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Ans –
· Image enhancement
A) Classification of Applications
1. Output technology
3. Software technology
Here, the beam is swept back forth from left to right across the
screen. When the beam is moved from the left to right, it is ON. The
beam OFF, when it is moved from right to left as shown by dotted line in
Figure above.
When the beam reaches the bottom of the screen, it is made OFF
and rapidly retraced back to the top to start again. A display produced in
this way is called raster scan display. Raster scanning process is similar
to reading different lines on the page of a book. After completion of
scanning of one line, the electron beam files back to the start of next line
and process repeats. In the raster scan display, the screen images is
maintained by repeating scanning the same image. This process is
known as refreshing of screen.
A primary gun stores the picture pattern and the flood gun
maintains the picture display. A primary gun produces high speed
electrons which strike on the storage grid to draw the picture pattern. As
electron beam strikes on the storage grid with high speed, it knocks out
electrons from the storage grid keeping the positive charge. The knocked
out electrons are attracted towards the collector. The net positive
charges on the storage grid is nothing but the picture pattern. The
continuous low speed electrons from flood gun pass through the control
grid and are attracted to the positive charged areas of the storage grid.
The low speed electrons then penetrate the storage grid and strike the
phosphor coating without affecting the positive charge pattern on the
storage grid. During this process the collector just behind the storage
grid smooth out the flow of flood electrons.
Advantages of DVST
Disadvantages of DVST
1. They do not display colors and are available with single level of line
intensity.
Input Technology
Software Technology
The figure below shows the block diagram of typical graphics station.
It consists of CPU, display processor, memory, display devices, recorder,
plotter, joystick, keyboard, light pen mouse, scanner etc, the main
hardware components of a graphics workstation are CPU and Display
Processor. The display processor is also called a graphics controller or a
display coprocessor. It makes CPU free from the graphical chores. In
addition to the system memory, a separate display processor memory
area is provided in graphics workstations. Graphics workstations have a
provision to interface video cameras and television set. The size of the
display device, colors supported by it, whether it is a raster or line
drawing device are the main properties of the graphics workstation. The
graphics workstation is always supported with graphics software.
Graphics software acts as a very powerful tool to create scenes, images,
pictures and also animated pictures.
B) Video Controller
C) Color tables
In color displays, 24- bits per pixel are commonly used, where 8-bits
represent 256 levels for each color. Here it is necessary to read 24-bits
for each pixel from frame buffer. This is very time consuming. To avoid
this video controller uses look up table (LUT) to store many entries of
pixel values in RGB format. With this facility, now it is necessary only to
read index to the look up table from the frame buffer for each pixel. This
index specifies the one of the entries in the look-up table. The specified
entry in the loop up table is then used to control the intensity or color of
the CRT.
Usually, look-up table has 256 entries. Therefore, the index to the
look-up table has 8-bits and hence for each pixel, the frame buffer has to
store 8-bits per pixel instead of 24 bits. Figure below shows the
organization of a color (Video) look-up table.
· The line should appear as a straight line and it should start and end
accurately.
· The line should be displayed with constant brightness along its length
independent of its length and orientation.
1. Read the line end points (x1,y1 ) and (x2,y2) such that they are not
equal.
2. ∆x = and ∆y =
3. If then
Length=
else
Length=
end if
4. = (x2-x1)/length
= (y2-y1)/length
5. x = x1+0.5 * sign( )
y = y1+0.5*sign( )
[Here the sign function makes the algorithm worl in all quadrant. It
returns –1, 0,1 depending on whether its argument is <0, =0, >0
respectively. The factor 0.5 makes it possible to round the values in the
integer function rather than truncating them]
7. while(i length)
x= x+∆x
y= y+∆y
i=i+1
8. stop
As shown in the Figure above the line does not pass through all
raster points (pixels). It passes through raster point (0,0) and
subsequently crosses three pixels. It is seen that the intercept of line
with the line x=1 is closer to the line y=0,i.e. pixel(1,0) than to the line
y=1 i.e. pixel (1,1). Hence, in this case, the raster point at (1,0) better
represents the path of the line that at (1,1). The intercept, of the line
with the line x=2 is close to the line y=1, i.e. pixel (2,1) than to the line
y=0,i.e. pixel(2.0). Hence the raster point at (2,1) better represents the
path of the line, as shown in the Figure above.
e=DB-DA Or DA-DB
Let us define e= DB-DA. Now if e>0, then it implies that DB>DA, i.e., the
pixel above the line is closer to the true line. If DB < DA (i.e.<0) then we
can say that the pixel below the line is closer to the true line. Thus by
checking only the sign of error term it is possible to determine the better
pixel to represent the line path.
while (e≥0)
y=y+1
e=e-2*∆x
x=x+1
e=e+2*∆y
When e≥0, error is initialized with e=e – 2∆x. This is continued till error
is negative. In each iteration y is incremented by 1. When e<0, error is
initialized to e=e + 2∆y. In both the cases x is incremented by 1. Let us
see the Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm.
1. Read the line end points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) such that they are not
equal.
2. ∆x = and ∆y =
x = x1
y = y1
4. e = 2 * ∆y – ∆x
5. i = 1 [initialize counter]
6. Plot (x, y)
7. while (e >0)
y = y+1
e = e-2 * ∆x
x = x+1
e = e+2 * ∆y
8. i = i+1