Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Hyperion
New York
,
, 2012
339.371.5
65.29051
65
, .
65 . /
; . . . . . : , ,
2012. 304 .
ISBN 978-5-91657-498-2
Wired
, . ,
, , .
, 20 80 , : 80 , -!
. . ,
.
339.371.5
65.29051
.
.
-
ISBN 978-5-91657-498-2
................................................. 10
.......................................................................................... 12
........................................................................................... 16
iTunes .............................................................. 18
98% ............................................................................. 23
........................................................................ 28
XXI ..................................................................... 30
1 .............................................................................................. 33
............................................................................. 33
.......................................................................... 33
.............................................................................. 35
..................................................................... 38
.................................................................44
2 ..............................................................................................46
.....................................................................46
, ......................46
- ....................................................................... 51
-............................................................... 54
...................................................................... 57
.................................... 61
3 ..............................................................................................64
...............................................64
.....................64
............................................................................68
............................................................ 70
........................................................................ 71
........................................................ 75
4 .............................................................................................. 77
....................................................... 77
,
.................................................................................. 77
.............................................. 79
5 .............................................................................................. 83
...................................................................... 83
,
............................................................ 83
..................................... 88
................................................................. 91
................................................................. 94
................................................................. 98
............................................................... 102
.................................................... 104
: Lonely Island ................................................................. 108
................................................................. 113
6 ............................................................................................ 115
.................................................................................. 115
,
..................................................... 115
................................................................................. 118
............................... 120
....................................................................... 124
.......................................................................... 126
........................................................ 129
7 ............................................................................................ 131
.......................................................... 131
. ? .......................... 131
Bonnie McKee .............................................................................. 133
My Chemical Romance ................................................................. 137
Birdmonster ................................................................................. 139
...................................................... 142
.......................................................... 145
....................................... 147
....................................... 149
? ..................................... 153
, ................................ 157
............................................................. 160
8 ............................................................................................ 163
...................................................... 163
, 20/80 .......................... 163
....... 165
20/80......................................................................... 169
, ? ......................... 174
?............................................................... 176
? ........................ 178
...................................... 179
........................................................ 182
........................................ 184
9 ............................................................................................ 188
.......................................................................... 188
, ........................................................ 188
...................................................................... 191
........................................................................... 193
................................................................. 195
Wal-Mart ........................................................................ 197
................................200
.......................................................204
................................................................... 207
........................................................................... 209
................................................................. 211
10........................................................................................... 214
............................................................................... 214
.
.............................................................................. 214
? ........................................................ 216
...................................................... 219
.......................................................... 222
11........................................................................................... 225
......................................................................... 225
? .............................. 225
.......................................................... 229
.................................................... 231
........................................................... 234
..................................................................... 239
12 .......................................................................................... 243
........................................................................ 243
.......................................................... 243
....................................................................246
......................................................248
, , ........................................................... 250
............................................................................ 251
13 .......................................................................................... 254
............................................................ 254
? .................... 254
eBay ............................................................................................. 254
KitchenAid ................................................................................... 257
LEGO ........................................................................................... 259
Salesforce.com ............................................................................. 262
Google ......................................................................................... 265
14........................................................................................... 271
........................................................... 271
............................................ 271
.................................................................. 272
....................................................................... 274
........................................................... 276
: ................................................ 280
................................................................................... 283
.
, , , , , ?
.
,
.
.
, , , -commerce.
: -10 ,
, -
.
: ,
.
, ,
.
11
?
,
. ? ? ?
365 ? , .
.
.
.
.
, dventum
;
: ,
.
,
.
, . . ,
, Starbucks, ,
.
, , ,
,
. ( , ,
, ,
, .)
,
. ,
, Wired, 2005
13
. ( , , , .)
, ,
, Global
Business Network,
.
Wired
, . ,
, . ,
; .
, -, .
,
, ,
, , , .
, , .
.
(Sloan School of Management) (Krannert School
of Management)
Amazon, , .
14
,
.
- DVD Netix. , ,
.
-
. , ,
, Yahoo! Music
eBay. eBay Terapeak, .
.
,
, Rhapsody
RealNetworks.
, .
Netix
, ,
, . Yahoo! , DVDStation DVD
. -, Ecast, , .
,
, , House
15
Music; , ,
Amazon; GBN,
,
; ,
, ,
.
, .
, ,
. Hyperion, , . ,
.
.
, , , ,
, , , .
: ( Amazon) , , .
.
, , The Search,
thelongtail.com. , , , .
.
. : , ,
.
,
, . ,
.
, .
, . ,
,
.
. ,
80 , .
17
, , . ,
.
, ,
, , . ( !) .
, ,
.
50 70- 80- (The Eagles, ),
.
2005 6%,
, , , ,
.
.
18 34 , .
. 1970
.
, ,
, .
? . , . , , ,
,
.
18
iTunes
, 70-
80- .
,
. - , -,
, . , ,
.
, . , , , ,
. , , , ,
.
, , .
, , , iPod
( iTunes).
. , , , m, TiVo* -.
,
* TiVo
.
(- ). . .
19
. ,
:
.
, .
, .
,
,
. : ,
, , ,
, .
, West Wing
(, ) Firey
, , TiVo.
, BitTorrent, ,
( ).
, ,
. ,
. ,
,
, . ,
: ,
, , .
iPode iTunes,
. - , . Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd
20
.
, .
, . ,
, , . ,
, , , .
, ,
.
,
, , Halo .
, ,
,
Slashdot ( ) Fark ( ).
. SMS ,
. (SMS ,
, ,
.) , , , Halo 2 , , .
, 25 , .
. , . . TiVo (
21
); , BitTorrent
. , , ,
, . . , World of Warcraft?
70- ,
: ,
, . , , ,
.
, . .
. ,
.
.
, .
, . .
, . , ,
.
.
22
. ,
, , ,
. . -. , ,
. .
, .
. , , Nielsen,
-.
.
, .
, , , . , ,
,
- .
.
,
: , ; , .
,
.
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
23
, ,
.
, . , , . , .
, .
, ,
, , , Wal-Mart.
Netix, iTunes, Amazon ,
Google.
. ,
, . , , , :
.
98%
, . Wired ,
, . , , The Economist, .
24
. XXI , , eBay
Wal-Mart. ,
, , .
.
2004 ,
-, Ecast , . ( ,
), , , ,
.
-
( 10 ),
.
, , , . 20%,
20/80, , , . : 20% 80%
( 100% ).
- ,
, . ,
50% 10 .
.
, 10 . 10 . Wal-Mart
. Wal-Mart
. ,
25
. , , .
, . 98%.
, ? -. !
:
, ,
, , . ,
. . , , -
, .
- , .
98%. : ,
,
. , ,
, !
. ,
.
. :
, , .
, .
26
? ,
. , -
, ,
? :
.
, , , Amazon
iTunes. , : ,
.
98% ! Apple ,
iTunes
( iTunes ).
Netix , 95% 25 . DVD ( 55 .) . Amazon , ,
98% 100 .
.
,
: DVD , Netix, , iTunes. , ,
,
.
. , . : , . ,
27
, . , , , , , .
: , ,
. . . , , - ,
.
, , ,
.
Amazon, Netix , . , , , . -
, ,
.
2004 ,
.
98%. .
(, .)
Rhapsody, - ,
. , .
, , . , .
, .
28
, ,
. : 300, 400, 500 .
, .
,
, . .
20-
. , , Netix, ,
2004 ,
.
Wired 2004 ,
- . , ,
: 1) , ; 2)
; 3) , ,
.
,
.
;
, eBay ( ) Google
29
( ) . :
, .
, ,
, .
: , .
, eBay
.
, , ,
.
, . , ,
, , , . , . ,
, : . Whole
Foods , :
, . ,
.
, ( ),
, .
30
XXI
,
- , . ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
, XXI Google, Netix, Amazon iTunes .
,
, : ,
.
, , , ( , , -, ). :
Google, ,
* Mass
+ exclusivity ; slivercasting
; mass customization . . .
31
, eBay, . .
.
, .
thelongtail.com.
:
, 20/80, , , .
5 . .
(-) . ,
. - . , ,
, , .
-
.
. , .
, , .
.
, , , ,
.
Amazon 1994 .
32
Netix Rhapsody, , .
. . : ,
.
, , .
1. 33
1988
(Touching the Void), , .
, , . , , .
(Into Thin Air)* ,
, .
.
, . 2004 IFC Films , .
HarperCollins
, New York Times.
2004 ,
.
* . . . . : ,
2004 .
34
? .
, Amazon.com,
,
. ,
.
, , , .
. ,
,
.
,
, .
, , , . -.
, . .
- ,
,
. , DVD Netix,
, iTunes Rhapsody.
,
Blockbuster Video
Tower Records. ,
1. 35
. , ,
, (
,
).
,
. XX
, XXI .
. ?
- .
, .
, ,
. .
.
, 1,5 . . .
, ;
. DVD, , .
36
, .
15 , , ( 13 )
. ,
. , , ,
, .
,
. , (Triplets of Belleville),
, 2004
,
. * .
.
1,7 .
: (Lagaan: Once Upon
a Time in India) .
, ,
. ,
, .
.
, .
, 24 . ,
* ,
. . .
1. 37
. , , .
. , , . ,
. ,
. ,
: , , , ,
.
.
.
, . , , , .
, ,
,
: , DVD ; ; ;
, , , .
. ,
, . .
38
,
Rhapsody. ,
RealNetworks, Rhapsody
1,5 .
Rhapsody ,
:
, .
(. 1), 25 .
Rhapsody 2005 .
. 1. Rhapsody ( ,
Wal-Mart)
180 000
160 000
140 000
120 000
100 000
80 000
60 000
40 000
20 000
0
0
5000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
, , , , ,
, . . .
, -
.
, , Wal-Mart,
, .
4,5 . . Rhapsody 4,5 . 25 . , .
Wal-Mart, 200
90% .
1. 39
, ,
. , 510 .
, .
?
.
,
. , , , .
, .
.
. , . , ?
, .
.
-, (. 2).
, . , ,
.
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
40
25 . 100 . , . ,
. ,
,
250 . - , ,
, . ,
, 22
Rhapsody.
(. 3).
100 . 800 .,
, ,
.
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
, . , ,
, 16 15%
Rhapsody. ,
, .
Rhapsody 1,5 . , , 2 ,
4 .
1. 41
, . Wal-Mart,
60 . . - , Rhapsody, .
60 . Rhapsody
100 ., 200 .,
400 ., 600 . 900 . . Rhapsody , -
, .
.
, , . , ,
.
, , -. , (
Tower Records, 80- ). , ,
, .
, . ,
-.
, . , , 1/12
(15 ), . ,
, , .
42
.
-, , . , .
Borders 100 . . Amazon
100 . : Amazon - , , ,
(. 4).
, ,
. :
.
. 4. :
, ,
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
:
3,7
21%
4 000 000
3 000 000
2 000 000
1 000 000
Borders:
100 .
:
55 . DVD
Blockbuster: 3 .
DVD
1 500 000
1 250 000
1 000 000
750 000
500 000
250 000
0
Wal-Mart:
55 .
:
1,5
0
25%
40%
, ,
1. 43
,
.
, , - . , Google
, (
). eBay
. ,
, ,
, . ,
, , , , .
( ,
), , .
. ,
.
, ,
Netflix, Amazon Rhapsody,
,
, .
,
, , .
.
, ( ), (), ,
, .
, . ( ,
iTunes,
) ,
, , .
,
,
44
.
.
(. 5).
10 000
,
WalMart
Rhapsody
Rhapsody
5000
180 000
. 5.
(Rhapsody, 2005 )
0
25 000
50 000
100 000
,
: ,
. , , , , . .
, , ,
. , , ,
1. 45
, , , : . , , ,
.
, . , .
. , . ,
,
.
99% ,
, Wal-Mart. 200 . ,
Blockbuster 3 .
. .
, , .
, ,
. , . . , ,
,
.
,
, , .
, . : , .
. , ,
.
,
.
,
,
, . , , , ,
.
2. 47
XIX , .
,
, .
, .
XIX . -, . -, , ,
. , 1877
.
-, , , , ,
, .
, -, . , XX ,
, ,
.
,
, . ,
, , , . .
, .
,
, , ,
. .
48
. 1936 - (Walter Benjamin) ,
( ). , ,
, ,
.
, .
.
,
, , , 50 .
, RCA 20- , .
, . . 1922
AT&T ( ) Bell
. - WEAF, ,
2. 49
, . - . .
, :
,
.
, , NBC, , .
40- 50- , , .
.
1954 74% (I Love Lucy).
,
. 50- 60-
,
, . , ,
, , : The Beverly Hillbillies, Gunsmoke
The Andy Grifth Show*.
80-, 90- XXI .
(Super Bowl).
* 5060- . . .
50
* . ,
-. ? .
- ,
, .
90- ,
,
. , : .
, , . 40-
50- - (Your Hit Parade) .
. , -- R&B,
. 50- .
American
40, , 1970
. , 40
Billboard, 100 . 80-
500 .
* American
Idol, -. . . .
2. 51
, 70- 80- , -.
, ,
, , . ,
.
-
XXI . - Backstreet Boys
,
. , -, ,
.
21 2000 Jive Records
, No Strings Attached, NSYNC, .
NSYNC , BMG,
- Jive, ( ).
.
2,4 , . - . 11 .
.
, , ,
52
: .
, ,
.
. ,
( No Strings Attached 52 ), .
.
. 1990 2000 . .
, NSYNC ,
. Nasdaq
- , .
,
20 .
, .
2000 . 2001
2,5%, 2002 6,8% .
2005 ( 7% )
.
1996 2000 .
Speakerboxxx/The Love Below OutKast Come
Away with Me , , , 92 95 .
2. 53
, ,
NSYNC, . ,
- , , , -, XX 100%.
.
(. 6) 1958 : ( 500 .), ( 1
2 ), ( 2 10 ) ( 10 ).
. 6. -
(, , , )
1000
800
600
400
200
2005
2002
1999
1996
1993
1990
1987
1984
1981
1978
1975
1972
1969
1966
1963
1960
1957
2001 2005
, . 2000
, ,
38 . 2005
:
19,7 . , ,
. , .
, .
54
-
13 20
? .
,
,
.
,
P2P* . 10
.
, , , , .
, . . :
, . - ,
, , ,
.
,
, . , BigChampagne,
. .
* Peer-to-peer, , . . .
2. 55
8
, Billboard Hot 100. (Mashups,
) , ,
Nintendo. , , . ,
. 2001 Apple iPod, mp3-, 10 ,
5 2 . , ,
, ,
, . , iPod .
iPod , 60 .
, 10 . , . iPod ,
.
iPod , ,
. iPod , .
, ,
Apple. ,
56
. , , , , ,
.
.
(,
), . , ,
Pandora, -. ,
, , .
, 400 ,
? 40 ? 400 ?
. , . , ,
.
. . , Rhapsody,
400 ( , ,
electronica/dance- beats&breaks-cut&paste).
. 4 . -,
, -. ,
2. 57
, .
. ,
,
. 1993 23 15 . 2004 19
45 .
27 , (-).
2005 . ,
( ), ,
, . American 40 , .
, .
iPod. , FM?
. 80-
, . ,
.
1996 *. FM-,
* The 1996 Telecommunications Act. . .
58
.
,
Clear Channel. , , ,
. 90- , Clear
Channel . 1,2 . ,
. ,
, . .
FCC* . FCC , ,
,
. , , .
. 2005 Sirius
Radio.
2006 .
,
, . : .
- . . .
* Federal
Communication Commission, .
. .
2. 59
. ,
.
, , , , . .
, iPod, ,
.
- ,
, , , .
2005 , News Corp., , , .
: ,
, .
, .
. 2005 :
7%; 2001 ;
, 1987 ,
3% ( ) 60- ;
,
, 30 ;
, ;
1985 .
60
. CSI 15% .
70- .
,
, 70- 80- (
1994 , ).
, .
. 2005 * .
- 2005
. 2006
Grammy Awards 10%.
2006 37 ,
37% 2002 --.
1987 .
LA Times :
. , ,
-. :
, .
TiVo
,
. ,
.
, ?
.
* . . .
2. 61
,
.
,
.
, , . ,
60 , . , . :
. , ,
, .
, , ,
.
,
, . ,
, , .
. ,
.
, . ?
. , ,
.
62
, .
, . , ,
.
, , . .
. .
, , .
. ,
, ?
,
.
. .
,
, .
, , .
-
. ,
.
. , ,
, . .
,
2. 63
. , .
. . ,
, ,
. ,
.
: ,
.
.
. , , ,
, ,
. .
, ,
, .
, , .
, Amazon, eBay . -, , , ,
. , , , Amazon:
FedEx*, ISBN, , , .
.
. , ,
.
XIX , ,
* . . .
3. 65
, .
, , .
, .
, , , , . . 1886
.
.
.
1887
Chicago Daily News (
,
). .
Sears, Roebuck and Co.,
,
.
, Sears, Roebuck and . , , , ,
.
, , . (
) . 5 40
66
. 1906
, - .
270 . . .
, , . , , -
100 . ,
, , .
(Wish Book) 1897
786 , ,
.
1897
. , Amazon, , . , , 200 .
,
6 . .
: 67 , 38
29 . , ,
, . 60 , 770
( 68 !),
2 .
.
50% ,
.
3. 67
, .
1905
24 . , . ,
: ,
.
, ,
, :
,
, .
.
.
, , ,
. .
,
.
, .
. ,
,
.
. ,
68
.
, . 1900 . 1920 .
, .
1925
. .
. 1927 27.
, ,
,
( , Wal-Mart).
. .
, ( ), . ?
. King Kullen Store, ,
-, 4 1930 , .
, . Sears,
King Kullen : , .
3. 69
,
, . (
1937 ), ,
.
(Food Marketing Institute) :
. , ,
, . , 50- 60-
. ,
.
, 1958 1988 , 50 . ,
.
,
; ,
, .
1989 : , , , , ,
, .
, , !
70
20- 700 , . , , ,
. . ,
: 6 . 1960
14 . 1980 30 . .
800. 1967 AT&T Interstate Inward WATS (Wide Area Telephone Service)*,
Automated Collect Calling**, .
. AT&T ,
, . , 1992 , 25 ,
40% , AT&T,
.
.
,
,
. , , ,
* . . .
** . . .
3. 71
70- . 800 .
Sears , .
,
, . 1% ,
.
. , , , , , .
,
.
, , , .
90- . , ,
. .
, .
, ,
.
, , . , ?
72
,
D.E. Shaw -. 1994 ,
, 2300% . , , .
:
*
, . . .
, , ,
. ,
.
90- . Crown Books
- -, .
Barnes & Noble Borders .
. 100 . ,
.
.
, . ?
* Direct Marketers Association. . .
3. 73
:
.
1994 , , , .
, , ,
, -
,
, ,
. : ,
, ,
.
, , . ,
. 100 . . 175 . ,
. : Amazon.com
, .
,
.
, , .
!
74
175 . , , .
, , , , .
1,5
10% .
Books in Print
5,6 . ,
,
, , , ,
. , Amazon
.
.
,
, , , . . - ,
.
5%
. 25% , , , 15%
, 1/10 12 .
, . bn.com Barnes & Noble
, Amazon.
3. 75
,
, , B&N , . Wal-Mart,
Best Buy . ,
, , , .
,
, eBay, . ,
, .
Google , a Microsoft , Xbox Live. , Linux Firefox,
.
. ,
, .
- . , .
.
76
, , ,
,
Global Guerillas:
(
) , .
. , . .
. (, )
. ,
( ).
, .
, .
.
, ().
. , .
. (, ) , .
,
.
( ), , , . ,
, , , ,
.
. , .
, , . , .
,
. ,
, .
78
.
1. , . .
2. .
, ,
,
. ,
.
3. .
,
. .
.
4. , ,
.
, ,
.
5.
, ,
,
.
6. ,
,
4. 79
, . , ,
, .
, .
, , .
, , : . ?
, , , (. 7).
. 7. 1.
: ,
.
, :
. , , ,
,
. , . , .
80
.
, .
, 36% 2005 60 . ( 44 . 2004 ) ,
.
300 .
, (. 8).
. 8. 2.
. ,
, ,
. , .
, ,
, .
. , Wal-Mart ,
4. 81
. , eBay.
, . , , ,
.
,
(. 9). -: Google,
, iTunes , . .
. 9. 3.
, . ,
, , .
,
-
. , , ,
, , .
,
: . Netflix Google
, , ,
.
82
, , , .
, , , , .
,
.
, , ,
. ,
; , . ,
, ,
.
.
, .
.
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
Google, ,
Rhapsody,
,
23 1987
II 24 ,
13 . 24 , ,
. .
, .
, ,
, , . ,
,
. ,
, .
, , .
84
,
. , ,
. , . ,
,
, . -
.
, , 25 , , , ,
-
,
.
1987 , .
, , 24- , .
23 .
.
, 168 . ,
168 . ,
. ,
: , , ,
. 20
5. 85
, , . 1604 .
II . 7.35 .
10.00
. ,
, ?
,
, .
9.30 .
, , 10.30, . , 9.30 10.00.
XX . , ,
, , ,
. ,
.
2004 Demos, ,
, , :
, . ,
. ,
86
, ,
.
(Seeing in the
Dark), , :
,
, ,
23 1987 . Demos :
, .
, ,
. -
.
, , .
NASA , , , . Minor Planet Mailing List,
,
US Airways , .
, ; , .
.
. , ,
5. 87
, , . , ,
. , .
SETI@home ( )
. ,
. , .
,
, , ,
. , . , ,
.
. NASA ,
,
, .
, 200 . . , .
,
, ,
, .
: , .
88
,
. , .
. . Sty & Telescope, -, , , :
. , ,
.
, .
, . Demos : ,
1845 1847 , , . , ,
.
,
,
,
, , ,
, , , ,
.
, .
5. 89
, , .
- ,
. GarageBand Apple,
,
. ( Windows
) ,
.
. , .
,
. : , , ,
.
,
, , .
: 1)
2) . , ,
. , ,
. , ,
90
. ,
, .
( ).
, , , , ,
. ,
?.
:
,
,
, .
, .
Apple ,
. , .
, , , , .
, Halo 2 The Sims,
, . , ,
.
Xbox - Pixar.
5. 91
.
, . :
? (, , .)
. , , ,
, . , ,
.
, , .
, , ,
. ,
. , , .
, .
. , ,
, , . ,
, .
.
2001 ,
-,
, - .
92
, , , .
, ( , ) ,
, , ,
- . :
, .
, .
-, .
. . .
37- . IX . 1700-
( ) 29
, ,
(Encyclopdie, Dictioinnaire Raisonn des Sciences, des Arts at des
Mtiers).
, . XVIII ,
. (Encyclopaedia
Britannica), 17881797 , 18
, 16 . .
, .
5. 93
: .
.
. 50 . .
* :
.
.
. , , .
, , .
2001 . 2005
. 1
( 80 . Britannica 4,5 .
Encarta), 20 . . 75 , .
3,5 .
, . ,
. -
. , , . Britannica.
* , , .
94
, ,
( ).
. .
,
.
,
, . , ,
. Britannica,
, , .
2005 USA
Today , . :
60- . , , ,
, . .
, 60- , . ( ). ,
, .
5. 95
, , ( ), .
.
, Google ,
, , . ,
. , ( )
Google. , .
, , , , , - .
, ; ,
. ,
. .
.
, , ?
. . ,
(The Wisdom of the Crowds), , . , . ,
96
Google, ,
(
) , ().
, , . ,
, , ,
. ,
, .
? . ?
Britannica ,
. , (
) , .
. , 2005
Nature, , 42
, Britannica .
, a Britannica .
Britannica . , .
, , .
. , .
,
. .
5. 97
, .
,
.
, . , ,
. .
, .
Google, . ,
, , . , Google ,
. .
:
, Google .
, .
, -, , , Microsoft
. Google ,
, ,
.
,
. , , , ,
. , , .
98
. , , Britannica.
. , ,
( ) .
, ,
. IBM
, , , .
.
. . ,
.
, , .
,
. ,
Britannica 5 9,7 . 0 10, 5. , ,
, Britannica,
.
, , ,
5. 99
,
, .
, , .
, , . ,
, ,
, . , , , , ,
. ,
.
, ,
, . . , .
, Britannica. ,
.
,
. ,
-
. , ,
( , ), .
, . , , ,
100
, . ,
.
, , . , Britannica ,
. , , .
Rhapsody, . ,
: , , . . .
,
, .
, ( ), , ,
.
, 80-, Britannica, : , , . .
. , . Britannica
678 . 200 . (
, Britannica). , .
.
5. 101
, 80 . 1 . ,
. , , SPAM, , ( ) (,
). , ,
. ,
, DVD,
.
Britannica () , ,
( !).
, , , ,
. .
,
: .
, , .
,
,
() .
.
102
? (
),
?
, , ,
, .
, ,
. , .
, . ,
. .
, , . . , , .
, .
.
, ,
( ), .
, , . .
, , , , .
, , : ,
.
5. 103
By, , .
, :
, . , ,
. , .
,
. . Google,
, .
, , , . Disney Metallica
, ,
. .
. .
. .
. , ,
.
104
, ,
.
, .
5. 105
200 . .
20 . .
.
2004 1,2 , Nielsen
BookScan, 950 . 99 .
200 . 1 . .
25 . 5 . .
500 .
, 98% ,
.
, , ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
.
.
. , ,
, .
,
.
Lulu.com
. 200 Lulu
ISBN,
.
,
106
, . Lulu
, . , .
.
, Lulu .
1. Raw Foods for Busy People: Simple and Machine-Free Recipes for
Every Day ( ).
2. The Havanese (The quintessential handbook for Havanese dog
owners, breeders and fanciers) ( , ).
3. Investigating Biology Laboratory Manual for BIO 100,
12th Edition (, ).
4. Maximum SAT ( SAT*).
5. How to Start a Wedding Planning Business ( ).
5 50 . ,
. 80% ,
15% . ,
.
, , ,
* Scholastic Aptitude Test ,
. . .
5. 107
. Lulu , , ,
. ,
,
: ,
.
, . , ,
, .
, .
2005 Barnes & Noble 20% , 2004 .
: 1)
, ; 2) ; 3) .
: . , ,
.
. ,
.
, , , .
.
.
, , , .
.
108
,
, 2000 OhmyNews. OhmyNews
50 , ,
40 . . 150 200 ,
60% OhmyNews. :
( ), 20 . ? , , : , ,
.
, . ,
. , - . , , .
, ,
,
.
: Lonely Island
.
. ,
. , iTunes ,
, , , .
.
5. 109
2005 , ,
, IA/InterActiveCorp, , , , ,
. : 18 , , , .
? ,
, , , . ; , ,
.
, . , .
.
The Lonely Island ( ).
, .
, , , .
, .
, ,
. .
, , thelonelyisland.com 2001 .
. , , .
, .
110
(
), .
,
, Creative Commons,
. Lonely Island , , .
, ( ) . .
-- . thelonelyisland.
com : , , , , , .
, ,
Saturday Night Live, . 2005
. .
2005 Lonely Island -
Saturday Night Live.
, , .
, , ,
, .
, ,
, .
, NBC iTunes.
.
, , :
, - ,
5. 111
112
, , .
, .
, ,
.
. , , , .
, .
, , ,
. ,
, . , 99% ? ,
, . 1%
, .
,
.
, Lulu, , ,
.
, . , , ,
.
,
,
, .
5. 113
. 70- 80- , Sex Pistols ,
. -,
.
, , : .
, ,
. , , . : , ,
, ( ). .
- . ,
. ! , , , !.
- , , , - . , , ,
, , ,
- . , - .
. . ,
, .
: , , . ,
114
,
, , , . , ,
, .
(. 10).
. 10.
, , , , ,
. , .
,
1982 ,
-
. , .
- , , ,
, - ,
,
. Interloc, interlocutor, .
. 1991 Faxon,
, BookQuest,
, Interloc.
, . 50 . , Interloc
1993 , . ,
116
,
, , . ( ) ,
. 1996 .
1997 , , McKinsey , , .
Interloc
.
Interloc , , . Alibris
, .
. , ,
. , . 12 .
, .
. , , . ,
, ; ; .
: , ,
6. 117
.
, , , . 50% ,
75%. ,
, . ,
1,7 , 16% ,
.
, , ,
, (
).
.
.
,
. , ,
, . , , ,
. ,
.
. , , , ,
, . , ,
.
118
, , .
, ,
.
,
, (
) . 12 . . , a Alibris ,
, Alibris, .
, Amazon.com bn.com,
,
.
, , , , Alibris .
,
. , (Book Industry
Study Group), 2,2 , 600-
, 30% .
Alibris ,
,
6. 119
. , ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
, .
: , . , .
,
.
. . Google
( ). Rhapsody
iTunes . Netix . eBay
,
.
. , Bloglines, , RSS, ,
,
.
, .
.
120
-.
:
(, Amazon, eBay);
(, iTunes, iFilm);
(Google, Craigslist);
(Google, Wikipedia);
, (MySpace,
Bloglines).
, , . , ,
, , Yahoo! , Netix
() iTunes (), ,
.
. Amazon ( ), ( ). Google
, (Google Video). MySpace,
,
( ), , ,
,
.
, , ,
6. 121
. ,
, .
- , BestBuy.com DVD Netix,
, , . ,
iTunes Google
Video, , . (
, .)
:
() (). FedEx,
,
,
.
Amazon.
. , , -, , 800 . ,
,
. .
, -
. Amazon
122
. , 3 . , :
, .
, Amazon
, ,
. Amazon , .
SNOCAP, ,
, 9 . 1
( , ,
).
, , . 1 . Amazon, ,
.
, . ,
,
.
(99%
iTunes) (
Rhapsody).
6. 123
Amazon ,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
, .
. , ;
. ,
(. 11).
. 11.
1.
.
( Tower
Records)
2.
.
(
Amazon.com)
3.
.
,
( Rhapsody)
124
Amazon,
. Amazon ,
, .
, , :
- , , ,
. Amazon 1.0
(19941996).
, . Amazon . . Amazon Advantage
, : 29,95 , Amazon,
, 55% . ? , . ,
.
. , Toys R UI
Target, Amazon ,
.
6. 125
, Amazon,
.
,
Amazon, , , . Amazon , .
eBay,
.
, . 1999 Amazon Marketplace, eBay .
Amazon,
.
2004 100 . ,
40%
.
.
, , BestBuy, , , . ,
.
. ,
.
126
Amazon Marketplace ,
Amazon. , , .
, Amazon
; ,
.
, . , Amazon
.
, a Amazon
,
. , ,
.
Marketplace , . (
,
.)
, . Amazon
,
.
- .
6. 127
100 1000 .
,
, , . ,
.
.
Amazon .
, , ,
.
, . , ,
, . , -
. , , , , .
.
, ( ). .
Amazon . , 2005 ,
, BookSurge, .
CustomFlix, , DVD .
Amazon , . , ,
.
128
, Amazon ,
. ,
.
, ( ), ,
Amazon 50 .
,
.
. , ,
.
; ,
. .
, .
, (
) , .
, ,
. . ,
. , , .
, . , ,
, , ,
.
6. 129
, , . , ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
: , .
,
.
iTunes, Rhapsody
. . .
, , -, Google Video.
, BitTorrent, , a iTunes iPod
. , - TiVo. , ,
130
Netix ( ,
Netix).
, , DVD, .
,
. Nintendo , Revolution*, ,
, , .
, , ,
, . .
, , . ,
.
* Wii. . .
. ?
,
: .
.
(
),
, . , 1980- , MTV, . MTV
,
.
. , .
, ,
.
, a MTV . ?
, ,
,
, ,
.
132
.
, , , . .
, . Dell
,
Google dell hell 55 . .
dell
. . .
, ,
, , , Google.
. , , . .
, ,
,
. ,
. , ,
. : ,
, ,
, ,
.
, .
7. 133
Bonnie McKee
2004 Reprise ( Warner) 19- .
. , , , . , ,
,
. 18 , , . ,
.
,
Reprise , -
, .
Trouble () , ,
,
25 35 .
, , ,
.
.
, Reprise
-, Yahoo!,
LAUNCHcast.
LAUNCHcast ,
134
, . Reprise -.
LAUNCHcast ,
,
. , :
. Yahoo!
.
LAUNCHcast
. ,
Yahoo! ,
.
, , , . LAUNCHcast
, .
, .
,
Groove Armada The Crystal Method, , , , ,
. Yahoo!
, , .
7. 135
. ,
, . , ,
,
. , Yahoo! , . ,
, .
, .
, Yahoo! .
, Yahoo! ,
: , , .
, .
Reprise. , Reprise Yahoo!
, Somebody, , , .
, Yahoo! .
, , 2535 , Reprise.
136
LAUNCHcast
.
1317 29,9%
13 17,2%
1824 15,9%
1317 8,0%
1824 6,4%
13 4,4%
25 11%
25 7,2%
. Reprise . 2535 , .
, , ,
. , -
.
2004 Somebody
LAUNCHcast. , 50
.
.
, , . ,
, , , -.
7. 137
, . 17 . . , . ,
, : ,
,
, MTV.
, , , . , ,
.
,
. , , , , . ,
. , , ,
, .
My Chemical Romance
Reprise , -, -, My Chemical Romance. Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge
, . , ,
10 . , ,
138
.
2004 Reprise , Shoutweb.com AbsolutePunk.net, , .
PureVolume. com
MySpace.com,
, , . PureVolume, Im Not Okay (I Promise).
, Reprise
. BigChampagne Not Okay,
Helena. Helena
. Helena , .
, , Reprise Yahoo! AOL, ,
Yahoo! Studios. MySpace. My Chemical Romance
Warner.
1,4 ,
.
, MTV ,
,
.
My Chemical Romance?
, My Chemical Romance ,
7. 139
.
,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
. , Yahoo!,
.
. MySpace My Chemical Romance
450 . ; 9 .
.
Birdmonster
. ,
. , Birdmonster,
-, ,
Wired.
.
Birdmonster , . , Birdmonster .
,
, . , ,
. ,
140
, .
, ,
, .
.
: , .
Birdmonster . MySpace. ,
.
, ,
.
Birdmonster , ,
. , BagelRadio.com,
Birdmonster
Clap Your Hands Say Yeah.
White Stripes,
.
Birdmonster.
. -,
CD Baby, .
CD Baby iTunes ,
, .
7. 141
142
, My Chemical Romance, . , , ,
. ,
, .
Yahoo! Google PageRank, MySpace,
Netix
.
. ,
, ,
, , .
, . , , .
Frog Desing, , , , .
.
. ,
( ,
, ).
7. 143
:
, .
, , .
, , . .
, , , .
,
. ,
, . : , . ,
,
. , Weblogs,
- , , , WiMax .
,
. InStyle (
), . , .
. , .
144
, , DailyCandy,
, , BoingBoing, , ,
. BoingBoing
, 20 , , , ,
. :
, iTunes, ,
,
, Pitchfork Media.
, . , , Flickr, , (,
, ,
, , ), , ,
.
, , . , . ,
.
,
.
7. 145
, , .
, . Google : ,
, .
acid jazz Rhapsody.
, , Listen.
com, . , , :
,
.
American Airlines
Sabre ( , 7080- ),
, .
(
), -. TV Guide .
, .
146
, , ()
() , , . , , ,
, .
, Netix,
(
) DVD :
Blockbuster , 90%
. : 70%
, 30% . Netix . 30% ,
70% . .
, . , .
,
Netix,
. ,
, . Netix, ,
, ,
, . Netix , (
).
7. 147
.
. Netix
, ,
, . Netix
.
, , . . , ,
,
Rhapsody, . .
, / ,
Punk Funk. ,
Bloc Party. Bloc Party, , Gang of
Four. ( Gang of Four Punk Funk 80- ),
.
Gang of Four Rapture.
, , ,
,
Rapture , Rapture.
.
148
, LCD
Soundsystem. , , - , , . , ,
Zero 7, , , .
, ,
.
, .
, : , . , ,
,
. , , .
: . - . , , . ,
, . iTunes, , ,
-,
.
iTunes ,
. , ? ?
, ,
7. 149
. , , , . ,
. iTunes
.
, . iTunes, , , , ,
, , , .
iTunes .
, ,
.
, ,
, , . , , ,
. , , .
(
), , , , , .
.
, , , , .
,
150
7. 151
1. D.
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. DietWhoopsy , 12 .
. , , .
, . , . , ,
.
, . , .
( ), .
. Rhapsody
.
1. Jack Johnson.
2. Eminem.
3. Coldplay.
4. Fall Out Boy.
5. Johnny Cash.
6. Nickelback.
7. James Blunt.
8. Green Day.
9. Death Cab for Cutie.
10. Kelly Clarkson.
152
, , :
, -, -, , , -, -, . - ,
,
? ,
, ? ( 40,
100) ,
. ,
.
- :
1. Tito Puente.
2. Buena Vista Social Club.
3. Cal Tjader.
4. Arturo Sandoval.
5. Poncho Sanchez.
6. Dizzy Gillespie.
7. Perez Prado.
8. Ibrahim Ferrer.
9. Eddie Palmieri.
10. Michael Camilo.
.
. .
7. 153
. , ,
. , . , . , , .
, .
?
?
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
: , , , ,
, . ,
, . ,
.
, .
.
, , . .
154
, , ,
, , . , , .
// ,
, ? .
.
, , , .
: .
, .
. ,
, , . ,
, Google,
, .
, . ( - ) : 90% .
, . 90% . ,
. , ,
, .
,
7. 155
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
, .
, Tower Records.
,
,
.
.
, , Google
. !
. ,
(, , , ). , , .
, ,
.
, , : .
( ,
:
.)
, , . (. . 12).
156
. 12.
, . , ,
.
, : .
,
.
, . . ,
, .
.
. , , . , , ,
7. 157
. ,
, - ,
, :
.
, ,
.
,
BestBuy. ,
, . ,
. ,
, . , , .
, , . .
( , ), . , ,
,
. .
, ,
, , .
,
.
, - .
(. . 13).
158
. 13.
- ?
, , , ,
. .
, , , , .
.
.
, XVIII ,
,
. , ,
, , . ? ? . (
. Cygnus atratus ,
.)
.
.
, . ,
, .
(Fooled by Randomness) * (Millionaire Next Door)**,
,
. ,
, .
* . . . : , , 2011.
** , . . . : , 2005.
7. 159
:
, :
, , .
-,
. -, . -,
: ,
.
.
, (
) . , , ,
.
.
.
, .
, ,
- (
Who Let the Dogs Out).
, ,
( ), .
, . (
f(x)=1/x, x1.)
,
, , , ,
.
,
2004 .
2004 .
()
10
17 396 510
22
13 798 299
64
22 252 491
324
46 932 031
50 . 99 999
767
51 858 835
5 . 49 999
23 047
1 . 4999
67 008
100999
202 938
69 548 499
99
948 005
14 346 417
1,2
665 +
160
, , , , , .
- , ,
( )
. , :
, .
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
.
, , , . ,
, . .
, ,
. ,
, (, , ) , . , , .
7. 161
, .
.
, , , , . ,
, , .
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
, , . , - .
, , , .
, .
, Google, , .
, ,
Netflix, ,
.
, ,
.
.
.
, PVRblog Horticultural,
Gizmodo Joystiq, ,
- . (
, , .) ,
162
, .
, ,
.
, ,
, , .
, . , ,
, .
, , ,
,
.
, .
, .
, . Wired
. , ,
.
, , , , . , , , , , .
.
, 20/80
1897 ,
XIX . ,
. ,
. , , 20% 80% . ,
.
, .
. ,
, . ,
, , .
.
20/80.
164
1949 , ,
. ,
,
. , ,
.
, . , 1/2 , , 1/3
. .
,
.
20 , 70%
, , 30%
.
. , 1/x,
.
.
,
- . ,
, , , ,
.
8. 165
:
( );
( ,
);
( , ).
, ,
, , , . , , .
.
, .
, , . , : ,
(-, ) ,
.
, ,
166
. ,
: 10, 100, 1000 . .
( : , .)
, ,
, .
.
, .
.
, .
(. 14), .
, .
. 14. , 2005 .
1 000 000 000
100 000 000
10 000 000
1 000 000
100 000
10 000
1000
100
10
1
10
100
1000
, 100. , 500. (
423 The
Dark Hours, . , , , .)
8. 167
? ,
100? 500 ? ,
?
, .
100 (, , , ),
500 .
, 13 . ,
,
.
, , 100,
. ,
100 . . ,
. ,
, ,
.
(
).
, ,
.
, . !
, , ;
,
, , .
. . , ,
(. 15).
. 15.
10
100
1000
168
-, , .
, . , , 100500 , , ,
. 500 13 .? , .
, .
.
, , .
, .
? . DVD,
. .
.
, DVD ,
.
DVD DVD. ,
, . DVD . ,
. , , ,
8. 169
, , , ,
Netix , .
.
Barnes & Nobles , 1,2 1,7% ,
(bn.com) 10%. PRX,
,
, 80% . rediff.com, , ,
,
, .
, 80%
, 40%,
20 . .
.
2005 63% ; Nielsen SoundScan, , , . .
,
.
20/80
20/80,
, , 20% 80% , 20% 80% ,
170
,
.
20/80
. -, 20/80. , , 10/80 ( 10%
80% ).
, 80/10 100,
. 80 20 100.
, . , , . ,
10/80 (10% 80% ), , 20/95 (20% 95% ).
, ,
.
, .
, 20/80
20%, .
, : , . 20/80,
. , ,
,
, .
8. 171
.
20% 80%
80%. , , , . , 80%
20% , ,
. 20%
. (. 16).
. 16. 20/80
20%
80%
80%
90%
100%
25%
25%
33%
50%
20%
8%
33%
33%
2%
, . -,
, ,
, 20% 2%
, .
.
2%
, 50%. 8%
25% . 90% 25% .
( , Rhapsody Netflix.)
.
, -
, .
172
DVD.
DVD
, Wal-Mart (. 17).
. 17. DVD
.
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10 12 14 16
()
18
20
22
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
,
1719 DVD, (Wal-Mart, BestBuy) 1517 . 2 .
( ,
.)
( ) , (, ), DVD
. 80% DVD
, ,
. ?
, ,
,
.
DVD , , .
8. 173
, , , DVD, Blockbuster.
,
, Blockbuster .
, , ,
. , DVD,
.
. (
) ( ),
. ( , , Netix:
,
, .)
,
, .
,
, , .
20/80 .
.
( ), .
, .
20/80 , .
174
, ?
, , , ,
.
, .
? ?
. . , . ,
.
,
, . 30
.
,
. . , ,
.
, , ,
. ,
.
, 2005 ,
8. 175
,
Amazon,
. , . , ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
. 80% 15,7% 28,8% .
20/80, 20/84, 20/74.
. ( , )
,
.
,
, , .
, , Nielsen SoundScan DVDScan
. Rhapsody
Netix. ( .
176
, , . DVD
DVD
. ,
, .)
. . 1 . ,
. DVD ( 1 .
) .
,
. . 1 .
80% . ( ,
, 100
90% .) , . ,
, , 5 .
?
?
8. 177
? .
, . .
, .
, , , ,
- . ,
70- 80-, , ,
. , , ,
.
, , ,
,
. , , Google . ,
, , ,
(
, , , ), , .
, .
,
.
,
. ,
178
. , . , , ,
.
, .
, ,
.
.
, ,
, . .
?
.
? , , , , ?
.
, .
,
, , , . , . , ,
, .
Amazon. Amazon 30 40%,
.
8. 179
, ,
, . , - ,
. , .
, . Google
. eBay . , .
,
. , ,
( 99 iTunes)
,
. , , -, ,
.
,
.
. , -, .
, , ,
,
180
. , , , ,
. , .
Rhapsody
( ),
. ,
- , (. 18). ,
,
, .
, , .
. 18.
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
132
263
394
525
656
787
918
1049
1180
1311
1442
1573
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-
/
-
( )
: Rhapsody
, .
, Technorati,
8. 181
, , ,
. :
: . , .
? -, ,
. -, .
, ,
, . ,
.
,
.
, ,
?
, ,
,
, ?
,
.
,
, .
. ,
, ,
-. . ,
-,
, , .
,
, ,
5 Cents .
, .
.
182
? ,
. , : . , .
, .
. , , , ,
, . .
,
.
: . , ,
. Twister 1996 , DVD- Amazon
, 2005
.
.
.
. , . ,
(. . 19).
8. 183
, .
. 19.
, , , Google .
, , .
:
, . Google,
. Google ,
,
. , ,
.
, .
, . Google
,
, .
184
, .
, , . , ,
, :
, . , .
( . .),
: ,
. (, / 18 )
.
,
:
, . , , ,
. ,
, . , .
.
. , , , .
8. 185
. , .
.
, , .
- ?
, ( )
. . , , 1970 , ,
, .
, ,
.
! Xbox 360.
, .
(,
, , ). , ,
?
,
. ,
186
, : , ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
:
, , , . ,
, . , .
.
,
.
. ,
. , , , .
.
?
:
. , ,
.
,
8. 187
. , .
, ,
,
. ,
. , . ,
.
. , ,
. : , , , .
, ,
.
, . .
. , , , ,
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
. , ,
, .
,
, , . ,
. ,
10% . ,
, , 25% .
, ,
, . , . , .
. ,
.
, . , ,
.
9. 189
.
, . .
, , .
,
.
, . , , , ,
.
.
, . , , . , ,
( ), .
, , . , ,
. ,
. , , ,
: ,
.
190
MP3.com,
. 1997 ,
.
, .
, MP3.com
, . , .
MP3.com , , , , . . MP3.com ,
: , .
MP3.com ,
. ,
.
, , . ( -
,
.)
, MP3.com , iTunes, , , , iTunes
,
9. 191
. ,
,
. iTunes
,
.
( ,
MySpace, MP3.com. , .
,
. ,
, .)
.
, .
, , ,
.
(The Rise of the Creative Class)
, .
,
, .
,
192
, ,
. ,
, , , , .
,
. ,
.
, -, , ,
. ? , . , , ,
Amazon.
? ,
. , .
:
, , ,
500- , - .
: ,
.
9. 193
,
, .
:
, .
,
, (
), . ,
,
, ,
, . .
, , .
, .
, .
, , . ,
,
,
.
, ,
, .
30 . ;
194
, . .
.
. ,
.
, , ,
: , , .
,
-, . ,
60% ,
.
, . ,
,
(,
,
). , , , .
. ,
,
9. 195
, .
.
,
,
.
,
, . .
. . .
, 6 .
, , , , - , .
25%.
2005
40 . ,
26 33
.
: , , ,
, , .
,
50 .
196
9. 197
, , .
. ,
. ,
, : , , , , , , , 2 . .
,
. , . ,
,
. .
, , , ,
.
,
.
.
, .
Wal-Mart
20 , , , .
198
, , .
, , .
,
(
80- ), ,
.
(, Depeche Mode Billy Idol),
.
,
Wal-Mart , . (,
15 ?)
Wal-Mart ,
.
138 Wal-Mart,
, , .
, , BestBuy,
.
, , .
. ,
.
. , ,
.
9. 199
.
.
.
? Wal-Mart 4,5 . ( ,
Amazon 800 .).
, .
, :
Po//R&B 1800
1500
/ 360
225
/ 225
: //R& . . , , , .
, , 30 . , , Wal-Mart 750. 2,5% , . 4,5 .
. , , /
/R&B. Exile on Main Street
Rolling Stones Nevermind Nirvana.
, ,
200
. : , . , .
Wal-Mart .
, . , , .
, , WalMart. ,
, . : ( , ).
, ,
. , , ,
. ,
? , .
, , ,
. .
, , , , .
9. 201
. ,
: , .
.
,
( ,
) .
; Encyclopaedia Britannica
; .
. , Google,
,
.
,
.
000 , .
100 .
200 .
300 .
400 .
500 .
600 ( ).
700 .
800 .
900 .
202
, ? , . 200 .
200 .
210 .
220 .
230 .
240 .
250 .
260 C .
270 .
280 .
290 C .
, ? , , ,
,
, .
,
XIX , (, , -
). ,
, . , , :
. , . , , , .
.
, .
9. 203
, XIX .
, :
, , , .
, , .
. , ( ),
.
. ,
, . .
- ,
( - ). ,
.
(, , ),
( ) .
.
, .
, , , .
, .
, , :
, , .
, Google: ;
,
-.
204
, , , XXI .
. ,
, , , ,
. , .
.
,
.
, . , .
,
. , , , .
, , .
, .
.
,
9. 205
,
.
.
.
Blockbuster .
? ? ? ? ? ,
.
, ,
.
Amazon akira (
,
). ( ).
, : .
.
Amazon ,
: 2. ,
, Blockbuster.
.
Google . -
. , . ?
? ? ?
.
206
Google .
() , .
, , ,
,
. Google .
. Google
, .
Amazon ,
. , ,
, , (, , ,
, . .). , .
, . , Amazon
, .
, . Amazon
, , .
, , .
,
, , .
9. 207
Amazon
, ,
.
:
. , . : , .
, .
. , ,
, ( ) .
20% 12
; 30%
30 . , ,
. , .
, ,
, , . , .
, .
. ,
,
208
( , ). ,
. :
=
, ,
, 15 ,
, ,
, ,
.
, . , , . ,
. ,
, . .
,
.
.
, , .
9. 209
:
. ,
.
. : , .
,
. ,
.
XX
.
, ,
, .
,
. :
,
. , .
- ,
. , .
. ( )
: ,
.
210
. , ,
, .
, , .
? : 1)
, 2) , , , ,
.
,
XX . :
, ;
;
;
.
, , . , ( ) ,
, . ,
, . :
, , .
, . , ,
. ,
.
9. 211
. 80-
6 48 1982
12 4 2001 ( 50%!). ?
,
. , ? , , ,
. , .
, . ,
, .
2001 . , 12 1995 , ( 18 34 ,
). , . ,
,
1834 .
, :
- ,
. , .
, .
212
, ,
.
: ,
. , . ,
.
, ,
. , . , : , , , ,
. . , -
. ?
, . , ,
.
, ,
. ,
Clap Your Hands Say Yeah.
, . ,
, .
,
. , , .
9. 213
, :
;
;
, ;
;
= ;
= ;
= ;
= ;
= ;
, .
, . , .
10
.
1978 Saturday Night Live
, , , . ,
,
- . . .
, ?
2004 Rice to
Riches. 20
. , . White Store
. , White House, ,
Black House. .
, . ,
. OMD,
10. 215
216
.
. iTunes
40 , Wal-Mart. Netix
18 DVD, Blockbuster, ,
DVD. Amazon
40 , Borders.
eBay , , , .
?
, . ,
.
? ?
.
, , , . 2004
(The Paradox of Choice)
(Barry Schwartz) , .
(Why Choice Is
Demotivating).
1
10. 217
. , 24. ,
( ,
), ,
.
: 30% , , , ,
24 , 3%. ,
60,
40%. .
,
.
: , ?
, , : (
) .
, .
:
. , , . ,
. , .
, . , , ,
218
,
, - . (
, Amazon, ,
20 , , , .)
. , - . ( ) ,
, .
, .
:
?. .
, ,
. : ,
, . - .
, , , . . .
, : , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , ( ), , , ,
.
24 , 300. , 42 , . . ,
10. 219
,
. : ,
.
, . ,
, ? , , ,
, , .
, , .
, , , : (Knowing What
You Like versus Discovering What You Want: The Inuence of Choice
Making Goals on Decision Satisfaction) :
, , , . , , , .
, , . (Im Pro-Choice)
Forbes:
. , .
, ,
, .
220
, , .
, Amazon . 24,
1200
Marketplace. ,
,
. ,
. , ,
, , , ,
, .
. . , , .
.
, , Google,
. ,
, , , ,
. ,
,
. - ,
: , . . ,
, , ,
,
.
10. 221
,
, , , .
, .
, -.
, , , .
: . , ,
, .
Google, . ,
.
, ;
.
, , ,
:
, -, .
, ,
, . . , , .
222
? , . , , , Napster ,
( ) Rhapsody. ,
. , ,
DVD Netix.
10. 223
- ( , ) , iPoda. ? , ,
. 2006 Apple 42
iPod 1 iTunes, 24
( ) , iTunes. .
iPod 20%.
?
, , ( , )
.
,
, , ,
.
, ,
. , , ,
.
, , .
(Lure of Choice) , , ,
- . ,
. , ,
, .
224
, Ragu
Ragu, , ,
, .
, ,
.
, , ,
:
, .
. .
, , ,
, ,
.
. . , , 7/11,
, , , , .
, , .
.
, .
. 8, .
11
?
80- , , . Saturday
Night Fever R&B
, . , ,
, .
Comiskey Park
,
.
Warehouse
. . , , .
.
(The Story of House Sound in
Chicago) :
226
.
. Warehouse , , , , The Jays
, Disco Circus , Kraftwerk Telex.
, MusicBox,
, , ,
. , ,
.
, , . ,
-. ,
.
.
,
, -
Paradise Garage. 70-
, ,
.
?
.
, .
11. 227
,
. ,
West End Records,
.
,
, , .
, ,
. ,
.
, , , , , , .
. ,
, .
, .
, .
: ,
. , , .
.
. , ?
228
, .
, . , ,
.
, .
, .
- ,
. ,
, Basic Channel,
. Burial Mix ;
, ; Rhythm & Sound
; Chain Reaction .
. , , ,
.
,
,
,
, .
.
. ,
11. 229
,
.
, .
. .
,
, .
. ,
, ,
, .
. , ,
, , .
.
Corante , , :
, .
, , , ,
. .
30
230
, . ,
(
) .
, . 70- ;
, . ,
80- , , , 90- ,
, ,
(Home & Garden TV, Golf Channel, Military Channel . .). 90-
,
.
,
( ),
, ,
. . . ,
.
.
, . , . .
. ,
11. 231
(
) . , ,
, . , , .
. 6%, , Wal-Mart. iTunes,
, 12% . ,
Netix, .
2005 , SixApart, New York Times, , Google,
GOATSE. , (, ,
New York Times) , GOATSE. (
, , , ,
,
. ,
.) -
GOATSE .
, GOATSE , .
, , .
232
, .
, GOATSE, ,
New York Times.
.
,
: All Your Base Are Belong To Us, More
Cowbell!, I for one welcome our new [
] overlords . .* , ,
,
. , , 10%
, 10%.
, (Internet phenomena), . ( ). ?**
Ellen Feiss.
The Star Wars Kid.
Dancing Baby.
Bert is Evil.
Bonzai Kitten.
Tourist Guy.
MC Hawking.
1337.
Subservient Chicken.
First Post.
* , - . . .
** , , /AM, . . .
11. 233
? , , ,
. , . ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, ( LEGO *),
( -). ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
(, ).
( ,
) - . ,
, ,
,
( ). ,
, , : , .
* , , ,
. . .
234
, :
,
.
- . ,
.
, ,
, , .
, .
. , ,
, . , , , .
,
.
1958 , -,
(Culture and Society): ,
, . ,
? ,
.
11. 235
. , ,
. , , . ,
80- , ,
,
, .
. : ,
. 90-
, . ,
,
, .
.
, ,
-. , , , .
,
,
.
, -, ,
. New York Times
(, ) ,
, . , :
236
, , : ,
, . ,
. ,
*.
, ,
, ,
. ,
, . , , ,
, , , .
, ,
.
, ,
, , , .
.
* ,
CBS News
, ( , ) CBS ,
,
, . . .
11. 237
12 , , 12 ,
. , Associated Press
Reuters , , , .
Technorati ( ),
(. 20).
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
NY Times
CNN
Washington Post
Yahoo Today
BBC
SF Gate
Guardian Unlimited
LA Times
Yomuri Online
Wired
Boing Boing
boston.con
Times Online
Forbes
Time
Fox News
Buisiness Week
Engadget
PBS
NPR
MTV
CBS News
PostSecret
CNN Money.com
Telegrahh
CBC.ca
Syndey Morning Herald
Mercury News
The White House
Daily Kos
chicagotribune.com
seattlepi.nwsource.com
abc.net.au
salon.com
reuters.com
chron.com
nydailynews.com
iht.com
newscientist.com
asahi.com
suntimes.com
prnewsire.com
wsj.com
theage.com.au
theglobeandmail.com
news.ft.com
(
)
. 20.
60 000
: Technorati
, Daily Kos (
). - ,
, .
, Chicago Tribune,
.
, 65 Instapundit.
, 45-
238
, , ,
. , , , . . ,
, ,
,
. ,
Sports Illustrated.
, . , ,
,
. , .
(Letters to a Young
Contrarian) , , ,
, ,
New York Times: : , . , . , .
,
. , ,
, , , ,
-
XIX . 1897 ,
, , -, . , .
11. 239
, ? , , . : ,
.
, New York Times - ,
, .
, .
.
, , .
.
15 ,
. , , .
. , . .
? ,
, . , ?
?
Republic.com
,
240
: , . Daily Me, ,
,
. , ,
, , , . , .
, (Ethics and Public Policy Center), .
(The New Atlantis) :
,
, ? , :
? ? ?
, ,
. TiVo, iPod
. , , :
, .
, . ,
.
11. 241
? , . , .
,
, , , . iPod , , TiVo , .
Netix , ,
, , :
, .
.
, ,
, . , . ,
, -
,
, . ,
. ,
.
,
. . ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
242
, .
. , .
. , ,
. , :
, ,
. , ,
.
, . , ,
, , .
,
.
,
, ,
,
, .
, ,
XX . , , ,
. ,
. , .
12
,
, . , , ,
.
, .
19 2006 Google Google Video,
. iTunes, ,
, Google Video
,
.
,
.
, .
Google Video
: CSI, Star Trek, , , Twilight Zone Charlie
Rose 99 .
: ,
244
, , (, ). : , -
*, , .
Google Video
.
,
, ,
( ). , 12 ( ), .
.
Microsoft, Yahoo!, AOL
.
. Yahoo! -
MTV VH1. , . , Tiki TV,
, .
MSNBC The Abrams Report
215 . . Rocketboom
-, ,
, , , 200 .
. ,
* , . . .
12. 245
35- 40 . . ,
, .
, . ,
, ,
, .
. , TiVo,
,
, Xbox 360,
.
Google Video , . , .
CSI, ,
, Lost.
,
.
.
, , , ,
.
:
CSI Miami, ,
,
, CSI.
246
, , ,
, CSI.
16 , -,
, ,
, American Idol.
- 1834 ,
, .
. , . ,
. , .
, , . . ,
,
. , . ,
,
a Halo 2 Physics Hacks Cool Robots . .
, , ,
.
12. 247
.
TiVo, , ,
iTunes,
, - .
.
,
. , , 31 . , ,
, . 115
. ,
, ,
. . ,
876 . ,
10% , ( 400
). ,
(
15% )
, .
,
DVD.
,
- . (, ), (. Google).
248
,
. , , ,
.
, . . -,
,
. , ,
.
, , , , . ,
(
). ,
, . ,
WKRP in Cincinnati DVD?
, -.
, . ( . ,
.) ,
Married with Children, DVD , .
, .
12. 249
.
, .
, Barrio305, , , . MTV,
, ,
. 50 . 5
. . , , .
, Brightcove. ,
, , , , Brightcove .
Barrio305, HTML-,
. Barrio305 .
, Brightcove, :
, . , ,
. , , ,
,
.
,
250
, , ,
.
, , , JibJab, :
.
, ,
, Google Video Barrio305,
, ,
.
,
( 22 , ).
,
.
, 30 ;
, . 45- . 30
.
, , . -
, ,
12. 251
, .
,
, ,
.
. , ,
.
, iPod , , , , . ,
: , , . .
, 30- . , ,
. .
.
, , . .
80-
, , .
252
- , , ,
.
. ( ) .
,
. ,
,
.
, . (
7080 ,
,
- .)
,
Listen.com, :
80- ,
. ,
. , , .
, -
20
( , CBS,
12. 253
, , , ,
3040 ). (, , ),
,
.
, , ,
( 80- ),
20 , ,
. : -, , ,
, , , ,
. -,
, , , ,
, 20 , , , 2,95 .
. , ,
.
. Netix .
.
, ,
, .
,
.
13
?
.
,
.
eBay
, ,
, , eBay
. 60 30 ,
eBay 100 .
eBay Wal-Mart, ,
. , eBay,
, .
13. 255
eBay . ,
. eBay
,
,
. Amazon Marketplace, eBay
. , , ( , ). .
, , , .
eBay : ,
. ,
, .
5 ,
30 , Wal-Mart. , eBay
,
.
,
eBay, . , . eBay .
Half.com ( ) Shopping.com ( )
, , ,
.
256
724 . , eBay (
ACNielsen, 2005 ). Nielsen
, 68 .
. , eBay,
,
. eBay .
eBay .
- . , eBay, Amazon, , ,
, . , ,
, eBay
, .
, .
,
- ,
, . (
. , - , eBay
.) , eBay ,
,
. , , ,
.
eBay.
13. 257
, , 400 . , .
, a Google Froogle, Yahoo!, Shopping
, , eBay. ,
, .
KitchenAid
, , . .
KitchenAid
,
.
, Target, ,
KitchenAid: ,
-. ,
, .
KitchenAid
, , , . ,
. , , , , .
258
, ?
KitchenAid?
, , ,
.
, , ,
,
.
: KitchenAid ,
,
.
2001 2003 KitchenAid ,
, ,
.
. , , , . .
,
.
2005 -.
, , , KitchenAid , .
: , ,
*, . KitchenAid
, , ,
, .
* -, , ,
. . . .
13. 259
LEGO
LEGO
, ,
. LEGO ,
, , , .
LEGO ,
, .
LEGO,
300 . , , .
,
140
43 .
, . 90% LEGO ,
, . LEGO 10 15%
1,1 . ,
, ,
.
LEGO,
( ),
260
, 1 300 .
LEGO Brick-master,
40 .
, LEGOland. LEGO , , .
. LEGO
. , LEGO. 2000 My
Own Creation . , LEGO
. LEGO Mosaic ().
, LEGO,
.
2005 LEGO , LEGO Factory.
, LEGO.
, . ,
, . 100 . ,
LEGO.
13. 261
.
,
7 . , 75 (
). . LEGO
. -, , . -, , .
, ,
10 , LEGO
100 ,
.
, . LEGO
,
, , .
, LEGO . ( )
, LEGO , .
, -,
LEGO
, iTunes. iTunes , . ,
262
LEGO . : iTunes
, LEGO ,
. !
Salesforce.com
2005 .
, Salesforce.com,
.
,
,
. ,
,
. . 2005 Salesforce.com , , Oracle SAP,
.
, , .
. , .
,
,
, . , ,
13. 263
, .
, , .
. .
, . Microsoft, , . ,
. .
Microsoft , .
, ,
.
, , :
. ,
.
, ,
, ( )
, . ,
,
, .
,
264
, ,
, . - , , , .
,
, .
2005 Salesforce.com , .
(
) Salesforce.
com, . ,
Salesforce.com, . 2006
, , , . : , !.
SAP
.
. (
).
, ,
, .
.
13. 265
,
, ,
. ,
JotSpot ( ,
), :
, . JotSpot, ,
, .
Google
,
, .
, General Motors . GM , , , .
, , ,
. . , . : ,
,
. ,
, .
. , ,
266
,
.
, - ,
.
,
. ,
.
. 2001 Google, ,
, ,
- .
, , . , , Overture, Google ,
.
Google , ,
,
. , .
Google
. -, , . ,
.
, ( 2001 ), , Excite (. . 21).
13. 267
. 21. Excite ( 2001 )
Mp3
97%
10
100
1000
10 000 000
: Joe Kraus
3% . Google , :
,
PageRank, Google .
?
: . , Google,
.
. Google, , 5 .
Google ,
. Google
,
.
,
. , ,
?
Google .
268
Google, .
, ,
. ,
Google . : , ,
.
, Google -. :
,
,
. Google , , ,
.
, , , New York Times
, HTML-,
Google, ,
. : . ,
, Google, a Google
.
Google , ,
. , Google , ,
. () Google ,
,
: .
, .
Google
, , Google
.
, . Wal-Mart , 6
. :
: ?
,
Wal-Mart, , . . ,
.
13. 269
, :
, ,
, .
? ,
, .
, , - , , ,
, , ?
,
.
, .
, ,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
:
, ,
.
, , , , , .
,
. , ,
. ( Wired)
: ?
.
Wal-Mart. ? , .
, ,
. ,
. ,
. ?
,
, ,
. .
270
.
, , 90% .
100 . ,
, .
Google 5 .
, ,
. .
Google .
,
. , ,
,
-.
Google ,
.
iTunes , .
: ,
. Google , . , ,
, . , . .
Google
: Google Local,
Google Scholar ( ), Google Maps, Froogle (), Google
News, Google Book Search, Google Video .
Google Yahoo!, Microsoft ,
. Google ,
.
, ,
.
, , , , ,
. ,
.
14
:
;
.
, . 6 . , Sundance, ,
, . : .
.
, , ,
.
. ,
272
, .
, . ,
.
,
. ,
,
,
. ( Net ix DVD , ,
.) , , ,
.
, , .
1.
. . Wal-Mart, Best Buy, Target
, , .
14. 273
, .
, ,
Amazon, :
, Amazon. Amazon Marketplace
,
. Amazon .
( iTunes) .
, -
. , . , , , , , .
, .
2.
eBay, Wikipedia, Craigslist,
MySpace Netix .
Google
5 , Skype 2,5 60 . , ,
. , .
.
274
, , . .
. ,
.
3.
,
. , . ,
. ,
. , .
, .
, . , , . iTunes
; ,
,
,
, iTunes ( ) DVD, TiVo , Sony PSP. (
), , ,
, .
14. 275
4.
,
: ( ,
).
: , , , 30- , , , , ,
.
.
,
, , , . ; , ,
, , , , .
, . ( )
.
. , .
5.
. ,
276
. ,
. , , ,
. , eBay ( ,
, )
( ). iTunes,
99 , ,
. Rhapsody , 79 49 . ,
.
,
.
. ?
, , 70 ,
,
. - , , .
6.
, , . , ,
14. 277
. .
, .
, , . , , ,
, .
.
, .
, , . .
.
7. ,
,
. , . .
. ,
- . , .
,
, . , . ,
.
DVD.
, , .
.
278
,
, ,
,
, .
DVD, ,
,
. , .
. , . ,
.
8.
, .
, , .
,
, .
. , ,
, .
. ,
. , , . ,
14. 279
. ,
. : ,
.
9.
, . , :
.
- Skype
Yahoo!Mail , .
, ,
.
, 30- , , .
. ,
, . 2005 Universal
Serenity () . ? .
10% , ,
.
.
280
, ,
. ?
( ) .
,
. ,
, . .
:
30 .
Solidscape 66 3D. , .
. , . LEGO, ,
? , . , , . -
. ,
,
,
.
,
.
. . Solidscape 3D
14. 281
.
.
, , , , , ,
. : Amazon .
:
. ,
.
, , , .
. , ,
Spore. ,
. , ,
Spore. ,
20 , , , .
. , , , .
, , .
282
, .
, .
,
. , . ,
,
. , ,
, . !
. , , Netix eBay. ( ,
.)
, ,
. .
, . , .
284
(10 ).
www.boxofcemojo.com.
, , , Nielsen Media Research.
Rhapsody 4,5 .
. (Wal-Mart)
-, . , , iTunes
Rhapsody, ,
. .
14, ,
. , , 100 .
Rhapsody. , 22 . , 4,5 . , , 5,5 .
4,5 Wal-Mart 25 . Rhapsody.
Amazon . Amazon , .
Amazon .
Consumer Surplus in the
Digital Economy: Estimating the Value of Increased Product Variety at
Online Booksellers (2003)
285
, - . Amazon
.
, , ,
100 . (
), 40% Amazon.
Amazon
, , - Amazon
. , , ,
Amazon . ,
100 .
2030% Amazon, 25%.
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, 1936.
2005
Chirchill Club.
globalguerrillas.typepad.com. 18
2005 .
2001 .
The Book Stops Here, Wired 2005 .
286
www.paulgraham.com/web20.html
: Global Agenda
.
Wired 2005 .
Media
Streams Metadata Exchange, School of Information Science and Management.
: www.nacs.org
: www.bisg.org
Blockbuster
Lehrman Brothers Small 2005 .
, = axk. , , y
, x , , k , .
, , ,
- . ,
( Google)
.
: www.lm-festival.org
287
Wal-Mart*
Rhapsody
Blockbuster*
Netflix
1100
65%
47%
68%
38%
101
35%
53%
32%
62%
Forbes
ASAP, Telecom: How Innite Bandwidth Will Revolutionize Our
World, 2000.
.
Atlantic Monthly, 2005 .
, Discover, 2005 .
The Death and Life of Great American Cities,
1961 .
30 .
The Way the Music Died, 2004 .
20% : Brynjolfsson, Smith, and Hu,
2003 .
288
Why Choice Is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of
a Good Thing? Sheens Iyengar (Columbia) and Mark Lepper (Stanford),
2000 .
The Lure of Choice, Nicola Brown and Barbara
Summers (Leeds University Business School) and Daniel Read (London
School of Economics), 2002 . : .
Virginia Postrel: Forbes ASAP, 1998 .
How Much Information? Hal
Varian (UC Berkeley School of Information Management and Systems)
and colleagues, 2003 .
. : Streaming Media, 2005 .
: .
, 289
Rework:
Rework
, .
, . .
, ,
. , .
, , , . ,
.
. -,
37signals. 14 ,
!
. . . . .
.
, .
, .
-. mazon.com Rework
: , .
. .
, 37signals. , (
14 !), 3 . Basecamp , Backpack , Highrise CRM Campfire.
Getting Real. Signal vs. Noise , 114 000 !
290
,
Funky Business Forever
, , -
, , ,
.
, 2000 ,
, ,
. 2000 , , , Spice Girls
. , -, . ,
. ,
11
. ,
, , , , ,
.
, .
. ,
Advanced Management Program, - . , .
. ,
. Advanced Management Program
, ,
.
, 291
,
Good to Great
Why Some Companies Make the Leap
and Others Dont
Jim ollins
,
.
-.
, ,
, , Abbott, Gillette, Kimberly-Clark, Philip Morris, Pitney
Bowes, Walgreens, Wells Fargo. 15 . , 2000 . $1, 1965 . , 471 ,
56 .
, .
, ,
, - .
, , .
, . , , ,
.
(Beyond Entrepreneurship)
(Managing the Small to Mid-SizedCompany). McKinsey & Company Hewlett-Packard -
, .