conditions are serious design problems and not maintenance issues, which are relatively
easy to fix (such as broken irrigation systems). Generally, these biofilter still have good removal
efficiency; however, the processes that they treat become odorous and odors vent to the
atmosphere. It follows that fixing these problems increase the effectiveness of the odor control
facilities. The following list contains some of the basic design principles that produce a simple
and low maintenance and highly effective biofilter. The detailed design is not complicated;
however, many biofilters miss one or more of these critical design parameters.
1. Use sampling to determine the actual inlet odor concentration and airflow.
2. Use results of #1 to select a suitable media and bed depth for the biofilter.
3. Locate reliable sources of organic media and silica rock before bidding the project
4. Design air plenum with less the 1-inch pressure drop.
5. Space laterals to provide good air distribution
MONITORING PROGRAM
Arguably the most import part of improving biofilter designs and performance is a very good
source of performance data. A large part of this project is the monitoring data from CCWRD.
The monitoring program includes a database that tracks all of the biofilter information and
produce charts and reports showing important data from the biofilters. This is a very effective
maintenance tool.
KEYWORDS.
Biofilter, Monitoring, H2S Pressure, Air Plenum, Silica Rock, Organic Media
218
INTRODUCTION
This paper presents the findings of long term monitoring and inspection of 33 operating inground biofilters in the United States and Canada. The objective of this paper is to identify and
correct common design mistakes, outline efficient operation and maintenance guidelines, and
develop an effective monitoring program. It is important to note that one design does not fit
every application; however, avoiding the common mistakes will greatly increase the performance
of a low-cost in-ground biofilter.
The majority of testing and analysis was performed in Clark County, NV (13 biofilters),
Columbus, Ohio (4 biofilters), Brownsville, TX (4 biofilters), and Ottawa, ON (4 biofilters).
Each location provided significant input; however, the majority of improvements were developed
and implemented while working with the Clark County Water Reclamation District (CCWRD) in
Las Vegas and Laughlin, NV. It is important to note that the large number of biofilters provided
cross checking of design parameters which was critical for evaluating which components were
good and which were bad. Sometimes 3/8 inch was the difference between success and failure.
The central theme of this paper is do not make the same mistake twice.
METHODOLOGY
The performance of biofilters is well documented in academia and full-scale operations;
however, almost all of the data is taken during the first few years of operations. There is very
little data that shows the trends in biofilter performance over long periods of operation. For
problem biofilters there is virtually no detailed performance data, O&M history, or evaluations
of the design deficiencies.
Basic biofilter design is well documented; however, there are dozens of biofilter concepts and
specific design details are usually limited. The first step in the design process is identifying the
constituents in the foul air stream and determining the airflow. The appropriate biofilter design
criteria is more difficult since detailed design literature with performance data is limited. It
follows that the best way to optimize the detailed design is inspecting existing biofilters to
determine what causes some biofilters to fail and others to perform well. The inspections are
difficult and time consuming but they are a worthwhile endeavor because a properly designed
and maintained in-ground biofilter is probably the most cost effective odor control option for
most utilities. The following sections contain the lessons learned from the detailed inspections
and sampling of biofilters and how those findings improved the biofilter design.
Inspection
Inspecting operating biofilters is arguably the most important tool for improving basic biofilter
designs and optimizing the O&M. The findings help to determine if poor performance is due to
the design, the O&M or both. It is equally important to inspect biofilters that appear to be
performing well. That inspection will determine if the performance is due to good design, good
O&M or favorable operating conditions, such as low odor strength, mild temperatures and high
RH.
219
Biofilter inspections consist of a through investigation of all of the major components. The
physical inspection should be performed by someone with extensive knowledge of biofilters and
their operation. Knowledgeable inspectors are better equipped to methodically inspect and
evaluate each component based on its performance. This is critical because the majority of
inspectors find one component that appears to be a problem and prematurely end the inspection.
It is common to blame the media for excessive back pressure, when more often than not the
base problem was caused by plugged air diffusers or plugged rock. Unfortunately, there are
usually several problems and the inspector must take the time to test and evaluate each
component regardless of the condition of the previous component. It is advisable to have a few
inspectors to assist in excavating the biofilter as it usually requires a 10 x10 excavation to get
down to the air diffusers.
The biofilter inspection should include the following:
1. Design review. Check drawings and specifications before inspecting the biofilter. List
all of the operating parameters and materials. Check submittals to confirm that specified
materials were used.
2. Operating conditions. Measure inlet & outlet H2S gas, RH, temperature, air flow,
pressure drop, irrigation rate and loading rate (cfm/ft2). Compare these to the specified
design parameters.
3. Irrigation system. Evaluate the surface sprinkler heads spray pattern, air misters in the
duct and inbed irrigation (if installed).
4. Organic media. Physically inspect the existing media. Check general condition, grain
size, moisture content, and pH. Perform tests a several levels in the bed. Compare to
new media and determine the level of degradation.
5. Geonet or mesh separating organic media. Check condition and compliance with the
specification. Notes should be made on plugging and media infiltration.
6. Rock Air plenum. Check rock size and mineral composition and compare to
specification. Measure pH on the rock and check the air plenum for mineral deposits
and plugging. It is important to note that mushy CaSO4 is typically mistaken for a
biomass. It is actually the inorganic byproduct of sulfuric acid reacting with limestone.
It is common to field test the rock using dilute muriatic acid. The reaction (or lack of)
will determine if the rock is acid resistant or not.
7. Air Diffusers. Check air diffuser for compliance with the specification. In particular
check pipe diameter and vent hole diameter and vent hole orientation. Check for
plugged diffuser holes.
8. Liners. Check for leachate containment, holes and tears. Differentiate between
mechanical tears and the degraded liner material
9. Bed Depths and Geometry. Compare to drawings and modify operating parameters as
needed.
10. Biofilter drain piping from the interior of the biofilter to the discharge location.
The above listed items should be inspected in full even if the probable cause is discovered
early in the inspection. Conversely, good biofilters should be thoroughly inspected to determine
why they are performing well. Inspecting good biofilters will determine if good performance
is due to low inlet odors and adequate design or if it is due to one well designed component that
220
compensates for other design deficiencies. The latter is the type of finding that contributes to an
improved biofilter design.
Sampling
Odor sampling is important for the design of new systems as well as evaluating operational
biofilters. Measuring the H2S gas, total reduced sulfur (TRS), VOCs, temperature and relative
humidity (RH) in the target odor areas provides the background data for the odor control design.
All of those constituents should be measured; however, it is best to begin by monitoring for H2S
gas. H2S gas is relatively inexpensive to sample and the data is very important for the biofilter
design. However, the H2S gas monitoring data also identifies when general odors are highest
which helps schedule grab samples for TRS, VOCs and Odor panels which require specialized
sample collection equipment, preservation, and expensive laboratory analysis. The majority of
TRS and VOCs sampling should be scheduled when H2S gas is highest. The number of grab
sample sets should be determined by the relative strength of each constituent, however, three sets
of well timed samples usually gives good idea of the odor strength. This testing can be further
refined by fan testing at the design airflow to estimate the actual concentration of the odors when
diluted. The fan testing will also evaluate any new odors that are drawn into the area by the fan
vacuum. In some case the fan test exhaust odors may be higher than the static test odors (not
typical).
It should be noted that this is a simplistic discussion of determining the foul air concentration.
The methodology of determining the constituents in a foul air stream is relatively complex and
would require a full paper to adequately evaluate.
INVESTIGATION AND FINDINGS
The study includes biofilters in the US and Canada ranging in size from 250 cfm to 85,000 cfm.
All of the biofilters were constructed between 1995 and 2005 and include a multitude of designs
and air plenums; however, the majority is perforated pipe in a rock air plenum and one is a
supported grate air plenum. Average inlet H2S gas ranges for 1800 ppm to 1 ppm, inlet relative
humidity ranges from 15% to greater than 85% and pressure drops range from 0.5 inches water
to 14-inches water. Developing an improved design and monitoring program was simple, keep
what works and eliminate what does not work. The large number of biofilters provides a large
selection of geometries, duct sizes, EBCTs, air plenum designs and media selections to compare
and crosschecked. The general findings of the inspections are listed below. Please note that this
document is not a detailed design manual and data in this report should be used to check or
rethink your designs. Keep in mind that these biofilters are very effective odor control systems
and cost approximately $30 per cfm to construct. Given that some of the new biological systems
are $100 to $350 per cfm, the in-ground biofilter are very cost effective.
Organic Media
The inspected medias consisted of various blends of organic compounds and two had inorganic
components. The medias can be generally classified as blended which consist of wood chips and
compost and homogenous media that consists of a single media component or a single size of
media. The following analysis applies to biofilters with empty bed contact time (EBCT) greater
than or equal 60-seconds.
221
Blended Media. The blended media where the wood chip to compost ratio ranged from 50:50 to
70:30 generally lasted 3 years or less. The fraction of compost that was added to the media
enhanced removal efficiency; however, it also caused media degradation, compaction and
plugging. In general, the enhanced removal efficiency was not entirely justified since 99% of
the odors were removed in the first 25% of the media and next 25% polished the effluent. This
essentially wasted the remaining media. The compost also promoted the breakdown of the wood
chips which increased compaction, back pressure and short circuiting. The media is also difficult
to blend as specified. It should be noted that the blends have several times the surface area of
large homogenous media; however, in almost all municipal applications the added surface area is
not needed.
Blended media where the wood chip to compost ratio (and other fine material) was less than
40:60 were not extensively tested by the author; however, the biofilters typically plugged in the
first 2 years. Unfortunately there is not a lot of performance data showing the rate of failure.
Note that 80:20 to 90-10 blends were evaluated in three locations for 5 years. These work better
than the other mixes and the media lasted 3 to 5 years; however, pressure drops increased in all
cases after 3 years. The biofilter which lasted 5 years was treating 80 ppm H2S gas and 2 to 5
ppm total mercaptan, however, the loading rate was only 2.3 cfm per ft2.
Homogenous Media. The large homogenous media performed much better than blended media.
It has lower pressure drops, better drainage characteristics, degrades slower, is easier to specify,
and provided the required removal efficiencies. The use of composted wood chips, large wood
chips, bark and blends of large wood chips and its bark (same tree) work very well. The one
drawback for large media is the lack of surface area. The total surface area available for odor
treating bacteria is significantly reduced compared to blended media containing compost and
small wood chips. Fewer bacteria translate into less treatment capacity; however, there is
enough treatment capacity within the 60 seconds EBCT to remove the odors. The large media
may require 75% of its depth to remove all of the odors when a blended media requires only 25%
or less of its depth. However, it removes the odors without wasting a large fraction of the media
volume. In contrast, the unused fraction of blended media degrades quickly causing compaction
and short-circuiting in the bed.
Large media (2 to 6 inches) breaks down slowly because the airflow in the large void spaces
slows active composting while promoting the growth of odor eating bacteria. This accounts for
long media life which should exceed 5 years in properly maintained biofilters.
It is important to note that virgin material such as pine bark has few resident bacteria and
requires an extended time for bacteria to grow and acclimate to the odors in the foul air stream.
In general, light odors (less than 5 ppm H2S) require a few days acclimation. If the odorous air
stream contains greater than 25 ppm hydrogen sulfide gas and high concentrations of organic
odors it could take 4 weeks or more to attain greater than 99% removal efficiency. The initial
CCWRD 3,000 cfm biofilter installation required 6-weeks before it could provide 99.9% H2S gas
removal efficiency of 25 to 50 ppm H2S gas.
222
Table 1 contains data for the most recent CCWRD large bark biofilter. The biofilter treats odors
from one operating DAFT and one sludge holding tank which contains a blend of primary and
secondary sludge.
Table 1
Removal Efficiency Large Bark Media @ 2 weeks and 6 weeks, DAFT and Sludge
Holding Tanks
Sampling Dates
EBCT (seconds)
Pressure Drop (in.W.C.)
Inlet
H2S (ppbv)
Methyl Mercaptan (ppbv)
Dimethyl Disulfide (ppbv)
Detection Threshold
9-12-07
10-09-07
45
45
0.2
0.2
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
14000
240
98.3%
9800
7.3
99.9%
340
120
64.7%
310
17
94.5%
97
80
17.5%
210
140
33.3%
9,100
1,100
87.9%
5,100
550
89.2%
Table 2 is the removal efficiencies from a biofilter that treats covered primary clarifiers and all of
the inlet and effluent junction structures.
Table 2
Removal Efficiency Large Bark @ 16 months, Primary Clarifier Odors
Sampling Date
10-09-07
EBCT (seconds)
Pressure Drop (in.W.C.)
60
2.5
Inlet
H2S (ppbv)
Methyl Mercaptan (ppbv)
Dimethyl Disulfide (ppbv)
Detection Threshold
Outlet
42000
28
99.9%
470
ND
100%
ND
ND
55,000
200
99.6%
Note: Data in Tables 1 and 2 are from an independent testing company. Current performance
testing by OCTC inc using detection tubes, High Range OdaLogs and Jerome 631-X have shown
100% removal of 1.5 to 2.5 ppm H2S gas in the 84,000 cfm headworks biofilter and 99.9%
removal of 60 ppm H2S in the 60,000 cfm Primary Clarifier and Aerated Grit Chamber biofilter
Rock Air plenum.
Rock air plenums with greater than 10% limestone were observed to cause more problems than
any single biofilter component when H2S gas exceeds 5 to 10 ppm. The sulfuric acid produced
by thiobacillus bacteria degraded the limestone and plugged the air plenum. The air plenums
were plugged with calcium sulfate and large areas were solidified. Air flows were decrease by
50% to 75%. Photograph 1 shows the dry residual CaSO4 near the lateral of a biofilter that
treated 4 ppm H2S gas for four years. Photograph 2 shows parts of solidified air plenum from a
biofilter that treated approximately 1,000 ppm H2S gas for 3 years. It is likely that the air
plenum plugged after 12-months when air flow decreased. The air plenums shown in
Photographs 1 & 2 were 100% limestone. The breakdown ands subsequent plugging problems
223
increase as the average H2S gas increases and/or the fraction of limestone increases. Limestone
is unaffected by low H2S gas; however, installing an acid resistant rock is the best option. The
limestone byproducts (calcium sulfate) in air plenums with a small fraction of limestone may
not cement the air plenum together however; it will plug the air diffuser holes and restrict air
flow. Air plenum constructed of 100% silica river rock have shown little if any residual
mineralization the rock or the air diffusers holes.
Photograph -1 Dry CaSO4 Next to an Air Diffuser
Photograph -2 Solidified Limestone Air

Plenum
Air Diffusers
Air diffusers are arguably the most critical design issue because they distribute air through the
media. The inspections show that air diffusers pipes with large vent holes and close spacing
work best. Small holes (1/2-inch diameter) will plug if H2S gas concentration is relatively high
and/or the air stream is dry and calcium is present in the media or irrigation water. The small
diameter allows minerals to build up in the holes until they close of the hole and restrict airflow.
This is a serious problem and was observed in all of the biofilters with high H2S gas
concentrations and or dry airstreams. Photographs 3 and 4 show laterals from a limestone air
plenum treating >40 ppm H2S gas. Most of the -inch holes were completely plugged up and
airflow had decreased by 80% prior to rebuilding this biofilter. One of the most interesting
findings was the optimum spacing of the air diffusers. Closer spacing was observed to provide
significantly better performance. Biofilters in Clark County and Ottawa with this design
operated for 2.5 years and 3.5 years, respectively with virtually no increase in back pressure or
media settling. The CCWRD and Ottawa biofilters treated 50 ppm H2S and 4 ppm H2S gas
respectively and both biofilters produce less than 0.010 ppm H2S gas. This covers both
extremes of treatment, high H2S gas and low H2S gas.
The best comparison of the affect of air diffuser spacing is comparing two CCWRD biofilters,
the Berm biofitler (listed above) and the Grit chamber/Primary clarifier biofilter. The biofilters
have similar H2S gas concentrations, air plenums, vent hole area and organic media; however,
224
the Grit chamber/Primary clarifier biofilter which has wide air diffuser spacing has shown a
steady increase in back pressure over the last two years.
Photograph -3 95% of vent hole area is plugged
Photograph 4 Close-up of plugged -inch Dia Vent holes
225
Most of the old biofilter using air diffusing pipe were designed to create approximately 3 to 5inches of back pressure in the air plenum. This was intended to guarantee good air distribution
through the media; however, the resulting back pressure burned up power, put stress on fans and
the small air holes were susceptible to plugging. The plugged holes caused numerous back
pressure problems. Designing diffusers for low pressure loss results in better biofilter operation.
Case Study - Upper Scioto West Interceptor Biofilter No. 1 and 2. Conventional in-ground
PVC air diffusers use back pressure in the air diffusers to distribute air evenly throughout the
biofilter. This works well; however, is it really needed? The pressure drop is typically 3 to 5inches WC in clean new piping. This increases quickly depending on the media mix and the foul
air stream. Similar air distribution can be obtained at pressure losses of less than 0.5 inches of
water pressure. The startup usually requires a little more work and media depths should exceed
39 but the fan power is essentially reduced by 50% to 75%. The following paragraph describes
the effect that a simple design change can have on biofilter airflow.
Odor control for the Upper Scioto West Interceptor, Columbus Ohio is provided by two identical
7,000 cfm biofilters. One biofilter is located at the end and other is in the middle of the sewer
system. In November 2005 one biofilters media was changed out after four years. The airflow
increased form 7,000 to 8,300 cfm after changing media. Fan pressure for the new and old
media was essentially the same, 7-inches W.C. The second biofilter was rebuilt completely in
February 2006. The only change to biofilter 2 was increasing the vent hole size from inch to
1-inch. The two biofilters were loaded with media in late February and tested on March 28,
2006. Air flow with larger air holes was 12,945 cfm compared to 8,325 cfm with -inch air
holes. It should be noted that the air holes were not plugged, probably due to the low H2S gas
concentrations and highly humid air stream. Air distribution was not tested with smoke;
however, there were no odors and the biofilter treated 4 ppm H2S gas to 0.010 ppm. The test
data is shown in Table 3.
Table 3
7,000 CFM Upper Scioto Biofilter Media Replacement - Project Summary
Date
Location
Organic
Geonet
Media
Barrier
North Biofilter
Cell 1
3/28/2006 Cell 2
Cell 3
Total
South Biofilter
Cell 1
3/28/2006 Cell 2
Cell 3
Total
Rock
New
New
Cleaned,
larger vent
holes
New
New/
Cleaned
Cleaned
Duct
Dia
Velocity
Flow
Flow
in
fpm
CFM
% of
Design
12
5360
4210
180%
100
12
12
5695
5427
5494
4473
4262
12945
192%
183%
185%
100
100
12
12
12
3500
3700
3400
3533
2749
2906
2670
8325
118%
125%
114%
119%
100
100
100
Header
Fan
% open % open
100
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
100
ON
ON
ON
ON
Irrigation and Humidification

Surface Sprinklers. Irrigation is obviously very important to the biofilters operation; however,
the relatively importance changes dramatically based on the local climate and RH of the inlet air
226
stream. Biofilters located in mild climates with ambient RH greater than 50% are easy to
operate. The sprinkler coverage can be uneven and there is no affect on performance. In most
cases the irrigation system can be taken off line for 3 or more days and there is virtually no
affect on the biofilter. In contrast, hot and dry climates present numerous problems. The hot
sunny climate and inlet air streams with low RH and high temperature can dry out the media in
1 to 2 days if the sprinklers go off line. Surface areas missed by the sprinklers will dry out
quickly and allow air to short circuit through the dry media without treatment. The surface
sprinklers are a critical component and should be designed to provide some redundancy in the
water coverage. Irrigation is the critical O&M item on almost every biofilter.
Spray Nozzles. Approximately 80% of spray nozzles on operating biofilters are not
functioning. This was expected because almost all of the nozzle assemblies were difficult
remove and service. Fortunately, the past 7 years of inspecting biofilter has shown that spray
nozzles are not critical to the biofilter performance. They use substantial volumes of water and
transfer a small fraction into the air stream. If RH is low (less than 25%) then they may help to
reducing drying in the bed by cooling the air a little and raising the RH a few percentage points,
but overall the affect is minimal. If spray nozzles are installed they should be 316 SS atomizing
spray nozzles attached to the foul air duct with quick disconnects. Inexpensive/disposal spray
nozzles should be installed and pressurized - high maintenance spray systems should be
avoided.
If spray nozzles are installed, then they should be either on or off. Seasonal operation is
advisable. Operating the nozzles 24/7 in the summer and turning them off in the winter is the
best operating cycle. Daily or hourly on off cycles can cause serious problems by concentrating
sulfuric acid in the duct work. The sulfuric acid concentration increase when the air stream
evaporates water and leaves the sulfuric acid behind. This is affects 316 SS joints and damper
bushings. (FYI Dampers should always be installed with the control arm horizontal. This
prevent acidic water from collecting in the lower bushing)
Bed Depths and Geometry
The inspection did not uncover a "best" geometry; however, due to field observations the author
prefers smaller cells with headers less than 60-feet long and a length to width ratio of 1.5 to 1.
The shorter headers just seemed to have less problems distributing air evenly. Sidewalls. In
contrast, sloped sidewalls are superior to vertical side walls. Vertical sidewalls need additional
baffles to prevent to control short circuiting as the media shrinks. Sloped walls are self
sealing and will not short-circuit as the media shrinks.
Liners
PVC and HDPE are the two major biofilter liners. Every excavated PVC liner (30 mil or less)
had large cracks and numerous holes. In contrast, every excavated HDPE liner was in very good
condition and could be reused. There are some acid resistant rubber liners on the market that
should work well.
Drains
Drains should be acid resistant PVC or HDPE pipe and leachate should flow by gravity to the
final receiving area. Schedule 80 PVC and C905 sewer pipe are very good choices, they are
227
thick walled and have not been observed to remain in good condition for several years (in
contrast to the PVC liners). It is important that all fittings are acid resistant, especially if the
biofilter is treating high H2S gas concentrations. It is highly recommended that gravity drains be
used when ever possible. Pumping acidic drain water requires acid resistant pumps and
hardware. In general the acidic leachate causes O&M problem for the life of the biofilter while
gravity drains are virtually problem free if constructed properly. Photographs 5 & 6 shows the
effect acidic leachate had on a sump pump and a 4-inch ductile iron elbow (the elbow dissolved).
The pump failed after 6 months and the elbow, which was buried, was not discovered until 12
months later.
Photograph 6 Remains of Ductile Iron 45

degree Elbow.
Photograph 5 Failed Sump Pump
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

O&M should be as simple as possible. The monitoring program should be restricted to critical
items that provide necessary data to determine if the biofilter is operating properly. The primary
focus is to monitor parameters that are precursors to problems. Fixing deficiencies before they
become serious problems is the key to long media life and low maintenance. IMPORTANT, The
operators should be thoroughly trained on the biofilter operation and maintenance and their field
O&M manual should fit on one 2-sided 8.5 x 11 sheet. The O&M sheet serves as a checklist
and reminder of the biofilter training without being a cumbersome document
The operators should be thoroughly trained on how to sample the biofilter and record data. The
data and record keeping sheet should also fit on one 8.5 x 11 sheet. These sheets should be
designed for the specific biofilter design and each monitored parameter should be useful. .
The sampling sheets provide the monitoring data and should include the following:
Inlet H2S gas (monthly)

Outlet H2S gas (weekly)
Area Odors (weekly)
228
Air Flow (monthly)

Inlet & Outlet RH (monthly)
Back Pressure (weekly)
Water usage (monthly)
Sprinkler system condition and coverage (weekly)
Media depth (quarterly)
Duct leaks (monthly)
General equipment condition (weekly)
Check that treated process are under a negative pressure (Monthly)
The sampling sheets and the input sheets are specific to each biofilter. The data sheet should be
designed such that every blank space must be filled in before the inspection finished. This is the
simple but effective management tool that forces the operator to check all of the critical
components. It also allows operators with no biofilter experience to effectively operate a
biofilter. Checking these parameters and inputting them into a spread sheet produces the
following biofilter report:
Berm Biofilter Performance Report
Age =1.3 Yr
Date
Cond
1>>5
Start
8/1/06
5
9/1/06
5
10/1/06
5
11/1/06
5
Inlet
ppm
H2S gas
Outlet
Efficiency
ppm
High?
%
33.0
20.0
9.0
8.0
0.020
0.000
0.000
0.000
okay
okay
okay
okay
99.94%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
Removed
lb/day
Dispersed
lb/day
Actual
cfm
Airflow
Rate
% Design
Pressure
in H2O
Biofilter
Used
% of max
Moisture
%
Vacuum
in H2O
Duct
Capacity
% of Startup
Area
Pressure
Conditions
13.99
8.55
3.92
4.62
0.008
0.000
0.000
0.000
3528
3528
3528
4597
141%
141%
141%
184%
0.5
0.5
0.75
0.75
17%
17%
25%
25%
67%
33%
76%
56%
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.0
800%
800%
800%
600%
Okay
Okay
Okay
Okay
Water
Flow
gpd/sf
This report lists the how the biofilter performs each month; however, there is a lot of data when
you review reports from several biofilters. The following summary report draws data from each
individual biofilter report and summarizes the current status of the all of the biofilters. :
Clark County Water Reclamation District - Central WWTP
Summary of Data From Each Biofilter Report and Plant Wide Performance Data
Data
Type
Biofilter Name & Inspection Dates
Inlet
ppm
Outlet
ppm
H2S gas
Removed
Effic
%
lb/day
lb/day
Actual
cfm
Dispersed
Airflow
Rate
% Design
Biofilter
Pressure
in H2O
Duct
Media
Vacuum
Moist
in H2O d % H2O
H2Seff
Over 0.15
ppm
Berm Operating for 1.3 Years
Max
33.0
0.020
100.00%
14.0
0.01
4597
184%
0.8
9.0
76%
First Inspection 8/1/06

Last Inspection 11/01/06
Min
Avg
8.0
17.5
0.000
0.005
99.94%
99.98%
3.9
7.8
0.00
0.00
3528
3795
141%
152%
0.5
0.6
7.0
8.5
33%
58%
Primaries 1-10 Operating for 0.5 Years
Max
38.0
0.260
100.00%
196.4
1.35
81367
132%
7.0
6.0
73%
Beginning Date 8/1/06

Min
Avg
11.0
28.8
0.000
0.073
99.32%
99.79%
91.5
140.7
0.00
0.38
62851
72502
102%
117%
4.0
5.5
4.0
5.3
63%
66%
Primaries 11-14 Operating for 0.4 Years
Max
16.0
0.030
100.00%
21.0
0.04
11781
113%
1.5
10.0
67%

Min
Avg
0.1
10.8
0.000
0.013
99.81%
99.92%
0.1
14.6
0.00
0.02
10308
10922
99%
105%
0.8
1.2
3.0
8.3
45%
59%
Headworks Operating for 0.5 Years
Max
2.0
0.010
100.00%
16.9
0.08
72806
88%
1.0
4.0
90%

Min
Avg
0.5
1.1
0.000
0.003
99.50%
99.88%
4.4
9.5
0.00
0.02
60083
68742
72%
83%
0.5
0.8
3.0
3.5
50%
76%
DAFT'S 1&2 Operating for 0.2 Years

Max
Min
Avg
4.0
1.0
2.3
0.470
0.010
0.255
99.75%
53.00%
75.86%
4.7
0.5
2.2
0.54
0.01
0.28
9327
7854
8713
45%
38%
42%
1.0
0.5
0.8
1.5
1.0
1.1
73%
63%
66%
2 of 4
DAFTs 3&4 Operating for 4.8 Years

Max
Min
Avg
17.0
0.0
9.8
1.290
0.010
0.388
99.29%
75.06%
88.01%
14.2
0.0
7.2
0.64
0.01
0.21
7854
4084
6283
33%
17%
26%
6.5
6.0
6.1
4.0
3.0
3.6
90%
46%
67%
1 of 4
PEPS Operating for 4.5 Years
Max
22.0
0.030
100.00%
10.7
0.01
4084
44%
2.5
2.5
100%

Min
Avg
6.0
12.7
0.000
0.013
99.70%
99.84%
0.6
5.4
0.00
0.01
4084
4084
9%
32%
2.0
2.2
0.8
1.3
86%
91%
IPS/Septage Operating for 6.8 Years
Max
2.0
0.060
100.00%
0.5
0.02
2199
22%
6.0
6.5
100%

Min
Avg
1.0
1.3
0.000
0.018
97.00%
99.00%
0.0
0.2
0.00
0.00
94
779
1%
8%
0.5
2.9
0.8
3.7
83%
93%
0 of 4
Avg
14.1
0.067
99.5%
187.5
0.92
175820
79.3%
3.0
4.5
80%
4 of 31
34.2
0.2
Plant Totals
Projected H2S gas (Tons/year)
229
0 of 4
1 of 4
0 of 4
0 of 4
0 of 3
This report can be used by management to gain an overview of the current status of all of the
biofilters. The engineer can view this table which includes all of the important data and get a
quick overview of the biofilters. If everything appears normal then no further investigation is
needed. If anything is out of line then he can refer to the specific biofilter report that includes all
of the biofilters. The following chart shows the discharge pressure for all of the biofilters. The
chart clearly shows that one biofilter is out of line and needs attention.
Biofilter Discharge Pressure 2006- Flamingo Road WWTP
Berm
Primaries 1-10
Primaries 11-14
Headworks
DAFT'S 1&2
DAFTs 3&4
PEPS
IPS/Septage
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
Pressure Inches Water Column
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1/1/06
2/20/06
4/11/06
5/31/06
7/20/06
9/8/06
10/28/06
12/17/06
Date
Continuous Monitoring
Continuous monitoring is typically not needed for weekly and monthly biofilter monitoring;
however, it should be conducted periodically to provide some baseline data on diurnal odor
trends and determine when odors are highest. Continuous monitoring is useful when peak odors
occur during off hours; however. Ideally, the weekly and monthly grab sampling should be
performed when odors are highest as that is the best evaluation of the biofilter ability to control
odors. There are several monitoring systems available to monitor H2S gas; however, the authors
prefer the Sycamore and Dicom systems provided by Detection Instruments. They are simple to
use and have proven to be very reliable. The Sycamore units are portable sampling units that
hold two OdaLogs and are equipped with two air sample pumps and water traps. The units can
be powered by batteries or standard 110 Volt power chord. These are typically used to sample
the biofilter inlet and outlet H2S gas concentrations. The Dicom is a self contained remote
monitoring and transmitting station. The Dicom records H2S gas data to 0.001 ppm and
transmits the results to a laptop equipped with a radio receiver. The station also collects and
transmits weather data. The unit shown bellow has been operating continuously since December
2006; however, the unit does require a 110 volt cooling system to operate at temperature greater
230
than 100 degree F. The Dicom unit is shown in Photographs 7. All of the monitoring data
collected for this project were from these units or stand alone OdaLog monitors.
Photograph 7 Dicom Unit
BIOFILTER DESIGN
The problem biofilters generally had high backpressure, reduced airflow, plugged diffusers and
compacted media. These conditions are serious design problems and cannot be fixed by casual
operation and maintenance practices. Fixing the basic design deficiencies and maintaining the
biofilter will provide long term cost effective odor control. The following list contains some of
the basic design principles that produce a simple and low maintenance and highly effective
biofilter. The detailed design is not complicated; however, the conceptual and detailed designs
should include these steps:
.
1. Use sampling to determine the actual inlet odor concentration and airflow. Knowing
concentration of odors in the foul air stream allows the designer to select and size an
odor control system.
2. Use results of #1 to select a suitable media and bed depth for the biofilter. Keep in mind
that high H2S gas requires a deep bed of inorganic and acid resistant media. Remove as
much H2S gas a possible to protect your organic media.
3. Locate reliable sources of organic media and silica rock before bidding the project. This
will save lots of construction questions.
4. Design air plenum with less the 1-inch pressure drop. This allows for future compaction
and back pressure without significantly affecting the airflow. The fan should be sized
with a significant factor of safety.
5. Space laterals to provide good air distribution.
231
SUMMARY OF THE DESIGN CRITERIA FROM THE BEST PERFORMING

BIOFILTERS IN THE STUDY.
Organic Media:
Homogenous wood chips or Bark, 2 to 6-inches.
Depth 3 to 5 feet
EBCT 60 seconds
Rock Air Plenum
99% Silica Rock, 1 to 2 inches
Depth above air diffusers = 18 to 24 inches
EBCT 30 seconds.
Air Diffusers
Vent hole size = 7/8 to 1-inch
Spacing 2.5 to 3 feet
Pressure drop 0.5 inches
Cell Geometry
Both Sloped and vertical side walls worked well; however, vertical walls required
periodic reworking of the media to prevent short-circuiting.
Drains
Gravity flow , C905, Schedule 80 PVC, HDPE
Irrigation System
Surface sprinklers and flow meters.
Windy areas required a perimeter soaker hose to keep the upwind perimeter from drying.
SUMMARY
1) The inspections showed that biofilters do require an experienced operator and consistent
monitoring program to achieve long life and high removal efficiencies. The technology is
more complicated than it appears; however, developing a site specific operation and
maintenance program can maintain the biofilters at peak operating efficiency.
2) The most significant findings in the study were the affect of hole size and lateral spacing on
air flow. The small holes plugged when H2S gas was high and air flow decreased
significantly. The other significant finding was the lateral spacing. The closer spacing
reduced the dead zones in the organic media and maintained no pressure drop over 2 years.
In contrast similar designs with 4-feet or more between laterals showed a steady increase in
pressure over 2 years.
232
3) The use of large wood chips and bark is not new but it is very effective. More importantly,
the use of limestone is fatal to a high H2S gas biofilter.
4) Monitoring can be summed up as an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
233

10 271307 Biofilter Design Guide Version 1.0 - May 2010

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ODOUR MANAGEMENT

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

Engineers involved in the construction of sewer systems have highlighted a lack

Odour creation in sewers is affected by a number of factors including residence

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

Other methods include:

These are generally used in plant locations.

Chlorine dioxide scrubber chlorine dioxide reacts with and removes

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

Initial Data Gathering

Data held by the Council

The initial site assessment should include an investigation into whether:

the site is experiencing an odour problem,

the site is experiencing pipe or manhole corrosion

both issues are present.

whether the site or any below ground structures will be susceptible to

possible effects of sewer main blockages downstream,

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

the ambient noise environment,

the upstream pipework including possible sources of odour and humidity,

local weather conditions e.g. prevailing wind direction, high rainfall,

physical constraints e.g. shade, fencing requirements, public access over

On-site measurement of compounds within the

An important component of the on-site measurement is measuring H2S and other

upstream and downstream H2S intensities, to provide a longitudinal view,

other compounds present in the air stream,

results at a range of airflows, including the static situation,

the situation throughout the year.

Where corrosion is an issue, use a portable extraction fan to draw measured

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

4.3.1 Equipment and software

4.3.2 Initialising and downloading the data

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

4.3.3 Installing the Odalogger

If testing near a rising main discharge, start with a 0-1000ppm Odalogger.

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

4.3.4 H2S mass calculation

On-site measurement of the humidity

Humidity of the airflow impacts on the effectiveness of some treatment options.

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

It is important to determine as accurately as possible the parameters, to then

Revisit the parameters at regular intervals during the design process to

When laying out the parameters, ensure that constraints in their

Environmental constraints may restrict the available treatment options

Projections of future loadings are required.

A suggested design checklist upon which to record the parameters is appended.

The airflow rate required to adequately ventilate the sewer or pumping

The factor of safety against inadvertent odours affecting close residential

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

Determining the airflow rate parameter

Determining the H2S mass parameter

- 600 l/s (4 l/s/m2 of area)

Empty Bed Residence Time (EBRT)

- 2 kg/day (13g H2S/m3 of media/day)

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

The options currently available in Christchurch include:

an activated carbon filter

6.1.1 Low H2S

6.1.2 High H2S

Capital Programme Group Odour Management Guideline

6.1.3 Medium H2S (25ppm)