Material Science

(i) Conductivity = neq

2. Conducting Materials
01.
Sol:

Charge density (nq)

2E F
m
31
of electron = 9.110 )

5.8 10 7
3.2 10 3
= 1.81251010 C/m3
(ii) Current density (J) = E
= 5.810720103
= 1.16106 A/m3
(iii) Current flowing in the wire (I) = JA
= 1.161063.16106
= 3.65 A
J
(iv) Electron drift velocity Vd
nq

Given data
EF = 5.5 eV
= 6.5 107 mho/m,
n = 6 1028 /m3
E = 1 v/cm,
Fermi velocity VF =

conductivity
mobility

(m = mass

2 5.5 1.6 10 19
9.1 10 31
= 1.39 106 m/s

mobility

6.5 107
=

nq 6 10 28 1.6 10 19
= 0.00677 m2/v-s
drift velocity vd = E
= 0.00677 1 v/cm
= 0.00677 100
= 0.677 m/s

1.16 10 6

1.125 1010
= 6.4105 m/s
03.
Sol: Given:

02.
Sol: Given:
Diameter = 2103m
Conductivity () = 5.8107 s/m
Electron mobility (e) = 3.2103 m2/V-s
Electric field (E) = 20103 V/m
Area of cross-section = r 2
2 10 3

3.14
2

= 3.14106 m2

A = 2.1106 m2
I = 20A
n = 8.51028 electrons/m3
I
Current density J
A
20
9.52 10 6 A / m 2
2.1 10 6
We know, J = nqVd
Where V is mean velocity of electrons

Vd

J
9.52 10 6

7 10 4 m / s
nq 8.5 10 28 1.6 10 19

Vd = 0.7 mm/s
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: 304 :

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Similarly, for Cu-Ag alloy = alloy 2

04.
Sol: Given
n = 21019/m3 ;
p = 0.17 m2/V-s;
4
= 310 m ;

= Cu x Ag

n = 0.36 m2/V-s
A = 1104 m2
V = 2V

1.98 -cm = 1.68 -cm + 2( si )

2 Ag = 0.3 -cm

1
Resistivity(P)
n n p q

Ag =

1
2 10 0.36 0.17 1.6 10 19
19

Ag = 0.15 -cm

= 0.59 -m
Resistance of germanium R

The resistivity of an alloy containing 2

atomic percent of Ni and 3% of Ag is given

3 10
1.77
1 10 4
Current produced (I)
V
2

1.13 A
R 1.77
0.59

0 .3
-cm
2

by
alloy3 = Cu 2 Ni 3 Ag

= 1.68 + 2(1.2) + 3(0.15)

alloy3 = 4.53 -cm

05.
Sol: Resistivity of pure copper = cu
= 1.68 -cm

06.
Sol:

Given silver wire of diameter d = 1 mm

charge Q = 90 C

Resistivity of Cu-Ni alloy = 2.88 -cm

t = 1 hr.15 min

But alloy pure x.impure

where pure is the resistivity of the pure
(metal) material.
impure is the resistivity of the impurity added

to the pure material.

x is the % of the impurity added
Given that, in the Cu-Ni alloy x = 1%

= 75 60 sec
free electrons n = 5.8 1022 /cm3
Q
90
(i) current I =

0.02 amp
t 75 60
J
(ii) Drift velocity Vd =
nq
I
=
nqA
0.02

2.88 = 1.68 + 1( Ni )

Ni = 1.2 -cm

= 2.74 105m/s

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10 5.8 10 1.6 10 19 0.5 10 3

22

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: 305 :
07.
Sol:

20 10 2 m
5 10 8 sec
6
4 10 m / s
q
Electric current = I =
t
1.6 10 19
=
5 10 8
= 1.01 1012A
t=

Given
for Aluminum wire,
diameter d = 0.2 45 cm.
current I = 10 amp,
(a) current density JAl=
=

I
A

10

0.1225 10 2
= 2.12 106 A/m2
Jcu =
=

10

0.0813 10 2

08.
Sol:

Given
I = 100 amp
A = 1 cm2 = 104m
= 1.7 108 -m
(a) J = E
J
I
I 100 1.7 10 8
E=

A A
10 4
= 1.7 102 v/m
V
(b) E =
d
V = Ed(Given 10m apart along the
length of the conductor)
= 1.7 102 10
= 0.17 volts

Given a circle of radius r = 10 cm,

speed = 4 106 m/s
circumference = 2 10 cm 20 cm
20 10 2 m
speed = 4 106 m/s =
t

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3. Magnetic Materials

I
A

= 4.82 106 A/m2

09.
Sol:

Material Science

01.
Sol: Hysteresis loss per cycle =
area of B-H loop x value of unit length along
y- axis x value of unit length along x-axis
= 94 x 0.1 x20 = 188J /m3
Hysteresis loss per second = 188 x 50 = 9400
watt / m3.
9400
Power loss per kg =
1.23 watt / kg.
7650
02.
Sol: Given:
Magnetic field strength ( H ) = 106 A/m
Magnetic susceptibility (m) = 5106
Magnetization M m H

= 5106106
= 5 A/m

Magnetic flux density B 0 M H

= 4107 (5+106)
03.
Sol: Hysteresis loss = area of B-H loop value
of unit length along y-axis value of unit
length along x-axis frequency volume,

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: 306 :

10 4 10 2
50.000 2
50 0.01m 3
m
m
= 250 watts = 1.256 T
04.
V
Sol: Since
ratio is constant, total iron loss
f

= Af Bf 2
Total iron loss
= hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss
2400 = A 50 + B 502 (i)
800 = A 25 + B 252. (ii)
We get A = 16 & B = 0.64
Hence, Eddy current loss at 50 Hz = B502

Postal Coaching Solutions

4. Super Conductors
02. Given: Initial field (H0) = 64103 A/m
Transition Temperature (Tc) = 7.26 K
T 2
We know, H C H 0 1
Tc
Given temperature (T) is 5K
5 2
3
HC = 64 10 1

7.26
= 33.64103 A/m
From above problem, it can be inferred that
as the temperature approaches transition
temperature, amount of magnetic field is
required to destroy, superconductivity
decreases.

= 0.64 502 = 1600 W

5. Dielectric Materials
06.
Sol: The given data is :
Susceptibility, 1.4 10 3
and Field intensity H 10 6 A/m.
Flux density, B = ?
and Magnetization M = ?
As =

M
, we have M = H
H

M 1.4 10 3 10 6 1.4 10 3 A / m

01.
Sol: Given data is:
Dimensions = 5 mm 5 mm 1.25 mm,
Force F = 5N,
Charge sensitivity = 150 pC/N,
Voltage sensitivity, g = 12 103 Vm/N,
Permittivity,
= 12.5 109 F/m
Charge, Q = ?,
Capacitance, C = ?
Pressure
F
5
P

0.2MN / m 2
6
area 25 10

As B = 0(M + H)

B 4 10 7 1.4 10 3 10 6
B = 1.257 Tesla.
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Voltage, V = g t P
= 121031.251030.2106
= 3 Volts

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: 307 :
Charge, Q = Charge sensitivity Force

Material Science
Pressure P

= 150 10 12 5 750 pC

F
100

A
25 10 6

= 1.27 106 N/m2

Capacitance C = Q / V =

750 pC
= 250 pF
3

g = Charge Sensitivity / Permittivity

2 10 12

50 10 3 Vm / N
12
8.85 10 4.5

02.
Sol: In air.

Output voltage V = g t P = 127 Volts.

Potential difference
100

dis tan ce
1x10 2
1x10 4 volt / metre.

Electric field E =

Electric displacement
D 0 E 8.9x10 12 1x10 4

04.
Sol: Given data:

Polarisation P = 0
In dielectric.
Permittivity k 0 7x 8.9x10 12

62.3 x10 12

N = 2 1019 atoms/m3
= 1.8 1027 C-m

E = 105 V / m ;

Find P and r?
We have P = N

03.
Sol: Given data is :

= 2 1019 1.8 1027

= 3.6 108 C/m2

Charge sensitivity = 2 pC / N
Relative Permittivity r = 4.5

3.6 10 8

0.04
8.85 10 12 10 5

Diameter, d = 10 mm
Thickness, t = 2 mm

Also

Force, F = 100 N
Voltage Sensitivity, g = ?,
Output Voltage, V = ?

we get

P
0 E

and r = +1,

r = + 1 = 1 + 0.04 = 1.04
r = 1.04

Radius R = 5 103 m
Area, A = 25106 m2
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