EE102 Electrical and Electronics Technology

Basic Laws
Week 8

Sheikh Izzal Azid

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EE102 Electrical and Electronics Technology

Learning Outcomes

Apply Ohms law

Identify Nodes, Branches and Loops
Apply Kirchhoffs Laws
Solve Series Resistors with Voltage Division
Solve Parallel Resistors with Current Division

Introduction
This topic introduces the basic concepts such as current,
voltage, and power in an electric circuit. To actually determine
the values of these variables in a given circuit requires that we
understand some fundamental laws that govern electric
circuits. These laws, known as Ohms law and Kirchhoffs laws,
form the basis upon which electric circuit analysis is built.

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Suppose we want to find out the current through the bulb.

Voltage

Current

Physics Way
i

where current is measured in coulomb per second

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Engineering Way

In Engineering we replace the bulb with a discrete resistor

for the purpose of calculating the current and now the
circuit will look like
I

I =
V

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Ohms Law
Ohms Law states that voltage v across
a resistor is directly proportional to
the current flowing through the
resistor.

Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist,

in 1826 experimentally determine the
most basic law relating voltage and
current for a resistor

V=IR

The resistance of an element is measured in units of

Ohms, , (V/A)
The higher the resistance, the less current will flow
through for a given voltage.
Ohms law requires conforming to the passive sign
convention.
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric
current (measured in mhos or Siemens, G)
R=

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V=I/G

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Example 8.1

In the circuit shown calculate the current i, conductance G and

the power p

i
+
30 V

5K
v
-

Solution
a) I = V/R = (30)(5K) = 6mA
b) G= 1/R = 1/5K = 0.2mS
c) P=VI = (20V)(6A)= 0.12W

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Practice Problem 8.1

In the circuit shown calculate the voltage v, conductance G and the
power p

i
+
2mA

10K
v
-

Solution
d) V = IR = (2mA)(10K) = 20V
e) G= 1/R = 1/10K = 100S
f) P=VI = (20V)(2mA)= 40mW

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Nodes Branches and Loops

Circuit elements can be interconnected in multiple ways.
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
5
Node b

Node a

5
Node b
Node a

Loop 2

10 V

Loop 1

2
3

Loop 3

2A

Loop 2

10 V

+
-

Loop 1

2
3

Loop 3

Node c

Figure shows Nodes, Branches and Loops and different arrangements

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Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoffs current law states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or closed loop boundary) is zero.

Mathematically KCL implies:

i1

i5

i2

j Ij = 0

i4

i3

If you consider the figure sum of

current entering the node equals to
sum of current leaving the node.

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoffs voltage law states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero
Mathematically KVL
implies:
j Vj = 0

V2

V3

V1

V4

V5

The sum of voltage drop is equal to sum of voltage raise

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Example 8.2
Find voltages v1 and v2.
4

V1

10 V

12 V

V2

Solution
-10V+ V1 - 12V + V2 = 0
whereas: V1= 4i and V2 = 2i
-10+ 4i-12+2i=0 which leads i= 3.67A
V1 = 14.7V and V2 = 7.3V

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Practice Problem 8.3
Determine V1, V2 and V3 in the circuit shown.

2
+

V1

V2

+
10 V

6V
V3
-

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Solution:

Using KCL:
i1= i2+i3 or

V1/2 = V2/4 + V3/8

(1)

Using KVL
Loop 1 -10+ V1+V3 = 0

or

-10 + 2i1+8i3 =0

(2)

Loop 2 -V3 + V2 - 6 = 0

or

-8i3 + 4i2 -6 =0

(3)

Now solve simultaneously

V1= 6V
V2= 10V

; V3= 4V

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Dependent Sources
Some devices such as transistors and amplifiers act like
controlled sources, for example output voltage of and amplifier
is controlled by input voltage.
The controlling element will be either voltage source or current
source.

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Example 8.4:
Determine Vo and i in the circuit shown
i

2Vo
+

12 V

4V

Vo

6
Using KVL
-12+4i+2Vo -4+6i=0
and 6i=-Vo
-12+4i+2(-6i) - 4+6i=0
-16 -2i = 0
i=8A and Vo= 48V

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Practice Problem 8.4:

Find Vx and Vo in the circuit given below.
10

Vx

20 V

Vo

2Vx

Solution
Using KVL
-20+Vx + 2Vx Vo = 0
-20 + 3Vx Vo = 0
Vx= 10i and Vo = - 5i
-20+ 3(10i) - 5i =0
i=0.8 A
Vo= -5i = -4V and Vx = 10i = 8V

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Resistors in Series and Parallel

R1

R2

R3

RN

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + + RN

1
1
1
1
=
+
+ +

1 2

R1

Req

R2

RN

Geq = G1 + G2 + G3 + + GN

V1
+

V2
+

VN
-

Veq= V1 + V2 + +VN

Ieq

I1

I2

IN

Ieq= I1 + I2 + +IN

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Example: 8.5
i

10 K

30 K

15 K

Solution:
30 K

15 K

30K//15K = 10K
Now the circuit will be

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10 K

10 K

Therefore Equivalent Resistance is Equal to: 20K

Practice Problem: 8.5

Find Equivalent Resistance.
2

Req

Solution:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Combine 4,5 and 3 which are in series, it is equivalent to 12

Now the 12 is in parallel to 4 which gives 3
3 from step 2 is in series to the other 3, which gives 6.
6 from step 3 is in parallel to the other 6, which gives 3.
Combine 2,3 (step 4) and 1 which gives Req=6 .

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Example: 8.6
6

4
4

Req

10
3

Solution:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Combine the two 6 resistors in series which gives 12

Now the 12 (from 1) is on parallel to 4 which gives 3
3 (from 2), 4 and 3 are in series which gives 10
10 (from 3) and 10 are in parallel which gives 5
5 (from 4) is in series with 1
Hence equivalent resistance is 6.

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Practice Problem: 8.6

20

Req

18

20
1

9
2

Solution:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

20 (on Top) is in parallel to 5 which gives 4

4 (from 1) is in series with 1 which gives 5
Now the 5 (from 2)is in parallel with 20 which gives 4
4 (from 3) is in series with 2 which gives 1.33
Now 1.33 (from 4) is in parallel with 9 which gives 1.16
1.16 (from 5) is in parallel to 18 which gives 1.1
Finally 1.1 (from 6) is in series with 8
Equivalent Resistance is 8.1

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Example: 8.7

10 S

20 S

Geq

10 S

5S

Solution
1. 10S and 20S are in parallel so (10S+20S) gives 30S
2. 10S and 5S are in parallel too so (10S+5S) gives 15S
3. Now 30S (from 1) and 15S from (2) are in series which gives 10S

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Practice Problem: 8.7

12 S
a

2S

6S

10 S

5S

Geq

b
Solution
1.
2.
3.
4.

12S and 6S are in series which gives 4S.

Now 2S is and 4S (from 1) are in parallel which gives 6S
And 10S is in 5arallel with 5S which gives 15S
15 (from 3) is in series with 6S (from 2) which gives 4.29S

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Parallel Resistors and Current Division

Thomas Edision reasoned that electric light systems require high lamps
connected in parallel. The voltage on each lamp will be the same however
the current will depend on resistors.
i1

i2

+
I

V1

+
V2

R1
-

i1 =

i2 =

1 +2

Thomas Edition

R2

1
1 +2

Series Resistors and Voltage Division

V1

R1
+
V

R2

V2
-

v1 =

or
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1
1 +2

v2 =

vn = (

2
1 +2

1 +2 + +

)
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Example: 8.8
Find i1, i2 and i3
i1

i3

i2
3

Solution:

1. Combine 6 and 3 we get 2

i1

ix

Use
2

Current Division i =

2
2+2

28A

i1= 14A and ix = 14A

2. Now split ix into 6 and 3
i2 =

3
3+6

14

i2 =

6
3+6

14

i2 = 4.67 A and i3 = 9.33 A

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Power (W) Power = VI or I2R or V2/R
Example: 8.9
Calculate the power dissipated in 3 resistor
i

+
6

12V

Vo
-

Solution
1. Combine 3 and 6 we get 2
Now lets use voltage division to find voltage at 2 (from 1)
v=

2
2+4

12 = 4V

Therefore since 6 is in parallel to 2 the voltage would be

the same so vo will be 4V
So power dissipated at 3 will be = (4V)2(3) = 48W

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Practice Problem: 8.8
Calculate power dissipated by 9K resistor
3 K

+
30mA

Vo

9 K

12 K

3 K

Solution:
Combine 3K||12K and series with 3K = 7K
Use current division to get i across 9K
i=

7
9+7

30 = 1.875mA

therefore Power = I2R = (1.875mA)2(9K) = 16.875W

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