Solved Assignment July Dec 2016

MS-55 (Sample Copy)

Course Code

MS - 55

Course Title

Logistics and Supply Chain Management

Assignment Code

MS-55/ SEM - II/2016

Assignment Coverage

All Blocks

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1. Every organization has to move materials to support its operations. Take the case of a poultry that deals in
eggs, meat products and a range of related goods. What materials are moved in this case?
Every organization has to move materials. Manufacturers have factories that collect raw materials from suppliers and deliver
finished goods to customers; retail shops have deliveries from wholesalers; a television news service collects reports from around
the world and delivers them to viewers. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, and when you buy a
mobile phone it has probably travelled around the world to reach you. Every time you buy, rent, lease, hire or borrow anything at
all, someone has to collect it and deliver it to your door. Logistics is the function responsible for this movement.

Every organization delivers products to its customers. Traditionally, these products are described as either goods or services. Then
manufacturers like Sony, Ford and Guinness make tangible goods, while the BBC, Qantas and Vodafone provide intangible
services. But this view is misleading, and it is more realistic to describe every product as a complex package that contains a
mixture of both goods and service. For example, Toyota manufactures cars, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, such as restaurant meals, hospitals and some websites.

At the heart of an organisation are the operations that create and deliver the products. These operations take a variety of inputs and
convert them into desired outputs, as shown in ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------; the main
outputs are meals, service, customer satisfaction, and so on.

Logistics manages the flow of inputs from suppliers, the movement of materials through different operations within the
organisation, and the flow of materials out to customers (as shown in Figure 1.3) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------internal customers) is materials management.

LOGISTICS is the function responsible for the flow of materials from suppliers into an organisation, through operations
within the organisation, and then out to customers.

Moving materials into the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------; moving materials out to

customers is outbound or outward logistics; moving materials within the organisation is materials management.

MATERIALS are all the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ can be both tangible (such as raw
materials) and intangible (such as information).

However, the term 'maritime logistics,' is not easy to define and its precise definition, scope and role within global supply chains
are yet to be established.
On the one hand, maritime transport (i.e. shipping and ports) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, logistics is the function responsible for the flow of materials from
suppliers into an organization, through operations within the organization and then out to customers.
A supply chain is composed of a series of activities and organizations that materials (i.e. raw materials and information) move
through on their journey from initial suppliers to final customers.
As we all know that, chicken and egg are very ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. We will distribute our product to household customers, restaurant, hotel, bakery, cookery etc.
It is essential for every business ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

The

future competitors can easily entre the business because of its low cost and its industry structure is very easy.
Typically, a layers production cycle lasts just over a year (52-56 weeks). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- order to provide maximum
output and profitability. The following factors influence egg production.

Breed: The breed of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and feeding practices, however,

are the key determining features for egg production.
Mortality rate: Mortality rate may rise due to --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------lasts about 17 months (72 weeks) and involves

three distinct phases, as follows:
Phase 1: Small chicks or brooders. This phase lasts from 0 to 2 months (0-8 weeks) during which time small chicks are kept in
facilities (brooder houses) separate from laying birds.
Phase 2: Growers. This phase lasts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------week of age as their
reproductive organs develop during this period.
Phase 3: Layers. Growers are transferred from the grower house to the layer house when they are 18 weeks old to prepare for the
laying cycle. Birds typically lay for a twelve-month period starting when they are about 21 weeks old and lasting until they are
about 72 weeks old.
On average a bird produces ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------production for a flock of birds, can be used.
In areas where the climate is hot and humid, commercial hybrid laying birds produce on average between 180 and 200 eggs per
year. In more temperate climates birds can produce on average between 250 and 300 eggs per year. The table below illustrates a
typical production schedule in a hot and humid climate.
Quality determines the acceptability of a ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to

understand

why eggs need to be treated in specific ways and to have a rational basis for day-to-day marketing decisions.

2. An integrated supply chain is a convenient notion, but it does not reflect real operations. An organization is
only really concerned with its own customers and suppliers, and does not have time to consider other
organizations further along the chain. Do you think that this is true?
Organization and the way to overcome problems is by visibility and co-operation throughout the entire chain. However, each
member really only deals with its first tier suppliers and customers, and the practical difficulties of forming closer alliance with
more remote partners are increasingly severe. So the reality is that few firms, even those who recognize the benefits of integration.
The supply chain is a network of ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------levels, warehouses, etc.
The tactical level plans and schedules the supply chain to meet actual demand. The operational level executes plans. Tactical and
operational level decision making functions are distributed across the supply chain.
The Integrated Supply Chain Management (ISCM) project addresses coordination problems at the tactical and operational levels.
It is composed of a set of cooperating, intelligent agents, each per-forming one or more supply chain functions, and coodinating

their decisions with other agents -this is called a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,

and

reason in an anytime manner, and 3) a theory of agency and support tools that enable users to build multi-agent systems with
minimal programming effort, based on trusted reusable components.

Our approach views problem-solving as a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Negotiation occurs when constraints,

that cannot be satis-fied, are modified by the subset of agents directly concerned.

Over the past decades industry has been confronted with significant changes, both in the marketplace as well as in the society. The
marketplace has turned from a quasi-infinite market, with only limited and mostly local competition in the 1970s, to an almost
completely saturated and extremely competitive global world market at present.
Industries are confronted today with ever tightening --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------product quality and variability constraints
in order to cope with these changes.
The highly competitive market situation has -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------at a competitive price
at the right location must be guaranteed.
Despite the need for flexibility, delivery on demand has to be achieved by the industries without investing a lot of capital in
product or ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ a broad variety of feedstock
materials and utilities at loosely specified properties into products of tight quality specifications.
Instead of focussing on a specific plant assuming a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------paradigm to a demand-driven production
paradigm in largely saturated markets (Towill, 1991).
The former is based on fixed production targets whereas the latter accomodates variable targets on production capacity and
product quality. A quickly changing dynamic environment acts by a variety of forcing functions on the plant.
The market demand is a prominent example ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------plant become extremely intensive.
However, the tight and numerous interactions between the plant and its environment should not be viewed as exogenous
disturbances to be compensated by feedback control. Rather, it should be taken as an opportunity that has to be exploited in the
choice of the operational strategy.

Exploitation of the plant --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the benefits resulting from application of state of the art model
predictive control by a factor of two to three.
Two challenges have to be faced in order to move towards intentional dynamic and supply chain conscious plant operation. First
of all, new technologies need to be provided to enable the implementation of such ideas in industrial practice. A first step towards
new concepts and technologies will be attempted in the sequel of the paper.
However, advanced operational strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------than considered as a strange, undesired and even
dangerous phenomenon outside the scope of normal process operations.
Other potential benefits of supply chain integration are listed below:

Reduced friction, ----------------------------------------------------------------- that do not add value

Increased ---------------------------------------------------------- between participants

Faster -------------------------------------------------------------- demands

Lower ---------------------------------------------------------------

Lower capital ----------------------------------------------------- capacity

Shorter product ------------------------------------------------ development costs

Increased competitiveness and profitability

In addition, information on operational ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------operation

tasks

targeting at process variables, operators will move towards making productivity decisions on the basis of real-time business
variables derived from process measurements and enterprise policy.

3. Give various supply chain information categories. Give examples of information contained in these categories
with reference to a FMCG company.
A supply chain encompasses business functions and enterprises interconnected by resource flows of goods, services,
information, and funds. Supply chain management spans these interconnected networks to acquire, produce, and deliver goods and
services in our global economy.
Supply Chain and Information Systems (SC&IS) is a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The SC&IS major at Smeal helps students to develop excellent knowledge and skills in three critically important areas:

Core flow --------------------------------------------------------------, and return

The role of -------------------------------------------------------------------- supply chains

The cross-functional ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, post-sales support, and new product design and launches

SC&IS emphasizes real world content and -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, study abroad opportunities, and professional development workshops.

It is important to ensure that the right information are captured and used to manage the supply chains effectively (doing right
things) and efficiently (doing these things well). Four fundamental mistakes are commonly made when determining information
requirements and these are:
1) Viewing systems -----------------------------------------------------functional
2) Interviewing -------------------------------------------------- of jointly
3) Not allowing -------------------------------------------------------------- process
4) Asking ------------------------------------------------------- the interview.
Viewing systems as functional instead of cross functional is a very narrow and inappropriate perspective to take in the information
requirements determination process. Much of the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------needs to
be extended to be crossfunctional and inter-organizational, because the information required to make decisions within one
organization may come from another supply chain member.
To properly determine information requirements ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------/means
analysis are suggested for this purpose.
Traditional systems development also ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------system

being

developed. The specific information identified for the supply chain consists of ten primary categories. These categories and
examples of information contained within them are shown in Table below-

Supply chains for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs) like toiletries, soft drinks, over-the-counter medications and other
consumables can be extremely ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------shelf. Thats why FMCG
companies need efficient, responsive and robust global supply-chains.
In recent years, FMCG companies have started shipping to emerging markets in Asia, Africa and Latin America where growing
middle classes have more disposable income to --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------companies can have their own ways of doing things, making it difficult for parent companies to impose standard procedures and
implement improvements.
Supply chain improvement can generate considerable long-term savings for FMCG customers, a sector with very tight profit
margins. As well as ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------data

allows

them

to

measure

progress and seasonality so they can plan better.

The sharing of information among supply chain members --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------approaches presented in this unit have been effective in ensuring that these information requirements are met.
The information systems and the technologies utilized in these systems represent one of the fundamental elements that link the
organizations of a supply chain. The range of technologies available to support supply chain management efforts is vast and ever

changing. Unfortunately, there is not a single right IT solution to supply chain management. Organizations need to explore
various options to arrive at a solution that provides the functionality required for their specific supply chain management
initiative. Towards this end, benchmarking integrated supply chain efforts to identify best practices is essential.
Supply Chain Management initiatives are unlikely --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------develop a supply chain information systems strategy. The team should implement the strategy, and ever see its ongoing
performance.

4. Managers can be tempted to use the easiest measures of performance or those that show themselves in the
best light. What are the consequences of this? Can you give examples of problem this create?
In a supply chain the problem lies at the interfaces that is at the boundary of two organizations. The reason for this is the high
level of interdependence intermingled with independence and autonomy of the firms in an integrated SC. Every member is fully
autonomous but highly dependent on the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------distribution etc.
This makes the choice of supply chain performance measure(s) difficult.
Single performance measure for entire supply chain is not adequate for effective supply chain because it will not cover all
pertinent aspects of the supply chain. In many ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------like
customer satisfaction.
Supply Chain Performance refers to the extended supply chains activities in meeting end-customer requirements, including
product availability, on-time delivery, and all the necessary inventory and capacity in the supply chain to deliver that performance
in a responsive manner.
To excel and win in the todays competitive environment, supply chain need continuous improvements. To achieve this goal,
performance measures that support global supply ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- chain
include:

The lack of ------------------------------------------------------------ the entire supply chain.

The requirement to go beyond ---------------------------------------------------- perspective.

The need to ---------------------------------------------------------- chain performance.

The complexity of ----------------------------------------------------------------------

The ------------------------------------------------------------ to implement strategy that achieves supply chain objectives.

The desire to expand -------------------------------------------------------------- chain.

The requirement to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- the supply chain.

The need to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- advantage.

The goal of encouraging ---------------------------------------------------------------------- in the supply chain.

Recent studies indicate that supply chain performance affects more than 85 percent of a manufacturers costs and a large percent
of its revenues (Supply chain council 1998). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------development
of a performance system and the setting of improvement goals against benchmarks.
The challenge of service-business management begins with design. As with product companies, a service business cant last
long if the offering itself is fatally flawed. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to your service
brand. They may compare your offering favorably with competitors because of extended hours, closer proximity, greater scope,
or lower prices. Your management team must be absolutely clear about which attributes of service the business will compete on.
Organizations that have successfully integrated a 360-degree --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------management system. Its best to introduce the 360-degree rating system over several years. During the first year performance
evaluation and merit increases should be based on traditional performance measures and the 360-degree results used only for
development purposes.
Designers seek the requirements and expectations, identify the objectives and measurements of success, give structure to the
elements, and form to the components of systems. Success or --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------innovator, new cell phone subscribers must be turned-away from accessing the network because of the omitted designer
requirement. Since the designer failed to include the proper requirements, this omission diminishes the success of the system.
In addition to developing a structural plan for a system, designers must manage the process of systems development, to include
overseeing systems implementation, adoption, and continuing operation. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------it is easier to enhance an existing system, than it is to decode, decipher, or replace such a system.
At times an organization will introduce information systems that may not improve the organizations efficiency, effectiveness, or
enable it to communicate and coordinate better. This happens when regulations and laws require the organization to perform
certain tasks for example, recurrent maintenance on the machinery they use or produce some information for example, tax
reports. Regulatory compliance typically requires the organization to be able to create, manage, store or produce information for

example, maintenance logs or financial reports to compute taxes. In these situations the firm will introduce an information system.
Measuring the impact of an information system
The concepts of total cost, life cycle costing, product life --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------should include elements other than initial purchase price. Second, supply managers must consider the impact of other business
functions on the valuation of a specific purchase. Third, to value a purchase situation accurately, a supply manager must
understand, and measure, the cost impact of all the activities associated with the purchase.
While the approaches described above provide guidance for --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------will dictate the types of measures and the degrees to which they will need to focus:

Functional Excellence - a stage in which a company ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Metrics for a company in this stage will
need to focus on individual functional departments.

Enterprise-Wide Integration - a stage in ------------------------------------------------- processes rather than within its

individual functional departments. Metrics for a company in this stage will need to focus on cross-functional processes.

Extended Enterprise Integration - a stage ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- processes.

Metrics for a company in this stage will focus on external and cross-enterprise metrics.

Most companies have focused their performance measurement on achieving functional excellence. With the advent of Supply
Chain Management (SCM) principles aimed at ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- enterprise-wide integration and extended enterprise integration. In order to achieve these types of
objectives, their performance measurement systems will need to align to them.
The measurement of efficiency and effectiveness ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------is
overestimated, managers are wasting resources which could be used in other projects with higher returns. In this section, we
introduce several established methods to measure efficiency and effectiveness improvements (or lack thereof) deriving from the
use of information system.

5. Take the example of a nationalized bank and discuss how it is cutting costs and improving customer service
by changing its supply chain from brick and mortar branches to ATMs and phone & net-banking.

The term public sector banks by itself connotes a situation where the major/full stake in the banks are held by the Government.
Till July,1969, there were only 8 Public Sector ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,

these

banks were allowed to raise capital through IPOs and there by the share holding pattern has changed.
By default the minimum 51% shares would be kept by the Government of India, and the management control of these nationalized
banks is only with Central Government. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

The

total

number of public sector banks as on March, 2013 was 82.

Cooperative banks play an important role in the Indian Financial System, especially at the village level. The growth of
Cooperative Movement commenced with the passing --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1949 would also be applicable for governing the banking activities.
Internet banking one of the popular e-banking modes has changed the banking operations and offer virtual banking services to
the clients on 24 7 basis. It is also called as ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a

Personal

Identification Number (PIN) and access password as in the case of ATMs.

In net banking the advantage for the bank customer is that funds can be transferred from the clients bank account to another
account with the same bank or another bank through ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------can
make use of net banking to pay the insurance premiums and similar other payments.
ATMs are used as a channel for cash management of individual customers. ATMs can be accessed by ATM card, debit or
credit cards. To have access the customer (the card holder) needs to use --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Requests for new cheque book and statement of accounts can also be given through ATMs.
White Label ATMs- RBI has vide notifications dated --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------force. While WLA operator is entitled to receive a fee from the banks for use of ATM resources by their customers, WLAs are not
permitted to charge Bank customers directly for use of WLA.
Internet banking allows national banks to offer a wide array of options to their banking customers. Some customers will rely on
traditional branches to conduct their banking business. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------customers will continue to change. The challenge to national banks is to understand their customer base and find the right mix of
delivery channels to deliver products and services profitably to their various market segments.

In the last several decades, instructions to transfer notational money between accounts are increasingly sent electronically: wire
transfers, ATM transactions, or more generally, Electronic Funds Transfer. Notational and token currency are boundary
conditions. For example, cashiers checks are notational money, but they share some of the properties of token money. There are
also interfaces between the two: ATM machines and bank tellers exchange notational currency for token currency.

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