Matrices

Important Theorems

Theory

IMPORTANT THEROREMS :

Theorem 1:Every square matrix can be unique expressed as sum of

symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
Proof:Let a be a square matrix

P= (A + )

Q= (A )
Then P + Q =A
T.P.T = , = Q

= { ( + }

= ( + ( ) )

= (A + )
=P
Now,

Matrices

Important Theorems

= { ( }

= ( ( ) )

= ( A)

= (A )
=
Uniqueness:Let A= R+ S be different Representation of A
Where R= , =S
Now,
A + =(R+S) + ( + )
=R + S+ +
=R + S +R S
=2R

R= (A + )=P
A =(R+S) ( + )
=R + S
=R + S R+S
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Theory

Matrices

Important Theorems

Theory

=2S

S= (A + ) =Q
A=P + Q Representation is Unique

Theorem 2:Prove that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as

sum of Hermition and skew Hermition matrix.
Proof :
Let A be the square matrix

Let P = (A + )

Q= (A )
Then A= P+Q
T.P.T =P , =Q

= { ( + }

= ( + ( ) )

= ( + )
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Matrices

Important Theorems

=P
Now,

= { ( }

= ( ( ) )

= ( )

= ( )
=Q
Uniqueness,
Let A= R + S be different Representation of A
Where =R , =S
Now, A + =(R + S) +(R +)
=R + S + +
=R+R +SS
A + =2R

R = ( + )=P
A =(R + S) (R +)
=R + S
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Theory

Matrices

Important Theorems

Theory

= R +S+S
A + =2S

P = ( )=Q
A=P+Q Representation is unique.

Theorem 3:Prove that every square matrix can be uniquely expressed

P+ iQ ,Where P and Q are both Hermition matrices
Proof:Let A be a square matrix.

Let P = (A + )

Q= (A )
Then A= P+iQ
T.P.T =P , =Q

= { ( + }

= ( + ( ) )
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Matrices

Important Theorems

= ( + )
=P
Now,

= { ( }

= {} ( ( ) )

= ( )

= ( )
=Q
Uniqueness,
Let A= R + iS be different Representation of A
Where =R , =S
Now, A + =(R + iS) +(R +)
=R + iS + + ()
=R+R + iS +()S
A + =2R

R = ( + )=P
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Theory

Matrices

Important Theorems

Theory

A =(R + iS) (R +)
=R + iS ()
= R +iS()S
A + =2iS

P = ( )=Q
A=P+iQ Representation is unique.

Theorem 4:Prove that every square matrix A can be written as B +iC ,

where B is real symmetric matrix B and C is real skew
symmetric matrix.
Proof:Since A is Hermition matrix.
=A

= ( + ) and

C= ( + )
Let B + iC =A
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Matrices

Important Theorems

T.P.T B and C are real matrices and

=B , =C
Let z=x+iy be an element of A
Then = x iy is an element of

=y is an element of

=y is an element of

=B and

=C

And x , y are real numbers.

B & C are real matrices
Now,

= (A+())

= ( +())

= (( ) + )

= (+A)
=B
Now,

= (A())
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Theory

Matrices

Important Theorems

Theory

= ( ())

=(( ) )

= ( A)
=

(A)

=
Hence proved .

Theorem 5:Prove that every skew Hermition matrix A can be written

as B +iC , where B is real skew symmetric matrix and C is real
skew symmetric matrix.
Proof:Since A is skew Hermition matrix.
=A
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Matrices

Important Theorems

= ( + ) and

C= ( )
Let B + iC =A
T.P.T B and C are real matrices and
=B , =C
Let z=x+iy be an element of A
Then = x iy is an element of

=y is an element of

=y is an element of

=B and

=C

And x , y are real numbers.

B & C are real matrices
Now,

= (A+())

= ( +())

= (( + )

= {( ) }
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Theory

Matrices

Important Theorems

= ( A)

= ( + )
=B
Now,

= (A())

= ( ())

= (( )

= (( ) )
=

(A)

=
Hence proved .

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Theory