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Eurocodes:
Background & Applications

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with worked examples
13-14 June 2013, Dublin
Worked examples
HYD and
d UPL li
limit
it
states
Dr. Bernd Schuppener
German Federal Waterways Engineering and
Research Institute, Karlsruhe
Past Chairman of CEN TC250/SC 7
Eurocodes:
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Worked example:
Verification of uplift of a base slab
in an excavation
2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Example: verification of failure by uplift UPL

H=10
H
10 m
LSPW =15 m
D = 1,0
10m
Uk
a = 10 m; b = 5 m
k = 32,5
conrete = 24,0 kN/m
= 10 kN/m
Steel d = 2,34 kN/m
Waterpressure: Uk = H w b a = 5000 kN
3
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
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Dublin
D bli
EN 1997-1: 2.4.7.4 Verification of uplift

(1)P Verification for uplift (UPL) shall be carried out by checking
that the design value of the combination of destabilising
permanentt and
d variable
i bl vertical
ti l actions
ti
(Vdst;d) iis lless th
than or
equal to the sum of the design value of the stabilising
permanent vertical actions (Gstb;d) and of the design value of any
additional resistance to uplift (Rd):
Vdst,d Gstb;d + Rd
(2.8)
where
Vdst,d = Gdst;d +Qdst;d

(2) Additional resistance to uplift may also be treated as a
stabilising permanent vertical action (Gstb;d).
)
4
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
UPL partial factors and model factor

Factor type
Factor
EN 1997-1 German NA
and DIN
1054
Irish NA
Permanent unfavourable
action
G;dst
1.0
1.0
1.0
Permanent favourable action
G;stb
09
0.9
09
0.9
09
0.9
Variable unfavourable action
Q;dst
1.5
1.5
1.5
Angle of shearing resistance
1.25
1.25
1.25
Pile tensile resistance
s;t
1.4
1.4
2.0
Model factor on wall

resistance
0.8
Eurocodes:
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k d examples
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13 14 June,
13-14
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Dublin
D bli
UPL- verification with the weight of the structure only

For the verifications the following quantities are needed:
Self-weight
g base-slab:
Base-slab: d = 1,0 m, concrete = 24,0 kN/m:
Base-area A = a b = 10,0 5,0 = 50,00 m
Gconcrete = A d concrete
Gconcrete = 50 1,0 24,0 = 1200 kN.
S lf weight
Self
i ht sheet-pile-wall:
h t il
ll dSPW = 0,03
0 03 m, Steel = 78,0
78 0 kN/m
kN/
Weight per unit area: g = 78,0 0,03 = 2,34 kN/m,
GSPW = LSPW 2
2 (a +b) g
g = 15302,34
15 30 2 34 = 1053 kN
Total characteristic weight of the structure:
Gk = Gconcrete + GSPW = 1200 + 1053 = 2253 kN
6
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
UPL-verification with the weight of the structure only

G
U
Required: Vdst,d Gstb;d + Rd
eq (2.8)
eq.
(2 8)
Vdst,d = Ud Gd
Uk G,dst Gk G,stb
But: 5000 1,00 = 5000 kN > 2253 0,90 = 2028 kN
H
Hence
UPL requirement
i
t nott satisfied!
ti fi d!
7
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
UPL-verification including wall frictional resistance R
U
Vdst,d Gstb;d + Rd
Ud Gd + Rd
Uk G,dst
G dst (Gk + Rk) G,stb
G stb
8
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Verification of failure by uplift UPL frictional resistance R

The characteristic value of the wall frictional resistance Rk will be
treated as a stabilising action determined as the vertical
component of the characteristic active earth pressure reduced by
a model factor of = 0,80:
Rk = Eah,k tan a
Th wallll ffriction
The
i ti angle
l iis assumed
d tto b
be k = 2/3 k. For
F
horizontal surface area and vertical wall the earth pressure
coefficient is Kah,k
, = 0,25 (from Fig. C 1.1 of EN 1997-1 for k=
32.5) and tan a = 0,397. The earth pressure is assumed to act
only on the outer surface of the sheet pile wall:
Eah,k
(a + b)) 0,5
, LSPW Kah,k
ah k = 2 (
ah k
Eah,k = 30 0,5 15 10 0,25 = 8437 kN
Rk = Eaah,k
, tan k
Rk = 8437 0,397 0,8 = 2680 kN
9
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
UPL - including wall frictional resistance

G
R
U
Require: Ud Gd + Rd
Uk G,dst
G dst (Gk + Rk) G,stb
G stb
But: 5000 1,00 = 5000 > (2253+2680) 0,90 = 4400 kN
Hence UPL requirement is not satisfied
10
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Example: Irish verification of uplift failure for UPL

Calculation of Rd
Using k,inf = 32,5
32 5o, i.e.
i e the inferior characteristic value
value, and applying
UPL = 1,25 to the tan(k,inf ) to obtain to d and d, gives a design
wall frictional resistance Rd value that is slightly greater than the
characteristic value Rk, which is not acceptable.
Hence a superior characteristic value k,sup is needs to be used. This is
obtained,
bt i d after
ft B
Bond
d and
dH
Harris
i (2008)
(2008), b
by assuming
i a normall
distribution for and a standard deviation of 3o so that k,sup = 32,5o + 2
1.624 3,0
, = 42.4o. Then applying
pp y g the p
partial factor of 1.25 as a
multiplier to tan(k,sup) gives d,sup = 48.8o and hence an Rd value of
2580 kN with a margin of safety of 1.33 on the characteristic value.
11
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Example: Irish verification of failure by uplift UPL

G
U
Require:
Ud Gd + Rd
Uk G,dst Gk G,stb + Rk G,stb

i.e. 5000 1,00 = 5000 > 2253 0,90 + 2580 = 4608 kN
Hence ULP requirement is not satisfied and tensile piles are required
12
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
GEO partial factors and model factor
13
Factor type
Factor
Irish NA
DA1.C1
Irish NA
DA1.C2
German NA
DA2 + DIN
1054
Permanentt unfavourable
P
f
bl
action, transient situation
G;dst
1 35
1.35
10
1.0
12
1.2
Permanent favourable
action
G;stb
1.0
1.0
1.0
Variable unfavourable
action
Q;dst
1.5
1.3
1.5
Angle of shearing
resistance
1.0
1.25
1.0
Pile tensile resistance
s;t
1.25
1.6
1.4
Model factor on wall

resistance
0.8
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Irish design for GEO verification
Ed Rd
As explained previously,
Rd is obtained using the
superior value so that
for:
= 1,0, Rd = 3440 kN
= 1,25, Rd = 2580 kN
Ed = UkG - Gk G,inf = 5000 G 2253 G;inf

DA1 C1 Ed = 5000 1,35
DA1.C1:
1 35 2253 1,0
1 0 = 4497 kN > Rd = 3440 kN
DA1.C2: Ed = 5000 1,0 2253 1,0 = 2747 kN < Rd = 2580 kN
Hence GEO ULS is not satisfied
14
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Uplift
p - verification with tension p
piles
EN 1997-1
7.6.3 Piles - ground tensile resistance
(3)P For tension piles, two failure mechanisms
shall be considered:
pull-out of the piles from the ground mass;
uplift of the structure and the block of ground
containing the piles.
15
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
GEO - verification with tension piles
LP
Uk
Determination of the
t
tensile
il action
ti F from
f
the structure on the
pile using
p
g ultimate
limit state GEO (DA2)
16
Rt
Ft,d
t d = Ud (Rd + Gd)
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Pile design (GEO) for verification of failure by uplift
Ft,d:
G =
17
F
Ft,d = Uk G - (Gk+ Rk) G,inf
design value of the action on the piles

1.20 for unfavourable actions (according to DIN 1054 for
transient situations: construction period)
G,inf = 1.00 for favourable effects of actions
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
U
E1
Ed = UkG - (Gk+ Rk) G,inf
Ft,d = 5000 1,20 - (2253 + 2680) 1,00

Ft,d = 6000 4933
Ft,d = 1067 kN
18
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

Ed
L
U
Rt,d
19
Driven piles: Ltot = n L, D = 0,5 m, qs,k

kN/m
s k= 35 kN/m
P = 1,40 (DIN 1054)
Rt,d = Ltot qs,k D / P
Rt,d = 39,25 Ltot
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
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Dublin
D bli

Ft
Uk
Rt
Ft,d Rt,d
eq. (7.12)
(7 12)
1067 39,25 Ltot Ltot 27,2 m

20
Eurocodes:
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k d examples
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13 14 June,
13-14
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Dublin
D bli

1,66 m
la=3,33
3,33 m
3,33 m
la=3,33
3 33 m
10,0 m
3,33 m
x
2,50 m
la=3,33 m
1,66 m
2,50 m
5,0 m
21
Selected:
3 Piles L = 10 m
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Irish pile design for GEO verification of uplift failure
Ed Rd eq.
eq (2.5)
(2 5)
As explained previously,
Rd is obtained using the
superior value so that
for:
= 1,0, Rd = 3440 kN
= 1,25, Rd = 2580 kN
Rt
Ed = UkG - Gk G,inf = 5000 G 2253 G;inf

Rt,d = Rt,k / s;t + Rd = Ltot qs,k D / s;t + Rd
= Ltot 35 0.5 / s;t + Rd = Ltot 54.98 / s;t + Rd
Hence require: Ltot s;t (5000 G 2253 G;inf Rd) / 54.98
22
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Irish pile design for GEO verification of uplift failure
DA1 C1
DA1.C1
U
Ltot
Rt
1.25(5000
5 (5000 1.35
35 2253
53 1.0
03
3440)
0) / 54.98
5 98
Ltot = 24.0
Hence, for 3 piles, each should be 8 m long
23
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Irish pile design for verification of GEO uplift failure
DA1.C2
U
Rt
Ltot 1.6(5000 1,0 2253 1.0 2580) / 54,98 = 4.9m,
Ltot = 4.9m, i.e. for 3 piles, each should be 1.6 m long. Hence design length is 8 m
NOTE:
O
DA1.C1
C controls
co t o s tthe
e des
design
g not
ot DA1.C2
C due to large
a ge balancing
ba a c g forces
o ces
24
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Verification of uplift of structure + ground

bl k containing
block
t i i th
the piles
il
G
Vdst,d Gstb;d + Rd
Ud Gd + Gsoil,d + Rd
Uk G,dst (Gk+ Gsoil,k+ Rk) G,stb
Gsoil
25
(2.8)
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Determination of Gsoil,k according to DIN 1054, 8.5.4
[ (
)]
Gsoil,k = n la lb L 1/ 3 la2 + lb2 cot

N: number
b off piles,
il L = length
l
h off piles
il
la = 5,0 m greater grid distance piles,
lb = 3,33
3 33 m smaller grid distance piles,
piles
= 10,0 kN/m submerged weight soil
= 0,80
, model factor for the weight.
g
Gsoil,k = 3{5,03,33(10
1/3 5,02 + 3,33 2 cot 32,5)}0,810
Gsoil,k = 2740 kN
Model factor: = 0,80
according to DIN 1054!
26
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Verification of uplift of structure + ground

bl k containing
block
t i i th
the piles
il
G
U
Gsoil
27
Ud Gd + Rd + Gsoil,d
soil d
Uk G,dst (Gk+ Rk+ Gsoil,k) G,stb
5000 6906 kN
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Worked example:
failure by hydraulic heave HYD
28
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
2.4.7.5 Verification of failure by heave

(1)P When considering a limit state of failure due to heave
by seepage of water in the ground (HYD
(HYD, see 10
10.3),
3) it shall
be verified, for every relevant soil column, that the design
value of the destabilising total pore water pressure (udst;d )
at the bottom of the column, or the design value of the
seepage force (Sdst;d) in the column is less than or equal to
th stabilising
the
t bili i ttotal
t l vertical
ti l stress
t
((stb;d) att the
th bottom
b tt
off
the column, or the submerged weight (Gstb;d) of the same
column:
udst;d stb;d
Sdst;d
Gstb;d
d td G
tb d
29
(2.9a)
(2 9b)
(2.9b)
Eurocodes:
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k d examples
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13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli
Verification of safety against hydraulic heave

NN - 1,0 m
Sdst,d Gstb,d
NN - 4,0 m
NN - 5,4 m
Medium dense
Sand:
= 10 kN/m
t
NN - 12,0 m
30
b=t/2
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

using
i
formula
f
l by
b EAU
h = 4,4 m
h= 1,4 m
hr =
h
hr =
h
3
1+
+1
t
4,4
1,4
1+ 3
+1
6,60
= 2,13 m
t = 6,60 m
i = hr / t = 0,32
u = (t + hr) w
31
Eurocodes:
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k d examples
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13 14 June,
13-14
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Dublin
D bli

Seepage force Sk:
NN - 1,0 m
Sk = i W V
Effective self weight of
the soil column Gk:
Gk = V
NN - 4,0 m
NN - 5,4 m
Gk
G
NN - 12,0 m
32
HYD Ulimate limit state:

Sk dst Gk G,stb
Sk
Eurocodes:
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k d examples
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13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

Table A.17 - Partial factors on actions
(F) Symbol
Action
Value
permanent
unfavourablea
favourableb
G;dst
G;stb
1.35
1
35
0.90
variable
unfavourablea
G;stb
1.50
a
b
33
destabilising;
stabilising
Eurocodes:
ith worked
k d examples
l
13 14 June,
13-14
J
Dublin
D bli

NN - 1,0 m
Seepage force Sk:

Sk = i W V
Effective self weight of
the soil column Gk:
Gk = V
NN - 4,0 m
NN - 5,4
54m
Gk
G
NN - 12,0 m
34
Sk
S
HYD Ulimate limit state:

Sk dst Gk G,stb
0.32 10 1.35 10 0.90
4.32 9.0
Eurocodes:
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k d examples
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13 14 June,
13-14
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Dublin
D bli
Safety against hydraulic heave: eq. 2.9b

udst;d stb;d
NN - 1,0 m
NN - 4,0 m
NN - 5,4
5 4 mh= 1,4 m
t = 6,60 m
NN - 12,0 m
stb;d
udst;d
d td
35
uk = (t + hr) w
hr = 2,13m
uk = ((6.60+2.13)10
)
uk = 87.3 kN/m
stb;k = t(+w)
stb;k = 6.60 20
stb;k = 132 kN/m
ukG,dst stb;kG,stb
87.31.35 1320.90
117 9 118.8
117.9
118 8
Eurocodes:
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with worked examples
13-14 June 2013, Dublin
Geotechnical design
with
ith worked
k d
examples
eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu

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Eurocodes:

Background & Applications

13-14 June 2013, Dublin

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Example: verification of failure by uplift UPL

conrete = 24,0 kN/m

Steel d = 2,34 kN/m

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

EN 1997-1: 2.4.7.4 Verification of uplift

Vdst,d = Gdst;d +Qdst;d

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

UPL partial factors and model factor

Permanent favourable action

Variable unfavourable action

Angle of shearing resistance

Pile tensile resistance

Model factor on wall

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

UPL- verification with the weight of the structure only

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

UPL-verification with the weight of the structure only

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

UPL-verification including wall frictional resistance R

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Verification of failure by uplift UPL frictional resistance R

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

UPL - including wall frictional resistance

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Example: Irish verification of uplift failure for UPL

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Example: Irish verification of failure by uplift UPL

Uk G,dst Gk G,stb + Rk G,stb

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

GEO partial factors and model factor

Pile tensile resistance

Model factor on wall

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Irish design for GEO verification

Ed = UkG - Gk G,inf = 5000 G 2253 G;inf

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

GEO - verification with tension piles

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Pile design (GEO) for verification of failure by uplift

design value of the action on the piles

Pile design (GEO) for verification of failure by uplift

Ed = UkG - (Gk+ Rk) G,inf

Ft,d = 5000 1,20 - (2253 + 2680) 1,00

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Pile design (GEO) for verification of failure by uplift

Driven piles: Ltot = n L, D = 0,5 m, qs,k

Pile design (GEO) for verification of failure by uplift

1067 39,25 Ltot Ltot 27,2 m

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Pile design (GEO) for verification of failure by uplift

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Irish pile design for GEO verification of uplift failure

Ed = UkG - Gk G,inf = 5000 G 2253 G;inf

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Irish pile design for GEO verification of uplift failure

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved

Irish pile design for verification of GEO uplift failure

2013 Bernd Schuppener. All rights reserved