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Reference :
1000
Isokeraunic level
34
System Data:
Nominal system Line-Line voltage ( Un), kVrms
230
245
40
System Earthing
Effectively Earthed
400
0.0015
0.0025
141.45
198.03
1.40
Surge arrester must withstand maximum phase to ground temporary overvoltages without any damage.
Temporary overvoltages withstand strength of surge arrester must be UTOV
>=
198.03 kV
Amplitude and duration of temporary overvoltages, the duration of which is between 0.1 s and 100 s can be converted
to an equivalent amplitude (Ur) with a duration of 10 s (corresponding to the duration of the rated voltage in the operating duty test).
Ur =
UTOV x (Tt/10)m
189.12 kV
0.02
------ ------------------------------------
(A)
The surge arrester has to withstand maximum phase to ground continuous voltage of the 230 kV system.
Hence , maximum continuous overvoltages of the surge arrester must be MCOV
Moreover, Ur is 125 % of Maximum continuous operating voltage.
Ur = 1.25 x MCOV >=
176.81 kV
-------------------------------
(B)
The rated voltage must fulfill the conditions (A) and (B).
2 of 36
>= 141.45 kV
195 kVrms
450
550
1.30
184
3 of 36
3.50 pu
700
5.20 pu
1039
450
Slow-front ph-earth representative overvoltage with the use of surge arresters (Urp), kVp
410
Slow-front ph-ph representative overvoltage with the use of surge arresters (Urp), kVp
820
820
kVp
------phase-to-earth
450
kVp
------phase-to-phase
639
kVp
------phase-to-earth
425
kVp
198
343
4 of 36
Kcd =
#VALUE!
Kcd =
1.00
Kcd =
1.00
p.u.
kVp
1.00
From figure-6 of IEC-60071-2, corresponding to 2Ups/Up2, co-ordination factor
Kcd =
Hence co-ordination withstand voltages are:
For line entrance equipment:
------phase-to-earth
#VALUE! kVp
------phase-to-phase
820
kVp
For other equipment:
------phase-to-earth
425
kVp
------phase-to-phase
639
kVp
3.3 Fast-front overvoltages :
As per Cl-3.3.3.1 of IEC-60071-2, by considering co-ordination factor kc=1, the Fast-front Representative overvoltage is
equal to Co-ordination withstand voltage.
A
L
Co-ordination withstand voltage is given by:
U =U +
cw
Following data are considered for finding Fast-front coordination withstand voltage:
1) Lightning protective level of arrester :
To ground
To ground
Figure 3 Diagram for surge arrester connection to the protected object, where
a1 : length of the lead connecting the surge arrester to the line
a2 : length of the lead connecting the surge arrester to earth
a3 : length of the phase conductor between the surge arrester and the protected equipment
a4 : length of the active part of the surge arrester
U : impinging overvoltage surge.
5 of 36
pl
[ ( )]
n Lsp +La
Upl =
550
kV
L=
L=
30
30
m
m
( internal insulation)
(external insulation)
4500
400
0.0015
0.0025
1666.6666667
Ka = em(H/8150)
H = 1000
m=
0.5
m=
0.94
m=
1.00
m=
1.00
Ka =
1.063
Ka =
1.122
Ka =
1.131
For lightning impulse withstand voltage (phase to phase and phase to earth)
Required Withstand Voltages :
The value for the required withstand voltages are obtained from following formulas:
For external insulation
Urw = Ucw x Ks x Ka
For internal insulation
Urw = Ucw x Ks
For temporary overvoltages:
--- external insulation:
phase-to-earth
Urw =
198 x 1.05 x 1.063
phase-to-phase
Urw =
343 x 1.05 x 1.063
--- internal insulation:
phase-to-earth
Urw =
198 x 1.15
phase-to-phase
Urw =
343 x 1.15
For slow-front overvoltages:
--- external insulation:
phase-to-earth (line entrance equipment) Urw =
###
phase-to-ph (line entrance equipment)
Urw =
820 x 1.05 x 1.131
For other equipment
--- external insulation:
phase-to-earth
Urw =
425 x 1.05 x 1.122
phase-to-phase
Urw =
639 x 1.05 x 1.13
--- internal insulation:
phase-to-earth
Urw =
425 x 1.15
phase-to-phase
Urw =
639 x1.15
Ka =
1.131
6 of 36
221
383
kV
kV
228
394
kV
kV
###
973
kV
kV
501
759
kV
kV
489
735
kV
kV
Urw =
Urw =
679
679
kV
kV
Urw =
Urw =
658
658
kV
kV
###
659
kV
kV
330
500
kV
kV
342
514
kV
kV
244
367
kV
kV
Conversion of switching impulse withstand voltage to lightning impulse withstand voltages (LIW)
The Required switching impulse withstand voltages are converted to equivalent Lightning impulse
withstand voltage (SIW), according to table - 2 of IEC-60071-2
For line entrance equipment
-------External Insulation:
phase-earth
phase-phase
###
kV phase-earth
kV phase-phase
651
kV phase-earth
phase-phase
860
kV phase-phase
7 of 36
LIW =
Urw x 1.25 =
611
kV
phase-phase
LIW =
Urw x 1.25 =
919
kV
phase-earth
LIW =
Urw x 1.1 =
538
kV
phase-phase
LIW =
Urw x 1.1 =
808
kV
phase-earth
phase-phase
phase-earth
phase-phase
phase-earth
phase-phase
Line entrance
equipment
Other
equipment
###
659
--------###
1127
Urw(c)
221
383
501
759
679
679
330
500
--------651
860
Internal
insulation
(GIS)
Internal
insulation
(Liquid
immersed
insulation)
342
514
--------611
919
228
394
489
735
658
658
Converted values for a lightning impulse test are retained so that converted values for a short-duration
Power-frequency test need no more consideration.
Selected Standard Short-duration Power-frequency withstand voltage
395
kV (r.m.s value)
Selected Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage for line entrance equipment
1300
kV (peak value)
Selected Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage for other equipment
950
kV (peak value)
Selected Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage for GIS
950
kV (peak value)
Selected Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage for Liquid Immersed insulation 850
kV (peak value)
Note: For line entrance equipment phase-phase spacing has to be determined based on the BIL of 1300kVp
8 of 36
244
367
--------538
808
Nominal steepness
of
wavefront
(kV/S)
10
10
10
8.3 Ur
7 Ur
6 Ur
1300
1500
2000
S=
1300 kV/s
c = 300 m/s
T=
Hence, maximum allowable distance of separation between the surge arrester and the protected equipment, L =
9 of 36
0.29 s
87
PROJECT NO.
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Reference :
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271.5
Isokeraunic level
34
System Data:
Nominal system Line-Line voltage ( Un), kVrms
400
420
40
System Earthing
Effectively Earthed
10
1.5
1.3
400
0.0015
0.0020
242.49
363.73
1.50
Surge arrester must withstand maximum phase to ground temporary overvoltages without any damage.
Temporary overvoltages withstand strength of surge arrester must be U TOV
>=
363.73 kV
Amplitude and duration of temporary overvoltages, the duration of which is between 0.1 s and 100 s can be converted
to an equivalent amplitude (Ur) with a duration of 10 s (corresponding to the duration of the rated voltage in the operating duty test).
Ur =
UTOV x (Tt/10)m
363.73 kV
0.02
------ ------------------------------------
(A)
The surge arrester has to withstand maximum phase to ground continuous voltage of the 400 kV system
Hence , maximum continuous overvoltages of the surge arrester must be MCOV
Moreover, Ur is 125 % of Maximum continuous operating voltage.
Ur = 1.25 x MCOV >=
303.11 kV
-------------------------------
(B)
The rated voltage must fulfill the conditions (A) and (B).
Class IV, 390 kV, 20 kA, residual voltage 972 kVp Surge Arrester is selected
Standard Maximum Continuous Overvoltage MCOV =
315 kVrms
850
1050
10 of 36
>= 242.49 kV
PROJECT NO.
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1.30
315
363.73
The slow front over voltage is limited to about 2.0 p.u by the use of closing resistors implemented on the line circuit breakers
Thus value of the phase-to-earth overvoltage having a 2 % probability of being exceeded :
Ue2 =
2.00
p.u.
=
686
kVp
Ups/Ue2 =
1.24
From figure-6 of IEC-60071-2, corresponding to Ups/Ue2, co-ordination factor
=
Co-ordination withstand voltage:
850
kVp
11 of 36
Kcd =
1.00
PROJECT NO.
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pl
Following data are considered for finding Fast-front coordination withstand voltage:
1) Lightning protective level of arrester :
[ ( )]
n Lsp +La
Upl = 1050
kVp
To ground
To ground
Figure 3 Diagram for surge arrester connection to the protected object, where
a1 : length of the lead connecting the surge arrester to the line
a2 : length of the lead connecting the surge arrester to earth
a3 : length of the phase conductor between the surge arrester and the protected equipment
a4 : length of the active part of the surge arrester
U : impinging overvoltage surge.
2) L is equal to a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 according to figure 3 of IEC60071-2:
L=
=
28
28
m
m
( internal insulation)
(external insulation)
7000
400
0.0015
0.002
1333
3
Ucw =
1088
kVp
Ucw =
1088
kVp
Note: Fast-front overvoltages affect the phase-to-phase and the phase-to-earth insulations in same way.
B. Determination of Ucw for external insulationfor power-frequency, slow-front and fast-front overvoltages
Determination of the co-ordination withstand voltage for external insulation is carried out for slow-front overvoltages using the statistical
method because of the nature of the insulation. Astatistical method could also be applied to fast-front overvoltages but this is generally
not necessary for voltages in range II.
3.B.1 Temporary Overvoltage :
These are the same as for the internal insulation
3.B.2 Slow-front overvoltages :
The value of the statistical co-ordination factor K cs comes from choosing a risk of failure of the insulation. As per Figure 8 of IEC 60071-2
, for a usually acceptable value of R in the range of 10 -4, the value of Kcs is 1.15
Kcs =
1.15
Statistical overvoltage :
Ue2 =
686
kVp
Ucw =
789
kVp
Ka = em(H/8150)
H = 271.5 m
12 of 36
PROJECT NO.
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m=
0.5
m=
###
m=
1.00
Ka = 1.017
Ka = ###
For lightning impulse withstand voltage (phase to phase and phase to earth)
Ka = 1.034
388
kV rms
418
kV rms
###
kVp
978
kVp
1181
kVp
1251
kVp
Step 5: Conversion to Switching Impulse Withstand voltages (SIW) and Selection of Standard Insulation levels (Uw) from
Required Withstand Voltage (Urw)
The required short-duration power-frequency withstand voltages are converted to an equivalent switching impulse withstand
voltage (SIW), according to table 3.
13 of 36
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5.1 Conversion of power frequency withstand voltage to switching impulse withstand voltages (SIW)
For Internal Insulation (Liquid Immersed Insulation): SIW = U rw x 2.3
SIW = 962 kVp
For External Insulation : SIW = Urw x 1.7
SIW = 660 kVp
5.2 For Internal Insulation (Liquid Immersed Insulation)
Urw = 418 kV rms
Uw = 450 kV rms
Urw = 978 kVp
Uw = 1050 kVp
Urw = 1251 kVp
Uw = 1300 kVp
Based on the standard lightning impulse protective levels obtained in the calculation, the maximum allowable distance
of separation between the surge arrester and the generator stepup transformer can be found out as indicated below.
As per Cl.2.3.4.5 of IEC-60071-2,
For fast front overvoltages : Urp = Upl+2ST..(A)
where,
Urp = Representative overvoltage due to lightning (considered from Electrical Desgin Criteria)
Upl = Lightning impulse protective level of Surge Arrester
Nominal steepness
of
wavefront
(kV/S)
10
10
10
8.3 Ur
7 Ur
6 Ur
1300
1500
2000
S=
1500 kV/s
c = 300 m/s
14 of 36
0.13 s
38 m
kcd-Ue2
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.18
1.1
1.08
1.0625
1.0375
1.025
0.9875
kcd-Ue2
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.075
1.05
1.025
1
2200
2400
2600
0.35
0.35
0.35
1.025
0.0125
1.0375
Figure 6 Evaluation of deterministic co-ordination factor Kcd
1
2
3
4
4500
7000
11000
17000
Rated
Voltage
Maximum Continuous
operating voltage
TOV
Capability
245
245
245
300
300
300
362
362
362
380
400
420
420
420
550
550
550
180
92
228
228
240
264
258
264
276
288
300
330
360
390
396
420
444
144
154
180
182
191
212
209
212
221
230
240
267
291
315
318
336
353
198
211
250
250
264
290
283
290
303
316
330
363
396
429
435
462
488
Switching
Impulse
Residual Voltage
Ligtning Impulse
Residual Voltage
364
388
461
461
485
534
522
534
558
582
607
667
728
788
800
849
897
449
479
568
568
598
658
643
658
688
718
748
823
897
972
987
1051
1111
Slow-front ph-earth representative overvoltage with the use of surge arresters (Urp), kVp
Slow-front ph-ph representative overvoltage with the use of surge arresters (Urp), kVp
The slow front representative over voltage obtained must be adjusted by the co-ordination factor Kcd to account
for
3.3 Fast-front overvoltages :
As per Cl-3.3.3.1 of IEC-60071-2, by considering co-ordination factor kc=1, the Fast-front Representative
overvoltage is
Co-ordination withstand voltage is given by:
Following data are considered for finding Fast-front coordination withstand voltage:
Step 4: Determination of the Required withstand voltages (Urw)
Safety factor (Ks) :
Atmospheric correction factor (Ka) :
Required Withstand Voltages :
For temporary overvoltages:
For slow-front overvoltages:
For fast-front overvoltage:
Step 5: Conversion to withstand voltages (Uw)
Conversion of switching impulse withstand voltage to power frequency withstand voltages (SDW)
Conversion of switching impulse withstand voltage to lightning impulse withstand voltages (LIW)
Step 5: Selection of standard withstand voltages (Uw):
Table 5.1-Summary of required withstand voltages
Maximum Allowable Distance between Surge Arrester and Generator Stepup Transformer: