WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword 3
Sustainable steel 4

CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

World crude steel production, 1950 to 2015 7
Top steel-producing companies, 2015 8
Major steel-producing countries, 2014 and 2015  9
Crude steel production by process, 2015  10
Continuously-cast steel output, 2013 to 2015  11
Monthly crude steel production, 2012 to 2015  12

STEEL USE
Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2005 14
Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2015 15
Apparent steel use, 2009 to 2015  16
Apparent steel use per capita, 2009 to 2015  17

RAW MATERIALS
Pig iron, 2014 and 2015  18
Direct reduced iron production, 2008 to 2015  19
Iron ore, 2014  20
World iron ore trade by area, 2015  21
Trade in ferrous scrap, 2014 and 2015  22
World trade in ferrous scrap by area, 2015  23

STEEL TRADE
World trade in steel products, 1975 to 2015  24
World volume of trade, 2000 to 2015  24
World steel exports by product, 2009 to 2015  25
World steel trade by area, 2015  26

FOREWORD

The global economy is going through a difficult phase as markets

adjust to slower levels of Chinese growth - the new normal. However,
given the expected population increase, emerging new applications
for steel and new markets developing, I am convinced that we will again
have growth in the steel industry. Without steel modern society
could not survive.
World crude steel production reached 1,621 million tonnes (Mt) for the
year 2015, down by 2.9% compared to 2014. In 2015, China accounted
for 44.8% of the global market for steel (by volume), compared to
45.9% in 2014.
In 2015, concern over excess capacity once again increased. As
mentioned during an OECD high level symposium on the topic,
overcapacity is a global problem requiring a global solution; structural
adjustments are required. Restructuring is not new; it is an ongoing
process as old as the industry itself and it requires appropriate industrial
policy developed by governments in cooperation with industry.
Barriers to exit as well as social and environmental impacts need to be
addressed and planned for. In todays economic context it is ever more
crucial that policies promote a level playing field to ensure that steel
companies in one region are not put at a disadvantage with steelmakers
from other regions or in relation to competing materials.
But one must never forget that the key word in any discussion about
steel is sustainable. If one longstanding challenge for the industry
has been how to produce steel with lower carbon emissions, the new
challenge is improving the value of steel in applications. This needs
a major focus on innovation.

INDIRECT TRADE

Steel plays a key role in the new circular business model in which
all products must be designed and manufactured to be repaired,
remanufactured, reused and recycled. The next few pages of this
publication give you a glimpse of why steel, thanks to its strength,
adaptability, flexibility and durability, is the essential material in the
circular economy.

Indirect trade in steel, 2000 to 2014  28

Major indirect importers and exporters of steel, 2014  28
True steel use, 2008 to 2014  29

This booklet provides a comprehensive overview of steel industry

activities, stretching from production to steel use to some indications
of global trade flows.

Major importers and exporters of steel, 2015 27

Apparent and true steel use per capita, 2014  29

For details on the notation used in this publication, please refer
to page 30.
Dr Edwin Basson
Director General
3

SUSTAINABLE STEEL
As a permanent material, steel is essential
to achieving a circular economy.

Reduce

Remanufacture

To reduce is to decrease the amount of material, energy and other

resources used to create steel as well as decreasing the weight of steel
used in products by developing higher strength steels.

Remanufacture is the process of restoring durable, used steel products

to as-new condition.

T RE

D U CT I O N B E N
EF
IT

End-of-life turbine

R e c e r t i fi c

Reduced
transport
impact

bly

Packaging

em

an

em

Construction

Remanufacturing steel
products can significantly
extend the life span of a
component and preserve
the energy used to create it.

e c ti o n

Automotive

High-strength steels have led to a 25 to 40%

weight reduction over the past
three decades, with corresponding
decreases in emissions
and energy use

In s p

Reduced use
of raw
materials

Job creation
in R&D

Reduced
CO 2 emissions

a ti o

H
EI G

ufa

c t ur

Dis

as

Reduced energy use

Use and reuse

Recycle

Reuse is using an object or material again, either for its original purpose
or for a similar purpose, without significantly altering its physical form.
Rail tracks or construction beams can, for example, be reused once their
initial use is fulfilled. Steelmaking by-products can also be used in new
applications, such as slag in concrete.

Recycling is melting steel products at the end of their useful life to create
new steels. Recycling alters the physical form of the steel object so that
a new application can be created from the recycled material.

Earth
By-products

Ma

32.9% of steelmaking by-products are used

to make new products, such as fertilisers,
electricity, cement, roadstones, paint, and
much more. Waste is reduced to a minimum.

uri

ng

Pr

e-

co

ns

um

er r

ecycl

ing

s t-

on

Waste
2.7%

fa

Po

Steel
64.4%

nu

ct

STEEL
PRODUCTION
OUTPUT

su

me

r re

c yc lin g

Today 650 million

tonnes of steel are
recycled every year.

For more examples, visit the circular economy section of worldsteel.org

SUSTAINABLE STEEL

Life Cycle Assessment

worldsteel continues to promote the use of Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) as the only way to establish with accuracy the environmental
performance of any given product throughout its full lifetime. An LCA
of a steel product looks at resource and energy use, as well as byproducts and emissions released to air, water and land, from the raw
material extraction phase to its end-of-life phase, including recycling
and disposal. LCA can be used to identify priorities for improvements in
process operations and product design and development. This ensures
that improvements in one life cycle phase do not result in unintended
consequences in another phase or impact category.

steeluniversity
The steel industry needs to attract and retain young talent to drive the
process of innovation forward. steeluniversity, a worldsteel initiative, is an
industry university delivering education and training to current and future
employees of steel companies and related businesses. steeluniversity
delivers online courses on steel manufacturing, steel applications, ferrous
metallurgy, business, environment and safety. A new steel competitive
game called steelBusiness has been launched to provide training to
understand steel company finances as you run a virtual steel company.
Annual highlights include steelManagement (a four-day residential course
on steel business strategy) and steelChallenge (a global competition for
young people using a manufacturing simulation).

Safety and health

Nothing is more important than the safety and health of people who
work in the steel industry. worldsteel is set up to support its members
to achieve the zero goal, an injury-free and healthy workplace for
employees and contractors. This year, worldsteel produced an updated
position paper on safety and health in which the organisation outlines
its activities. One of the key initiatives is the Steel Safety Day held every
year on 28 April. Its aim is to reinforce the leadership needed to eliminate
the top five causes of serious injury: moving machinery, falling from
heights, falling objects, gas and asphyxiation, and overhead cranes.
Other worldsteel activities include safety workshops, shop floor audits,
sharing of metrics and best practices, and an annual safety and health
recognition programme.
6

WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

1950 TO 2015

million tonnes
Years

World

Years

World

Years

World

1950

189

1997

800

2008

1,343

1955

270

1998

779

2009

1,239

1960

347

1999

790

2010

1,433

1965

456

2000

850

2011

1,538

1970

595

2001

852

2012

1,560
1,650

1975

644

2002

905

2013

1980

717

2003

971

2014

1,670

1985

719

2004

1,063

2015

1,621

1990

770

2005

1,148

1995

753

2006

1,250

1996

751

2007

1,348

1,800

Average Growth Rates

% per annum

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

Years

World

1950-55
1955-60
1960-65
1965-70
1970-75
1975-80
1980-85
1985-90
1990-95
1995-00
2000-05
2005-10
2010-15

7.4
5.1
5.6
5.5
1.6
2.2
0.1
1.4
-0.5
2.5
6.2
4.5
2.5

800

600

400

200

0
1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

TOP STEELMAKERS IN THE WORLD

2015
million tonnes crude steel production
Rank

Company

million tonnes crude steel production

Tonnage

Rank

ArcelorMittal

97.14

26

SAIL

Company

Tonnage
14.34

Hesteel Group

47.75

27

IMIDRO

14.10

NSSMC

46.37

28

Rizhao Steel

14.00

POSCO

41.97

29

Fangda Steel

13.21

Baosteel Group (1)

34.94

30

JSW Steel Limited

12.42

Shagang Group

34.21

31

MMK

12.24

Ansteel Group

32.50

32

Baotou Steel

11.86

JFE Steel Corporation

29.83

33

Severstal

11.45

Shougang Group

28.55

34

Jingye Steel

11.32

10

Tata Steel Group

26.31

35

Liuzhou Steel (2)

10.83

11

Wuhan Steel Group (2)

25.78

36

Anyang Steel

10.74

12

Shandong Steel Group

21.69

37

Zongheng Steel

10.38

13

Hyundai Steel

20.48

38

Taiyuan Steel

10.26

14

Nucor Corporation

19.62

39

Jinxi Steel

9.77

15

Maanshan Steel

18.82

40

Metinvest Holding

9.65

16

thyssenkrupp

17.34

41

Sanming Steel

9.58

17

Gerdau

17.03

42

Zenith Steel

9.08

18

Tianjin Bohai Steel

16.27

43

Erdemir Group

8.93
8.64

19

NLMK

16.05

44

Xinyu Steel

20

Jianlong Group

15.14

45

Nanjing Steel

8.59

21

Benxi Steel

14.99

46

Techint Group

8.40
8.29

22

Valin Group

14.87

47

Guofeng Steel

23

China Steel Corporation

14.82

48

voestalpine Group

7.76

24

U. S. Steel Corporation

14.52

49

Jiuquan Steel

7.69

25

EVRAZ

14.35

50

CITIC Pacific

7.61

(1) B aosteel now has minority ownership in Ningbo therefore Ningbo tonnage is not included.
(2) L iuzhou Steel is no longer part of Wuhan Steel Group and is now listed separately.
Notes on company ownership and tonnage calculations: For worldsteel members, the data
was sourced from their official tonnage declaration. For Chinese companies, the official CISA
tonnage publication was used. In cases of more than 50% ownership, 100% of the subsidiarys
tonnage is included. In cases of 30%-50% ownership, pro-rata tonnage is included. Unless
otherwise specified, less than 30% ownership is considered a minority interest and therefore
not included.
For an extended company listing, go to worldsteel.org/statistics/top-producers.

MAJOR STEEL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES

2014 AND 2015

Country
China
Japan
India
United States
Russia
South Korea
Germany
Brazil
Turkey
Ukraine
Italy
Taiwan, China
Mexico
Iran
France
Spain
Canada
United Kingdom
Poland
Austria
Belgium
Netherlands
South Africa
Viet Nam (e)
Egypt
Czech Republic
Saudi Arabia
Argentina
Australia
Slovak Republic
Sweden
Indonesia (e)
Malaysia (e)
Finland
Kazakhstan
Thailand
Romania
United Arab Emirates
Pakistan
Qatar
Byelorussia
Luxembourg
Portugal (e)
Oman (e)
Hungary
Switzerland (e)
Venezuela
North Korea (e)
Colombia
Philippines (e)
Others
World

2015
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

2014
Tonnage
803.8
105.2
89.4
78.8
70.9
69.7
42.7
33.3
31.5
23.0
22.0
21.4
18.2
16.1
15.0
14.8
12.5
10.9
9.2
7.7
7.3
7.0
6.4
6.1
5.5
5.3
5.2
5.0
4.9
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.7
3.4
3.0
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
14.8
1,620.9

Rank
1
2
4
3
6
5
7
9
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
26
23
28
25
27
30
29
31
32
33
35
36
34
37
41
40
38
39
42
43
44
50
46
45
47
48
49

Tonnage
822.8
110.7
87.3
88.2
71.5
71.5
42.9
33.9
34.0
27.2
23.7
23.1
18.9
16.3
16.1
14.2
12.7
12.1
8.6
7.9
7.3
7.0
6.4
5.8
6.5
5.4
6.3
5.5
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.4
4.3
3.8
3.7
4.1
3.2
2.4
2.4
3.0
2.5
2.2
2.1
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
14.8
1,669.9

CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

BY PROCESS, 2015
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal (e)
Romania
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
European Union (28)
Turkey
Others
Other Europe
Russia
Ukraine
Other CIS
CIS
Canada
Mexico
United States
NAFTA
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Venezuela
Others
Central and South America
Egypt (e)
South Africa
Other Africa
Africa
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Other Middle East
Middle East
China
India
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan, China
Other Asia
Asia
Australia
New Zealand
Total of above countries

Million
tonnes

Oxygen %

7.7
7.3
0.5
0.1
5.3
4.0
15.0
42.7
0.9
1.7
22.0
2.1
7.0
9.2
2.0
3.4
4.6
0.6
14.8
4.4
10.9
166.1
31.5
4.7
36.2
70.9
23.0
7.7
101.6
12.5
18.2
78.8
109.5
5.0
33.3
1.1
1.3
4.2
44.9
5.5
6.4
1.7
13.6
16.1
5.2
7.9
29.3
803.8
89.4
105.2
69.7
21.4
21.0
1,110.4
4.9
0.8
1,617.3

91.3
66.3
93.2
65.8
65.6
70.4
90.0
21.8
98.5
57.8
59.7
92.9
31.7
66.1
83.8
60.6
35.0
38.1
35.4
67.7
71.8
47.1
67.0
53.8
29.7
37.3
37.9
56.1
78.5
69.5
7.0
66.8
10.5
61.1
38.5
37.8
14.9
8.2
93.9
42.7
77.1
69.6
62.4
4.6
84.4
77.1
73.5
74.4

Electric
%
8.7
33.7
100.0
100.0
6.8
34.2
34.4
29.6
100.0
10.0
78.2
100.0
1.5
42.2
100.0
40.3
7.1
100.0
68.3
33.9
16.2
39.4
65.0
61.9
64.6
29.0
5.6
52.9
25.5
46.2
70.3
62.7
62.1
43.9
19.9
30.5
100.0
93.0
32.0
89.5
38.9
61.5
62.2
85.1
100.0
100.0
91.8
6.1
57.3
22.9
30.4
37.6
92.4
15.5
22.9
26.5
25.1

Open hearth
%
2.4
22.6
6.9
0.4

Other
%
0.9
0.6
1.6
1.2
3.0
0.1
0.1

The countries in this table accounted for more than 99% of world crude steel production in 2015.

10

Total
%
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

CONTINUOUSLY-CAST STEEL OUTPUT

2013 TO 2015
Million tonnes
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Latvia (e)
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal (e)
Romania
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
European Union (28)
Turkey
Others
Other Europe
Russia
Ukraine
Other CIS
CIS
Canada
Mexico
United States
NAFTA
Argentina
Brazil
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Central and South America
Egypt (e)
South Africa
Other Africa
Africa
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Other Middle East
Middle East
China
India (e)
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan, China
Other Asia
Asia
Australia
New Zealand
Total of above countries

% Crude steel output

2013

2014

2015

2013

2014

2015

7.7
7.1
0.5
0.1
4.7
3.5
15.1
41.3
1.0
0.9
22.9
0.2
2.1
6.6
7.8
2.0
2.9
4.5
0.5
13.9
3.9
11.7
160.9
34.7
4.0
38.6
56.0
17.0
6.6
79.7
12.1
18.2
85.8
116.0
5.2
33.4
2.1
5.1
45.8
6.8
7.1
1.9
15.8
15.4
5.5
5.9
26.8
808.2
66.3
108.9
65.0
22.2
12.7
1,083.4
4.6
0.9
1,572.6

7.6
7.3
0.6
0.2
4.9
3.8
15.5
41.6
1.0
1.2
22.3
2.2
6.8
8.4
2.1
3.1
4.7
0.5
13.9
4.0
11.9
163.6
34.0
4.3
38.4
58.5
14.7
7.4
80.6
12.5
18.9
86.9
118.3
5.5
33.4
1.5
5.0
45.4
6.5
6.4
1.9
14.7
16.3
6.3
7.2
29.8
809.0
72.3
108.5
70.4
23.0
14.7
1,097.9
4.6
0.9
1,594.2

7.4
7.3
0.5
0.1
4.8
4.0
14.4
41.4
0.9
1.7
20.8
2.1
6.9
9.0
2.0
3.3
4.6
0.5
14.6
3.8
10.8
160.8
31.5
4.6
36.2
58.0
11.2
7.7
76.9
12.2
18.2
78.1
108.5
5.0
32.9
1.3
5.0
44.3
5.5
6.4
1.7
13.5
16.1
5.2
7.9
29.2
790.0
74.5
103.1
68.7
21.3
13.7
1,071.3
4.9
0.8
1,546.4

96.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.1
99.5
96.3
96.9
100.0
100.0
95.0
100.0
100.0
98.0
97.9
99.5
97.2
99.7
82.3
97.8
87.6
98.7
96.7
100.0
99.7
100.0
81.2
52.0
99.9
73.5
97.1
99.7
98.8
98.7
99.7
97.9
100.0
94.0
97.7
100.0
99.7
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.3
81.5
98.5
98.4
99.6
100.0
97.2
98.7
100.0
95.8

96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.6
99.5
96.2
96.8
100.0
100.0
94.2
100.0
98.2
98.1
99.2
98.2
99.8
80.2
97.8
87.6
98.6
96.6
100.0
99.8
100.0
81.9
54.1
99.9
76.0
98.0
99.9
98.5
98.7
99.7
98.5
100.0
100.0
98.8
100.0
99.5
100.0
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.3
82.8
98.1
98.4
99.6
100.0
97.2
99.4
100.0
96.1

96.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.2
99.6
96.1
97.0
100.0
100.0
94.3
100.0
98.5
98.3
98.8
97.9
99.8
80.1
98.2
88.0
98.6
96.8
100.0
99.7
100.0
81.8
48.9
99.9
75.7
97.6
99.9
99.0
99.0
99.7
99.0
100.0
94.7
98.6
100.0
99.4
100.0
99.7
99.8
100.0
100.0
99.9
98.3
83.4
98.1
98.6
99.6
100.0
97.1
99.5
100.0
96.1

The countries in this table accounted for more than 99% of world crude steel production in 2015.

11

MONTHLY CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

2012 TO 2015

million tonnes

million tonnes

Total 66 reporting countries

NAFTA
12

145

11
135
10
125
9
actual data
115

2012

deseasonalised data
2013

actual data
2014

2015

2012

deseasonalised data
2013

2014

2015

2014

2015

2014

2015

2014

2015

Central and South America

European Union (28)

5.0

17

4.5
15
4.0
13
3.5
actual data
11

2012

actual data

deseasonalised data
2013

2014

2015

3.0

CIS (6)

Japan

10.0

10.0

9.5

2012

deseasonalised data
2013

9.5

9.0
9.0
8.5
8.5

8.0
actual data
7.5

2012

deseasonalised data
2013

actual data
2014

2015

The 66 reporting countries

Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Byelorussia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic,
Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,
India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico,
Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovak Republic,
Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Trinidad
and Tobago, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States,
Uruguay, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela.
In 2015, these 66 countries accounted for more than 98% of world crude steel
production.

12

8.0

2012

deseasonalised data
2013

China
85

75

65

55
actual data
45

2012

deseasonalised data
2013

13

STEEL PRODUCTION AND USE:

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
2005
Crude steel production
World total: 1,149 million tonnes
Others
Other Asia 7.7%
11.4%

Crude steel production

World total: 1,621 million tonnes
EU (28)
17.0%

Japan
9.8%

CIS
9.9%

1.6%
1.3%

Other Europe
2.3%

Central and South America 

Australia and New Zealand 

Others
9.1%

4.1%
0.8%

Japan
7.3%

Others comprise:
Africa 
Middle East 

0.8%
1.8%

CIS
4.0%

Other Asia
16.2%

NAFTA
13.1%

14

1.9%
3.3%

NAFTA
6.8%

Central and South America 

Australia and New Zealand 

Others
9.6%

Central and South America 

Australia and New Zealand 

EU (28)
10.2%

2.8%
0.4%

Other Europe
2.7%
CIS
3.3%
NAFTA
9.0%

Japan
4.2%

China
33.2%

Others comprise:
Africa 
Middle East 

CIS
6.3%

Apparent steel use (finished steel products)

World total: 1,500 million tonnes
Other Europe
2.3%

EU (28)
16.0%

Other Europe
2.2%
EU (28)
10.2%

China
49.6%

Apparent steel use (finished steel products)

World total: 1,046 million tonnes

Other Asia
14.9%

Japan
6.5%

Others
Other Asia 5.8%
12.6%

NAFTA
11.0%

China
31.0%

Others comprise:
Africa 
Middle East 

STEEL PRODUCTION AND USE:

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
2015

China
44.8%

3.1%
0.8%

Others comprise:
Africa
Middle East

2.6%
3.5%

Central and South America 

Australia and New Zealand 

3.0%
0.5%
15

APPARENT STEEL USE

2009 TO 2015
million tonnes finished steel products
Austria
Belgium-Luxembourg
Czech Republic
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other EU (28)
European Union (28)
Turkey
Others
Other Europe
Russia
Ukraine
other CIS
CIS
Canada
Mexico
United States
NAFTA
Argentina
Brazil
Venezuela
Others
Central and South America
Egypt
South Africa
Other Africa
Africa
Iran
Other Middle East
Middle East
China
India
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan, China
Other Asia
Asia
Oceania
World

16

APPARENT STEEL USE PER CAPITA

2009 TO 2015
kilogrammes finished steel products

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

3.2
4.1
4.5
11.0
28.2
20.1
2.9
8.2
2.6
11.9
2.6
7.9
14.1
121.2
18.0
5.1
23.2
24.8
3.9
7.2
35.9
9.5
15.2
59.2
83.9
3.2
18.6
2.7
8.8
33.3
11.1
4.5
16.4
31.9
17.5
28.5
46.0
551.4
57.9
52.8
45.4
11.3
51.5
770.3
6.0
1,151.7

3.6
4.6
5.5
13.1
36.2
25.7
3.2
10.0
3.3
13.1
3.6
9.9
14.7
146.4
23.6
5.3
28.8
36.7
5.5
7.2
49.5
14.1
17.8
79.9
111.7
4.6
26.7
2.3
11.7
45.2
9.3
5.0
14.1
28.4
19.7
29.0
48.7
587.6
64.9
63.6
52.4
17.8
57.6
843.9
7.8
1,310.5

3.9
5.0
6.1
14.0
40.7
26.6
3.8
11.0
3.8
13.1
3.9
10.2
14.6
156.7
26.9
5.8
32.7
41.5
6.3
7.5
55.3
14.2
19.8
89.2
123.2
5.3
26.1
2.6
13.0
47.1
7.8
5.3
16.3
29.4
21.1
30.1
51.3
641.2
69.8
64.1
56.4
18.1
63.3
912.8
6.9
1,415.4

3.6
4.5
5.9
12.6
37.5
21.5
3.5
10.4
3.3
10.4
3.5
9.7
13.9
140.3
28.5
5.6
34.1
42.8
6.3
8.6
57.7
15.6
20.9
96.2
132.7
4.9
26.6
3.0
14.2
48.7
9.5
5.3
18.2
32.9
19.0
31.8
50.7
660.1
72.4
64.0
54.1
17.8
71.0
939.3
7.3
1,443.7

3.5
4.4
5.9
12.6
38.0
22.0
3.5
10.4
3.3
10.7
3.6
9.6
14.6
142.0
31.3
5.6
36.9
43.3
5.6
9.8
58.7
14.1
20.1
95.7
129.9
5.1
28.0
2.9
15.4
51.3
9.2
5.7
21.5
36.4
18.8
32.9
51.7
735.1
73.7
65.2
51.8
18.6
76.2
1,020.6
6.7
1,534.2

3.6
4.5
6.2
12.5
39.6
22.0
3.4
12.3
3.8
11.6
3.4
10.7
15.5
149.1
30.8
6.3
37.1
43.0
4.3
8.8
56.0
16.9
22.9
107.0
146.7
5.0
25.6
2.0
16.3
48.9
10.2
5.1
22.1
37.4
18.9
34.6
53.5
710.8
76.1
67.7
55.5
19.6
81.0
1,010.6
7.4
1,546.9

3.6
4.5
6.6
12.5
39.0
23.9
3.6
12.5
3.9
12.7
3.4
10.5
16.6
153.3
34.4
5.7
40.1
39.4
3.3
7.3
50.0
14.5
24.2
95.7
134.5
5.3
21.3
1.8
17.0
45.4
10.9
5.4
22.8
39.0
18.7
34.3
53.0
672.3
79.5
62.9
56.0
17.5
89.2
977.5
7.3
1,500.1

Austria
Belgium-Luxembourg
Czech Republic
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other EU (28)
European Union (28)
Turkey
Others
Other Europe
Russia
Ukraine
other CIS
CIS
Canada
Mexico
United States
NAFTA
Argentina
Brazil
Venezuela
Others
Central and South America
Egypt
South Africa
Other Africa
Africa
Iran
Other Middle East
Middle East
China
India
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan, China
Other Asia
Asia
Oceania
World

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

386.3
361.2
430.8
175.6
350.3
337.6
175.0
212.5
129.0
256.5
276.1
126.6
188.5
242.1
253.0
163.3
225.5
173.5
84.6
102.7
138.6
282.5
129.9
192.7
183.3
78.5
94.4
94.0
48.6
73.1
137.4
87.4
18.6
31.5
239.1
251.4
221.1
413.4
47.7
414.6
930.5
487.7
54.8
209.0
168.2
171.4

433.9
402.2
525.4
207.5
450.5
430.5
190.0
258.0
161.9
280.4
388.0
157.8
197.1
291.6
325.9
167.4
277.8
256.7
119.9
102.0
190.4
412.9
149.7
257.8
241.6
112.1
134.3
78.1
63.7
98.3
113.7
96.9
15.6
27.4
265.2
248.2
228.3
438.2
52.8
499.3
1,067.2
766.8
60.6
226.7
215.4
192.8

462.3
436.4
575.6
221.5
506.2
444.9
230.3
285.6
187.1
280.8
411.3
161.9
196.4
311.6
366.3
183.7
311.4
289.7
139.2
104.1
212.3
410.8
164.5
285.5
263.6
128.1
130.1
88.6
70.2
101.1
92.9
102.1
17.6
27.6
280.9
248.0
235.2
475.6
55.9
503.7
1,142.5
778.0
65.7
242.9
185.2
205.7

428.1
384.1
554.8
198.4
465.9
360.2
206.7
269.5
166.6
223.7
366.9
152.2
187.3
278.5
380.3
177.0
319.8
298.7
138.7
118.8
220.9
446.7
171.3
305.6
281.3
116.4
131.3
100.1
75.8
103.5
110.5
99.7
19.1
30.1
249.1
250.4
228.2
487.0
57.3
503.0
1,089.9
762.8
72.7
247.5
194.9
207.4

416.7
376.1
556.2
197.5
471.8
367.6
206.1
269.2
166.5
229.5
373.0
150.0
197.3
281.6
410.6
175.6
341.3
302.1
123.6
133.4
224.1
400.1
162.7
301.8
272.9
119.0
137.2
94.9
78.9
107.9
105.1
106.5
22.0
32.5
243.5
253.0
228.1
539.5
57.6
513.8
1,038.4
795.8
77.1
266.4
174.2
217.8

421.3
384.5
587.6
195.3
491.6
367.8
201.1
317.9
194.9
250.2
349.2
165.6
210.4
295.5
396.9
197.1
338.6
299.8
94.8
118.5
213.5
473.7
182.5
335.0
305.4
116.5
124.3
66.3
82.4
101.8
113.7
94.7
22.0
32.5
242.1
267.3
232.0
519.0
58.7
533.9
1,108.8
837.2
80.8
261.3
191.5
217.1

418.3
381.3
627.4
194.2
483.8
400.5
209.8
324.6
199.9
275.3
344.0
161.9
225.2
303.5
436.8
178.8
362.0
274.6
74.7
97.0
190.0
404.6
190.6
297.4
277.4
121.0
102.6
57.4
85.8
93.5
118.7
98.5
22.0
33.1
236.6
261.2
225.4
488.6
60.6
497.3
1,113.6
750.6
87.9
250.5
185.1
208.2

17

PIG IRON
2014 AND 2015
million tonnes

Austria
Belgium-Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other EU
European Union (28)
Turkey
Others
Other Europe
Kazakhstan
Russia
Ukraine
Other CIS
CIS
Canada
Mexico
United States
NAFTA
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Other Latin America
Central and South America
South Africa
Other Africa
Africa
Iran
Other Middle East
Middle East
China
India
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan, China
Other Asia
Asia
Australia
New Zealand
Other Oceania
Oceania
World

18

DIRECT REDUCED IRON PRODUCTION

2008 TO 2015
million tonnes

Production
2014

Production
2015

- Exports
2015

+ Imports
2015

Apparent
= Consumption
2015

6.0
4.4
4.2
2.5
10.9
27.4
0.8
6.4
5.9
4.6
1.6
3.8
4.0
3.1
9.7
95.2
9.4
1.5
10.9
3.2
51.5
24.8
79.5
6.7
5.1
29.4
41.2
2.8
27.0
0.6
0.3
30.7
4.4
0.9
5.3
2.8
2.8
716.5
55.2
83.9
46.9
14.4
1.8
918.7
3.3
0.7
4.0
1,188.0

5.8
4.2
4.0
2.6
10.1
27.8
1.2
5.1
6.1
4.8
1.8
3.7
4.4
2.9
8.8
93.4
10.2
1.8
12.0
3.2
52.6
21.8
77.6
5.9
4.6
25.4
35.9
2.7
27.8
0.6
0.3
31.4
4.5
0.8
5.3
2.5
2.5
691.4
57.3
81.0
47.6
14.4
1.8
893.6
3.6
0.7
4.3
1,155.9

0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
5.3
2.2
0.0
7.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
2.8
0.0
0.0
2.8
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
13.0

0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.0
1.7
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
3.9
1.2
0.0
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.8
4.5
5.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.5
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.9

5.9
4.3
4.1
2.6
10.2
28.2
1.3
6.7
6.2
5.0
1.8
3.8
4.7
2.8
8.8
0.1
96.4
11.4
1.8
13.2
3.2
47.2
19.6
0.1
70.2
5.9
5.4
29.9
41.2
2.7
25.1
0.6
0.4
28.8
4.0
1.0
5.0
2.5
0.1
2.6
691.4
56.8
81.1
48.1
14.9
1.8
894.1
3.6
0.7
0.0
4.3
1,155.8

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Germany

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

Sweden

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

European Union (28)

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.6

0.7

0.7

Russia

4.5

4.6

4.7

5.2

5.1

5.3

5.4

Canada

0.7

0.3

0.6

0.7

0.8

1.2

1.5

1.5

Mexico

6.0

4.1

5.4

5.9

5.6

6.1

6.0

5.5

United States

0.3

NAFTA

7.0

4.5

6.0

6.6

6.4

7.3

7.5

7.0

Argentina

1.8

0.8

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.7

1.3

Brazil

0.3

0.0

Peru

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1
2.2

Trinidad and Tobago

2.8

2.0

3.1

3.0

3.3

3.3

1.6

Venezuela

6.8

5.5

3.8

4.2

4.5

2.7

1.4

1.4

11.8

8.4

8.5

9.0

9.4

7.6

4.8

4.9

Egypt

2.6

3.1

3.0

2.9

3.1

3.4

2.9

2.5

Libya

1.6

1.1

1.3

0.2

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.4

South Africa

1.2

1.3

1.1

1.4

1.5

1.3

1.6

1.1 (e)

Africa

5.4

5.5

5.4

4.5

5.1

5.7

5.5

4.0

Iran

7.4

8.1

9.4

10.4

11.6

14.5

14.6

14.5
1.5 (e)

Central and South America

Oman

1.1

1.5

1.5

1.5

Qatar

1.7

2.1

2.3

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.6

Saudi Arabia

5.0

5.0

5.5

5.8

5.7

6.1

5.5

4.8

United Arab Emirates

Middle East

1.2

1.8

2.7

3.1

2.4

3.2

14.0

15.2

18.3

21.4

23.8

27.5

26.5

26.7

China

0.2

0.0

India

21.2

22.0

23.4

22.0

20.1

16.9

20.4

17.4

Indonesia

1.2

1.1

1.3

1.2

0.5

0.8

0.2

0.2 (e)

Malaysia

2.0

2.4

2.4

2.9

2.3

1.4

1.0

1.0 (e)

Asia

24.5

25.6

27.1

26.1

22.9

19.0

21.5

18.6

World

67.9

64.3

70.5

73.2

73.4

73.1

71.8

61.9

19

IRON ORE
2014

(1)

20

6.3

17.1
43.0
9.5
29.7
7.4
2.2
6.0
5.7
0.0
14.5
4.4
157.8
0.0
0.0
8.5
0.5
166.9
13.7
9.0
1.6
5.1
15.6
0.0
11.9
11.9
0.0
0.5
5.0
5.5
26.5
933.1
7.4
136.4
73.5
92.4
1,242.9
3.0
0.0
1,486.1

17.0
43.4
9.5
7.9
7.4
2.2
5.9
5.7
4.4
14.5
2.1
140.6
1.7
-0.5
14.5
0.5
156.8
134.8
12.9
16.5
47.0
76.4
55.0
0.0
0.0
4.3
12.1
71.5
-0.7
-1.5
2.6
13.2
13.5
51.9
1,126.2
127.4
136.4
73.4
89.6
1,553.0
-27.6
-0.1
2,030.2

of which: extra-regional imports*

6.3

0.1
0.1
0.0
21.8
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
23.7
0.0
2.3
48.2
0.4
4.0
1.0
0.1
53.6
78.4
40.3
2.3
12.4
55.0
344.4
14.5
11.5
3.7
1.8
375.9
5.0
14.6
64.8
20.7
105.1
23.1
0.1
9.8
0.0
0.1
31.3
41.5
754.3
2.2
1,489.1

Destination
European Union
(28)

37.0

4.0

27.1

17.7

54.0

13.2

153.1

116.0

Oceania

0.0

0.4
28.1
30.9
2.1
3.5
7.0
43.5
199.5
44.2
17.2
54.3
115.7
399.4
14.5
11.6
8.0
2.0
435.5
4.3
13.1
66.9
28.9
113.2
48.5
193.2
129.8
28.5
351.5
723.7
2.1
2,033.2

Asia

0.0

7.5
6.8
Africa and Middle East

0.0
0.0

Other America

2.4
-

Exporting Region

NAFTA

France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other EU
European Union (28)
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Norway
Turkey
Other Europe
Europe
CIS
Canada
Mexico
United States
NAFTA
Brazil
Chile
Peru
Venezuela
Other America
Central and South America
Liberia
Mauritania
South Africa
Other Africa
Africa
Middle East
China (1)
India
Japan
South Korea
Other Asia
Asia
Australia
New Zealand and Other Oceania
World

5.1
6.8

= Apparent
Consumption

CIS

Czech Republic

+ Imports

Other Europe

Austria
Belgium-Luxembourg

- Exports

European Union (28)

Production

million tonnes actual weight

Total imports

million tonnes actual weight

WORLD IRON ORE TRADE BY AREA

2015

Other Europe

1.3

0.1

4.6

0.7

5.0

0.3

0.5

12.5

12.4

CIS

0.0

0.0

11.1

0.0

0.0

11.1

0.0

NAFTA

0.2

0.0

8.9

2.9

0.1

0.0

12.1

3.2

Other America

0.0

1.4

13.7

0.0

0.0

15.2

1.5

Africa and Middle

East

5.2

0.0

0.2

24.8

0.0

0.6

30.8

30.8

China

0.2

0.2

30.1

8.1

207.6

72.8

26.8 607.6

953.4

926.6

Japan

0.0

0.0

1.9

4.4

37.7

6.9

0.1

80.0

131.1

131.0

Other Asia

0.0

0.1

0.4

3.8

51.6

6.0

1.7 122.9

186.4

184.7

2.8

1.7

Oceania
Total exports
of which: extraregional exports*
Net exports
(exports - imports)

0.0

0.1

0.0

44.1

4.3

75.2

45.2

397.4

99.3

1.6

7.0

4.2

64.1

36.3

383.7

99.3

-109.0

-8.2

64.1

33.1

382.2

68.6 -1,239.6 808.9

1.1

31.2 811.6 1,508.2 1,407.8

2.7 810.5 1,407.8

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

Production adjusted so that Fe content is similar to world average. Source: United Nations.

21

TRADE IN FERROUS SCRAP

2014 AND 2015
million tonnes

million tonnes

22

of which: extra-regional imports*

Total imports

Oceania

Destination
European Union
(28)

Other Asia

1.1
4.2
0.1
0.5
0.1
2.2
4.2
0.4
4.6
1.6
0.7
0.2
5.0
0.3
0.3
3.4
29.1
16.3
0.9
17.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.5
1.5
1.5
3.5
6.5
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.1
1.5
1.6
0.7
2.3
0.1
5.8
3.4
15.1
26.7
0.0
82.9

Japan

1.2
4.8
0.1
0.6
0.1
2.5
5.0
0.5
5.1
1.9
0.5
0.2
4.8
0.3
0.4
4.0
31.9
19.1
1.0
20.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
1.5
1.8
1.5
0.9
4.2
6.6
0.0
0.6
0.7
0.1
3.4
3.5
1.2
2.6
0.4
8.0
4.3
14.4
29.6
0.0
95.3

China

1.1
3.2
0.2
1.8
0.4
5.4
7.5
0.0
0.3
4.1
1.4
0.5
0.3
1.2
7.3
5.6
40.1
0.1
1.4
1.6
0.0
5.9
1.2
0.0
7.1
3.4
0.5
13.0
16.8
0.7
1.1
1.8
1.3
0.7
2.0
1.5
0.0
7.8
0.4
0.1
1.2
9.6
2.3
82.8

Africa and Middle East

1.1
3.9
0.4
2.0
0.4
6.2
8.4
0.1
0.3
4.0
2.0
0.5
0.6
1.4
7.0
7.3
45.6
0.2
1.6
1.8
0.0
5.8
0.9
0.0
6.7
4.5
0.7
15.3
20.6
0.6
1.5
2.2
1.5
0.8
2.3
2.0
0.0
7.4
0.3
0.1
2.7
10.4
2.8
94.3

Other America

2015

NAFTA

2014

CIS

2015

Other Europe

Exporting
Region

Imports

2014

European Union (28)

Exports
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Other EU
European Union (28)
Turkey
Others
Other Europe
Kazakhstan
Russia
Ukraine
Other CIS
CIS
Canada
Mexico
United States
NAFTA
Brazil
Other Central and South America
Central and South America
South Africa
Other Africa
Africa
Middle East
China
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan, China
Other Asia
Asia
Australia and New Zealand
World

WORLD TRADE IN FERROUS SCRAP

BY AREA, 2015

26.4

1.4

1.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

29.5

3.1

Other Europe

8.9

0.1

3.2

4.2

0.5

0.0

0.0

16.9

16.8

CIS

0.0

0.0

1.8

0.0

0.0

1.8

0.0

NAFTA

0.3

0.0

0.0

5.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

5.4

0.4

Other America

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.7

0.5

Africa

1.2

0.0

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

1.6

1.5

Middle East

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.3

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.7

0.6

China

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.0

1.9

0.1

0.0

2.3

2.3

Japan

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.1

Other Asia

2.9

0.1

0.9

5.4

1.4

2.7

0.0

5.9

2.3

2.1

23.6

21.4

Oceania

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total exports

39.8

1.6

7.1

16.1

1.8

3.5

0.0

7.8

2.6

2.3

82.6

46.6

of which:
extra-regional
exports*

13.5

1.4

5.4

11.1

1.5

3.3

0.0

7.8

0.3

2.3

46.6

Net exports
(exportsimports)

10.4 -15.3

5.3

10.7

1.0

1.2

-2.3

7.7 -21.0

2.2

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

23

WORLD STEEL TRADE

IN PRODUCTS
1975 TO 2015
million tonnes finished steel
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50

15

10

20

05

20

95

00

20

20

90
19

19

80

85
19

19

19

75

Exports are of finished and

semi-finished steel products.
Production of finished steel,
where not available from national
sources, is calculated from
crude steel production, taking
into account the continuous
casting ratio.

WORLD STEEL EXPORTS,

ANALYSIS BY PRODUCT
2010 TO 2015
million tonnes

Year

Exports

Production

Exports
share %

1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015

114.7
140.6
171.0
171.0
177.1
196.1
222.5
238.6
246.6
236.4
267.9
268.7
280.8
307.1
300.4
319.0
332.3
366.2
374.3
419.7
446.9
437.1
330.1
392.9
419.1
416.0
412.6
455.3
463.7

506.9
578.7
599.0
654.0
660.1
658.2
665.0
656.3
685.7
687.2
730.3
713.5
725.8
783.5
785.8
837.0
899.0
985.4
1,065.3
1,161.0
1,253.5
1,248.7
1,154.2
1,335.9
1,433.6
1,456.0
1,540.4
1,557.9
1,511.3

22.6
24.3
28.5
26.2
26.8
29.8
33.5
36.3
36.0
34.4
36.7
37.7
38.7
39.2
38.2
38.1
37.0
37.2
35.1
36.1
35.6
35.0
28.6
29.4
29.2
28.6
26.8
29.2
30.7

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

58.7

57.7

58.5

54.1

54.3

51.5

3.1

2.9

2.6

3.0

2.2

2.1

Angles, shapes and sections

18.8

21.0

21.8

22.1

24.6

21.7

Concrete re-inforcing bars

18.1

17.5

21.9

18.9

22.2

18.9

Bars and rods, hot-rolled

11.6

13.6

15.4

18.1

29.7

40.7

Wire rod

29.0

Ingots and semi-finished material

Railway track material

WORLD VOLUME OF TRADE

2000 TO 2015
Quantum indices 2000 = 100

20.0

21.8

23.2

24.2

29.4

Drawn wire

6.9

7.5

7.6

7.7

8.9

8.4

Other bars and rods

4.4

5.4

4.9

4.9

6.0

5.3

Hot-rolled strip

4.3

3.2

3.1

3.0

3.3

2.9

Cold-rolled strip

3.7

3.7

3.6

3.5

4.1

3.8

Hot-rolled sheets and coils

65.3

63.4

64.4

67.3

75.8

77.8

Plates

29.1

32.9

31.0

29.0

34.5

30.1

Cold-rolled sheets and coils

32.8

33.9

34.4

32.7

33.0

37.2

Electrical sheet and strip

4.3

4.6

4.3

4.0

4.2

4.1

Tinmill products

6.6

6.4

6.2

6.4

6.7

6.3

Galvanised sheet

35.1

36.1

36.1

37.1

40.7

37.6

Other coated sheet

11.9

14.5

15.2

15.4

17.9

16.3

Steel tubes and fittings

36.1

41.4

41.6

39.7

43.6

35.3

Wheels (forged and rolled) and axles

0.8

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.8

0.8

Castings

0.5

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.9

0.8

Forgings

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.7

Other

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Total

374.0

389.9

396.4

393.8

447.7

426.9

Exports in World Steel in Figures include intra-EU trade, trade between

countries of the CIS, and trade between NAFTA countries. The figures
are based on a broad definition of the steel industry and its products,
including ingots, semi-finished products, hot-rolled and cold-finished
products, tubes, wire, and unworked castings and forgings.
The above table comprises the exports of 62 countries, which
represents approximately 92 per cent of total world trade in 2015.

300
280

steel-containing manufactured goods

steel
all commodities

260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100

24

14

13

12

11

10

09

08

15
20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

07
20

06
20

04

05
20

20

02

03
20

20

01
20

20

00

80

25

WORLD STEEL TRADE BY AREA

2015
million tonnes

MAJOR IMPORTERS AND

EXPORTERS OF STEEL
2015
million tonnes

Exporting
Region

Japan

0.4

2.0

1.4

8.5

0.3

4.9

0.1 144.1

37.7

Other Europe

10.3

0.7

8.8

0.0

1.0

0.1

3.2

0.4

1.3

0.0

25.8

25.2

CIS

1.3

0.4

8.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.6

0.1

0.3

0.0

12.5

3.7

NAFTA

7.3

2.5

3.1

17.4

6.4

0.6

4.4

4.3

9.1

0.4

55.5

38.1

Other America

1.4

1.1

0.6

1.3

2.9

0.0

8.4

1.4

1.3

0.0

18.3

15.5

Africa

7.3

3.2

6.8

0.2

0.4

1.6

9.2

1.3

1.4

0.0

31.3

29.7

Middle East

1.8

4.9

4.7

0.1

0.2

0.0

10.7

1.7

4.9

0.1

29.1

29.1

China

1.3

0.2

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.0

5.2

6.1

0.0

13.2

13.2

Japan

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.3

4.5

Other Asia

2.9

0.1

4.4

0.4

1.7

0.8

63.5

25.9

23.0

Oceania

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.8

0.2

2.2

Total exports

140.2

18.5

51.7

19.9

14.8

4.7 111.6

40.8

59.0

1.2 462.4 301.4

of which:
extra-regional
exports*

33.8

17.8

43.0

2.5

11.9

3.1 111.6

40.8

36.0

0.9 301.4

Net exports
(exportsimports)

-3.9

-7.3

39.2 -35.6

-3.5 -55.7

98.4

34.9 -63.9

0.0

5.9

5.9

0.3 122.9

99.9

0.3

3.8

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

of which: extra-regional imports*

China

14.5

Total imports

Other America

5.5

Destination

Oceania

NAFTA

European Union
106.4
(28)

Other Asia

CIS

Africa and Middle East

Other Europe

European Union (28)

Rank

Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

3.5

-2.6

* Excluding intra-regional trade marked

(1)
(2)

26

Total Exports
China
Japan
European Union (28)
South Korea
Russia

(1)

Germany (2)
Ukraine
Italy (2)
Belgium (2)
Turkey
France (2)
Brazil
Taiwan, China
Netherlands (2)
United States
Spain (2)
India
Austria (2)
United Kingdom (2)
Canada

Net Exports
(exports - imports)
China
Japan
Russia
Ukraine
Brazil
South Korea
Netherlands (2)
Taiwan, China
Austria (2)
Belgium (2)
Slovakia (2)
Luxembourg
Singapore
Kazakhstan
Finland (2)

Mt

Rank

111.6
40.8
33.8
31.2
29.7
25.1
17.7
16.5
15.2
15.0
14.0
13.7
11.2
10.6
10.0
9.6
7.6
7.4
7.3
6.0

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Mt

Rank

98.4
34.9
25.3
16.9
10.5
9.5
3.8
3.7
3.2
3.1
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.2
0.9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Total Imports
European Union (28)
United States
Germany (2)
South Korea
Italy (2)
Turkey
Viet Nam
Thailand
France (2)
India
China
Mexico
Belgium (2)
Indonesia
Poland (2)
Spain (2)
Canada
Egypt
Taiwan, China
United Kingdom (2)

(1)

Net Imports
(imports - exports)
United States
Viet Nam
Thailand
Indonesia
Mexico
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Algeria
United Arab Emirates
India
Poland (2)
Bangladesh
European Union (28) (1)
Iran
Turkey

Mt
37.7
36.5
24.8
21.7
19.9
18.6
16.3
14.6
13.7
13.3
13.2
12.7
12.1
11.4
9.2
8.9
8.0
7.9
7.5
7.2

Mt
26.5
14.9
13.4
9.4
8.6
7.7
6.4
6.4
6.0
5.7
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7

Excluding intra-regional trade

Data for individual European Union (28) countries include intra-European trade

27

INDIRECT TRADE IN STEEL

2000 TO 2014

TRUE STEEL USE

2008 TO 2014
million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Mt

Indirect exports, Mt
Indirect exports as a percentage
of exports of steel products, %

350
300

Year

Indirect Exports, Mt

80

2000

171.2

2001

177.3

75

250

70

200
65
150
60

100

55

50

50

20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14

Indirect trade in steel takes place through

exports and imports of steel containing goods
and is expressed in finished steel equivalent of
products used.

2002

186.6

2003

198.0

2004

223.5

2005

248.8

2006

269.2

2007

291.5

2008

302.5

2009

230.8

2010

284.7

2011

323.1

2012

319.8

2013

314.7

2014

319.3

Further explanation on definitions and methodology of indirect trade in steel

can be found in Indirect Trade in Steel report (March 2015) on worldsteel.org.

MAJOR INDIRECT IMPORTERS

AND EXPORTERS OF STEEL
2014

Germany
France
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom
European Union (28)
Turkey
Other Europe
Russia
CIS
Canada
Mexico
United States
NAFTA
Brazil
South America
Africa and Middle East
China
Japan
South Korea
Asia and Oceania
Total (1)
(1)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Rank
1
2
3
4
5

Indirect Exports
China
Germany*
Japan
United States
South Korea
Mexico
Italy*
Poland*
Spain*
France*

Net Indirect Exports

(exports - imports)
China
South Korea
Japan
Germany*
Italy*

Mt

Rank

67.5
32.1
23.0
22.3
22.3
13.9
13.0
9.1
8.9
7.9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Mt

Rank

55.1
16.2
15.6
10.3
6.2

1
2
3
4
5

Indirect Imports

Mt

United States
Germany*
China
Canada
United Kingdom*
France*
Mexico
Russia
Belgium-Luxembourg*
Japan

39.1
21.8
12.3
12.2
11.4
11.2
10.3
9.4
7.8
7.4

Net Indirect Imports

(imports - exports)
United States
Russia
Canada
United Kingdom*
Australia

*Data for individual European Union (28) countries include intra-European trade

28

Mt
16.8
7.5
6.4
5.5
4.8

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

33.0
18.4
28.5
16.9
17.0
179.4
18.7
26.7
44.4
58.2
20.2
17.7
111.3
149.1
23.8
45.2
76.9
399.7
55.2
44.2
628.4
1,163.9

22.2
14.2
17.5
9.7
10.7
115.5
16.2
21.8
28.1
37.2
14.0
14.5
68.9
97.3
19.1
34.9
72.6
515.7
36.7
29.1
703.9
1,083.3

29.9
16.0
22.6
11.9
13.7
141.1
22.3
28.9
42.8
53.1
20.0
16.6
91.2
127.8
28.1
48.7
73.4
537.4
43.0
33.8
760.2
1,233.2

32.8
17.9
22.3
10.3
14.0
146.8
25.9
32.8
50.5
62.3
20.7
17.5
101.6
139.9
28.1
52.2
80.5
583.4
43.8
35.6
815.5
1,330.0

28.6
15.8
15.4
7.4
13.4
123.6
27.1
34.4
52.4
65.5
22.6
19.1
112.5
154.2
28.5
53.6
82.1
603.5
44.0
35.1
847.9
1,361.3

28.3
15.9
15.5
8.7
14.1
126.3
29.8
37.2
52.3
65.7
21.8
17.2
113.5
152.4
30.4
55.4
84.7
680.5
48.1
35.6
935.3
1,457.0

29.4
15.8
15.8
9.3
16.2
135.7
28.4
36.0
50.5
61.3
23.3
19.4
123.8
166.4
27.9
51.6
88.4
655.6
52.1
39.3
920.5
1,460.0

Total comprises 74 countries, the most significant users of steel products worldwide

Note: True steel use (TSU) is obtained by subtracting net indirect

exports of steel from apparent steel use (ASU).

million tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Rank

2008

APPARENT AND TRUE STEEL USE

PER CAPITA, 2014
kilogrammes, finished steel equivalent
South Korea
Canada
China
Japan
United States
Turkey
Germany
Russia
Italy
United Kingdom
France
Spain
Mexico
Brazil

True steel use per capita

Apparent steel use per capita

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

29

ABOUT WORLDSTEEL

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is one of the largest and most
dynamic industry associations in the world. worldsteel represents
approximately 150 steel producers (including 9 of the worlds 10 largest
steel companies), national and regional steel industry associations, and
steel research institutes. worldsteel members represent around 85% of
world steel production.
worldsteels mission is to act as the focal point for the steel industry.
worldsteel provides global leadership on all major strategic issues
affecting the industry, particularly focusing on economic, environmental
and social sustainability. worldsteel promotes steel and the steel industry
to customers, the industry, media and the general public. It assists its
members to develop the market for steel. worldsteel has major projects
in the automotive and construction sectors.

This publication is printed on Olin paper. Olin is certified by the Forest

Stewardship Council as environmentally-responsible paper.
Notation used in this publication:

30

(e)

indicates a figure that has been estimated.

0.0

indicates that the quantity concerned is less than 0.05.

indicates zero or no data.

World Steel in Figures

World Steel Association 2016
ISBN 978-2-930069-87-6
Cover image: Muse des Confluences, Lyon, France, COOP
HIMMELB(L)AU Wolf D. Prix & Partner; Photography Sergio Pirrone
Design: double-id.com

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