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The background and experimental sections will familiarize you with some of the
most important features of these instruments. In the laboratory, you will first use
an LVDT and perform a simple calibration procedure for this device.
Next you will calibrate an RVDT and then employ it in a torque experiment. The
RVDT has been mounted on an experimental jig that is designed to measure
strain, shaft rotation, and torque in a steel rod.
The lab will also incorporate LabVIEW and Excel software packages.
Please pay particular attention to the accuracy and precision of the LVDT and
RVDT. You will be examining their fundamental linearity and operational ranges.
Basic Pre-Lab Instructions:
Your key to success in this lab is to come prepared!
Before arriving at the lab, read through this lab module so that you will
understand what the lab procedure is and how the lab equipment is
used.
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To sign-up for this lab please go to the bulletin board opposite Scott
Russells office (Hopeman 120) and sign up for one of the lab sessions.
Background:
What is an LVDT?
The linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is a type of electrical transformer used for
measuring linear displacement. The transformer has three solenoid coils placed end-to-end around a
tube. The centre coil is the primary, and the two outer coils are the secondaries. A cylindrical
ferromagnetic core, attached to the object whose position is to be measured, slides along the axis of the
tube.
An alternating current is driven through the primary, causing a voltage to be induced in each
secondary proportional to its mutual inductance with the primary. The frequency is usually in the range 1
to 10 kHz.
As the core moves, these mutual inductances change, causing the voltages induced in the
secondaries to change. The coils are connected in reverse series, so that the output voltage is the
difference (hence "differential") between the two secondary voltages. When the core is in its central
position, equidistant between the two secondaries, equal but opposite voltages are induced in these two
coils, so the output voltage is zero.
When the core is displaced in one direction, the voltage in one coil increases as the other
decreases, causing the output voltage to increase from zero to a maximum. This voltage is in phase with
the primary voltage. When the core moves in the other direction, the output voltage also increases from
zero to a maximum, but its phase is opposite to that of the primary. The magnitude of the output voltage
is proportional to the distance moved by the core (up to its limit of travel), which is why the device is
described as "linear". The phase of the voltage indicates the direction of the displacement.
Because the sliding core does not touch the inside of the tube, it can move with little friction,
making the LVDT a highly reliable device. The relative absence of any sliding or rotating contacts can
also allow the LVDT to be sealed against a given operating environment.
LVDTs are commonly used for position feedback in servo-mechanisms, and for automated
measurement in machine tools, control systems, robots, and many other industrial and mechanical
systems.
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LVDT
Tensile Test Machine
Specimen Grips
What is an RVDT?
The Rotational Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT) is used to measure rotational angles and
operates under the same principles as the LVDT sensor. However, the LVDT uses a cylindrical iron
core whereas the RVDT uses a rotary ferromagnetic core.
Test Specimen
The RVDT is a useful tool and features relative low cost. The device is quite robust and is capable
of working in a wide variety of environments. Like the LVDT, the RVDT has low friction resistance
and as the iron core does not contact the transformer coils they typically have a very long service
life.
Connector
A Bracket
key to for
the RVDT is that it has a high signal to noise ratio and low output impedance with
LVDT
Grips
negligible hysteresis. As might be expected with a rotational sensor the RVDTs angle resolution is
limited by the resolution of the amplifiers and voltage meters used to process the output signal.
The September, 2005 edition of Machine Design Magazine reports that custom hybrid ball
bearings from a company called Pacamor Kubar Bearings go into rocket-engine controls and are
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able to withstand both cryogenic temperatures and the vacuum of space. The bearings are special
in that they support a shaft in RVDT gear-heads. The RVDT supplies position feedback to an
actuator that adjusts a throttle-control valve for an upper-stage rocket engine. The rocket booster,
when completed, will be used to deploy satellites.
The RVDT unit operates at 425F which is too cold for standard lubricants. The RVDT must also
tolerate repeated oscillating motions. PKB engineers spec'd bearings with a special PTFE-based
retainer. This low-friction material has good chemical resistance, handles low and high
temperatures, and provides limited lubrication. The use of dry-film lubricants and ceramic bearing
balls further help the RVDT-based bearings survive in the harsh environment.
Apparatus:
In this experiment we will be using an LVDT, RVDT, transducer system,
various fixtures, and LabVIEW data recorder. These are seen in the figure
below.
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LabVIEW data
acquisition signal
conditioner device
RVDT fixture
LabVIEW
system
LVDT fixture
Fig 2: Lab
Apparatus
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LVDT core
LVDT
micrometer
LVDT fixture
Step 5: Starting at the micrometers 1-inch line, turn the micrometer dial
until the voltage reading on LabVIEW has decreased 0.5 volts.
Step 6: Using the attachment at the back of this lab record the voltage and
the micrometer dial reading.
Step 7: Continue the process until the micrometer gage reaches the zero
position.
Question 3: Make a plot of output signal vs. displacement. Attach it to your
report.
Question 4:
LVDT?
Answer:
Question 5: Be sure to address what factor limits the resolution of the
system in your discussion. What is the resolution of the micrometer?
Answer:
Question 6: Which is more reproducible, the LVDT or the micrometer? Why?
Answer:
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micrometer
RVDT
Fig 4: RVDT
Fixture
Answer:
Step 4: Next we will see if a linear approximation can be used to calibrate the
RVDT. Adjust the micrometer on the RVDT calibrator so that it reads exactly
6.000.
Step 5: Rotate the dial so that it reads zero.
Step 6: The rotation angle can now be controlled by manipulating the
micrometer as shown in the attached 1641 Precision Rotator calibration
table.
Step 7: Make a plot of voltage signal vs. dial angle.
Question 9: Is there an approximately linear region? If so, find the constants
m and b in the equation: angle = m(signal) + b
Answer:
Answer:
Question 11:
Is the presence of a linear region consistent with the
suggestion that the RVDT signal may be varying sinusoidally?
Answer:
Question 12: Discuss what you might do if you needed to operate over a
range where the signal did not vary linearly with angle.
Answer:
Torque Experiment:
The RVDT can be used to measure torque in a metal rod given a known
torsional stiffness.
In the laboratory we also have a torque apparatus with an RVDT that has
already been calibrated and mounted for you. Obtain the table for
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conversion of signal to angle from your TA. This can be used to calculate the
torque in a metal rod with known torsional stiffness.
The schematic below details a classic linear plot of torque vs. angle of
rotation in a metal rod.
= (JG) / L
L = Length
T = Torque
= Angle of rotation or = TL/JG
Step 1: Set the strain gage indicators gage factor to 2.0.
Step 2: Check the balance on the strain gage indicator. It should read zero.
Step 3: Pull the handle on the torque bar and read and record the following:
units of microstrain from the indicator, the units of voltage from the RVDT,
and the torque values from the indicator attached to the handle.
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Note: When recording your data perform a series of increasing and then
decreasing torque values.
Note: Team work will help you here.
Step 4: Plot your data as a torque vs. angle curve and also as a shear stress
vs. shear strain curve.
Question 13: From the plotted data, how can you tell if you are in the plastic
deformation region?
Answer:
Question 14: Determine the modulus of rigidity for the torque bar. Assume
the bar is a low carbon austenitic soft stainless steel.
Answer:
G=
Answer:
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A5
0.5 mm
1.0 % full scale
infinite
0.5% full scale
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A5-13
Position
0.000
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Voltage