( )

-
:

:
99616199
-mail:
alazarou@cytanet.com.cy
:
16:00 20:15

Digital

Analogue



.
, :
, ,
, , ..

()
. , :

,
, .. ,
, 1, 2,
3, 4 5 ( ).

5.324V
4 Volt

U
1

t
0

HIGH = 1

0
FF LOW = 0

ADC

DAC

1
, Y


( _8)

 Crocodile Clips

 AND ()
:

 OR ()
:

 ()
:

 AND ( )
:

 NOR ( )
:

 (IC)
,
, ,

 (integrated circuits)
, , , , ..,
(chip)

6
5

 -
T
.
,

,
,

- 1947
(, , ,
)



Jack Kilby
Texas Instruments 1958.
,

() .

.

..

60 (

- '60.

90nm,
0.00009

.

IC,
.


, ICs
, .
:

TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic)

CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

() 7408

() 4081

 TTL CMOS

TTL +5V, CMOS

3V 15V.
TTL
CMOS.
CMOS TTL.
CMOS-ICs ,
.
TTL (40-120 MHz) CMOS
.
1 0
.
:
. ,
. , Fan-out, .


"0" "1"



, 0 "1". ,
0 "1".
+V

0V

IC 4081
AND

+V

0V

IC 4071
OR

CMOS IC 4011

4 x NAND

CMOS IC 4001 4x NOR


NAND
AND, OR, NOT.
, ,
NAND NOR,
. :
NAND NOR
AND OR,
.
ICs
NAND NOR, AND OR,
NAND NOR AND
OR.
,

NAND NOR . , ICs
.

 ( _8)


.
) __________
.

NAND
,
_____________
+V

IC4011
6.

0
0V


NAND

IC4011
AND

IC4011
OR




,
(, , )
,
Ohm,

,


R1 = R2 U1 = U2
R1 > R2 U1 > U2.
R2 > R1 U2 > U1.

R2
U2=U ()

R1+R2




.
:
:

: ..
/:
/ : .

, U2

, U2

, U2

, U2

U2

U2

: HIGH, "1"
: LOW, 0"

: HIGH, "1"

: LOW, 0"

: HIGH, "1"
: LOW, 0"

HIGH, "1"
: LOW, 0"

: HIGH, "1"

: LOW, 0"

: HIGH, "1"
: LOW, 0"


(..)
: HIGH, "1"

: LOW, 0"



1.
(, , ).
2. .
3. ()
.
4.
.
5. .

.
6.
.
7. crocodile clips.
8.
.



.
.
1.
.
: , (LDR)
: , ()
:
2 .
: LDR

= 0
= 1

= 0
= 1

OR

22

( 390)
.

.
(/OFF)

( )
.

Projects
( )


(D) (
)

 IC4011

( IC4011)
:
) AND (
)
) AND ( )
) OR ( )
) OR ( )

 (RELAY)

.
( ) .
, ,
.
,
.

6
7

. ( )

6
7

1 5 1 -7 2 6 2 - 8